Lecture 2 Ee212

Basic Concepts and Circuit Terminology
Charge, Current and Voltage

Power and Energy
basic concepts
EE 211/EE 212
Jeffrey Mayer 2003-2006, David Salvia 2006-2013, Svetla Jivkova 2010, Mark Wharton 2014. All rights reserved.
Charge
Charge: electrical property of matter due to an excess of protons /electrons
Charged particles exert a repelling/attractive force on other charged particles
Notation: Q, q(t), q
Unit of charge: coulomb (C)
1 C = charge needed on identical particles 1 m apart in a vacuum to repel (attract)

each other with a force of 9 x 109 Newtons
Charged particles can have a positive or negative charge
EE 211/EE 212
Like charges repel, opposite charges attract
Force/charge relationship:
q1
k= 9109 Nm2/C2
q2
kq1 q 2
r2
Newtons
r = distance between charged particles
The charge of 6.24151018 electrons (protons) is equal to -1 (+1) coulomb (C)

The charge on one electron (proton) is 1.601910-19 C (+ 1.601910-19 C)
Analogy:
basic concepts
Current
EE 211/EE 212
Current: the net flow of charge across any cross section of a conductor
Net flow of charged particles transfer of energy or information

Analogy:
Notation: I, i(t), i
Unit of current: ampere (A)
1 ampere = net motion of 1 coulomb of positive charge through a cross section in

1 second (1 ampere = 1 coulomb/1 second)
In most circuits (except for some semiconductors, gases, and electrolytes) it is
actually negative charges (electrons) that are moving, rather than positive charges.
Nevertheless, for historical reasons, we define current flow as the net direction
of positive charge flow.
1 second
1 ampere
later
6.24151018
electrons
basic concepts
-1 ampere
Current Designation
EE 211/EE 212
In circuit analysis, a current through a two-terminal element or subcircuit is indicated by a magnitude and an arrow that defines a
reference direction:
i1
circuit
A element
or subcircuit
The current i1 flowing into terminal A

of the element or sub-circuit also
flows out of terminal B
When solving a circuit, we often dont know actual current direction

so we set up a current variable with an assumed reference direction.
If after measurement or analysis the value of a current is
determined to be negative, this simply indicates that the actual
current flow is opposite the assumed direction.
basic concepts
Current-Charge Relationship
Although the definition of the ampere seems to suggest that current

represents the motion of a finite charge in a finite time, it is often
more useful to consider current as an instantaneous function: the
rate of change of instantaneous charge
average current
instantaneous current
EE 211/EE 212
Likewise
q
t
i (t )
dq(t )
dt
q(t ) q(t 0 ) i ( ) d
t0
q(t )
i( ) d
basic concepts
Determine the
expression for the
current i(t) that would
deliver the charge q(t)
shown here. Also,
determine the average
current between t = 0
sec and t = 5 sec.
q(t) [C]
EE 211/EE 212
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-1
t [s]
t [s]
i(t) [A]
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-1
basic concepts
Determine the
expression for the
charge q(t) transferred
by the current i(t)
shown here.
Assume no accumulated
charge at t = 0 seconds.
i(t) [A]
EE 211/EE 212
5
4
3
0
i (t ) - t / 2
4e
2
1
0
-2
10 t [s]
10 t [s]
q(t) [C]
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
basic concepts
t0
t0
Direct Current vs. Alternating Current
The currents (and voltages) in electrical networks often

vary as a function of time:
EE 211/EE 212
sinusoids reflecting cyclical rotation in power generators

signals that represent time-varying information (e.g., audio)
Some functions of time are very common and important

enough to have special names and analysis methods
associated with them:
constant
sinusoidal
i(t) = I
i(t)
t
direct current (dc)
basic concepts
t
alternating current (ac)
Electrostatic Force
EE 211/EE 212
charged particle, placed in the vicinity of another charged particle, will

have an electrostatic force acting upon it. When the charge moves with
(against) that force, energy will be released (absorbed) by the charge,
resulting in a change in its potential energy.
+1 C
A
basic concepts
Suppose a 1 C positive charge is

at point A in vicinity of an
existing positive charge Q.
Moving the charge from point A
to B requires moving against the
electrostatic force, so energy
must be provided to do this
work. This energy is absorbed
by the charge, so it gains
potential energy when moving
from A to B.
Voltage is the measure used to
determine this change in
potential energy.
Voltage
Voltage: measure of difference in potential energy (per unit charge)

between two points in a circuit
The voltage difference between two points in a circuit determines the

amount of potential energy that a charge would gain or lose when moving
from one point to the other
EE 211/EE 212
charge moves from higher to lower voltage moves in the direction of the
electrostatic force energy released by the charge charged particle loses
potential energy energy is absorbed by the circuit or converted to
mechanical work or dissipated as heat
+ charge moves from lower to higher voltage moves against the direction of
the electrostatic force energy, provided by a circuit element, is absorbed
by the charge charged particle gains potential energy
+ charge (and therefore current flow) naturally moves from higher to lower
voltage unless a circuit element (e.g. battery) provides energy to move the
charge from lower to higher voltage
Analogy:
1 volt = 1 joule (J) change in the potential energy of a 1 coulomb charge
Notation: V, v(t), v
Unit: volt (V)
1 volt
10 basic concepts
1 joule
1 coulomb
Voltage Designation: Relative voltage

(voltage across an element)
The voltage drop across a circuit element or the difference in voltage

between any two points in a circuit is called a relative voltage
designation and is indicated by a magnitude and and - signs that
define a reference polarity:
The voltage at the + terminal (A) is
v1 volts higher than the voltage at
the - terminal (B)
A
network
v1
B
EE 211/EE 212
element
or subcircuit
a positive charge at terminal A

would have more energy than the
same charge would have if it were
at terminal B
In lieu of using the + and -, we can use a 2-subscript notation to

designate the voltage difference between the two points in the
circuit.
In the figure above, V1 = VAB = voltage at A with respect to the voltage at B
11 basic concepts
Voltage Designation: Absolute voltage

(voltage at a point)
EE 211/EE 212
In every circuit, a reference point, called ground, is designated. The

voltage at ground is defined to be 0 V. If we designate the voltage at
another point in the circuit relative to this ground, it is called an
absolute voltage designation.
With absolute voltages, we typically use a 1-subscript notation to
designate the voltage at that point (with respect to ground)
When using absolute voltage designations, the polarity signs are
omitted, because it is understood that the sign is associated with
the non-ground point while the - sign would be associated with ground.
A
network
VA
G
ground
basic concepts
network
VAG
G -
Interchanging Voltage Designations
EE 211/EE 212
The relative voltage between 2 points in a circuit can always be expressed

as the difference between the absolute voltages at those 2 points
VAB B
VA
VB
-
network
VAB VA - VB
Analogy:
13 basic concepts

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Basic Concepts and Circuit Terminology

Charge, Current and Voltage

Charge: electrical property of matter due to an excess of protons /electrons

Charged particles exert a repelling/attractive force on other charged particles

1 C = charge needed on identical particles 1 m apart in a vacuum to repel (attract)

Like charges repel, opposite charges attract

r = distance between charged particles

The charge of 6.24151018 electrons (protons) is equal to -1 (+1) coulomb (C)

Net flow of charged particles transfer of energy or information

Unit of current: ampere (A)

1 ampere = net motion of 1 coulomb of positive charge through a cross section in

The current i1 flowing into terminal A

When solving a circuit, we often dont know actual current direction

Although the definition of the ampere seems to suggest that current

Direct Current vs. Alternating Current

The currents (and voltages) in electrical networks often

sinusoids reflecting cyclical rotation in power generators

Some functions of time are very common and important

charged particle, placed in the vicinity of another charged particle, will

Suppose a 1 C positive charge is

Voltage: measure of difference in potential energy (per unit charge)

The voltage difference between two points in a circuit determines the

1 volt = 1 joule (J) change in the potential energy of a 1 coulomb charge

Voltage Designation: Relative voltage

The voltage drop across a circuit element or the difference in voltage

a positive charge at terminal A

In lieu of using the + and -, we can use a 2-subscript notation to

In the figure above, V1 = VAB = voltage at A with respect to the voltage at B

Voltage Designation: Absolute voltage

In every circuit, a reference point, called ground, is designated. The

Interchanging Voltage Designations

The relative voltage between 2 points in a circuit can always be expressed

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