La Trobe University, Department of Electronics

FILTER TESTING

Samarth Annappa Swamy

Student No.18378408

30 May 2016

Contents
AIM

INTRODUCTION

PROCEDURE
PRELIMINARY SETTINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PROCEDURE FOR FILTER A ( 0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PROCEDURE FOR FILTER B ( 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PROCEDURE FOR FILTER AB (0 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CALCULATION OF RESISTANCES AND CAPACITANCES
FILTER A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FILTER B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FILTER AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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3
3
3
4
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6
6
8
9

RESULTS
FILTER A ( 0 ) . . . .
COMPENSATION
FILTER B ( 8 ) . . . . .
COMPENSATION
FILTER AB ( 08 ) . . .
COMPENSATION

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10
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18

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CONCLUSION

20

REFERENCES

21

List of Figures
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22

Low Pass filter Circuit[3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High Pass filter Circuit[3] . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Band Pass Circuit[4] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency Response[5] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Filter A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Filter B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Filter AB(Cascaded) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High Pass Filter Topology[8] . . . . . . . . . . .
Low Pass Filter Topology[[8] . . . . . . . . . . .
Frequency Response of High Pass Filter [Matlab]
Oscilloscope Output at cut off frequency . . . . .
Simulated Block diagram in TINA . . . . . . . .
Frequency Response of High Pass Filter [TINA] .
Frequency Response of High Pass Filter [Matlab]
Oscilloscope Output at cut off frequency . . . . .
Simulated Block diagram in TINA . . . . . . . .
Frequency Response of Low Pass Filter [TINA] .
Frequency Response of Band Pass Filter [Matlab]
Oscilloscope Output at Lower cut off frequency .
Oscilloscope Output at Higher cut off frequency .
Simulated Block diagram in TINA . . . . . . . .
Frequency Response of Band Pass Filter [TINA]

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1
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
8
11
12
12
12
14
15
15
15
17
17
17
18
18

Tabulation of High Pass Filter (Frequency versus Gain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tabulation of low Pass Filter (Frequency versus Gain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tabulation of Band Pass Filter (Frequency versus Gain) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10
13
16

List of Tables
1
2
3

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

AIM
To Verify the given filters individually and in correct cascaded combination as per student
number and Test the given filters Practically using suitable topologies,then simulate it using
TINA software to verify the cut off frequency and frequency response of each filters individually
and in cascaded form,then compensating for the losses incurred in Practical versus Simulation
results.

INTRODUCTION
Filters are networks that process signals in a frequency-dependent manner. Examining the frequency dependent nature of capacitors and inductors one can predict the nature of filters and its working [1] . Many
types of filters are essential for the operation of electronic circuit, So if one if interested in filter design in
electronics should have the ability to develop circuits related to filters meeting the user specifications [2]. It
can be designed to separate signals, pass some of the signals which are useful and stop which are not useful
for the application, as an example[4,5]
1. Radio receiver: Where we want the certain signals we are interested in and all other signals should be
attenuated which can be controlled with gain[1].
2. Data conversion: Filters are also used to remove the effects of aliases in A/D systems, Used in reconstruction of the signal at the output of Digital to analog systems, which eliminates higher frequency
components resulting in smoothing of waveform [1].
Types of filters:
1. Low Pass Filter: Its a type of filter which allows low frequency range signals to pass through and
stops high frequency signals .

Figure 1: Low Pass filter Circuit[3]

2. High Pass Filter: Filter which allows high frequency range signals to pass through and stops low
frequency signals[4].

Figure 2: High Pass filter Circuit[3]

Page 1 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

3. Band Pass Filter: Applications where a particular band or frequencies are filtered from a broad
range of signals .This filter can be implemented by combination of Low pass and High pass .

Figure 3: Band Pass Circuit[4]

4. Band Stop Filter/Band Reject/Notch Filter: This filters allow a particular range of frequency
above and below based on component values it rejects the frequency ranges its assigned to.Circuit
diagram will be same but the combination of it will be opposite to figure 3.

Figure 4: Frequency Response[5]

Where
fc = Cut off frequency of both high pass and low pass filters
fl = lower cut off frequency of band pass and band stop filters
fh = higher cut off frequency of band pass and band stop filters

Page 2 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

PROCEDURE
PRELIMINARY SETTINGS
1. All the Oscilloscope probes must be checked for accuracy of the readings.
2. Multimeter must show zero reading or atleast minimum reading for ground to ground readings.
3. Probes must display exactly 5 volts peak to peak.
4. Signal generator must be set to 10 volts input of probe 1(Channel 1) of oscilloscope which will be used
as input and probe 2(Channel 2) to be used as output.

PROCEDURE FOR FILTER A ( 0 )

(a) Front View

(b) Back View

Figure 5: Filter A

1. Filter A is taken and the corresponding measurements are made with multimeter:
(a) Input with respect to Ground1 readings are taken.
(b) Output with respect to Ground2 readings are taken.
(c) Ground1 with respect to Ground2 readings are taken.
(d) Input with respect to Output readings are taken.
2. All the readings taken are necessary, as with this readings one can decide the network topology.
3. Connect the input and Ground1 with the signal generator (Red with Input and Green with Ground1).
4. Now Connect the probe 1(Channel 1) of the oscilloscope with input and Ground(Red with Input and
Green with Ground1).
5. After that, connect the output side with probe 2 (Channel 2) of the oscilloscope, (Red with Input and
Green with Ground1).
6. Start taking the readings from 10Hz, and observe the output keeping in mind that the Channel 1
output should always be 10V peak to peak, if the waveforms are out of resolution then press Autoset,
it will take care of the signals.
7. Its advised to take a note of all the readings in an Microsoft Excel sheet as its easy to find the cut off
frequency.
8. Slowly increase the frequency till 1MHz in increments of 50 Hz and take consequent readings.
9. Take the print of the waveforms on the oscilloscope where there is sudden increments or decrement of
voltage.
10. Calculate the Gain of all the frequency by

Page 3 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

Gain(dB) = 20 [log10

V out
]
V in

11. Tabulate the whole data in an excel sheet and plot a graph of Frequency(Hz) versus Gain(dB).
12. From the obtained Graph, find the Maximum Peak of the signal and calculate the cut off frequency by
just getting difference of 3 dB from the peak of the plotted graph.
13. Data in excel sheet can be imported in Matlab also and a graph can be plotted as its more accurate.
14. Identify the topology by the graph and the readings taken from step 1.
15. Find out the value of individual Resistance and Capacitance value.
16. Simulate the Circuit in Tina with the given values and verify the cut off frequency.
17. Practically and Simulated values should be very close.

PROCEDURE FOR FILTER B ( 8 )

(a) Front View

(b) Back View

Figure 6: Filter B

1. Filter B is taken and the corresponding measurements are made with multimeter:
(a) Input with respect to Ground1 readings are taken.
(b) Output with respect to Ground2 readings are taken.
(c) Ground1 with respect to Ground2 readings are taken.
(d) Input with respect to Output readings are taken.
2. Repeat Steps 2 to 14 for filter B as in procedure for Filter A.

Page 4 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

PROCEDURE FOR FILTER AB (0 8)

(a) Front View

(b) Back View

Figure 7: Filter AB(Cascaded)

1. Both the filters A and B are cascaded together.

2. All the readings taken are necessary, as with this readings one can decide the network topology.
3. Connect the input and Ground1 of Filter A with the signal generator (Red with Input and Green with
Ground1).
4. Now Connect the probe 1(Channel 1) of the oscilloscope with input and Ground(Red with Input and
Green with Ground1).
5. After that, connect the output side of Filter B with probe 2 (Channel 2) of the oscilloscope, (Red with
Input and Green with Ground1).
6. Repeat steps from 6 to 11 from the procedure for Filter A.
7. From the obtained Graph, find the Maximum Peak of the signal and calculate the Lower cut off and
Higher Cut off frequency by just getting difference of 3 dB from the peak of the plotted graph.
8. Repeat Steps from 15 to 17 as in procedure for Filter A.

Page 5 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

CALCULATION OF RESISTANCES AND CAPACITANCES

FILTER A
1. Identify the Topology
(a) Input with respect to Ground1 = 201.
(b) Output with respect to Ground2 = 75.
(c) Ground1 with respect to Ground2 = 0.
(d) Input with respect to Output = 276.

Figure 8: High Pass Filter Topology[8]

2. Calculating , Time constant

(2

1
Q

f c)

(2

1
Q

f c)

where fc = cut off frequency

3. Calculating , Time constant

=
where fc = cut off frequency
4. Calculating all the Resistances

R1 + R3 = 201
R3 = 201 - R1
R2 = 76
V out
(R2||R3)
=
V in
(R2||R3 + R1)
Page 6 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

At Cut off Frequency, Vout = 3.36 V and Vin = 10 V, R1 = 201-R3
3.36
(76||R3)
=
10
(76||R3 + (201 R3)

0.336 =

(76||R3)
(76||R3 + (201 R3)
76 R3
R3 + 76

76||R3 =

0.336 =

0.336 =

( 76R3
R3+76 ))
( 76R3
R3+76 + (201 R3)

(76 R3)
(76 R3 + 201 R3 + 15276 R32 76 R3)

76 R3 = 67.53 R3 + 5132.7 0.336 R32

0.336 R32 8.4624 R3 + 5132.7 = 0

R3 = 111.64, - 136.82
As we cant have negative resistances,
R3 = 110
Calculated Standard Resistance with 10 percent Tolerance[7].
R1 = 91
R2 = 76
5. For calculating Capacitance, substitute all the values in this equation
=

(2

(2

1
Q

f c)

1
5.5 103 )

= 28.951 106

= RC = (((R1||R3)) + R2)C)

Page 7 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

= RC = (((91||110)) + 76)C)

= RC = (49.80 + 76)C)

28.951 106 = RC = (125.80)C)

C = 0.230 106
As there is no capacitance of such value, so a suitable and nearest value is substituted[6].
C = 0.22uF
6. Draw the circuit diagram in TINA, simulate and verify the result.
FILTER B
1. Identify the Topology
(a) Input with respect to Ground1 = 151.
(b) Output with respect to Ground2 = 126.
(c) Ground1 with respect to Ground2 = 0.
(d) Input with respect to Output = 126.

Figure 9: Low Pass Filter Topology[[8]

2. Calculating all the Resistances
Page 8 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

(a) R1 + R3 = 151
(b) R2 + R3 = 126
(c) R1 + R2 = 126
Solving equations a and b, we get
(d) R1-R2 = 25
Now Solve equations d and c, then we get
R1 = 75
R2 = 51
R3 = 75
3. For calculating Capacitance, substitute all the values in this equation
=

(2

1
38 103 )

= 4.190 106

= RC = (((R1||R3)) + R2)C)

= RC = (((75||75)) + 51)C)

= RC = (37.5 + 51)C)

4.190 106 = RC = (88.5)C)

C = 0.478 106
As there is no capacitance of such value, so a suitable and nearest value is substituted[6].
C = 0.47uF
4. Draw the circuit diagram in TINA, simulate and verify the result.
FILTER AB
1. Both the filters are cascaded together.
2. There are no calculations involved in this section as all the filter components are already calculated
and simulated.
3. Simulated and Theoretical values are compared.

Page 9 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

RESULTS
FILTER A ( 0 )
After connecting the components, all the measurement were taken and tabulated, obtained Gain from it.
Then this data was imported in Matlab for graphical analysis and for getting cut off frequency theoretically.

Table 1: Tabulation of High Pass Filter (Frequency versus Gain)

From the Matlab output graph, it can be observed that, the highest peak is at 20KHz which has a gain
of -6.448, if we want 3dB then we need to come 3dB low from the peak,ie. 5.5 KHz at a gain of -9.473. So
that is the cut off frequency of the High Pass filter( blackbox 0) given to us.
Oscilloscope Output at cut off frequency
All the resistances and capacitance were found out in the previous section, so its time to simulate in
TINA and find out the theory value does match practical value or not.
A TINA simulated output graph was obtained and the cut off frequency was analyzed. From the Graph,
its obtained that pointer B indicating the cut off frequency of High Pass filter.
COMPENSATION
All the resistances and capacitances are calculated, the theoretical values are R3 = 111.64
R2 = 76
R1 = 91
Resistances R1 and R2 are standard values, but R3 is not, so we compensate it by standard values[7],
and R3 = 110 with 5 percent tolerance.

Page 10 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

-5

X: 5500
Y: -9.473

X: 2e+04
Y: -6.448

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45
10 1

10 2

10 3

10 4

10 5

10 6

10 7

Figure 10: Frequency Response of High Pass Filter [Matlab]

Capacitance value is 230.133 nF, we see a standard value[6], so we get 0.22 uF.
Theoretical Cut off frequency = 5.5 KHz
Practical Cut off frequency = 5.52 KHz
There is an error of 200 Hz, which happens mainly due to

1. Stray Capacitance comes into picture, which affects the normal functioning of the component,at
High frequency its more.
2. Resistances have tolerance values which varies with respect to time.
3. So the best way to compensate it is, either add internal resistance, or take standard values of
capacitor and resistor.

Page 11 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

Figure 11: Oscilloscope Output at cut off frequency

Figure 12: Simulated Block diagram in TINA

Figure 13: Frequency Response of High Pass Filter [TINA]

Page 12 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

FILTER B ( 8 )
After connecting the components, all the measurement were taken and tabulated, obtained Gain from it.

Table 2: Tabulation of low Pass Filter (Frequency versus Gain)

Then this data was imported in Matlab for graphical analysis and for getting cut off frequency theoretically.
From the Matlab output graph, it can be observed that, the highest peak is at 1KHz which has a gain of
-6.521, if we want 3dB then we need to come 3dB low from the peak,ie. 38KHz at a gain of -9.683. So that
is the cut off frequency of the High Pass filter( blackbox 8) given to us.
All the resistances and capacitance were found out in the previous section, so its time to simulate in
TINA and find out the theory value does match practical value or not.
From the Graph, its obtained that pointer B indicating the cut off frequency of Low Pass filter.

Page 13 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

-5

X: 1000
Y: -6.521

X: 3.8e+04
Y: -9.683

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50
10 1

10 2

10 3

10 4

10 5

10 6

10 7

Figure 14: Frequency Response of High Pass Filter [Matlab]

COMPENSATION
All the resistances and capacitances are calculated, the theoretical values are R3 = 111.64
R2 = 76
R1 = 91
Resistances R1 ,R2 and R3 are standard values, so we compensate it by standard values[7].
Capacitance value is 230.133 nF, we see a standard value[6], so we get 0.22 uF.
Theoretical Cut off frequency = 38 KHz
Practical Cut off frequency = 38.29 KHz
There is an error of 290 Hz, which happens mainly due to

1. At High frequency,Stray Capacitance plays its role, which affects the normal functioning of the
component.
2. Resistances have tolerance values which varies with respect to time.
3. So the best way to compensate it is, either add internal resistance, or take standard values of
capacitor and resistor.

Page 14 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

Figure 15: Oscilloscope Output at cut off frequency

Figure 16: Simulated Block diagram in TINA

Figure 17: Frequency Response of Low Pass Filter [TINA]

Page 15 of 21

ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

FILTER AB ( 08 )
There are no calculations involved for components(Filter AB), as cut off frequencies for both Low Pass and
High Pass are already found out. Just a highest peak is found out and then 3dB low on both side of the
peaks, Higher cut off and Lower cut off are found out.
From the output graphs, it can be concluded that its a Low Attenuated Band Pass Filter

Table 3: Tabulation of Band Pass Filter (Frequency versus Gain)

Lower cut off frequency is found and the Oscilloscope output is taken.
Higher cut off frequency is found and the Oscilloscope output is taken.
It can be observed from the graph, that Pointer B represents Lower Cut off and Pointer A representing
Higher Cut off frequency of the Band Pass Filter.
fl(Lower Cut Off Frequency) = 5 KHz
fh(Higher Cut Off Frequency) = 49 KHz

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ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

-15
X: 5000
Y: -18.71

X: 4.9e+04
Y: -18.86

-20

-25

-30

-35

-40

-45

-50
10 1

10 2

10 3

10 4

10 5

10 6

10 7

Figure 18: Frequency Response of Band Pass Filter [Matlab]

Figure 19: Oscilloscope Output at Lower cut off frequency

Figure 20: Oscilloscope Output at Higher cut off frequency

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ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

Figure 21: Simulated Block diagram in TINA

Figure 22: Frequency Response of Band Pass Filter [TINA]

COMPENSATION
Theoretical Higher Cut off frequency = 5 KHz
Theoretical Lower Cut off frequency = 49 KHz
Practical Higher Cut off frequency = 5.29 KHz
Practical Lower Cut off frequency = 49.29 KHz
There is an error of 290 Hz in all the cut off frequencies, which happens mainly due to.

1. Cascaded Resistors and Capacitances.

2. Stray Capacitance is more as many components are combined, so the overall error will be more.

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ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

3. As we have been taking standard values of resistors and capacitors, error is less in practical
compared to theory.

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ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

CONCLUSION
Filter A ie. High Pass Filter and Filter B ie. Low Pass Filter were tested efficiently, the theoretical and
practical cut off frequency were found out, which were compensated effectively by taking standard values of
components in TINA. Filters in cascaded form showed characteristics of a Low Attenuated Band Pass Filter,
whose lower and higher cut off frequency were found out. Characteristics and Frequency response of all the
filters were obtained and analyzed accurately in laboratory conditions.

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ELE5PRA ( Assignment ): Filter Testing

REFERENCES
[1] http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/43-09/EDC%208%20filter.pdf?doc=
ADA4666-2.pdf.
[2] http://www.swarthmore.edu/NatSci/echeeve1/Ref/DataSheet/IntroToFilters.pdf
[3] Professor J. Hobbs Partner: Physics335 Student2, Unit2: Resistor/Capacitor-Filters, October 30, 2007.
[4]Sophocles J. Orfanidis, Introduction to signal processing (2010),Pearson Education, Inc. Previous ISBN
0-13-209172-0.
[5]http://www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/43-09/EDCh%208%20filter.pdf?doc=
ADA4666-2.pdf
[6]http://ecee.colorado.edu/~mcclurel/resistorsandcaps.pdfforcapa
[7]http://www.daycounter.com/Calculators/Standard-Resistor-Value-Calculator2.phtmlforres
[8] Adam Console, Topologies,La Trobe University, ELE5PRA, 2016.

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