CV Sizing PDF

ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing
Catalog 12
March 2012 - Page 2-1
Introduction and Sizing Valves for Liquids
Introduction
lem, refer to the appropriate factor determination section(s)

located in the text after the sixth step.
Standardization activities for control valve sizing can be traced

back to the early 1960's when an American trade association,
the Fluids Control Institute, published sizing equations for use
with both compressible and incompressible fluids. The range of
service conditions that could be accommodated accurately by
these equations was quite narrow, and the standard did not
achieve a high degree of acceptance. In 1967, the Instrument
Society of America (ISA) established a committee to develop
and publish standard equations. The efforts of this committee
culminated in a valve sizing procedure that has achieved the
status of American National Standard. Later, a committee of
the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) used the
ISA works as a basis to formulate international standards for
sizing control valves. (Some information in this introductory
material has been extracted from ANSI/ISA S75.01 standard
with the permission of the publisher, the instrument Society of
America.) Except for some slight differences in nomenclature
and procedures, the ISA and IEC standards have been harmo
nized. ANSI/ISA Standard S75.01 is harmonized with IEC Stan
dards 534-2-1 and 534-2-2. (IEC Publications 534-2, Sections
One and Two for incompressible and compressible fluids, re
spectively.)
1. Specify the variables required to size the valve as follows:
In the following sections, the nomenclature and procedures are

explained, and sample problems are solved to illustrate their
use.
Desired design: refer to the appropriate valve flow coeffi

cient table in this catalog.
Process fluid (water, oil, etc.), and
Appropriate service conditions
q or w, P1, P2 or P, T1, Gf, Pv, Pc, and
The ability to recognize which terms are appropriate for a spe

cific sizing procedure can only be acquired through experience
with different valve sizing problems. If any of the above terms
appears to be new or unfamiliar, refer to the table 1 for a com
plete definition.
2. Determine the equation constant N. N is a numerical
constant contained in each of the flow equations to provide a
means for using different systems of units. Values for these
various constants and their applicable units are given in table 2.
Use N1, if sizing the valve for a flow rate in volumetric units
(gpm or m3/h).
Use N6 if sizing the valve for a flow rate in mass units (lb/h or
kg/h).
3. Determine FP, the piping geometry factor.
Sizing Valves for Liquids

Following is a step-by-step procedure for the sizing of control
valves for liquid flow using the IEC procedure. Each of these
steps is important and must be considered during any valve
sizing procedure. Steps 3 and 4 concern the determination of
certain sizing factors that may or may not be required in the
sizing equation depending on the service conditions of the
sizing problem. If one, two, or all three of these sizing factors
are to be included in the equation for a particular sizing prob
E 1995, 2012 Fisher Controls International LLC. All rights reserved
FP is a correction factor that accounts for pressure losses due to

piping fittings such as reducers, elbows, or tees that might be
attached directly to the inlet and outlet connections of the con
trol valve to be sized. If such fittings are attached to the valve,
the FP factor must be considered in the sizing procedure. If,
however, no fittings are attached to the valve, FP has a value of
1.0 and simply drops out of the sizing equation.
For rotary valves with reducers (swaged installations) and other
valve designs and fitting styles, determine the FP factors by
using the procedure for Determining FP , the Piping Geometry
Factor on page 3.

Catalog 12
Sizing Valves for Liquids
Table 1. Abbreviations and Terminology

Symbol
Definition
Symbol
Definition
Cv
Valve sizing coefficient
P2
Downstream absolute static pressure
Nominal valve size
PC
Absolute thermodynamic critical pressure
Internal diameter of the piping
PV
Vapor pressure absolute of liquid at inlet temperature
FD
Valve style modifier, dimensionless
Pressure drop (P1-P2) across the valve
FF
Liquid critical pressure ratio factor, dimensionless
Pmax(L)
Maximum allowable liquid sizing pressure drop
FK
Ratio of specific heats factor, dimensionless
Pmax(LP)
Maximum allowable sizing pressure drop with attached

fittings
FL
Rated liquid pressure recovery factor, dimensionless
FLP
Combined liquid pressure recovery factor and piping

geometry factor of valve with attached fittings (when
there are no attached fittings, FLP equals FL),
dimensionless
qmax
Maximum flow rate (choked flow conditions) at given

upstream conditions
FP
Piping geometry factor, dimensionless
ReV
Valve Reynolds number, dimensionless
FR
Reynolds number factor, dimensionless
T1
Absolute upstream temperature (degrees K or degree

R)
Mass rate of flow
Ratio of pressure drop to upstream absolute static

pressure (P/P1), dimensionless
Rated pressure drop ratio factor, dimensionless
GF
GG
Liquid specific gravity (ratio of density of liquid at

flowing temperature to density of water at 60_F),
dimensionless
Gas specific gravity (ratio of density of flowing gas to
density of air with both at standard conditions(1), i.e.,
ratio of molecular weight of gas to molecular weight of
air), dimensionless
Volume rate of flow
Ratio of specific heats, dimensionless
xT
Head loss coefficient of a device, dimensionless
Molecular weight, dimensionless
Expansion factor (ratio of flow coefficient for a gas to

that for a liquid at the same Reynolds number),
dimensionless
Compressibility factor, dimensionless
Numerical constant
Specific weight at inlet conditions
P1
Upstream absolute static pressure
Kinematic viscosity, centistokes
1. Standard conditions are defined as 60_F (15.5_C) and 14.7 psia (101.3kPa).
4. Determine qmax (the maximum flow rate at given upstream

conditions) or Pmax (the allowable sizing pressure drop).
The maximum or limiting flow rate (qmax), commonly called
choked flow, is manifested by no additional increase in flow
rate with increasing pressure differential with fixed upstream
conditions. In liquids, choking occurs as a result of vaporization
of the liquid when the static pressure within the valve drops
below the vapor pressure of the liquid.
The IEC standard requires the calculation of an allowable sizing
pressure drop (Pmax), to account for the possibility of choked
flow conditions within the valve. The calculated Pmax value is
compared with the actual pressure drop specified in the service
conditions, and the lesser of these two values is used in the
sizing equation. If it is desired to use Pmax to account for the
possibility of choked flow conditions, it can be calculated using
the procedure for Determining qmax, the Maximum Flow Rate,

or Pmax, the Allowable Sizing Pressure Drop on page 4. If it can
be recognized that choked flow conditions will not develop
within the valve, Pmax need not be calculated.
5. Determine FR, the Reynolds number factor.
FR is a correction factor to account for nonturbulent flowing
conditions within the control valve to be sized. Such conditions
might occur due to high viscosity fluid, very low pressure differ
ential, low flow rate, or some combination of these. If nontur
bulent flow is suspected, determine the FR factor according to
the procedure for Determining FR on page 6. For most valve
sizing applications, however, nonturbulent flow will not occur.
If it is known that nonturbulent flow conditions will not develop
within the valve, FR has a value of 1.0 and simply drops out of
the equation.
Responsibility for selection, use, and maintenance of any product remains solely with the purchaser and end user. The contents of this publication are for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as warranties or guarantees, express or implied, regarding the products or services described
therein. Fisher is a mark owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business unit of Emerson Electric Co. Emerson Process Man
agement, Emerson, and the Emerson logo are trademarks and service marks of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the property of their respective
owners.
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Catalog 12
Determining FP

Table 2. Equation Constants(1)
w
p(2)
d,D
N2
0.0865
0.865
1.00
0.00214
890
-----------
m3/h
m3/h
gpm
-----
kPa
bar
psia
-----
-----------
-----------
-----------
------mm
inch
N4
76000
17300
-----
m3/h
gpm
-----
-----
centistokes
centistokes
-----
mm
inch
N5
0.00241
1000
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
mm
inch
Normal Conditions
TN = 0_C
2.73
27.3
63.3
3.94
394
kg/h
kg/h
lb/h
-----
------m3/h
m3/h
kPa
bar
psia
kPa
bar
kg/m3
kg/m3
lb/ft3
-----
-----------
------deg K
deg K
-----------
Standard Conditions
Ts = 15.5_C
4.17
417
-----
m3/h
m3/h
kPa
bar
-----
-----
deg K
deg K
-----
Standard Conditions
Ts = 60_F
1360
---
scfh
psia
---
-----
deg R
---
Normal Conditions
TN = 0_C
0.948
94.8
19.3
21.2
2120
kg/h
kg/h
lb/h
-----
------m3/h
m3/h
kPa
bar
psia
kPa
bar
-----------
-----------
deg K
deg K
deg R
deg K
deg K
-----------
Standard Conditions
Ts = 15.5_C
22.4
2240
-----
m3/h
m3/h
kPa
bar
-----
-----
deg K
deg K
-----
Standard Conditions
TS = 60_F
7320
---
scfh
psia
---
---
deg R
---
Numerical Constant with Subscript

N1
N6
N7(3)
N8
N9(3)
1. Many of the equations used in these sizing procedures contain a numerical constant, N, along with a numerical subscript. These numerical constants provide a means for using different units
in the equations. Values for the various constants and the applicable units are given in the above table. For example, if the flow rate is given in U.S. gpm and the pressures are psia, N1 has a value
of 1.00. If the flow rate is m3/hr and the pressures are kPa, the N1 constant becomes 0.0865.
2. All pressures are absolute.
3. Pressure base is 101.3 kPa (1.013 bar) (14.7 psia).
6. Solve for required Cv, using the appropriate equation:
7. Select the valve size using the appropriate flow coefficient

table and the calculated Cv value.
For volumetric flow rate units
Cv =
N 1F p
P 1P 2
G
For mass flow rate units
Cv =
w
N 6Fp (P 1 P 2)
In addition to Cv, two other flow coefficients, Kv and Av, are

used, particularly outside of North America. The following rela
tionships exist:
Kv = (0.864)(Cv)
Av = (2.40 X 10-5)(Cv)
Determining Fp, the Piping

Geometry Factor
Determine an Fp factor if any fittings such as reducers, elbows,
or tees will be directly attached to the inlet and outlet connec
tions of the control valve that is to be sized. When possible, it is
recommended that Fp factors be determined experimentally by
using the specified valve in actual tests.
Calculate the Fp factor using the following equation.
Fp =
C
1 + K 2v
N2 d
12

Catalog 12
Determining qmax
where,
N2 = Numerical constant found in table 2
d = Assumed nominal valve size
Cv = Valve sizing coefficient at 100-percent travel for the as
sumed valve size
In the above equation, K is the algebraic sum of the velocity
head loss coefficients of all of the fittings that are attached to
the control valve. To calculate K, use the following formula:
K = K 1 + K 2 + K B1 K B2
where,
K1 = Resistance coefficient of upstream fittings
K2 = Resistance coefficient of downstream fittings
KB1 = Inlet Bernoulli coefficient
2
K 1 + K 2 = 1.5 1 d 2
D
K B1 or K B2 = 1-- d
D
Determining qmax (the

Maximum Flow Rate) or
Pmax (the Allowable Sizing
Pressure Drop)
Determine either qmax or Pmax if possible for choked flow to
develop within the control valve that is to be sized. The values
can be determined by using the following procedures.
Determining qmax (the Maximum

Flow Rate)
q max = N 1FLC v
P 1 FF P v
Gf
Values for FF, the liquid critical pressure ratio factor, can be ob
tained from the following equation:
F F = 0.96 0.28
where,
d = Nominal valve size
D = Internal diameter of piping
If the inlet and outlet piping are of equal size, then the Bernoulli
coefficients are also equal, KB1 = KB2, and therefore they are
dropped from the equation to calculate K.
The most commonly used fitting in control valve installations is
the short-length concentric reducer. The equations necessary
to calculate K for this fitting are as follows:
For an inlet reducer
K 1 = 0.5 1 d 2
D
2
Pv
Pc
Values for FL, the recovery factor for valves installed without
fittings attached, can be found in the flow coefficient tables. If
the given valve is to be installed with fittings such as reducer
attached to it, FL in the equation must be replace by the quo
tient FLP/Fp, where:
F LP =
+ F1
K 1 Cv
N 2 d2
12
and
K1 = K1 + KB1
where,
For an outlet reducer

2
K 2 = 1.0 1 d 2
D
Once you have K, calculate FP according to the equation at the

beginning of this section. A sample problem that finds for FP is
on page 9.
KB2 = Outlet Bernoulli coefficient

The Bernoulli coefficients, KB1 and KB2, are used only when the
diameter of the piping approaching the valve is different from
the diameter of the piping leaving the valve:
For a valve installed between identical reducers
K1 = Resistance coefficient of upstream fittings

KB1 = Inlet Bernoulli coefficient
(See the procedure for Determining Fp, the Piping Geometry
Factor, for definitions of the other constants and coefficients
used in the above equations.)
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Catalog 12
Figure 1. Liquid Critical Pressure Ratio Factor for Water
Figure 2. Liquid Critical Pressure Ratio Factor for All Fluids
A2738-1
Determining qmax or nPmax

Catalog 12
Determining FR
Determining Pmax (the

Allowable Sizing Pressure
Drop)
Pmax (the allowable sizing pressure drop) can be determined
from the following relationships:
For valves installed without fittings
Note
Once it is known that choked flow conditions will develop with
in the specified valve design (Pmax is calculated to be less than
P), a further distinction can be made to determine whether
the choked flow is caused by cavitation or flashing. The choked
flow conditions are caused by flashing if the outlet pressure of
the given valve is less than the vapor pressure of the flowing
liquid. The choked flow conditions are caused by cavitation if
the outlet pressure of the valve is greater than the vapor pres
sure of the flowing liquid.
P max(L) = F L 2 P 1 FF P v
For valves installed with fittings attached
F LP
P max(LP) =
Fp
P 1 FF P v
where,
P1 = Upstream absolute static pressure
P2 = Downstream absolute static pressure
Pv = Absolute vapor pressure at inlet temperature
Determining FR, the

Reynolds Number Factor(3)
Nonturbulent flow conditions can occur in applications where
there is high fluid viscosity, very low pressure differential, or
some combination of these conditions. In those instances
where nonturbulent flow exists, FR, the Reynolds number fac
tor, must be introduced. Determine FR using the following pro
cedure.
A. Calculate Rev, the Reynolds number, using the equation:
N 4 Fd q
FL 2 C v 2
Re v =
+1
F L 12 Cv 12 N 2 D4
14
where,
N2, N4 = Numerical constants determined from table 2
Values of FF, the liquid critical pressure ratio factor, can be ob

tained from figure 1 for water, or figure 2 for all other liquids.
D = Internal diameter of the piping

= Kinematic viscosity of the fluid
Values of FL, the recovery factor for valves installed without

fittings attached, can be found in the flow coefficient tables. An
explanation of how to calculate values of FLP, the recovery fac
tor for valves installed with fittings attached, is presented in the
procedure for determining qmax (the Maximum Flow Rate).
Once the Pmax value has been obtained from the appropriate
equation, it should be compared with the actual service pres
sure differential (i.e., P = P1 - P2). If Pmax is less than P, this
is an indication that choked flow conditions will exist under the
service conditions specified. If choked flow conditions do exist
(i.e., Pmax < P1 - P2), then step 6 of the procedure for Sizing
Valves for Liquids must be modified by replacing the actual
service pressure differential (i.e., P1 - P2) in the appropriate
valve sizing equation with the calculated Pmax value.
Cv = Cvt, the pseudo sizing coefficient
C vt =
N1
P 1P 2
G
Fd = Valve style modifier that is dependent on the valve style

used. Valves that use two parallel flow paths, such as doubleported globe-style valves, butterfly valves, or 8500 Series
valves, use an Fd of 0.7. For any other valve style, use an Fd of
1.0.
B. Once Rev is known, use one of the following three ap
proaches to obtain the desired information.
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Catalog 12
Determining FR

Figure 3. Reynolds Number Factor, FR
Determining Required Flow

Coefficient for Selecting
Valve Size
The following treatment is based on valves without attached
fittings; therefore, Fp = 1.0.
1. Calculate a pseudo valve flow coefficient Cvt, assuming tur
bulent flow, using:
C vt =
N1
P 1P 2
G
2. Calculate Rev, substituting Cvt from step 1 for Cv. For FL, se
lect a representative value for the valve style desired.
3. Find FR as follows:
a. If Rev is less than 56, the flow is laminar, and FR can be found
by using either the curve in figure 3 labeled FOR SELECTING
VALVE SIZE or by using the equation:
F R = 0.019Re v
0.67
b. If Rev is greater than 40,000, the flow can be taken as turbu

lent, and FR = 1.0.
c. If Rev lies between 56 and 40,000, the flow is transitional,
and FR can be found by using either the curve in figure 3 or the
column headed Valve Size Selection in table 3.
Table 3. Reynolds Number Factor, FR, for Transitional

Flow
Valve Reynolds Number, Rev(1)
FR(1)
Valve Size
Selection
Flow Rate
Prediction
Pressure Drop
Prediction
0.284
0.32
0.36
0.40
0.44
56
66
79
94
110
106
117
132
149
167
30
38
48
59
74
0.48
0.52
0.56
0.60
0.64
130
154
188
230
278
188
215
253
298
351
90
113
142
179
224
0.68
0.72
0.76
0.80
0.84
340
471
620
980
1560
416
556
720
1100
1690
280
400
540
870
1430
0.88
0.92
0.96
1.00
2470
4600
10,200
40,000
2660
4800
10,400
40,000
2300
4400
10,000
40,000
1. Linear interpolation between listed values is satisfactory.

Catalog 12
Liquid Sizing Sample Problems

4. Obtain the required Cv from:
Cv =
C vt
FR

and FR can be found by using the curve in figure 3 or the col
umn headed Pressure Drop Prediction in table 3.
3. Calculate the predicted pressure drop from:
5. After determining Cv, check the FL value for the selected

valve size and style. If this value is significantly different from
the value selected in step 2, use the new value, and repeat steps
1 through 4.
p = Gf
Predicting Flow Rate
Liquid Sizing Sample

Problems
1. Calculate qt, assuming turbulent flow, using:
q t = N 1C v
P1 P2
Gf
2. Calculate Rev, substituting qt for q from step 1.

a. If Rev is less than 106, the flow is laminar, and FR can be
found by using the curve in figure 3 labeled FOR PREDICTING
FLOW RATE or by using the equation:
F R = 0.0027 Re v
lent, and FR = 1.0.
and FR can be found by using either the curve in figure 3 or the
column headed Valve Size Selection in table 3.
4. Obtain the predicted flow rate from:
q = FR q t
Predicting Pressure Drop
q
N 1 FR C v
Liquid Sizing Sample Problem No. 1

Assume an installation that, at initial plant start-up, will not be
operating at maximum design capability. The lines are sized for
the ultimate system capacity, but there is a desire to install a
control valve now which is sized only for currently anticipated
requirements. The line size is NPS 8, and a Fisher CL300 ES valve
with an equal percentage cage has been specified. Standard
concentric reducers will be used to install the valve into the
line. Determine the appropriate valve size.
1. Specify the necessary variables required to size the valve:
Desired valve designCL300 ES valve with equal percent
age cage and an assumed valve size of NPS 3.
Process fluidliquid propane
Service conditions
q = 800 gpm
P1 = 300 psig = 314.7 psia
P2 = 275 psig = 289.7 psia
P = 25 psi
T1 = 70_F
Gf = 0.50
Pv = 124.3 psia
Pv = 616.3 psia
2. Determine an N1 value of 1.0 from table 2.
1. Calculate Rev.
a. If Rev is less than 30, the flow is laminar, and FR can be found
by using the curve in figure 3 labeled FOR PREDICTING PRES
SURE DROP or by using the equation:
F R = 0.052Re v
3. Determine Fp, the piping geometry factor.

Because it is proposed to install an NPS 3 valve in an NPS 8 line,
it will be necessary to determine the piping geometry factor,
Fp, which corrects for losses caused by fittings attached to the
valve.
0.5

lent, and FR = 1.0.
Fp =
C
1 + K 2v
N2 d
12
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Catalog 12

where,
N2 = 890, from table 2
d = 3 in., from step 1
Cv = 121, from the flow coefficient table for a CL300, NPS 3 ES
valve with equal percentage cage
The required Cv of 125.7 exceeds the capacity of the assumed

valve, which has a Cv of 121. Although for this example it may
be obvious that the next larger size (NPS 4) would be the cor
rect valve size, this may not always be true, and a repeat of the
above procedure should be carried out.
To compute K for a valve installed between identical concen

tric reducers:
Assuming an NPS valve, Cv = 203. This value was determined

from the flow coefficient table for a CL300, NPS 4 ES valve with
an equal percentage cage.
k = K 1 + K 2
Recalculate the required Cv using an assumed Cv value of 203 in

the Fp calculation.
2
(3)
(8) 2
2
= 1.5 1 d 2
D
= 1.5 1
where,
k = K 1 + K 2
2
= 1.5 1 d 2
D
= 1.11
where,
= 1.5 1 16
64
D = NPS 8, the internal diameter of the piping so,
= 0.84
F p = 1 + 1.11 121
890 32
12
= 0.90
4. Determine Pmax (the Allowable Sizing Pressure Drop).
Based on the small required pressure drop, the flow will not be
choked (i.e., Pmax > P).
Under the specified service conditions, no correction factor will
be required for Rev (i.e., FR = 1.0).
6. Solve for Cv using the appropriate equation.
Cv =
and
Fp =
P 1P 2
G
800
1.00.90 25
0.5
= 125.7
7. Select the valve size using the flow coefficient table and the
calculated Cv value.
= 1.0 + 0.84 203

890 4 2
12
12
= 0.93
and
Cv =
N 1 Fp
Cv
1.0 + K
N 2 d2
N q Fp
P 1P 2
G
800
1.00.93 25
0.5
= 121.7
This solution indicates only that the NPS 4 valve is large enough
to satisfy the service conditions given. There may be cases,
however, where a more accurate prediction of the Cv is re
quired. In such cases, the required Cv should be redetermined
using a new Fp value based on the Cv value obtained above. In
this example, Cv is 121.7, which leads to the following result:

Catalog 12
Fp =
C
1.0 + K 2v
N2 d
12
= 1.0 + 0.84 121.7

890
42
4. Determine Pmax, the allowable sizing pressure drop.
P max = F L 2P 1 FF P v
12
= 0.97
The required Cv then becomes:
Cv =
N 1 Fp
P 1P 2
G
Because valve size equals line size, Fp = 1.0
800
1.00.97 25
0.5
= 116.2
Because this newly determined Cv is very close to the Cv used
initially for this recalculation (i.e., 116.2 versus 121.7), the
valve sizing procedure is complete, and the conclusion is that
an NPS 4 valve opened to about 75 percent of total travel
should be adequate for the required specifications.

Determine the appropriate valve size for the following applica
tion. A Fisher ED valve with a linear cage has been specified.
Assume piping size will be the same as the valve size.
1. Specify the variables required to size the valve:
Desired valve designa CL300 ED valve with linear cage
Process fluidwater
Service conditions
q = 2200 gpm
P1 = 375 psig = 389.7 psia
P2 = 100 psig = 114.7 psia
P = P1 - P2 = 275 psi
T1 = 270_F
Gf = 0.93
Pv = 41.9 psia
2. Determine an N1 value of 1.0 from table 2.
where,
P1 = 389.7 psia, given in step 1
P2 = 114.7 psia, given in step 1
Pv = 41.9 psia, given in step 1
FF = 0.90, determined from figure 1
Assume FL = 0.84 (from the flow coefficient table, 0.84 appears
to be a representative FL factor for ED valves with a linear cage.)
Therefore,
P max = (0.84) 2 [389.7 (0.90)(41.9)]

= 248.4 psi
Pmax < P (i.e., 248.4 < 275.0) indicates that choked flow con
ditions will exist. Because, from the initial specifications, it is
known that the outlet pressure (P2 = 114.7 psia) is greater than
the vapor pressure of the flowing water (Pv = 41.9 psia), the
conditions of choked flow, in this case, are caused by cavita
tion. Therefore, some further consideration of valve style and
trim selection might be necessary.
For water at the pressure drop given, no Rev correction will be
required (i.e., FR = 1.0).
6. Solve for required Cv using Pmax.
Cv =
q
N 1 Fp F R
P max
G
= 2200
248.4
0.93
= 134.6
An NPS 3 CL300 ED valve with a linear cage has a Cv of 133 at 80
percent travel and should be satisfactory from a sizing stand
point. However, FL was assumed to be 0.84, whereas for the
NPS 3 ED valve at maximum travel, FL is 0.82. Reworking the
problem using the actual value of FL yields Pmax = 236.7 psi.
These result in required Cv values of 137.6 (using the assumed
FL of 0.84) and 137.9 (using the actual FL value of 0.82), which
would require the valve to be 85 percent open.
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Catalog 12
where,
Assume there is a desire to use a Fisher V100 valve in a pro

posed system controlling the flow of a highly viscous Newto
nian lubricating oil. The system design is not yet complete, and
the line size has not been established. Therefore, assume that
the valve will be line size. Determine valve size.
N2 = 0.00214, from table 2

Cv = 234, the value determined for the pseudo sizing coeffi
cient, Cvc.
1. Specify the variables required to size the valve:

Desired valveV100 valve
Process fluidlubricating oil
D = 80 mm. The pseudo sizing coefficient of 234 indicates that

an 80 mm (NPS 3) V100 valve, which has a Cv of 372 at 90 de
grees of ball rotation, is required (see the flow coefficient
table). Assuming that line size will equal body size, the 80 mm
(NPS 3) V100 will be used with 80 mm piping
q = 300 m3/h
= 8000 centistokes from step 1
Fd = 1.0 because the V100 valve has a single flow passage
Service conditions
q = 300 m3/h
P1 = 7.0 bar gauge = 8.01 bar absolute
P2 = 5.0 bar gauge = 6.01 bar absolute
P = 2.0 bar
Pv = negligible
T1 = 15.6_C = 289_K
Gf = 0.908
= 8000 centistokes
From the flow coefficient table, the FL value for an 80 mm (NPS

3) V100 valve is 0.68. Therefore,
Re v =
2. Determine N1 from table 2.
(7600)(1.0)(300)
0.68 2234 2
4
(8000) (0.68)(234) 0.0021480
14
+1
= 241
For the specified units of m3/h and bar, N1 = 0.865

c. Read FR off the curve, For Selecting Valve Size, in figure 3

using an Rev of 241, FR = 0.62.
Assuming valve size equals line size, Fp = 1.0.
6. Solve for required Cv using the appropriate equation.
4. Determine Pmax, the allowable sizing pressure drop.
Cv =
Based on the required pressure drop, the flow will not be

choked.
a. Calculate the pseudo sizing coefficient, Cvt:
C vt =
N1
= 234
b. Calculate Rev, the Reynolds number:
N 4 Fd q
F L 12 Cv 12
P1 P2
G
300
2.0
0.865(1.0)(0.62) 0.908
= 377
The assumed valve (80 mm or NPS 3), which has a Cv of 372 at

90 degrees of ball rotation, is obviously too small for this ap
plication. For this example, it is also obvious that the next larger
size (100 mm or NPS 4), which has a rated Cv of 575 and an FL of
0.61, would be large enough.
300
2.0
0.865 0.908
Re v =
N 1 Fp F R
P 1P 2
G
FL C v2
+1
N 2 D4
14
To obtain a more precise valve sizing measurement, the prob

lem can be reworked using the calculated Cv value of 377. For
the required 100 mm (NPS 4) V100 valve, a Cv of 377 occurs at
a valve travel of about 80 degrees, and this corresponds to an FL
value of 0.71. Reworking the problem using this corresponding
value of

Catalog 12
Sizing Valve for Compressible Fluids

FL = 0.71 yields FR = 0.61 and Cv = 383. Because the tabulated
Cv value, 377, is very close to the recalculated Cv value, 383,
the valve sizing procedure is complete, and the determined
100 mm (NPS 4) valve opened to 80 degrees valve travel
should be adequate for the required specifications.
Sizing Valves for

Compressible Fluids
Following is a six-step procedure for the sizing of control valves
for compressible flow using the ISA standardized procedure.
Each of these steps is important and must be considered during
any valve sizing procedure. Steps 3 and 4 concern the deter
mination of certain sizing factors that may or may not required
in the sizing equation depending on the service conditions of
the sizing problem. If it is necessary for one or both of these
sizing factors to be included in the sizing equation for a particu
lar sizing problem, refer to the appropriate factor determina
tion section(s), which is referenced and located in the following
text.
1. Specify the necessary variables required to size the valve as
follows:
Desired valve design (e.g., Fisher ED with linear cage);
refer to the appropriate valve flow coefficient table in this cata

log
Process fluid (e.g., air, natural gas, steam, etc.) and
Appropriate service conditions
q, or w, P1, P2 or P, T1, Gg, M, k, Z, and 1

The ability to recognize which terms are appropriate for a spe
cific sizing procedure can only be acquired through experience
with different valve sizing problems. If any of the above terms
appear to be new or unfamiliar, refer to table 1 for a complete
definition.
2. Determine the equation constant, N.N is a numerical
constant contained in each of the flow equations to provide a
means for using different systems of units. values for these
various constants and their applicable units are given in table 2.
Use either N7 or N9 if sizing the valve for a flow rate in volumet
ric units (i.e., scfh or m3/h). Which of the two constants to use
depends upon the specified service conditions. N7 can be used
only if the specific gravity, Gg , of the flowing gas has been spe
cified along with the other required service conditions. N9 can
be used only if the molecular weight, M, of the gas has been
specified.
Use either N6 or N8 if sizing the valve for a flow rate in mass

units (i.e., lb/h or kg/h). Which of the two constants to use de
pends upon the specified service conditions. N6 can be used
only if the specific weight, 1 of the flowing gas has been speci
fied along with the other required service conditions. N8 can be
used only if the molecular weight, M, of the gas has been speci
fied.
3. Determine Fp , the piping geometry factor. Fp is a correction
factor that accounts for any pressure losses due to piping fit
tings such as reducers, elbows, or tees that might be attached
directly to the inlet and outlet connections of the control valves
to be sized. If such fittings are attached to the valve, the Fp fac
tor must be considered in the sizing procedure. If, however, no
fittings are attached to the valve, Fp has a value of 1.0 and sim
ply drops out of the sizing equation.
Also, for rotary valves valves with reducers, Fp factors are in
cluded in the appropriate flow coefficient table. For other valve
designs and fitting styles, determine the Fp factors by using the
procedure for Determining Fp the Piping Geometry Factor,
which is located in the section for Sizing Valves for Liquids.
4. Determine Y, the expansion factor, as follows:
Y=1
x
3 Fk xT
where,
Fk = k/1.4 the ratio of specific heats factor
k = Ratio of specific heats
x = P/P1, the pressure drop ratio
xT = The pressure drop ratio factor for valves installed without
attached fittings. More definitively, xT is the pressure drop ratio
required to produce critical, or maximum, flow through the
valve when Fk = 1.0.
If the control valve to be installed has fittings such as reducers
or elbows attached to it, then their effect is accounted for in the
expansion factor equation by replacing the xT term with a new
factor xTP. A procedure for determining the xTP factor is de
scribed in the section for Determining xTP, the Pressure Drop
Ratio Factor.
Note
Conditions of critical pressure drop are realized when the value
of x become equal to or exceed the appropriate value of the
product of either Fk xT or Fk xTP at which point:
y=1
x
= 1 13 = 0.667
3 Fk xT
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Catalog 12
Determining XTP

Although in actual service, pressure drop ratios can, and often
will, exceed the indicated critical values, it should be kept in
mind that this is the point where critical flow conditions devel
op. Thus, for a constant P1, decreasing P2 (i.e., increasing P)
will not result in an increase in the flow rate through the valve.
Values of x, therefore, greater than the product of either FkxT or
FkxTP must never be substituted in the expression for Y. This
means that Y can never be less than 0.667. This same limit on
values of x also applies to the flow equations that are
introduced in the next section.
Note
Once the valve sizing procedure is completed, consideration
can be made for aerodynamic noise prediction. To determine
the gas flow sizing coefficient (Cg) for use in the Fisher aerody
namic noise prediction technique, use the following equation:
C g = 40C v xT
5. Solve for the required Cv using the appropriate equation:

For volumetric flow rate units
If the specific gravity, Gg, of the gas has been specified:
Cv =
q
N 7F pP 1Y
x
G gT 1Z
Determining xTP, the

Pressure Drop Ratio Factor
If the control valve is to be installed with attached fittings such
as reducers or elbows, then their effect is accounted for in the
expansion factor equation by replacing the xT term with a new
factor, xTP.
If the molecular weight, M, of the gas has been specified:
Cv =
q
N 9F pP 1Y
x
x TP = T2
Fp
x
M T1 Z
For mass flow rate units

If the specific weight, 1, of the gas has been specified:
Cv =
w
N 6 Fp Y x P 1 1
If the molecular weight, M, of the gas has been specified:
Cv =
w
N 8 F p P 1Y
xM
T1 Z
In addition to Cv, two other flow coefficients, Kv and Av, are

used, particularly outside of North America. The following rela
tionships exist:
K v = (0.865)(C v)
A v = (2.40X10 5)(Cv)
x K
1+ T i
N5

Cv
d2
where,
N5 = Numerical constant found in table 2
d = Assumed nominal valve size
Cv = Valve sizing coefficient from flow coefficient table at 100
percent travel for the assumed valve size
Fp = Piping geometry factor
xT = Pressure drop ratio for valves installed without fittings
attached. xT values are included in the flow coefficient tables.
In the above equation, Ki, is the inlet head loss coefficient,
which is defined as:
K i = K 1 + K B1
where,
K1 = Resistance coefficient of upstream fittings (see the proce
dure for Determining Fp, the Piping Geometry Factor, which is
contained in the section for Sizing Valves for Liquids).
KB1 = Inlet Bernoulli coefficient (see the procedure for Deter
mining Fp the Piping Geometry Factor, which is contained in
the section for Sizing Valves for Liquids).

Catalog 12
Compressible Fluid Sizing Sample Problems
Compressible Fluid Sizing

Sample Problems
Compressible Fluid Sizing Sample
Problem No. 1
Determine the size and percent opening for a Fisher V250 valve
operating with the following service conditions. Assume that
the valve and line size are equal.
x = 0.70 (This was calculated in step 1.)

Since conditions of critical pressure drop are realized when the
calculated value of x becomes equal to or exceeds the appropri
ate value of FkxT, these values should be compared.
F kxT = (0.94)(0.137)
= 0.129
Because the pressure drop ratio, x = 0.70 exceeds the calcu
lated critical value, FkxT = 0.129, choked flow conditions are
indicated. Therefore, Y = 0.667and XLIM to FkxT = 0.129.
Desired valve designV250 valve

Process fluidNatural gas
Service conditions
P1 = 200 psig = 214.7 psia

P2 = 50 psig = 64.7 psia
P = 150 psi
x = P/P1 = 150/214.7 = 0.70
T1 = 60_F = 520_R
M = 17.38
Gg = 0.60
k = 1.31
q = 6.0 x 106 scfh
2. Determine the appropriate equation constant, N, from
table 2.
Because both Gg and M have been given in the service condi
tions, it is possible to use an equation containing either N7 or
N9 . In either case, the end result will be the same. Assume that
the equation containing Gg has been arbitrarily selected for this
problem. Therefore, N7 = 1360.
3. Determine Fp , the piping geometry factor. Since valve and
line size are assumed equal, Fp = 1.0.
4. Determine Y, the expansion factor.
Fk =
k
1.40
= 1.31
1.40
Cv =
q
N 7 Fp P 1 Y
x
Gg T 1 Z
The compressibility factor, Z, can be assumed to be 1.0 for the

gas pressure and temperature given and Fp = 1 because valve
size and line size are equal.
So,
Cv =
6.0 x 106
(1360)(1.0)(214.7)(0.667)

The above result indicates that the valve is adequately sized
(i.e., rated Cv = 2190). To determine the percent valve opening,
note that the required Cv occurs at approximately 83 degrees
for the NPS 8 V250 valve. Note also that, at 83 degrees open
ing, the xT value is 0.525, which is substantially different from
the rated value of 0.137 used initially in the problem. The next
step is to rework the problem using the xT value for 83 degrees
travel.
The FkxT product must now be recalculated.
x = Fkx T
= (0.94)(0.252)
= 0.237
The required Cv now becomes:
It is assumed that an NPS 8 V250 Valve will be adequate for the

specified service conditions. From the flow coefficient table, xT
for an NPS 8 V250 valve at 100-percent travel is 0.137.
Cv =
q
N 7 Fp P 1 Y
x
Gg T 1 Z
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0.129
(0.6)(520)(1.0)
= 1515
= 0.94

Catalog 12
6.0 x 10 6
(1360)(1.0)(214.7)(0.667)
0.237
(0.6)(520)(1.0)
a. Desired valve designCL300 ED valve with a linear cage.

Assume valve size is NPS 4.
= 1118
b. Process fluidsuperheated steam
The reason that the required Cv has dropped so dramatically is

attributable solely to the difference in the xT values at rated and
83 degrees travel. A Cv of 1118 occurs between 75 and 80 de
grees travel.
c. Service conditions
The appropriate flow coefficient table indicates that xT is higher

at 75 degrees travel than at 80 degrees travel. Therefore, if the
problem were to be reworked using a higher xT value, this
should result in a further decline in the calculated required Cv.
w = 125,000 lb/h
P1 = 500 psig = 514.7 psia
P2 = 250 psig = 264.7 psia
P = 250 psi
x = P/P1 = 250/514.7 = 0.49
T1 = 500_F
1 = 1.0434 lb/ft3 (from steam properties handbook)
k = 1.28 (from steam properties handbook)
Reworking the problem using the xT value corresponding to 78

degrees travel (i.e., xT = 0.328) leaves:
2. Determine the appropriate equation constant, N, from

table 2.
x = Fk x T
= (0.94)(0.328)
Because the specified flow rate is in mass units, (lb/h), and the
specific weight of the steam is also specified, the only sizing
equation that can be used in that which contains the N6
constant. Therefore,
= 0.308
N 6 = 63.3
and,
Cv =
q
N 7 Fp P 1 Y
Fp =
6.0 x 10 6
where,
x
Gg T 1 Z
(1360)(1.0)(214.7)(0.667)
0.308
(0.6)(520)(1.0)
= 980
C
1 + K 2v
N2 d
and,
Compressible Fluid Sizing Sample

Problem No. 2
= 1.5 1 4 2
6
12
N2 = 890, determined from table 2

d = 4 in.
Cv = 236, which is the value listed in the flow coefficient table
for an NPS 4 ED valve at 100-percent total travel.
The above Cv of 980 is quite close to the 75 degree travel Cv.

The problem could be reworked further to obtain a more pre
cise predicted opening; however, at this point it can be stated
that, for the service conditions given, an NPS 8 V250 valve
installed in an NPS 8 line will be approximately 75 degrees
open.
Assume steam is to be supplied to a process designed to oper

ate at 250 psig. The supply source is a header maintained at
500 psig and 500_F. An NPS 6 line from the steam main to the
process is being planned. Also, make the assumption that if the
required valve size is less than NPS 6, it will be installed using
concentric reducers. Determine the appropriate Fisher ED valve
with a linear cage.
k = K 1 + K 2
2
= 1.5 1 d 2
D
= 0.463
Finally:
Fp =
(1.0)(236)
1 + 0.463
890
(4) 2
12

Catalog 12

= 0.95
= 0.96
4. Determine Y, the expansion factor.
where D = 6 in.
Y=1
x
3 F k x TP
so:
where,
Fk =
k
1.40
Finally:
= 0.91
x = 0.49(This was calculated in step 1.)
Because the NPS 4 valve is to be installed in an NPS 6 line, the xT
term must be replaced by xTP,
xT
Fp 2
= 0.67
= 1.28
1.40
x TP =
(0.69)(0.96) 236
x TP = 0.692 1 +
1000
0.95
42
1+
xT K i C v
N5 d2
where,
Y=1
=1
and
= 0.5 1 4 2
6
2
Cv =
w
N 6 Fp Y x P 1 1
125, 000
(63.3)(0.95)(0.73) (0.49)(514.7)(1.0434)
= 176
K i = K 1 + K B1
2
= 0.5 1 d 2
D
0.49
(3)(0.91)(0.67)
= 0.73
Cv =

d = 4 in.
Fp = 0.95, determined in step 3
xT = 0.688, a value determined from the appropriate listing in
the flow coefficient table
Cv = 236, from step 3
x
3 F k x TP
+ 1 d
D
+ 1 4
6
Refer to the flow coefficient tables for ED valves with linear

cage. Because the assumed NPS 4 valve has a Cv of 236 at
100-percent travel and the next smaller size (NPS 3) has a Cv of
only 148, it can be surmised that the assumed size is correct. In
the event that the calculated required Cv had been small
enough to have been handled by the next smaller size or if it
had been larger than the rated Cv for the assume size, it would
have been necessary to rework the problem again using values
for the new assumed size.
owners.
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FSP Vapor Pressure Calculation (v1.4)

Catalog 12
Version 1.4 of the Fisher Sizing Program offers the ability to
estimate the vapor pressure of fluids at the given service tem
perature. These estimations are based on a correlation of actual
Pv data for the specified fluid to the following form of the
Wagner equation:
(1)
In Pvpr =
a + b1.5 + c 3 + d 6
Tr
Tr-min Tr Tr-max
where,
Pvpr = reduced vapor pressure = Pv/Pc
Tr = reduced temperature = T/Tc
Pv = saturated vapor pressure
Pc = thermodynamic critical pressure
= 1 - Tr
Tr-min = reduced minimum temperature - Tmin/Tc
Tr-max = reduced maximum temperature = Tmax/Tc
Tmin = minimum valid calculation temperature
Tmax = maximum valid calculation temperature
This equation was selected because of it's overall superiority to
more widely used but simpler equations. This equation repli
cates the actual shape of the vapor pressure curve well and
yields accurate results over a fairly broad temperature range.
For the fluids contained in the FSP v1.4 internal (non-editable)
library, typical results fall within the lessor of 1% or 1 psi of
the reference values for the individual fluids. Worst case results
are usually within the lessor of 3% or 5 psi. While the Anto
ine equation is widely used for vapor pressure correlations, it is,
in general, more limited in range over which accurate results
can be obtained. Furthermore it is strictly limited to use within
the prescribed temperature range.
The coefficients a, b, c, and d have been determined for all of

the fluids contained in the internal fluids library (non-editable)
by curve fitting to published data. Provisions to input these
values for user defined fluids are provided in the external library
(editable). While these coefficients can be found for some
fluids in the general literature, they are not widely available. For
select cases considered to be commercially strategic, support is
available to determine these coefficients for customer fluids.
To obtain this support, please complete the data form on the
reverse side of this sheet and send to Applications Engineering.
Please note that a minimum of ten data points are recom
mended to define a good baseline curve.
As is evident on inspection of equation (1), the value of the

thermodynamic critical pressure is used in calculating the value
of the vapor pressure. The Pv coefficients supplied in the inter
nal library are based on the value of the critical pressure con
tained in the library. Therefore, in order to preserve the integri
ty of the Pv calculation, the value of Pc cannot be changed
within a calculation case if the vapor pressure is being calcu
lated. If it is desired to use an alternate value of Pc in lieu of the
value supplied by the fluid library, it will be necessary to disable
the calculate Pv option and manually input both the Pc and Pv
values.
The temperatures Tmin and Tmax establish the limits of the tem
perature range over which the calculation is considered valid
(this version of the program will not contend with extrapola
tions beyond these limits). Typically the upper temperature
limit coincides with the thermodynamic critical pressure, al
though there are instances where this is not the case and Tmax <
Tc. In no case is Tmin less than the triple point temperature.
Custom PV Coefficient Request

Catalog 12
Fisher Sizing Program

The following information is required in order to determine the
vapor pressure coefficients, a, b, c, and d, for use in the external
fluids library. Please supply all required information and FAX or
mail to your sales office.
Vapor Pressure Data(1)

Data Point
Fluid Name:
Chemical Formula:
Physical Constants:
Critical Temperature,
Critical Pressure,
Triple Point Temperature,
Molecular Weight,
Specific Heat Ratio,
Tc =
Pc =
Ttp =
MW =
ko =
T, (units)
5
6
7
8
9
Data Source*:
j
j
Lab Data
Technical Ref.
10
Other
12
11
13
*Optional information not required for coefficient determination
14
15
16
Customer
Representative
Office
17
18
19
May this information be share with other Fisher

Sizing Program users?
jYes jNo
20
1. A minimum of ten data points are recommended.
owners.
www.Fisher.com
Pv, (units)
FSP Pulp Stock Sizing Calculations (v1.4)

Catalog 12
Introduction
The behavior of flowing pulp stock is different from water or
viscous Newtonian flows. It is necessary to account for this be
havior when determining the required valve size. Methods have
been developed to aid in determining correct valve size for
these types of applications. The purpose of the following pages
is to provide an overview of the current recommended sizing
method and discuss specific implementations of the technolo
gy in the Fisher Sizing Program, Rev. 1.4.
Q = 1000 gpm of 8% consistency kraft pulp stock

P = 16 psid
P1 = 150 psia
Kp 0.83 (from Figure 2), therefore,
Basic Method
The pulp stock sizing calculation uses the following modified
form of the basic liquid sizing equation:
(1)
Q = C K P
v
Once the value of the pulp stock correction factor is known,

determining the required flow coefficient or flow rate is equiva
lent to basic liquid sizing. For example, consider the following:
Cv =
Q = 1000 = 301
K p P
(0.83) 16
where:
P = sizing pressure drop, psid
Cv = valve flow coefficient
Kp = pulp stock correction factor
Q = volumetric flow rate, gpm
The crux of this calculation is the pulp stock correction factor,
Kp. This factor is the ratio of the pulp stock flow rate to water
flow rate under the same flowing conditions. It therefore modi
fies the relationship between Q, Cv, and P to account for the
effects of the pulp stock relative to that for water. The value of
this parameter in theory depends on many factors such as pulp
stock type, consistency, freeness, fiber length, valve type and
pressure drop. However, in practice it appears that the domi
nant effects are due to three primary factors: pulp type, consis
tency and pressure differential. Values of Kp for three different
pulp stock types are shown in Figures 1-3. These methods are
based on the technology presented in reference (1).
Effect of fluid vaporization and choked flow of pulp stock on

the effective pulp stock correction factor is not known as of this
writing. The effects of pulp stock on sound pressure level and
cavitation are discussed below.
The uncertainty of this calculation is currently unknown, but

should be considered to be greater than for normal liquid siz
ing. As noted above, only the major effects of stock type and
consistency and pressure drop are accounted for. Tests con
ducted by Emerson Process Management at Western Michigan
University on low consistency stock affirm the general behavior
reported in (1), although in some cases the degree of correc
tion was not as significant. This suggests that the overall vari
ance of this relatively simple method may be moderate (e.g.,
estimated to be in excess of 10%).

Catalog 12
Fisher Sizing Program

Implementation
The pulp stock correction factor is automatically calculated and
utilized in sizing when Pulp Stock Sizing is selected. This value is
determined on the basis of the pulp stock type, consistency and
pressure drop. The equations used to calculate this value were
used to generate the curves in Figures 1-3. This value is dis
played in the Intermediate Results area of the screen and can
not be manually overridden. Checks for valid consistency range
and minimum pressure drop are conducted. The calculation is
aborted and an appropriate warning message is displayed if
either of these conditions is not satisfied.
The sizing calculations are carried out in a manner equivalent to
basic liquid sizing. The sizing P is determined in the conven
tional manner, i.e., it is the lessor of P actual or P allowable .
[Note that for best accuracy the allowable pressure differential
computations should be based on the Km (FL2) associated with
the valve at the actual opening.] The fluid vapor pressure and
critical pressure drop ratio (Pv, rc) are based on the properties of
fresh water. The fluid vapor pressure may be input, but the crit
ical pressure used in calculating rc is that of fresh water. Where
as the effect of choked flow on Kp is unknown, the sizing pro
gram defaults to the conservative alternative and bases Kp on
Psizing as determined above.
Pressure differential (P) calculations are not currently offered
because of the dependency of the Kp factor on P. If this value
is desired it will be necessary to estimate it manually. It may be
included in future revisions of the program if this is perceived

to be a critical calculation.
The basic sizing calculations are referenced to water, and there
fore to not require a value of the specific gravity for the pulp
stock. However, other calculations supported by the program,
such as sound pressure level and velocity calculations do re
quire this value. To satisfy the needs of these calculations, an
estimate of the specific gravity is also produced and displayed
in the Intermediate Results area of the basic calculation screen.
This estimate is a function only of stock consistency (at 50 _F)
and is shown graphically in Figure 4.
If the stock consistency is less than two percent (2%), there is no
difference from conventional hydrodynamic noise prediction
methods. The noise level is calculated in the same manner as
for normal liquid sizing. If the consistency is greater than two
percent, then the calculated noise level is adjusted by a
constant value:
Predicted L pA = Calculated L pA 5dBA
The cavitation behavior of low consistency pulp stock (e.g., <

4%) is treated as equivalent to that of water. Generally, pulp
stock of a consistency greater than four percent is not known to
be problematic. Therefore, the sizing program indicates that Ar
> Kc, but that no cavitation problems are likely to occur.
References:
1. Andrews, E. and M. Husu, Sizing and Cavitation Damage
Reduction for Stock and White Water Control Valves, 1991
Process Control Conference, TAPPI Proceedings, pp. 65-73.
owners.
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(2)

Catalog 12
Figure 1. Pulp Stock Correction Factors for Kraft Pulp
Figure 2. Pulp Stock Correction Factors for Mechanical Pulp

Catalog 12
Figure 3. Pulp Stock Correction Factors for Recycled Pulp
Figure 4. Specific Gravity for All Pulp Types
owners.
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Technical Information
Catalog 12
Conversions for Units of

Measure
Table 6. Velocity
Table 7. Heat Flow Rate
Table 8. Force
Table 9. Power
Table 10. Torque
Table 11. Pressure and Liquid Head
Table 12. Volumetric Rate of Flow
Table 13. Temperature
Table 14. Abbreviated Conversions of Degrees
Fahrenheit to Degrees Celsius
Table 1. Length
Table 2. Area
Table 3. Volume
Table 4. Mass
Table 5. Density
Table 1. Length
by
To
Obtain
Multiply
Number of
millimeters
meters
inches
feet
yards
millimeter
mm
meter
m
inch
in
feet
ft
yard
yd
1
1000
25.40
304.8
914.4
0.001000
1
0.02540
0.3048
0.9144
0.03937
39.37
1
12.00
36.00
0.003281
3.281
0.08333
1
3.00
0.001094
1.094
0.02778
0.3333
1
Note: 1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters = 1000 millimeters = 0.001 kilometers = 1 x 106 microns
Table 2. Area
by
To
Obtain
Multiply
Number of
square meters
square millimeters
square inches
square feet
square yards
square meter
m2
square
millimeter
mm2
square inch
in2
square feet
ft2
square yard
yd2
1
0.000001
0.0006452
0.09290
0.8361
1,000,000
1
645.1
92,900
836,100
1550
0.001550
1
144.0
1296
10.76
0.00001076
0.006944
1
9.000
1.196
0.000001196
0.0007716
0.1111
1
Table 3. Volume
Multiply
Number of
by
m3
cm3
liter
in3
ft3
Imp gal
U.S. gal
To
Obtain
cubic meter
m3
cubic
centimeter
cm3
liter
l
cubic inch
in3
cubic foot
ft3
Imperial
gallon
Imp gal
U.S. gallon
U.S. gal
1
0.000001000
0.001000
0.00001639
0.02832
0.004546
0.003785
1,000,000
1
1000
16.39
28,320
4546
3785
1000
0.001000
1
0.01639
28.32
4.546
3.785
61,020
0.06102
61.02
1
1728
277.4
231.0
35.31
0.00003531
0.03531
0.0005787
1
0.1605
0.1337
220.0
0.0002200
0.2200
0.003605
6.229
1
0.8327
264.2
0.0002642
0.2642
0.004329
7.480
1.201
1
Technical Information Continued

Catalog 12
Table 4. Mass
Multiply
Number of
To
Obtain
by
Ounces
Pounds
Short tons
Long tons
Kilograms
Metric tons
Ounce
oz
Pound
lb
Short ton
sh ton
Long ton
L ton
Kilogram
Kg
Metric ton
tonne
1
16.00
32,000
35,840
35.27
35,270
0.06250
1
2000
2240
2.205
2205
0.00003125
0.0005000
1
1.120
0.001102
1.102
0.00002790
0.0004464
0.8929
1
0.0009842
0.9842
0.02835
0.4536
907.2
1016
1
1000
0.00002835
0.0004536
0.9072
1.016
0.001000
1
gram per
milliliter g/ml
kilogram per
cubic meter
kg/m3
pound per
cubic foot
lb/ft3
pound per cubic

inch lb/in3
1
0.001000
0.01602
27.68
1000
1
16.02
27,680
62.43
0.06243
1
1728
0.03613
0.00003613
0.0005787
1
Table 5. Density
Multiply
Number of
To
Obtain
by
g/ml
kg/m3
lb/ft3
lb/in3
Table 6. Velocity
Multiply
Number of
by
To
Obtain
ft/sec
ft/min
mi/hr
m/sec
m/min
km/hr
feet per
second
ft/sec
feet per minute

ft/min
miles per hour

mi/hr
1
0.01667
1.467
3.280
0.05468
0.9113
60.00
1
88.00
196.9
3.281
54.68
0.6818
0.01136
1
2.237
0.03728
0.6214
0.3048
0.005080
0.4470
1
0.01667
0.2778
Watts
W
calorie per
second
cal/sec
kilocalorie
per hour
kcal/hr
British thermal
unit per hour
Btu/hr
1
4.184
1.162
0.2831
0.2390
1
0.2778
0.07000
0.8604
3.600
1
0.2522
3.412
14.28
3.966
1
kilonewton
KN
kilogram force
kgf
pound force
lbf
poundal
pdl
1
0.009807
0.004448
0.0001383
102.0
1
0.4536
0.01410
224.8
2.205
1
0.03108
7233
70.93
32.17
1
meter per second meter per minute

m/sec
m/min
18.29
0.3048
26.82
60.00
1
16.67
Table 7. Heat Flow Rate

Multiply
Number of
by
To
Obtain
W
cal/sec
kcal/hr
Btu/hr
Table 8. Force
by
To
Obtain
Multiply
Number of
kilonewtons
kilogram force
pound force
poundal
owners.
www.Fisher.com
kilometer per
hour
km/hr
1.097
0.01829
1.609
3.600
0.06000
1

Catalog 12
Table 9. Power
Multiply
Number of
by
To
Obtain
W
kgfm/sec
metric hp
ft lb/sec
horsepower
Watt
W
kilogram force
meter per second
kgf m/sec
metric
horsepower
foot pound force

per second
ft lbf/sec
horsepower
hp
1
9.807
735.5
1.356
745.7
0.1020
1
75.00
0.1383
76.04
.001360
0.01333
1
0.001843
1.014
0.7376
7.233
542.5
1
550.0
0.001341
0.01315
0.9863
0.001818
1
Table 10. Torque

Multiply
Number of
To
Obtain
by
Newton Meter
Nm
kilogram force
meter
kgf m
foot pound
ft lb
inch pound
in lb
1
9.807
1.356
0.1130
0.1020
1
0.1383
0.01152
0.7376
7.233
1
0.08333
8.851
86.80
12.00
1
Nm
kgf m
ft lb
in lb
Table 11. Pressure and Liquid Head
Multiply
Number of
by
To
Obtain
bar
kgf/cm2
psi
atm
ft H2O
in H2O
m H2O
cm Hg
in Hg
torr
bar(1)
kilogram
force per
square
centimeter
kgf/cm2(2)
pound per
square inch
psi or
lbf/in2
International
Standard
Atmosphere
atm
foot of
water
(4 _C)
ft H2O
inch of
water
(4 _C)
in H2O
meter of
water
(4 _C)
m H2O
centimeter of
Mercury
(0 _C)
cm Hg
1
0.9807
0.06895
1.013
0.02989
0.002491
0.09806
0.01333
0.03386
0.001333
1.020
1
0.0703
1.033
0.0305
0.002540
0.1000
0.01360
0.03453
0.001359
14.50
14.22
1
14.69
0.4335
0.0361
1.422
0.1934
0.4911
0.01934
0.9869
0.9678
0.06805
1
0.02950
0.002458
0.09678
0.01316
0.03342
0.001316
33.45
32.81
2.307
33.90
1
0.8333
3.281
0.4460
1.133
0.04460
401.5
393.7
27.68
406.8
12
1
39.37
5.352
13.60
0.5352
10.20
10.00
0.7031
10.33
0.3048
0.2540
1
0.1360
0.3453
0.0136
75.01
73.56
5.171
76.00
2.242
0.1868
7.356
1
2.540
0.1000
inch of
millimeter of
Mercury
Mercury
(0 _C)
(0 _C)
in Hg
torr or mm Hg
29.53
28.96
2.036
29.92
0.8826
0.07355
2.896
0.3937
1
0.03937
750.1
735.5
51.71
760.0
22.42
1.868
73.56
10.00
25.40
1
1. The unit of pressure in the International System of Units (SI) is the pascal (Pa), which is 1 Newton per square meter (N/m2). 1 bar = 105 Pa
2. Technical (metric) atmosphere (at)
Table 12. Volumetric Rate of Flow

Multiply
Number of
by
l/sec
l/min
m3/hr
ft3/hr
ft3/min
Imp gal/min
US gal/min
US barrel/d
To
Obtain
liter per
second
l/sec
liter per
minute
l/min
cubic meter
per hour
m3/hr
cubic foot
per hour
ft3/hr
cubic foot
per minute
ft3/min
Imp gallon
per minute
Imp gal/min
US gallon
per minute
US gal/min
US barrel
per day
(42 US gal)
US barrel/d
1
0.01667
0.2778
0.007865
0.4719
0.07577
0.06309
0.001840
60
1
16.67
0.4719
28.32
4.546
3.785
0.1104
3.600
0.06000
1
0.02832
1.699
0.2727
0.2271
0.006624
127.1
2.119
35.31
1
60.00
9.633
8.021
0.2339
2.119
0.03532
0.5886
0.01667
1
0.1606
0.1337
0.003899
13.20
0.2200
3.666
0.1038
6.229
1
0.8327
0.02428
15.85
0.2642
4.403
0.1247
7.481
1.201
1
0.02917
543.4
9.057
150.9
4.275
256.5
41.17
34.29
1

Catalog 12
Table 13. Temperature
degrees
Celsius(1) _C
Kelvin
K
degrees
Fahrenheit _F
degrees
Rankine _R
_C
_C + 273.15
9/5_C + 32
9/5_C + 491.67
K-273.15
K
9/5K-459.67
9/5K
5/9(_F-32)
5/9(_F + 459.67)
_F
_F + 459.67
5/9(_R-491.67)
5/9_R
_R-459.67
_R
1. Formerly called Centigrade.
Useful Equivalents
1 US Gallon of Water
1 Cubic Foot of Water
1 Cubic Meter of Water
1 Cubic Foot of Air
= 8.33 pounds @ 60_F

= 62.36 pounds @ 60_F
= 1000 Kilograms @ 4_C
= .076 pounds
(Std. Press. and Temp.)
= 13.1 Cubic Feet
(Std. Press. and Temp.)
= .77 Cubic Meters
(Normal Press. and Temp.)
= 1.293 Kilograms
(Normal Press. and Temp.)
1 Pound of Air
Table 14. Abbreviated Conversions of Degrees

Fahrenheit to Degrees Celsius
1 Kilogram of Air
_F
_C
_F
_C
_F
_C
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
32
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
212
45.6
42.8
40
37.2
34.4
31.7
28.9
26.1
23.3
20.6
17.8
15
12.2
9.4
6.7
3.9
1.1
0
1.7
4.4
7.2
10
12.8
15.6
18.3
21.1
23.9
26.7
29.4
32.2
35
37.8
43
49
54
60
66
71
77
82
88
93
99
100
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
104
110
116
121
127
132
138
143
149
154
160
166
171
177
182
188
193
199
204
210
216
221
227
232
238
243
249
254
260
266
271
277
282
288
293
299
304
310
316
321
327
332
338
343
349
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
354
360
366
371
377
382
388
393
399
404
410
416
421
427
432
438
443
449
454
460
466
471
477
482
488
493
499
504
510
516
521
527
532
538
566
593
621
649
677
704
732
760
788
816
1 Cubic Meter of Air
Gas Molecular Weight

= Sp. Gravity of that gas
29
Molecular Wt. of Air = 29
1/Density = Specific Volume
Mass Rate
Where:
Standard Conditions (scfh) are 14.7 psia and 60_F
Normal Conditions (norm) are 760 mm Hg and 0_C
SG1 Water = 1 at 60_F. SG2 Water = 1 at 4_C
M = Molecular Weight
1 = Density lb/ft3 (std); 2 = Density kg/m3 (norm)
G1 = sp. gr. Air = 1 at (std); G2 = sp. gr. Air. = 1 at
(norm)
Gases
scfh =
lbhr x 379
M
lbhr
scfh =
1
scfh =
lbhr x 13.1
G1
m 3hr (norm) =
kghr x 22.40
M
m 3hr (norm) =
kghr
2
m 3hr (norm) =
kghr x 0.773
G2
Liquids
US galmin =
lbhr
500xSG 1
m 3hr =
owners.
www.Fisher.com
.001 kghr
SG 2
Leakage Specifications
Catalog 12
The test classifications listed below are for factory acceptance tests under the conditions shown. Because of the complex interaction
of many physical properties, extrapolation of very low leakage rates to other than test conditions can be extremely misleading. Con
sult the appropriate product bulletin for individual valve body leak classifications.
Maximum Leakage(1)
ANSI/FCI 70-2
Test Medium
Pressure and Temperature
Class II
0.5% valve capacity at full travel
Air
Service nP or 50 psid (3.4 bar differential),

whichever is lower, at 50 to 125_F (10 to 52_C)
Class III
Air

Class IV
Air

Class V
5 x 10-4 mL/min/psid/in. port dia.

(5 x 10-12 m3/sec/bar differential/mm port dia)
Nominal Port
Diameter
Class VI
Inch
mm
1
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
4
6
8
25
38
51
64
76
102
152
203
Bubbles per
Minute
mL per
Minute
1
2
3
4
6
11
27
45
0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60
0.90
1.70
4.00
6.75
Water
Air
Service nP at 50 to 125_F (10 to 52_C)

Valve Sizing for Cavitating and Flashing Liquids

Catalog 12
Figure 1. Critical Pressure Ratios for Water
Critical Pressure of Various Fluids,

Psia*
A1256
Use this curve for water. Enter on the abscissa at the water vapor pressure
at the valve inlet. Proceed vertically to intersect the curve. Move horizon
tally to the left to read the critical pressure ratio, rc, on the ordinate.
Figure 2. Critical Pressure Ratios for Liquids Other

than Water
Ammonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1636
Argon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705.6
Butane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550.4
Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071.6
Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507.5
Chlorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118.7
Dowtherm A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Ethane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708
Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
Fluorine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808.5
Helium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.2
Hydrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188.2
Hydrogen Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1198
Isobutane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529.2
Isobutylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Methane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673.3
Nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492.4
Nitrous Oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047.6
Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736.5
Phosgene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823.2
Propane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617.4
Propylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670.3
Refrigerant 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Refrigerant 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596.9
Refrigerant 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3206.2
*For values not listed, consult an appropriate reference book.
A1257
Use this curve for liquids other than water. Determine the vapor pressure/
critical pressure ratio by dividing the liquid vapor pressure at the valve inlet
by the critical pressure of the liquid. Enter on the abscissa at the ratio just
calculated and proceed vertically to intersect the curve. Move horizontally
to the left and read the critical pressure ratio, rc, on the ordinate.
owners.
www.Fisher.com
Valve Sizing for Liquid-Gas Mixtures

Catalog 12
Introduction
Special consideration is required when sizing valves handling
mixtures of liquid and gas or liquid and vapor. The equation for
required valve Cv for liquid-gas or liquid-vapor mixtures is:
C vr = (C vl + Cvg) (1 + Fm)
Vg = Specific volume of gas phase, ft3/lb

Vl =Specific volume of liquid phase, ft3/lb
x =Quality, lb vapor/lb mixture
Figure 1. Cv Correction Factor, Fm
(1)
The value of the correction factor, Fm, is given in figure 1 as a

function of the gas volume ratio, Vr. The gas volume ratio for
liquid-gas mixtures may be obtained by the equation:
Qg
284 QlP 1
Vg
Vr =
=
+ Qg
V L + Vg
T1
(2)
or for liquid-vapor mixtures:
Vr =
Vg
V g V l 1x
x
(3)
If the pressure drop ratio (P/P1) exceeds the ratio required to

give 100% critical gas flow as determined from figure 2, the
liquid sizing drop should be limited to the drop required to give
100% critical gas flow.
Because of the possibility of choked flow occurring, the liquid
sizing drop may also have to be limited by the equation:
P (allow) = K m(P 1 r c P v) *
Nomenclature
Cv =Standard liquid sizing coefficient
Cvr =Cv required for mixture flow
Cvl =Cv for liquid phase
Cg =Cg for gas phase
Cvg = Cv required for gas phase = Cg/C1
C1 = Cg/Cv ratio for valve
Fm = Cv correction factor
Km = Valve recovery coefficient
P =Valve pressure drop, psi
P1 =Valve inlet pressure, psia
Pv =Liquid vapor pressure, psia
Qg= Gas flow, scfh
Ql = Liquid flow, scfh
Qs = Steam or vapor flow, lb/hr
rc =Critical pressure ratio
T1 =Inlet Temperature, _Rankine (_R = _F + 460_)
Vg = Gas flow, ft3/sec
Vl = Liquid flow, ft3/sec
Vr = Gas volume ratio
*See equation 1 of Valve Sizing for Cavitating and Flashing Liquids in this section.
Figure 2. Pressure Drop Ratio Resulting in Critical

Gas Flow
Valve Sizing for Liquid-Gas Mixtures (continued)

Catalog 12
Sizing Examples
Liquid-Gas Mixture
for the liquid phase (Cvl) is 581 and the calculated required
gas sizing coefficient for the gas phase (Cg) is 2710.
3. Calculate the Cv required for gas phase:
C vg = C gC1
Given:
Liquid flow (Ql) = 3000 gpm
Gas flow (Qg) = 625,000 scfh
Inlet temperature (T1) = 100_F = 560_R
Inlet pressure (P1) = 414.7 psia (400 psig)
Pressure drop (P) = 40 psi
Liquid specific gravity (Gl) = 1.5
Vapor pressure of liquid (Pv) = 30 psia
Critical pressure of liquid = 200 psia
Gas specific gravity (Gg) = 1.4
C1 of valve under consideration = 24.7
Km of valve under consideration = 0.40
= 2710
24.7
= 110
4. Calculate the gas volume ratio:
Qg
V r = 284Q P
1 1
+ Qg
T
(2)
625, 000
= (284)(3000)(414.7)
+ 625, 000
560
Solution:
= 0.498
1. The pressure drop ratio of the application (P/P1 =
40/414.7 - 0.096) does not exceed that required for 100%
critical flow (0.40 from figure 2). Check the maximum al
lowable liquid pressure drop:
P (allow) = K m(P 1 r c P v)
The critical pressure ratio (rc) is 0.84 from figure 2 of Valve
Sizing for Cavitating and Flashing Liquids at Vapor Pressure/
Critical Pressure = 30/200 = 0.15.
Then from figure 1 at Vr = 0.498:
F m = 0.475
5. Calculate the Cv required for the mixture:
C vr = (C vl + Cvg)(1 + Fm)
= (581 + 110)(1 + 0.475)
P (allow) = 0.40 [414.7 (0.84)(30)]
= 1020
= 156 psi
Since the pressure drop ratio is less than that required for 100%
critical gas flow and the pressure drop is less than the maxi
mum allowable liquid pressure drop, use the given pressure
drop of 40 psi in the remaining steps.
2. Using the Universal Valve Sizing Slide Rule or sizing no

mographs, the calculated required liquid sizing coefficient
Liquid-Vapor Mixture
Given:
Mixture flow (Q) = 200,000 lb/hr of wet steam
Quality (x) = 0.05
Inlet pressure (P1) = 84.7 psia (70 psig)
Pressure drop (P) = 50 psi
C1 of valve under consideration = 21.0
Km of valve under consideration = 0.50
owners.
www.Fisher.com
(1)
Valve Sizing for Liquid-Gas Mixtures (continued)

Catalog 12
Solution:
1. Calculate the flow of vapor (Qs) and of liquid (Ql):

Qs = (x) (Mixture Flow)
= (0.05) (200,000)
= 10,000 lb/hr of steam
Ql = Mixture Flow - Qs
= 200,000 - 10,000
= 190,000 lb/hr of water
= 417 gpm
2. Using the sizing slide rule or the steam, vapor, and gas
flow equation shown with the Universal Sizing Nomo
graph, find the calculated required gas sizing coefficient
(Cg) for the vapor phase. Steam inlet density (0.193 lb/ft3)
can be calculated from steam table data.
C g = 2330
3. Calculate Cv required for the vapor phase:
C vg = C gC1
Since this is a mixture of a liquid and its vapor, vapor pressure

(Pv) equals inlet pressure (P1). Find the critical pressure ratio (rc)
from figure 1 of Valve Sizing for Cavitating and Flashing Liq
uids in this section.
P (allow) = 0.50[84.7 (.92)(84.7)]

= 3.39 psi
Use this pressure drop and the specific gravity of the water
(from steam tables) with the sizing slide rule or liquid nomo
graph to determine the required liquid sizing coefficient of the
liquid phase (Cvl):
C vl = 216
5. Calculate the gas volume ratio. specific volumes (vg and
vl) can be found in steam tables:
Vg
(3)
Vr =
V g V l 1x
x
=
5.185
5.185 + 0.017610.05
0.05
= 0.939
= 2300
21.0
= 111
The from figure 1 at Vr = 0.939:
F m = 0.97
4. Before determining the Cv required for the liquid phase,
calculate the maximum allowable liquid pressure drop:
P (allow) = K m (P 1 r cP v)
6. Calculate the Cv required for the mixture:

C vr = (C vl + Cvg)(1 + Fm)
= (216 + 111) (1 + 0.97)
= 644
(1)
Saturated Steam
Pressure and Temperature
Catalog 12
VAPOR PRESSURE
VAPOR PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
DEGREES F
STEAM
DENSITY
LBS/CU.FT.
WATER
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
Absolute,
Psia
Gauge,
Psig
TEMPERATURE
DEGREES F
STEAM
DENSITY
LBS/CU.FT.
WATER
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
29.51
29.41
29.31
29.21
29.11
53.14
59.30
64.47
68.93
72.86
.000655
.000810
.000962
.00111
.00126
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
40.0
41.0
42.0
43.0
44.0
25.3
26.3
27.3
28.3
29.3
267.25
268.74
270.21
271.64
273.05
.0953
.0975
.0997
.102
.104
.94
.93
.93
.93
.93
0.45
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
29.00
28.90
28.70
28.49
28.29
76.38
79.58
85.21
90.08
94.38
.00141
.00156
.00185
.00214
.00243
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
45.0
46.0
47.0
48.0
49.0
30.3
31.3
32.3
33.3
34.3
274.44
275.80
277.13
278.45
279.74
.106
.109
.111
.113
.115
.93
.93
.93
.93
.93
0.90
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
28.09
27.88
27.48
27.07
26.66
98.24
101.74
107.92
113.26
117.99
.00271
.00300
.00356
.00412
.00467
.99
.99
.99
.99
.99
50.0
51.0
52.0
53.0
54.0
35.3
36.3
37.3
38.3
39.3
281.01
282.26
283.49
284.70
285.90
.117
.120
.122
.124
.126
.93
.93
.93
.93
.93
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
26.26
25.85
25.44
25.03
24.63
122.23
126.08
129.62
132.89
135.94
.00521
.00576
.00630
.00683
.00737
.99
.99
.99
.99
.99
55.0
56.0
57.0
58.0
59.0
40.3
41.3
42.3
43.3
44.3
287.07
288.23
289.37
290.50
291.61
.128
.131
.133
.135
.137
.93
.93
.93
.92
.92
2.8
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
24.22
23.81
22.79
21.78
20.76
138.79
141.48
147.57
152.97
157.83
.00790
.00842
.00974
.0110
.0123
.98
.98
.98
.98
.98
60.0
61.0
62.0
63.0
64.0
45.3
46.3
47.3
48.3
49.3
292.71
293.79
294.85
295.90
296.94
.139
.142
.144
.146
.148
.92
.92
.92
.92
.92
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
19.74
18.72
17.70
16.69
15.67
162.24
166.30
170.06
173.56
176.85
.0136
.0149
.0161
.0174
.0186
.98
.98
.98
.97
.97
65.0
66.0
67.0
68.0
69.0
50.3
51.3
52.3
53.3
54.3
297.97
298.99
299.99
300.98
301.96
.150
.152
.155
.157
.159
.92
.92
.92
.92
.92
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5
14.65
13.63
12.61
11.60
10.58
179.94
182.86
185.64
188.28
190.80
.0199
.0211
.0224
.0236
.0248
.97
.97
.97
.97
.97
70.0
71.0
72.0
73.0
74.0
55.3
56.3
57.3
58.3
59.3
302.92
303.88
304.83
305.76
306.68
.161
.163
.165
.168
.170
.92
.92
.92
.92
.92
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
9.56
7.52
5.49
3.45
1.42
193.21
197.75
201.96
205.88
209.56
.0260
.0285
.0309
.0333
.0357
.97
.97
.96
.96
.96
75.0
76.0
77.0
78.0
79.0
60.3
61.3
62.3
63.3
64.3
307.60
308.50
309.40
310.29
311.16
.172
.174
.176
.178
.181
.92
.91
.91
.91
.91
TEMPERATURE
DEGREES F
STEAM
DENSITY
LBS/CU.FT.
WATER
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
80.0
81.0
82.0
83.0
84.0
65.3
66.3
67.3
68.3
69.3
312.03
312.89
313.74
314.59
315.42
.183
.185
.187
.189
.191
.91
.91
.91
.91
.91
85.0
86.0
87.0
88.0
89.0
70.3
71.3
72.3
73.3
74.3
316.25
317.07
317.88
318.68
319.48
.193
.196
.198
.200
.202
.91
.91
.91
.91
.91
Absolute,
Psia
Vacuum,
In. Hg.
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
VAPOR PRESSURE
Absolute,
Psia
Gauge,
Psig
14.696
15.0
16.0
17.0
18.0
19.0
0.0
0.3
1.3
2.3
3.3
4.3
212.00
213.03
216.32
219.44
222.41
225.24
.0373
.0380
.0404
.0428
.0451
.0474
.96
.96
.96
.96
.96
.95
20.0
21.0
22.0
23.0
24.0
5.3
6.3
7.3
8.3
9.3
227.96
230.57
233.07
235.49
237.82
.0498
.0521
.0544
.0567
.0590
.95
.95
.95
.95
.95
90.0
91.0
92.0
93.0
94.0
75.3
76.3
77.3
78.3
79.3
320.27
321.06
321.83
322.60
323.36
.204
.206
.209
.211
.213
.91
.91
.91
.91
.91
25.0
26.0
27.0
28.0
29.0
10.3
11.3
12.3
13.3
14.3
240.07
242.25
244.36
246.41
248.40
.0613
.0636
.0659
.0682
.0705
.95
.95
.95
.94
.94
95.0
96.0
97.0
98.0
99.0
80.3
81.3
82.3
83.3
84.3
324.12
324.87
325.61
326.35
327.08
.215
.217
.219
.221
.224
.91
.91
.91
.91
.90
30.0
31.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
15.3
16.3
17.3
18.3
19.3
250.33
252.22
254.05
255.84
257.38
.0727
.0750
.0773
.0795
.0818
.94
.94
.94
.94
.94
100.0
101.0
102.0
103.0
104.0
85.3
86.3
87.3
88.3
89.3
327.81
328.53
329.25
329.96
330.66
.226
.228
.230
.232
.234
.90
.90
.90
.90
.90
35.0
36.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
20.3
21.3
22.3
23.3
24.3
259.28
260.95
262.57
264.16
265.72
.0840
.0863
.0885
.0908
.0930
.94
.94
.94
.94
.94
105.0
106.0
107.0
108.0
109.0
90.3
91.3
92.3
93.3
94.3
331.36
332.05
332.74
333.42
334.10
.236
.238
.241
.243
.245
.90
.90
.90
.90
.90
owners.
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Saturated Steam
Pressure and Temperature (continued)
Catalog 12
VAPOR PRESSURE
VAPOR PRESSURE
TEMPERATURE
DEGREES F
STEAM
DENSITY
LBS/CU.FT.
WATER
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
Absolute,
Psia
Gauge,
Psig
TEMPERATURE
DEGREES F
STEAM
DENSITY
LBS/CU.FT.
WATER
SPECIFIC
GRAVITY
95.3
96.3
97.3
98.3
99.3
334.77
335.44
336.11
336.77
337.42
.247
.249
.251
.253
.255
.90
.90
.90
.90
.90
250.0
255.0
260.0
265.0
270.0
235.3
240.3
245.3
250.3
255.3
400.95
402.70
404.42
406.11
407.78
.542
.553
.563
.574
.585
.86
.86
.86
.86
.86
115.0
116.0
117.0
118.0
119.0
100.3
101.3
102.3
103.3
104.3
338.07
338.72
339.36
339.99
340.62
.258
.260
.262
.264
.266
.90
.90
.90
.90
.90
275.0
280.0
285.0
290.0
295.0
260.3
265.3
270.3
275.3
280.3
409.43
411.05
412.65
414.23
415.79
.595
.606
.616
.627
.637
.85
.85
.85
.85
.85
120.0
121.0
122.0
123.0
124.0
105.3
106.3
107.3
108.3
109.3
341.25
341.88
342.50
343.11
343.72
.268
.270
.272
.275
.277
.90
.90
.90
.90
.90
300.0
320.0
340.0
360.0
380.0
285.3
305.3
325.3
345.3
365.3
417.33
423.29
428.97
434.40
439.60
.648
.690
.733
.775
.818
.85
.85
.84
.84
.83
125.0
126.0
127.0
128.0
129.0
110.3
111.3
112.3
113.3
114.3
344.33
344.94
345.54
346.13
346.73
.279
.281
.283
.285
.287
.90
.89
.89
.89
.89
400.0
420.0
440.0
460.0
480.0
385.3
405.3
425.3
445.3
465.3
444.59
449.39
454.02
458.50
462.82
.861
.904
.947
.991
1.03
.83
.83
.82
.82
.81
130.0
131.0
132.0
133.0
134.0
115.3
116.3
117.3
118.3
119.3
347.32
347.90
348.48
349.06
349.64
.289
.292
.294
.296
.298
.89
.89
.89
.89
.89
500.0
520.0
540.0
560.0
580.0
485.3
505.3
525.3
545.3
565.3
467.01
471.07
475.01
478.85
482.58
1.08
1.12
1.17
1.21
1.25
.81
.81
.81
.80
.80
135.0
136.0
137.0
138.0
139.0
120.3
121.3
122.3
123.3
124.3
350.21
350.78
351.35
351.91
352.47
.300
.302
.304
.306
.308
.89
.89
.89
.89
.89
600.0
620.0
640.0
660.0
680.0
585.3
605.3
625.3
645.3
665.3
486.21
489.75
493.21
496.58
499.88
1.30
1.34
1.39
1.43
1.48
.80
.79
.79
.79
.79
140.0
141.0
142.0
143.0
144.0
125.3
126.3
127.3
128.3
129.3
353.02
353.57
354.12
354.67
355.21
.311
.313
.315
.317
.319
.89
.89
.89
.89
.89
700.0
720.0
740.0
760.0
780.0
685.3
705.3
725.3
745.3
765.3
503.10
506.25
509.34
512.36
515.33
1.53
1.57
1.62
1.66
1.71
.78
.78
.77
.77
.77
145.0
146.0
147.0
148.0
149.0
130.3
131.3
132.3
133.3
134.3
355.76
356.29
356.83
357.36
357.89
.321
.323
.325
.327
.330
.89
.89
.89
.89
.89
800.0
820.0
840.0
860.0
880.0
785.3
805.3
825.3
845.3
865.3
518.23
521.08
523.88
526.63
529.33
1.76
1.81
1.85
1.90
1.95
.77
.77
.76
.76
.76
150.0
152.0
154.0
156.0
158.0
135.3
137.3
139.3
141.3
143.3
358.42
359.46
360.49
361.52
362.53
.332
.336
.340
.344
.349
.89
.89
.89
.88
.88
900.0
920.0
940.0
960.0
980.0
885.3
905.3
925.3
945.3
965.3
531.98
534.59
537.16
539.68
542.17
2.00
2.05
2.10
2.14
2.19
.76
.75
.75
.75
.75
160.0
162.0
164.0
166.0
168.0
145.3
147.3
149.3
151.3
153.3
363.53
364.53
365.51
366.48
367.45
.353
.357
.361
.365
.370
.88
.88
.88
.88
.88
1000.0
1050.0
1100.0
1150.0
1200.0
985.3
1035.3
1085.3
1135.3
1185.3
544.61
550.57
556.31
561.86
567.22
2.24
2.37
2.50
2.63
2.76
.74
.74
.73
.73
.72
170.0
172.0
174.0
176.0
178.0
155.3
157.3
159.3
161.3
163.3
368.41
369.35
370.29
371.22
372.14
.374
.378
.382
.387
.391
.88
.88
.88
.88
.88
1250.0
1300.0
1350.0
1400.0
1450.0
1235.3
1285.3
1335.3
1385.3
1435.3
572.42
577.46
582.35
587.10
591.73
2.90
3.04
3.18
3.32
3.47
.71
.71
.70
.69
.69
180.0
182.0
184.0
186.0
188.0
165.3
167.3
169.3
171.3
173.3
373.06
373.96
374.86
375.75
376.64
.395
.399
.403
.407
.412
.88
.88
.88
.88
.88
1500.0
1600.0
1700.0
1800.0
1900.0
1485.3
1585.3
1685.3
1785.3
1885.3
596.23
604.90
613.15
621.03
628.58
3.62
3.92
4.25
4.59
4.95
.68
.67
.66
.65
.64
190.0
192.0
194.0
196.0
198.0
175.3
177.3
179.3
181.3
183.3
377.51
378.38
379.24
380.10
380.95
.416
.420
.424
.429
.433
.88
.87
.87
.87
.87
2000.0
2100.0
2200.0
2300.0
2400.0
1985.3
2085.3
2185.3
2285.3
2385.3
635.82
642.77
649.46
655.91
662.12
5.32
5.73
6.15
6.61
7.11
.62
.61
.60
.59
.57
200.0
205.0
210.0
215.0
220.0
185.3
190.3
195.3
200.3
205.3
381.79
383.86
385.90
387.89
389.86
.437
.448
.458
.469
.479
.87
.87
.87
.87
.87
2500.0
2600.0
2700.0
2800.0
2900.0
2485.3
2585.3
2685.3
2785.3
2885.3
668.13
673.94
679.55
684.99
690.26
7.65
8.24
8.90
9.66
10.6
.56
.54
.53
.51
.49
225.0
230.0
235.0
240.0
245.0
210.3
215.3
220.3
225.3
230.3
391.79
393.68
395.54
397.37
399.18
.490
.500
.511
.522
.532
.87
.87
.86
.86
.86
3000.0
3100.0
3200.0
3206.2
2985.3
3085.3
3185.3
3191.5
695.36
700.31
705.11
705.40
11.7
13.3
17.2
19.9
.46
.43
.36
.32
Absolute,
Psia
Gauge,
Psig
110.0
111.0
112.0
113.0
114.0
Saturated and Superheated Steam

Density/Temperature Curve
Catalog 12
The degree of superheat is the difference between the actual temperature and the saturation steam temperature.
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Velocity Equations
Catalog 12
Sonic Velocity
Sonic velocity for a fluid that obeys the perfect gas law can be found by using the flowing equation:
c = kgRT
Mach Numbers
Inlet and outlet Mach numbers for a control valve can be calculated from:
1 C sin3417 P deg.
k5.97
2 1900
+1 k+1
A
P
C
1k1
M1 =
M2
= 1
k1
M1
1 PP 1
A1
A2
M2 + 2
1 k1
12
k1
12
Calculate Mean Velocity

Actual velocity at valve inlet or outlet can be determined by multiplying the sonic velocity times the Mach number.
V = cM
Simplified Steam Flow Velocity Equation

The following equation can be used to determine the velocity of steam at either the inlet or outlet of a valve.
V=
Qv
25 A
Note
To solve the equation, use steam tables to find the steam specific volume (v) for the pressure and temperature at the flow stream
location where it is desired to determine velocity. Use the flow stream cross-sectional area at the same location.
Definition of Terms
A =Cross sectional area of the flow stream, square
inches-- see tables 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
c =Speed of sound in the fluid, feet per second
Cg =Gas Sizing Coefficient
Cv =Liquid Sizing Coefficient
C1 =Cg/Cv
P =Pressure drop
g =Gravitational constant, 32.2 feet per second
squared
k =Specific heat ratio

Specific heat at constant pressure
Specific heat at constant volume
see table 1 for common values
M =Mean Mach number
P =Pressure, psia
Q =Vapor flow rate, pounds per hour
R =Individual gas constant,
1545
molecular weight
T =Temperature, Rankine_R = _F + 460_

v =Vapor specific volume, cubic feet per pound
V =Mean velocity, feet per second
sub 1 =Upstream or inlet conditions
sub 2 =Downstream or outlet conditions
Velocity Equations
Catalog 12
Table 1. Specific Heat Ratio (k)

Specific Heat Ratio
(k)
Gas
Acetylene
Air
Argon
Butane
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Ethane
Helium
Hydrogen
Methane
1.38
1.40
1.67
1.17
1.40
0.6 Natural Gas

Nitrogen
Oxygen
Propane
Propylene
1.32
1.40
1.40
1.21
1.15
Steam(1)
1.33
1.29
1.25
1.66
1.40
1.26
1. Use property tables if available for greater accuracy.
Table 2. Flow Area for easy-e, EU, and EW Valves(1, 2) (Square Inches),
Not Appropriate for FB, EH, and HP Valves
PRESSURE RATING
VALVE SIZE,
NPS
CL150 and 300

Flow Area,
Inch2
CL900(3)
CL600
Valve Diameter (dv)

mm
Inch
Flow Area,
Inch2
Valve Diameter (dv)

mm
Inch
Flow Area,
Inch2
Valve Diameter (dv)

mm
Inch
1
1-1/2
2
2-1/2
3
4
6
8
0.79
1.8
3.1
4.9
7.1
13
28
50
25.4
38.1
50.8
63.5
76.2
102
152
203
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
0.79
1.8
3.1
4.9
7.1
13
28
49
25.4
38.1
50.8
63.5
76.2
102
152
200
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
4.00
6.00
7.87
--------------44
--------------190
--------------7.50
10
12
14
16
20
24
79
113
138
171
262
380
254
305
337
375
464
559
10.00
12.00
13.25
14.75
18.25
22.00
75
108
130
171
262
380
248
298
327
375
464
559
9.75
11.75
12.87
14.75
18.25
22.00
--97
--154
-----
--283
--356
-----
--11.12
--14.00
-----
1. Use class rating of valve body shell. For example, an easy-e NPS 6, butt weld valve schedule 80 is available in CL600, 1500 and 2500 shells. Likewise, a Fisher EW NPS 8 x 6 butt weld valve body,
schedule 80, is available in either shell CL600 or 900.
2. All of the NPS 12 and larger EU valves and the NPS 16x12 and larger EW valves are only CL600. The lighter flanges (CL150 to 300) are made from CL600 flanged castings, with CL600 flow
areas. However, CL150 and 300 NPS 12 EU valves manufactured in Cernay have CL300 flow areas.
3. easy-e CL900, NPS 3 through 6 flanged valve body uses a CL1500 shell.
therein. Fisher and easy-e are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business unit of Emerson Electric Co. Emerson
Process Management, Emerson, and the Emerson logo are trademarks and service marks of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the property of their
respective owners.
www.Fisher.com
Velocity Equations
Catalog 12
Table 3. Flow Area for Pipe (Square Inches)

Valve
Size,
NPS
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/2
2
10
20
30
40
80
120
160
XS
XXS
-----------
-----------
-----------
0.30
0.53
0.86
2.0
3.4
0.23
0.43
0.72
1.8
3.0
-----------
0.17
0.30
0.52
1.4
2.2
0.23
0.43
0.72
1.8
3.0
0.05
0.15
0.28
0.95
1.8
2-1/2
3
4
6
8
-----------
--------52
--------51
4.8
7.4
13
29
50
4.2
6.6
11
26
46
----10
24
41
3.5
5.4
9.3
21
36
4.2
6.6
11
26
46
2.5
4.2
7.8
19
37
10
12
16
20
24
----189
299
434
83
118
186
291
425
81
115
183
284
411
79
112
177
278
402
72
102
161
253
378
65
91
144
227
326
57
81
129
203
291
75
108
177
284
415
-----------
Schedule
Table 4. Fisher FB Outlet Flow Area, Inch2

PRESSURE RATINGS
CL150
CL300
CL600
CL900
OUTLET
SIZE, NPS Flow Area, Valve Diameter (dv) Flow Area, Valve Diameter (dv) Flow Area, Valve Diameter (dv) Flow Area, Valve Diameter (dv)
Inch2
Inch2
Inch2
Inch2
mm
Inch
mm
Inch
mm
Inch
mm
Inch
10
12
16
18
75
108
177
224
248
298
381
429
9.75
11.75
15.00
16.88
72
102
161
204
243
289
363
409
9.56
11.37
14.31
16.12
65
91
145
183
230
273
344
387
9.06
10.75
13.56
15.25
57
81
129
164
216
257
325
367
8.5
10.13
12.81
14.44
20
24
30
36
278
402
638
921
478
575
724
870
18.81
22.62
28.50
34.25
253
365
594
855
456
548
699
838
17.94
21.56
27.50
33.00
227
326
521
755
432
518
654
787
17.00
20.38
25.75
31.00
203
293
-----
408
490
-----
16.06
19.31
-----
Table 5. Fisher EH Flow Area, Inch2

PRESSURE RATINGS
CL1500
VALVE SIZE, NPS

Flow Area, Inch2
CL2500
Valve Diameter (dv)

mm
Inch
Flow Area, Inch2
Valve Diameter (dv)

mm
Inch
1, 1-1/2 x 1, or
2x1
0.60
22.2
0.87
0.44
19.0
0.75
2 or 3 x 2
2.8
47.6
1.87
1.8
38.1
1.50
3 or 4 x 3
5.9
69.9
2.75
4.0
57.2
2.25
4 or 6 x 4
10
92.1
3.62
6.5
73.0
2.87
6 or 8 x 6
23
137
5.37
15
111
4.37
8 or 10 x 8
38
178
7.00
26
146
5.75
12 or 14 x 12
85
264
10.37
58
219
8.62
Velocity Equations
Catalog 12
Table 6. Fisher HP Flow Area, Inch2
PRESSURE RATINGS
CL900 & 1500
VALVE SIZE, NPS
CL2500
Valve Diameter (dv)
Flow Area, Inch2
mm
Inch
Valve Diameter (dv)
Flow Area, Inch2
mm
Inch
0.61
22.2
0.87
0.44
19.0
0.75
2.8
47.6
1.87
1.77
38.1
1.50
3(1)
6.5
69.9
2.75
---
---
---
3(2) or 4 x 3(1,2)
5.9
73.1
2.75
---
---
---
4 or 6 x 4
10.3
92.1
3.62
---
---
---
6 or 8 x 6
22.7
136.5
5.37
---
---
---
1. Manufactured in U.S.A.
2. Manufactured in Europe and Japan.
Table 7. Diffuser Tube Cross-Sectional Area

Diffuser
Tube Size,
Inch
2
2-1/2
3
3-1/2
4
O.D., Inch
Area, Inch2
2.375
2.875
3.500
4.000
4.500
4.43
6.49
9.62
12.60
15.9
5
6
8
10
5.563
6.625
8.625
11
24.3
34.5
58.4
90.8
12
14
16
18
20
24
13
14
16
18
20
24
128.0
154
201
254
314
452
Table 8. Flow Area for Pipe, Inch2

VALVE
SIZE,
NPS
1/2
3/4
1
1-1/2
3
10
20
30
40
80
120
160
STD
XS
XXS
-----------
-----------
-----------
0.30
0.53
0.86
2.0
3.4
0.23
0.43
0.72
1.8
3.0
-----------
0.17
0.30
0.52
1.4
2.2
0.30
0.53
0.86
2.0
3.4
0.23
0.43
0.72
1.8
3.0
0.05
0.15
0.28
0.95
1.8
2-1/2
3
4
6
8
-----------
--------52
--------51
4.8
7.4
13
29
50
4.2
6.6
11
26
46
----10
24
41
3.5
5.4
9.3
21
36
4.8
7.4
13
29
50
4.2
6.6
11
26
46
2.5
4.2
7.8
19
37
10
12
16
20
24
----189
299
434
83
118
186
291
425
81
115
183
284
411
79
112
177
278
402
72
102
161
253
378
65
91
144
227
326
57
81
129
203
291
79
113
183
290
425
75
108
177
284
415
-----------
30
36
678
983
661
962
649
948
--935
-----
-----
-----
672
976
661
962
-----
SCHEDULE
owners.
www.Fisher.com

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ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing

Introduction and Sizing Valves for Liquids

lem, refer to the appropriate factor determination section(s)

Standardization activities for control valve sizing can be traced

1. Specify the variables required to size the valve as follows:

In the following sections, the nomenclature and procedures are

Desired design: refer to the appropriate valve flow coeffi

The ability to recognize which terms are appropriate for a spe

Sizing Valves for Liquids

E 1995, 2012 Fisher Controls International LLC. All rights reserved

FP is a correction factor that accounts for pressure losses due to

ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing

March 2012 - Page 2-2

Table 1. Abbreviations and Terminology

Valve sizing coefficient

Downstream absolute static pressure

Nominal valve size

Absolute thermodynamic critical pressure

Internal diameter of the piping

Vapor pressure absolute of liquid at inlet temperature

Valve style modifier, dimensionless

Pressure drop (P1-P2) across the valve

Liquid critical pressure ratio factor, dimensionless

Maximum allowable liquid sizing pressure drop

Ratio of specific heats factor, dimensionless

Maximum allowable sizing pressure drop with attached

Rated liquid pressure recovery factor, dimensionless

Combined liquid pressure recovery factor and piping

Maximum flow rate (choked flow conditions) at given

Piping geometry factor, dimensionless

Valve Reynolds number, dimensionless

Reynolds number factor, dimensionless

Absolute upstream temperature (degrees K or degree

Mass rate of flow

Ratio of pressure drop to upstream absolute static

Liquid specific gravity (ratio of density of liquid at

Volume rate of flow

Ratio of specific heats, dimensionless

Head loss coefficient of a device, dimensionless

Molecular weight, dimensionless

Expansion factor (ratio of flow coefficient for a gas to

Specific weight at inlet conditions

Upstream absolute static pressure

Kinematic viscosity, centistokes

4. Determine qmax (the maximum flow rate at given upstream

the procedure for Determining qmax, the Maximum Flow Rate,

E 1995, 2012 Fisher Controls International LLC. All rights reserved

ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing

March 2012 - Page 2-3

Numerical Constant with Subscript

6. Solve for required Cv, using the appropriate equation:

7. Select the valve size using the appropriate flow coefficient

For volumetric flow rate units

For mass flow rate units

In addition to Cv, two other flow coefficients, Kv and Av, are

E 1995, 2012 Fisher Controls International LLC. All rights reserved

Determining Fp, the Piping

ANSI/ISA/IEC Valve Sizing

Determining qmax (the

Determining qmax (the Maximum

For an outlet reducer

Once you have K, calculate FP according to the equation at the

KB2 = Outlet Bernoulli coefficient