Basic Thermodynamics

REYES, CHRISTIAN C.
ES 653 ECE BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

BS ECE 4C
TERMS
1. Thermodynamics is a branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work.
2. Heat is an energy that can be transferred from one object to another causing a change in temperature of an object.
3. System is a region in space chosen for study or a quantity of matter of fixed identity.
4. Surroundings is the mass or region outside the system.
5. Boundary is the real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its surroundings.
6. Closed system is a system consists of fixed amount of mass and no mass can cross its boundary.
7. Open system is a system where there is a flow of mass.
8. Control surface is the boundary of a control volume, which may either real or imaginary.
9. Property is any characteristic of a thermodynamics system.
10. Extensive property is the thermodynamics properties that are dependent on the size or extent of the system.
11. Intensive property is the thermodynamics properties that are independent on the size of the system.
12. Thermal equilibrium is the state when the temperature is the same throughout the entire system.
13. Chemical equilibrium is the state of the chemical composition does not change with time or no chemical reaction occurs.
14. State postulate - the state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties.
15. Simple compressible system is a system without electrical, mechanical, gravitational, surface tension and motion effects.
16. Process refers to any change that a system undergoes from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state.
17. Path refers to the series of states through which a system passes during a process.
18. Quasi-state or quasi-equilibrium process is which the system remains infinitesimally closed to an equilibrium all times.
19. Latent heat refers to the amount of energy absorbed or released during a phase-change process.
20. Cycle is a process with identical end state.
21. Isothermal process is a process during which the temperature remains constant.
22. Isochoric process or isometric process is a process during which the specific volume remains constant.
23. Steady-flow process is a process during which the fluid flows through a control volume steadily.
24. Translational energy is the movement of gas molecules through space with some velocity.
25. Spin energy is when the electrons spin about its axis.
26. Sensible energy refers to the portion of the internal energy of a system associated with the kinetic energies of the molecules.
27. Latent energy is the internal energy associated with the phase of a system.
28. Chemical energy is the internal energy associated with the atomic bonds in a molecule.
29. Nuclear energy is the extremely large amount of energy associated with the strong bonds within the nucleus of the atom.
30. Zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are also in equilibrium.
31. Coulomb repulsion is the strong repulsion between the positively charged nuclei that makes fusion reaction difficult to attain.
32. Triple point of water is the state when all three phases of water coexist in equilibrium.
33. Absolute pressure is considered as the actual pressure at a given position and is measured relative to absolute vacuum.
34. Vacuum pressure is the pressure below atmospheric pressure.
35. Pascals law states that for a confined fluid, the pressure at a point has the same magnitude in all directions.
36. Enthalpy is considered as the heat content of a system.
37. Gibbs free energy is the thermodynamic variable that is a function of enthalpy and entropy.
38. Critical point refers to the point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states are the same or identical.
39. Sublimation is the direct conversion of a substance from the solid to the vapor state, or vice versa, without passing the liquid state.
40. Molar heat is the heat capacity of one mole of a substance.
41. Specific heat is the heat capacity of one gram of a substance.
42. Thermal capacity refers to the product of the mass of a body and its specific heat.
43. Adiabatic is when there is no heat transferred during the process.
44. Entropy refers to the measure of the disorder present in a given substance or system.
45. Absolute entropy is a measure of the energy that is no longer available to perform useful work within the current environment.
46. Compressed or subcooled liquid is when the water exist in liquid phase and is not about to vaporize.
47. Saturated liquid a liquid that is about to vaporize.
48. Saturated vapor a vapor that is about to condense.
49. Superheated vapor a vapor that is not about to condense.
50. Heat of fusion is the amount of heat needed to turn 1kg of the substance at its melting point from the solid to the liquid state.
SOLVED PROBLEMS
1. A chef heated a bowl of soup of 30 C to 45 C, what is the change in temperature in the Fahrenheit scale?
Given: temperature from 30 C to 45 C
Required: temperature (F)
Solution:
Answer: TF = 27 F
Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition
2. A new temperature scale is being developed in a certain laboratory. On this new scale, the freezing point of water and the boiling
point of water are 150 X and 300 X, respectively. What is the temperature in the Fahrenheit scale that is equivalent to 470 X?
Given: freezing point = 150 X, boiling point = 300 X
Required: temperature (F)

Solution:
Answer: T (C) = 213.33 C

3. What is the new length of the bar made of pure gold at 75 C if it has a length of 0.3 meters at 10 C?
Given: length = 0.3 meters at 10 C, temperature= 75 C
Required: length
Solution: For pure gold, the coefficient of the linear expansion for temperature between 0 C is 14 x 10^-6/C
Answer: L = 0.30273 meters

4. A steel tank is filled with 15 gallons of gasoline when the temperature is 22 C. The tank and the gasoline inside are then heated by
the Suns rays to a temperature of 40 C. How much of the gasoline will spill from the tank? (steel = 12x10^-6 , gasoline = 0.95x10^-3)
Given: gasoline = 15 gallons at 22 C, temperature= 40 C
Required: Volume
Solution: After heated by the suns rays, both the steel tank and the gasoline will expand. Initially, they have same volume.
However, after raising the temperature the gasoline will expand much more than the steel tank. Thus, there will be spillage of
gasoline from the tank.
For steel:
For gasoline:
Volume of spillage:
Answer: Vspillage = 0.2479 gallons

5. What is the increase in temperature necessary for a hydrogen gas, initially at 0 C, to increase its volume by 5% at constant
pressure?
Given: temperature= 0 C, volume = increase by 5%
Required: temperature (C)
Solution: For gases, the coefficient of volume expansion is typically 3.66 x 10^-3/C. To solve for the change in temperature
necessary, use this formula for gases:
Answer: T = 13.7 C
6. On a very hot day in Manila, an oil tanker loaded 50,000 liters of fuel. It traveled to Baguio, which was 20 K colder than Manila.
How many liters were delivered to Baguio? (gasoline= 0.95x10^-3)
Given: volume = 50,000 liters, temperature in Baguio = 20 K colder
Required: volume (liters)
Solution: Since the initial temperature (in Manila) is higher compared to the final temperature (in Baguio), the volume
should decrease.
Answer: V = 49,050 liters

7. For breakfast, a 100-kg student ate 2 slices of bacon (35 calories each), scrambled egg (75 calories) and 2 pieces of bread (75
calories each). Aside from that, he also drank 1 glass of milk (165 calories). Believing that this getting him fat, he wishes to do an
equivalent amount of work at school by using the stairs on his way to the classrooms. Assuming that one step of the stairway is 0.2
meters, how many step must he make?
Given: mass= 100 kg, bacon = 2 x 35 Cal, scrambled egg= 75 Cal, bread = 2 x 75 Cal, milk= 165 Cal, step= 0.2 meters
Required: steps
Solution: This problem can be solved by getting the total energy content of the food that the student ate and equating this
value to the total potential energy expended in using stairs.
Answer: n = 9600 steps

8. How much heat (calories) is required to raise the temperature of 5 liters of acetone from 20 C to 40 C? (Density of acetone is 0.58
grams per cubic centimeter; specific heat of methyl alcohol is 2118J/kg-deg)
Given: volume = 5 liters from 20 C to 40 C
Required: heat (calories)
Solution: To solve for the heat required to change the temperature of acetone, the mass of acetone is required. Solve first
from the mass using the value of density and volume.
Answer: Q = 29,346 cal

9. A tank contains 2.0 kg of water at 25 C. Into this tank, a person dropped a 0.90-kg piece of metal that has a temperature of 75 C.
What will be the equilibrium temperature of the mixture? (Specific heat of metal is 448J/kg-deg)
Given: mass = 2.0 kg of water at 25 C, mass = 0.90-kg at 75 C
Solution: Since the metal is a higher temperature, placing it inside the container with cold water will make its temperature
drop while increasing the temperature of water. Therefore, the metal transfers heat to the water.
Answer: T = 27.3C
10. A glass beaker has a mass of 200 g and a heat capacity of 0.2 kcal/kg-C. After 500g of water is poured into the beaker, the system
is allowed to reach a temperature of 25 C. Next, 400g of ethyl alcohol (heat capacity of 0.572 kcal/kg-C) at 70 C poured into the
beaker. If there are no heat losses from the beaker-water-alcohol system, what will be the final temperature?
Given: glass beaker= 200 g w/a heat capacity of 0.2 kcal/kg-C, water= 500g until 25 C, ethyl alcohol= 400g at 70 C

Solution: Consider the glass beaker and the water as one system with the same low initial temperature. The other
system/substance is the ethyl alcohol. After adding the high-temperature ethyl alcohol to the glass beaker and water system,
the two systems should reach an equilibrium temperature.
Answer: T = 38.4 C
11. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 mol of nitrogen gas by 1 degree at constant pressure? (cp= 1037 J/kg-C;
cv= 739 J/kg-C)
Given: nitrogen gas= 1 mol
Required: heat
Solution:
Answer: QP = 29.0 J
12. How much heat is required to transform a 500-grams ice at -15 C into liquid water at 55 C?
Given: mass= 500-grams at -15 C, water temperature= 55 C
Required: heat
Solution: Ice must first be heated to 0C before it can be melted to liquid water. After that, raise the temperature of water to
55 C. For the specific heat capacity of ice, if it is not given assume that it is approximately half the specific heat capacity of
water.
Heat needed to raise the temperature of ice from -15C to 0C (Q1):
Heat needed to melt the ice into water at 0C (Q2):
Heat needed to raise the temperature of water from 0C to 55 C (Q3):
Answer: Q1 = 297.313 kJ
13. A 5-liter amount of water at a temperature of 25 C will be raised to what temperature if 3000 calories of heat is applied?
Given: volume= 5-liter at 25 C, heat= 3000 calories
Solution:
Answer: Tf = 25.6 C
14. What is the specific heat of an unknown substance if the temperature of 30 C doubles after applying an energy rated at 50
kilocalories?
Given: temperature = 30 C, energy rated = 50 kilocalories
Required: specific heat
Solution:
Answer: c = 1666.67 cal/kgC

15. Using the first law of thermodynamics, what is the change in internal energy of the substance if it does 300 J of work while
absorbing 450 J of heat?
Given: work= 300 J, heat= 450 J
Required: change in internal energy (Eint)
Solution: Using the first law of thermodynamics, the change in the internal energy is a function of both heat and mechanical
work. For heat enters the system, it is a positive value. If it leaves the system, it is a negative value. For work, if work is done
on the system, it is a positive value. If work is done by the system, it is a negative value.
Answer: Eint = 150 J

16. What is the change in internal energy of an ice with mass of 0.5 kg that is melted at freezing point and is transformed to water at
10 C?
Given: mass= 0.5 kg, temperature= 10 C
Solution: Heat needed to melt ice into water at 0 C (Q1):
Heat needed to raise the temperature of water from 0C to 10 C (Q2):
Total heat entering the system (QT):
Using the First Law of Thermodynamics:
Answer: Eint = 187.43 kJ

17. What is the change in internal energy of an ideal gas if it expands by 20 liters after applying 5 kJ of heat? Assume that this is a
constant-pressure process.
Given: volume= 20 liters, heat= 5 kJ
Solution: For an isobaric process, work done on/by the system is directly proportional to the constant pressure and the
change in volume.
Using the First Law of Thermodynamics:
Answer: Eint = 2.97 kJ

18. Determine the work done on a 0.5 m gas if it is compressed at constant temperature to 0.3 m. When the gas was at its initial state,
the pressure was 5 atm while the temperature was at 20 C room temperature.
Given: gas= 0.5 m, constant temperature= 0.3 m, pressure= 5 atm while at 20 C
Required: work
Solution:
Answer: W = -26.88 kJ
19. How much heat is required to convert 4 kg of water at 20 C into vapor at 100 C?
Given: water= 4 kg at 20 C, vapor at 100 C
Required: heat
Solution:
Answer: Q = 1.34 kJ
20. An aluminum rod has a diameter of 4cm and a length of 8 cm. One end of the rod is placed in boiling water and the other end is
placed in an ice bath. How much heat in calories is conducted through the bar in 1 minute?( The thermal conductivity of aluminum is
205 J/m-s-deg)
Given: diameter = 4cm, length = 8 cm, time= 1 minute
Required: heat (calories)
Solution: To solve for the amount of heat conducted through the bar in a certain span of time, use the Law of Thermal
Conduction:
Answer: Q = 4.62 kcal

21. What temperature gradient must be applied to a gold bar (2cm x 4cm) if the heat flow is to be 100 J/s? (The thermal
conductivity\of gold is 397 J/m-s-deg)
Given: gold bar= 2cm x 4cm, heat flow= 100 J/s
Required: temperature gradient
Solution: To solve for the temperature gradient, use the Law of Thermal Conduction:
Answer:
T
L
= 314.86
C
m

22. An ordinary incandescent electric light bulb contains a fine tungsten wire that is heated to a high temperature by passing an electric
current through it. A typical filament has a surface area of about 1 square centimeter (10^-4 square meters) and is heated to a
temperature of approximately 2000 C. At this temperature, the emissivity of tungsten is 0.30. What is the radiated power of the light
bulb?
Given: area= 1 cm, temperature= 2000 C, emissivity of tungsten= 0.30
Required: power
Solution: To determine the radiated power, use the Stefan-Boltzmann Law for Radiation:
Answer: P = 45.4 W
23. A gas cylinder contains 15 L of oxygen gas at room temperature and 15 atm. The temperature is doubled and the volume is reduced
to half of the original volume. What is the final pressure (in atm) assuming the gas resembles ideal condition?
Given: volume= 15 L, pressure= 15 atm
Required: pressure (atm)
Solution: Using combined gas law:
Answer: P2 = 32.05 atm

24. An ideal gas at 100 F has a pressure of 32 psig. It is heated in a fixed, rigid and closed vessel to raise its temperature of 160 F.
What is its final pressure?
Given: temperature= 100 F, pressure= 32 psig, temperature= 160 F
Required: pressure (psia)
Solution: Using Charless Law:
Answer: P2 = 51.7 psia

25. What is the rms velocity of oxygen gas molecules at room temperature?
Given: room temperature= 20 C
Required: rms velocity
Solution: Using the Kinetic Theory for Gas:
Answer: vrms = 478 m/s

26. Compute the average kinetic energy in electron volts of any gas molecule at room temperature.
Given: room temperature= 20 C
Required: average kinetic energy
Solution: To solve this problem, use the Kinetic Theory for Gases. Remember that the average kinetic energy of gas
molecules does not depend on the gas molecule. Therefore, all gas molecules have the same average kinetic energy (though
they have different values of rms velocity) as long as they have the same temperature.
Answer: KE = 0.038 eV
27. A cylinder contains 5 mol of Hydrogen gas (cv= 12.5 J/mol-K and cp= 20.8 J/mol-K) at a temperature of 330 K. How much energy
through heat is applied to the system, for a constant-volume process, to double the temperature of the gas?
Given: mass= 5 mol at 330 K
Required: energy
Solution:
Answer: QV = 3.56 kJ
28. What is the mass of the air inside a closed vessel with dimensions 2.5 m x 5m x 8m at a temperature and pressure of 50 C and
500,000 Pa, respectively?
Given: dimensions= 2.5 m x 5m x 8m, temperature= 50 C, pressure= 500,000 Pa
Required: mass
Solution: The Ideal Gas Law can be used to solve this problem
Answer: m = 539 kg
29. An engine transfers 2500 J of energy from a hot reservoir during the cycle and transfers 2000 J of energy to the cold reservoir.
What is the power output of the engine if it operates at 2000 revolutions per minute assuming there is one thermodynamic cycle per
revolution?
Given: energy= 2500 J, energy= 2000 J, revolutions per minute
Required: power
Solution: In the heat engine, the energy from the hot reservoir is always greater than the work done by the engine. Their
difference is the amount of energy that goes to the cold reservoir.
Answer: P = 16.67 kW
30. What is the coefficient of performance of a brand new refrigerator which has a capacity of 3500Wand an input rating of 750 W?
Given: capacity= 3500W, input rating= 750 W

Required: coefficient of performance
Solution: The coefficient of performance is the parameter that dictates the efficiency of the heat pump or the refrigerator. It is
just the ratio of the output energy to the input work of the heat pump.
Answer: COP = 4.67

31. What is the efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between 500 F and 1700 F?
Given: temperature 500 F and 1700 F
Required: efficiency
Solution: The Carnot Efficiency is the highest theoretical efficiency achievable on a heat engine. In the formula, absolute
temperature in Kelvin must be used.
Answer: %Eff = 56%

32. A steam engine has a boiler that operates 600K. The energy from the burning fuel changes water to steam, and this steam then
drives the piston. The cold reservoirs temperature is that of the outside air, which is estimated to be 300K. What is the maximum
thermal efficiency of this steam engine?
Given: operating temperature= 600K, air temperature= 300K
Required: maximum thermal efficiency
Solution: The maximum thermal efficiency of the engine is equal to the Carnot efficiency.
Answer: %Eff = 50%

33. The highest theoretical efficiency of a steam engine is 40%. If this engine uses the atmosphere (300 K) as the cold reservoir, what
is the temperature in Celsius of the hot reservoir?
Given: highest theoretical efficiency= 40%, atmosphere temperature= 300K
Solution:
Answer: TH = 227C
34. A piston-cylinder device contains liquid-vapor mixture at 300 K. During a constant pressure process, 800kJ of heat was transferred
to the water. As a result, part of the liquid in the cylinder vaporized. What is the change in entropy of the water during the whole
process?
Given: temperature= 300 K, heat= 800kJ
Required: change in entropy
Solution:
Answer: S = 2.67
kJ
K

35. What is the pressure in MPa of 7kg of nitrogen gas confined to a volume of 0.4 cubic meters at 20 C?
Given: mass= 7kg, volume= 0.4 m at 20 C
Required: pressure ( MPa )
Solution: Using Ideal Gas Law:
Answer: P = 1.52 MPa

36. A 500-liter tank contains air at a pressure of 3 atm when the temperature is 0 C. What will be the pressure if the tank is heated to a
temperature of 120 C?
Given: volume= 500-liter, pressure= 3 atm, temperature = 0 C, temperature= 120 C
Required: pressure
Solution: Using Charles Law:
Answer: P2 = 4.3 atm

37. A high altitude balloon that is designed to carry a 500-kg payload to an altitude of 30km is filled with 400 cubic meters of helium
at sea level when the temperature is 15 C. How many times will the volume of the balloon increase when it reaches maximum
altitude? At an altitude of 30 km, the pressure is about 1% of the sea level pressure and temperature may reach as low as-50
centigrade.
Given: mass= 500-kg at 30km altitude, volume= 400 m at 15 C
Required: times the volume of the balloon will increase
Solution:
Answer:
V2
V 1 = 77.4

38. What is the Carnot engine efficiency if a certain heat engine is operated between 500 C and 1600 C?
Given: temperature between 500 C and 1600 C
Required: efficiency
Solution:
Answer: Eff = 59%

39. At a temperature of 20 C and a pressure of 700 mm Hg, there is a 500-cmvolume of air. What will be the volume of the same
amount of air if the temperature is lowered to 0 C and the pressure increased to 750 mm Hg?
Given: temperature = 20 C, pressure = 700 mm Hg, volume= 500-cm, temperature= 0 C, pressure= 750 mm Hg
Required: volume
Solution:
Answer: V2 = 435cm
40. If 60,000 gallons of water enters a heat exchanger and absorbs 30,000,000 BTU resulting in an exit temperature of 150 F, what is
the entrance water temperature?
Given: volume= 60,000 gallons, temperature= 150 F
Required: temperature
Solution:
Answer: TO = 89.98F
41. What is the sonic velocity at 50,000 feet altitude in the upper standard atmosphere with a temperature of -70 F and a pressure of
1.7 psi?
Given: altitude= 50,000 feet, temperature of -70 F, pressure= 1.7 psi
Required: sonic velocity
Solution:
Answer: v = 968.4 ft/s

42. What is the final volume (in cu. Feet) for an isentropic compression of an air with initial volume of 2 cu. feet, initial pressure of 5
psi, final pressure of 15 psi and cp/cv ratio of a1.40?
Given: volume= 2ft, pressure= 5 psi, final pressure= 15 psi, cp/cv ratio= 1.40
Required: volume
Solution: For an isentropic process:
Answer: V2 = 0.912 ft
43. An 85-kg sick person has a body temperature that is 2 C above normal body temperature. Assuming that the body is composed
mostly of water, how much heat is required to raise the persons temperature by that amount?
Given: mass= 85-kg, temperature= 2 C
Required: heat
Solution: Normal body temperature is 37C, so the persons temperature must be 39C after getting sick.
Answer: Q = 170 kcal

44. In a certain gas stove, 40% of the energy released in the burning fuel is used to heat the water in the pot that is placed above the
stove. If 1.5 kg of water is heated from 35 C to 100 C and boil 0.55kg of it away, how much gasoline was burned in the process
assuming each gram of gasoline releases 50 kJ of energy?
Given: energy released= 40%, mass= 1.5 kg from 35 C to 100 C, mass to boil= 0.55kg, energy= 50 kJ
Required: mass
Solution: Heat needed to raise temperature of water from 25C to 100C:
Heat needed to boil 0.55 kg of water:
Total energy:
Solving for the amount of gasoline:
Answer: mass = 82.5g

45. What is the rate of radiation of energy of a thin square steel plate with a side of 15cm each if it is heated to a temperature of 850
C? The emissivity is assumed to be 0.65.
Given: thickness= 15cm, temperature= 850 C, emissivity= 0.65
Required: rate of radiation of energy
Solution:
Answer: P = 1.32 kW
46. What is the volume in cubic meters of the vessel required if you want to keep a mole of an ideal gas at STP?
Given: 1 mole of ideal gas
Required: volume (m)
Solution: STP for a gas is defined to be a temperature of 0C and a pressure of 1 atm.
Answer: V = 0.0224m
47. What is the average translational kinetic energy of a molecule of an ideal gas at a temperature of 29.6 C?
Given: temperature= 29.6 C
Required: average translational kinetic energy
Solution:
Answer: KE = 0.04 eV
48. 2 kilograms of ice is melted into liquid water at 0 C. What is the change in entropy in kJ/K?
Given: mass= 2kg, temperature= 0C
Required: the change in entropy ( kJ/K)
Solution:
Answer: S = 2.43kJ/K
49. 5 kilograms of water, initially at a temperature of 0 C, is heated until it reaches 100 C. What is the change in entropy of the
substance?
Given: mass= 5 kg, temperature= 0 C
Required: change in entropy
Solution:
Answer: S = 6532 J/K

50. What is the thermal efficiency in an otto cycle using air if it has a compression constant of 0.8?
Given: compression constant= 0.8
Required: thermal efficiency
Solution: The thermal efficiency of an otto cycle is given by the formula shown below. For air, the value of is 1.4
Answer: e = 56.5%

Basic Thermodynamics

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REYES, CHRISTIAN C.

ES 653 ECE BASIC THERMODYNAMICS

Required: temperature (F)

Answer: T (C) = 213.33 C

Answer: L = 0.30273 meters

Answer: Vspillage = 0.2479 gallons

Answer: V = 49,050 liters

Answer: n = 9600 steps

Answer: Q = 29,346 cal

Required: temperature (C)

Heat needed to melt the ice into water at 0C (Q2):

Heat needed to raise the temperature of water from 0C to 55 C (Q3):

Answer: c = 1666.67 cal/kgC

Answer: Eint = 150 J

Heat needed to raise the temperature of water from 0C to 10 C (Q2):

Total heat entering the system (QT):

Using the First Law of Thermodynamics:

Answer: Eint = 187.43 kJ

Using the First Law of Thermodynamics:

Answer: Eint = 2.97 kJ

Answer: Q = 4.62 kcal

Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition

Answer: P2 = 32.05 atm

Answer: P2 = 51.7 psia

Answer: vrms = 478 m/s

Given: capacity= 3500W, input rating= 750 W

Answer: COP = 4.67

Answer: %Eff = 56%

Answer: %Eff = 50%

Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition

Answer: P = 1.52 MPa

Answer: P2 = 4.3 atm

Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition

Answer: Eff = 59%

Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition

Answer: v = 968.4 ft/s

Source: General Engineering and Applied Sciences, 2nd Edition

Answer: Q = 170 kcal

Heat needed to boil 0.55 kg of water:

Solving for the amount of gasoline:

Answer: mass = 82.5g

Answer: S = 6532 J/K

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