Andhra Pradesh

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Andhra Pradesh
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Andhra Pradesh
State
Seal
Nickname(s): Rice Bowl of India

Location of Andhra Pradesh in India
Map of Andhra Pradesh
Coordinates (Hyderabad):
172158N 782834E / 17.366N 78.476ECoordinates: 172158N 782834E / 17.366N 78.476E
Country
India
Established
Capital
1 November 1956
Largest city
Hyderabad
Districts
23 total
Government
Body
Government of Andhra Pradesh
Hyderabad
Governor
E. S. L. Narasimhan
Chief Minister
Legislature
High Court
N. Kiran Kumar Reddy (INC)
Area
Bicameral (294 + 90 seats)

Andhra Pradesh High Court
Total
Area rank
275,045 km (106,195 sq mi)

4th
Population (2011) [1]
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Total
Rank
84,655,533
Density
Time zone
310/km (800/sq mi)

IST (UTC+05:30)
ISO 3166 code
IN-AP
HDI
HDI rank
Increase 0.572 (medium)

20th (2005)
Literacy
67.77% (2011)
5th
2
02/19/2013 09:03 PM
Official language
Telugu ()
Secondary language
Urdu
Website
ap.gov.in
State symbols of Andhra Pradesh
Emblem
Poorna kumbham ()
Language Telugu ()
Maa Telugu Thalliki (
Song
)
by Sri Sankarambadi
Sundaraachari
Dance
Kuchipudi ()
Animal
Black Buck ( )
Bird
Indian Roller ( )
Flower
Water lily ( )
Tree
Neem ()
Sport
Kabaddi ( )
Andhra Pradesh (/ndr prd/) abbreviation A.P. is one of the 28 states of India,
situated on the country's southeastern coast. It is India's fourth largest state by area and
fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Hyderabad. Andhra Pradesh is
bordered by Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Odisha in the north, the Bay of Bengal in the
east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Karnataka to the west.
According to the Planning Commission of India, in the financial year 2011-12 the state was
second in nominal GDP, and in GDP per capita it ranks fourth.[2] Andhra Pradesh GDP in
financial year 2011 was INR5,67,636 crore (US$123.56).[3] It is historically called the
"Rice Bowl of India".[4] More than 77% of its crop is rice; Andhra Pradesh produced
17,796,000 tonnes (19,616,732 short tons) of rice in 2006.[5] Two of the mega cities of the
state Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam were listed among the top 15 cities contributing to
India's overall Gross domestic product.
[6]
Andhra Pradesh has third longest coastline of 960 km (600 mi) among all the states of
India.[7] Two major rivers, the Godavari and the Krishna, run across the state. The small
enclave (30 square kilometres (12 sq mi)) of Yanam, a district of Puducherry, lies in the
Godavari delta in the northeast of the state. The state comprises four regions: Telangana,
Coastal Andhra, Uttarandhra, and Rayalaseema. The primary official language of Andhra
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Pradesh is Telugu
[8]
and the co-official language is Urdu. Other languages often spoken in
the state include Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Kannada and Oriya.[9]

On 1 November 1956, the States Reorganization Act formed Andhra Pradesh by merging
Telugu-speaking areas of Andhra State with the already existing Hyderabad State.[10] The
Marathi speaking areas of Hyderabad State merged with Bombay State and Kannada
speaking areas were merged with Mysore State.
Contents
1 History
1.1 Early history
1.2 Modern history
2 Administrative divisions
2.1 Districts
2.2 Major cities and towns
3 Geography and climate
4 Demographics
4.1 Population statistics
4.2 Religions
5 Economy
6 Administration
7 Tourism
8 Religious tourism
9 Culture
9.1 Cuisine
9.2 Dance
9.3 Literature
9.4 Cinema
9.4.1 First film studio of Andhra Pradesh: 1936, Rajahmundry
9.5 Music
10 Sports
11 Education and research
12 Transport
13 Newspapers and journals
14 See also
15 References
16 External links
[edit] History
Main article: History of Andhra Pradesh
[edit] Early history
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Kakatiya
sculpture at
Warangal
Ruined Buddhist
Temple,
Ramatheertham
A pillar at
Ahobilam temple
in Kurnool
District
Kondaveedu
Rock-cut
BuddhaStatue at
Bojjannakonda
Hall of The Nawab

at Adoni
Madras Province
map of 1859
Hyderabad state
in 1956(in
yellowish green).
After
reorganization in
1956, Regions of
the state west of
Red and Blue
lines merged with
Bombay and
Mysore states
respectively and
rest of the
state(Telangana)
was merged with
Andhra state to
form Andhra
Pradesh state
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The rst historical records appear in the Buddhist text Anguttara Nikaya, when what is
now the Nizamabad and Adilabad districts of the Telangana region constituted parts of the
Assaka Mahajanapada (700300 BC) [11] An Andhra tribe was mentioned in the Sanskrit
epics such as Aitareya Brahmana (800 BC) and Mahabharata (400 BC).
[12]
The Natya
[13]
Shastra written by Bharata (1st century BC) also mentions about the Andhra people.
The first Telugu poet Nannayya (Adi Kavi) from Rajahmundry gave Telugu script which has
made a perfect language This is probably due to the fact that the Telugu language
originated here, though the Telugu language traces found to be around 2,400 years old
from here.
Megasthenes, a Greek traveler and geographer who visited the Court of Chandragupta
Maurya (322297 BC), mentioned that the region had three fortied towns and an army of
100,000 infantry, 200 cavalry, and 1,000 elephants. Buddhist books reveal that Andhras
established their huts or tents near the Godavari River at that time.[14]
Inscriptional evidence shows that there was an early kingdom in coastal Andhra (Guntur
District) ruled first by Kuberaka and then by his son Varun, with Pratipalapura
(Bhattiprolu) as the capital. Around the same time, Dhanyakatakam/Dharanikota (present
day Amaravati) appears to have been an important place, which was visited by Gautama
Buddha. According to the ancient Tibetan scholar Taranatha: "On the full moon of the
month Chaitra in the year following his enlightenment, at the great stupa of Dhanyakataka,
the Buddha emanated the mandala of 'The Glorious Lunar Mansions' (Kalachakra)".[15][16]
The Mauryans extended the their rule over Andhra in the 4th century BC. With the fall of
the Maurya Empire in the 3rd century BC, the Satavahanas became independent. After the
decline of the Satavahanas in AD 220, the Ikshvaku dynasty, Pallavas, Ananda Gotrikas,
Rashtrakutas, Vishnukundinas, Eastern Chalukyas, and Cholas ruled the land.[17]
Scholars have suggested that the Prajpramit Sutras, the earliest Mahayana Sutras,
[18][19]
[20]
developed among the Mahsghika along the Krishna River in Andhra country.
A.K. Warder holds that "the Mahyna originated in the south of India and almost certainly
in the Andhra country." [21] Sree Padma and Anthony Barber note that "historians of
Buddhist thought have been aware for quite some time that such pivotally important
Mahayana Buddhist thinkers as Ngrjuna, Dignaga, Candrakrti, Aryadeva, and
Bhavaviveka, among many others, formulated their theories while living in Buddhist
communities in Andhra." [22] They note that the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna
Valley, including Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda and Jaggayyapeta "can be traced to at least
the third century BC, if not earlier." [22] The Dzogchen, Mahamudra and Lamdr masters
Sri Singha, Savari, Maitripa and Virupa lived and taught in the Andhra region for some
portion of their lives or were in some cases permanent residents.[23]
During this period,
[clarification needed]
Telugu emerged as a popular language, supplanting
[24]
Prakrit and Sanskrit.

Telugu was made the official language by the Vishnukundina kings
(5th and 6th centuries), who ruled from their capital city of Vengi. Eastern Chalukyas
ruled for a long period after the decline of Vishnukundinas; their capital was also Vengi. As
early as the 1st century AD, Chalukyas were mentioned as being vassals and chieftains
under the Satavahanas and later under the Ikshvakus. The Chalukya ruler Rajaraja
Narendra ruled Rajahmundry around AD 1022.
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[25]
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The battle of Palnadu (1182) resulted in the weakening of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty
and led to the emergence of the Kakatiya dynasty in the 12th and 13th centuries AD. The
Kakatiyas were at first vassals of the Rashtrakutas, and ruled over a small territory near
Warangal. Eventually all the Telugu lands were united by the Kakatiyas. In AD 1323, Delhi
Sultan Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq sent a large army under Ulugh Khan to conquer the Telugu
country and captured Warangal. King Prataparudra was taken prisoner. Musunuri Nayaks
recaptured Warangal from the Delhi Sultanate in AD 1326 and ruled for fifty years.
[edit] Modern history

Inspired by their success, the Vijayanagara Empire, one of the greatest empires in the
history of Andhra Pradesh and India, was founded by Harihara and Bukka, who served as
treasury officers of the Kakatiyas of Warangal.[26] In AD 1347, an independent Muslim
state, the Bahmani Sultanate, was established in south India by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah
in a revolt against the Delhi Sultanate. The Qutb Shahi dynasty held sway over the Andhra
country for about two hundred years from the early part of the 16th century to the end of
the 17th century.[27] Although Hyderabad was founded less than 500 years ago,
archaeologists have unearthed Iron Age sites near the city that could date back to 500 BC.
Approximately over 1000 years ago this region was ruled by Kakatiyas until AD 1310, and
fell under Delhi sultanate from (13101345), when the central sultanate became weak the
Bahmani Sultan revolted against the Sultan of Delhi Muhammad bin Tughluq and
established an independent state in Deccan within the Delhi Sultanates southern provinces
and ruled until AD 1518. Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk, governor of Golconda, declared independence
from the Bahmani Dynasty and proclaimed himself Sultan of Golcanda in that year, and he
founded the Qutb Shahi dynasty.[28]
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, a fifth Sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty (the ruling family of
the Golconda Sultanate, previously a feudatory of Bahmani sultanate that declared
independence in 1512) founded the city of Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in
1591[20] to relieve a water shortage the dynasty had experienced at its old headquarters
at Golconda city (11 kilometers west of Hyderabad city on the other side of Musi). He also
ordered the construction of the Charminar. The Mughal emperor Aurangzeb captured
kingdom of Golconda including the city of Hyderabad in 1687 and, during this short
Mughal rule, Mughal-appointed governors of the city soon gained autonomy.[29]
In 1724, Asaf Jah I, who was granted the title Nizam-ul-Mulk ("Governor of the country")
by the Mughal emperor, defeated a rival official to establish control over kingdom of
Golconda renamed it as Hyderabad state. Thus began the Asaf Jahi dynasty that ruled
Hyderabad State until a year after India's independence from Britain. Asaf Jah's successors
ruled as the Nizams of Hyderabad. The rule of the seven Nizams saw the growth of
Hyderabad city both culturally and economically. Hyderabad city became the formal
capital of the kingdom (Hyderabad state) and Golkonda city was almost abandoned. Huge
reservoirs, like the Nizam Sagar, Tungabhadra, Osman Sagar, and Himayat Sagar, were
built. Survey work on Nagarjuna Sagar had also begun during this time; the actual work
was completed by the Government of India in 1969. The wealth and grandeur of the
Nizams is demonstrated by the fabled Jewels of The Nizams, which is a tourist attraction.
The state was the richest and the largest among the princely states of India. The land area
of the state was 90,543 mi; its population in 1901 was 50,073,759. It enjoyed an
estimated revenue of 90,029,000.[30][31]
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See also: Andhra State, Vishalandhra Movement, Telangana Movement, and Telangana
Rebellion
In Colonial India, Northern Circars became part of the British Madras Presidency.
Eventually this region emerged as the Coastal Andhra region. Later the Nizam rulers of
Hyderabad ceded five territories to the British which eventually emerged as Rayalaseema
region. The Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as the princely state of
Hyderabad, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy. However, Komaram
Bheem, a tribal leader, started his fight against the erstwhile Asaf Jahi Dynasty for the
liberation of Hyderabad State.[32] Meanwhile, the French occupied Yanam, in the Godavari
delta, and (save for periods of British control) would hold it until 1954.
India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. The Nizam wanted to retain
the independence of the Princely Hyderabad State from India, but the people of the region
launched a movement to join the Indian Union. The state of Hyderabad was forcibly joined
to the Republic of India with Operation Polo in 1948.[33]
In an effort to gain an independent state based on the linguistic and protect the interests
of the Andhra (Telugu-speaking) people of Madras State, Potti Sreeramulu fasted until
death in 1952. After his death, Andhra state was carved out of Telugu speaking areas of
Madras State on 1 November 1953, with Kurnool as its capital.[34] It was the first state of
India which was demarcated on linguistic basis.
On 1 November 1956, the States Reorganization Act merged the Telugu-speaking areas of
the former Hyderabad state also known as Telangana with the Andhra state to form the
state of Andhra Pradesh. The city of Hyderabad, the former capital of the Hyderabad State,
was made the capital of the new state.
There were several movements to invalidate the merger to form two states viz. Andhra and
Telangana in 1969, 1972 and now. 1969 movement was in Telangana region and 1972
movement was in Andhra region. Current movement, which started in 2000, is in
Telangana region and is an ongoing political issue in the state.
On 9 December 2009, Government of India announced process of formation of Telangana
state. It was announced that a separation proposal for Telangana would be introduced to
the state assembly.[35] Controversy arose as to the future status of Hyderabad City, part of
one of the ten districts of Telangana region.[36] This move was opposed by protesters from
Kosta and Rayalaseema regions, however the protests in the state capital Hyderabad was
rocked only by pro-bifurcation protests. On 23 December 2009, the government decided to
put the decision of bifurcating the state on hold until a consensus is achieved among the
different political parties.
This agitated supporters of a separate Telangana state.[37] On 5 January 2010, the Central
Government represented by Home Minister P Chidambaram conducted a meeting by
inviting all the recognised political parties of AP and recorded their stand on the issue.
The Government of India appointed a committee, headed by B. N. Srikrishna, to guide the
central government to settle the issue of Telangana amicably.[38] The committee submitted
its report on 30 December 2010, a day before its term was to expire.[39]
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[edit] Administrative divisions

[edit] Districts
Main article: List of districts of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh is administratively divided into twenty-three districts,[40] which are
further subdivided into mandals and municipalities. The largest municipalities are
municipal corporations (nagar nigam) and there are sixteen such municipalities in Andhra
Pradesh. Second in size are regular municipalities or nagar palika, as of 2001 there were
fifty-two nagar palika in Andhra Pradesh.
[edit] Major cities and towns

See also: List of cities in Andhra Pradesh
Visakhapatnam Beach
View
Ethipothala Falls
Hyderabad
Vishakhapatnam
Vijayawada
Warangal
Rajahmundry
Guntur
Tirupathi
Kurnool
Nellore
Kakinada
Karimnagar
Khammam
Eluru
Ongole
Anantapur
Kadapa
Nizamabad
Vizianagaram
Srikakulam
Nalgonda
Adilabad
[edit] Geography and climate
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The Mouth of the

Godavari River (East)
emptying into the Bay
of Bengal
Greater Flamingoes
(Phoenicopterus roseus)
taking off Pocharam
lake
Denkada Barrage
along Eastern
Ghats in
Vizianagaram
District
Geographically, Andhra Pradesh is composed of most of the eastern half of the Deccan
plateau and the plains to the east of the Eastern Ghats. Andhra Pradesh is divided into
three regions. The northern part of the plateau is the Telangana region and the southern
part is known as Rayalaseema. These two regions are separated by the River Krishna. The
third region is Coastal Andhra.[41] The plains to the east of Eastern Ghats form the Eastern
coastal plains. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and individual sections have local
names. The Kadapa Basin[42] formed by two arching branches of the Eastern Ghats is a
mineral-rich area. The coastal plains are for the most part delta regions formed by the
Godavari, Krishna, and Penner rivers. The Eastern Ghats are a major dividing line in the
state's geography. The Ghats become more pronounced towards the south and extreme
north of the coast. The Eastern Ghat region is home to dense tropical forests, while the
vegetation becomes sparse as the Ghats give way to the Deccan Plateau, where shrub
vegetation is more common. Most of the coastal plains are put to intense agricultural use.
The west and southwest parts of Andhra Pradesh have semi-arid conditions.
Indian Space Research Organisation's Satish Dhawan Space Centre is located at the
Barrier Island of Sriharikota, in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh.
The climate of Andhra Pradesh varies considerably, depending on the geographical region.
Monsoons play a major role in determining the climate of the state. Summers last from
March to June. In the coastal plain, the summer temperatures are generally higher than
the rest of the state, with temperature ranging between 20 to 41 C (68 to 106 F).[43]
July to September is the seasons for tropical rains in Andhra Pradesh. The state receives
heavy rainfall from Southwest Monsoon during these months. About one third of the total
rainfall in Andhra Pradesh is brought by the Northeast Monsoon. October and November
see low-pressure systems and tropical cyclones form in the Bay of Bengal which, along with
the Northeast Monsoon, bring rains to the southern and coastal regions of the state.
November, December, January, and February are the winter months in Andhra Pradesh.
Since the state has a long coastal belt the winters are not very cold. The range of winter
temperature is generally 12 to 30 C (54 to 86 F).[43]
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Hyderabad is the capital and, along with the adjoining twin city Secunderabad, is the
largest city in the state.Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh's main seaport, is the second
largest city and is home to the Indian Navy's Eastern Naval Command. Due to its location
and proximity to major rail and road routes, Vijayawada is a major trading center and is
the third largest city of the state, Tirupati is the fourth largest city of the state, followed by
Rajamundry, Guntur, Nellore, Warangal, and Kakinada. Other important places of the state
are Kadapa, Srikakulam, and Kurnool.
Maharastra
Maharastra,
Chattisgarh & Odisha
Bay of Bengal
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Bay of Bengal
Karnataka
Tamil Nadu
Bay of Bengal
[edit] Demographics
Circle frame.svg
Population Trend
Census
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
Pop.
35,983,000
43,503,000
53,550,000
66,508,000
75,727,000
84,655,533
20.9%
23.1%
24.2%
13.9%
11.8%
Source:Census of India[44]
Languages of Andhra
Pradesh in 2010 [45]
Telugu (83.88%)
Urdu (8.63%)
Hindi (3.23%)
Tamil (1.01%)
[edit] Population statistics

Telugu is the official language of the state and is spoken by 83.88% of the population,
followed by Urdu (8.63%) and Banjara (8.5%). Other linguistic minority groups are
speakers of Hindi (3.23%) and Tamil (1.01%). Languages spoken in Andhra Pradesh by less
than 1% of the population are Kannada (0.74%), Marathi (0.80%), and Oriya (0.44%).
Languages spoken by less than 0.2% of the population include Malayalam (0.08%),
Gujarati (0.06%), Bengali (0.05%), Gorkhali/Nepali (0.03%), Punjabi (0.01%) and Sindhi
(0.01%).
[46]
The main ethnic group of Andhra Pradesh is the Telugu people, who represent the
confluence of Indo-aryan and Dravidian cultures as the land is a melting pot for
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millenniums].
[citation needed]
Andhra Pradesh ranks tenth compared to all Indian states in the Human Development
Index scores[47] with a score of 0.416. The National Council of Applied Economic Research
district analysis in 2001 reveals that Khammam, Krishna, West Godavari, Chittoor, and
Medak are the five districts in rural AP with the highest Human Development Index scores
in ascending order.
The data show that the poor make up 16.3% of the total population in rural AP, and
expenditure on consumption is around 13.5% of the total consumption expenditure. The
female literacy rate is 0.66 compared to male literacy rate in rural AP. The district-wise
variations for poverty ratio are high and low for the ratio of female/male literacy rate.[48]
The gender gap in illiteracy is one of the issues being addressed by the Asmita Resource
Centre for Women, an Indian NGO based in Andhra Pradesh that works to better the socioeconomic status of women and communities in India.
[edit] Religions
Tirumala Temple
entrance
Hinduism is the dominant religion with about nearly 90% of the population identifying as
Hindu.[49] The state is home to Hindu saints of all castes. An important figure is Saint Yogi
Sri Potuluri Virabrahmendra Swami. He was born in the Vishwabrahmin (goldsmith) caste
and had Brahmin and Dalit disciples.[50] Fisherman Raghu was a Shudra saint.[51] Saint
Kakkayya was a chura (sweeper) Harijan saint.
Religion in Andhra Pradesh
Percent
Hinduism
Islam
Christianity
Jainism
Sikhism
Others
89.01%
9.16%
1.7%
0.05%
0.04%
0.17%
Several important Hindu modern-day saints are from Andhra Pradesh. These include Sri
Sathya Sai Baba, Sri Sivabala Yogi Maharaj who advocates religious unity in worship;
Swami Sundara Chaitanyanandaji of the Aurobindo Mission; and Brahmarshi Subhash
Patri, founder of the pyramid spiritual societies movement.
[citation needed]
Islam in Hyderabad, with historical patronizing by the rulers, has a strong Sufi influence,
with various moments active in the last two decades. Hyderabad has produced many
renowned religious scholars of representing different Islamic sects and trends, including
Abul Ala Maududi, Turab-ul-Haq Qadri, and Allamah Rasheed Turabi.[52] Telugu Christians
are mostly Protestant. Other religions include Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.
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[edit] Economy
Main article: Economy of Andhra Pradesh
See also: Software industry in Andhra Pradesh
Year
GSDP
State Rank
2008 INR3,364,813 3
2009 INR4,267,850 3
2010 INR4,904,110 3
2011 INR5,889,630 3
2012 INR6,762,340 2
[53]
Aerial view of
[54]
Visakhapatnam
port
Srisailam Dam - Hydro

Electric Power Source
Andhra Pradesh's GDP for 2011 was approximately INR5,67,636 crore,[3] placing it second
among the states. The state ranks second in terms of overall Gross State Product among all
the states of the Indian Union.[55] In terms of per capita GSDP the state compares very
favorably with other large states. In the 2010 list by Forbes Magazine, there are seven
from Andhra Pradesh among the top 100 richest Indians.[citation needed]
Agriculture has been the chief source of income for the state's economy. Andhra Pradesh is
an exporter of many agricultural products. Four important rivers of India, the Godavari,
Krishna, Penna, and Thungabhadra flow through the state, providing irrigation. Rice,
sugarcane, cotton, Chili pepper, mango, and tobacco are the local crops. Recently, crops
used for vegetable oil production such as sunflower and peanuts have gained favour. There
are many multi-state irrigation projects in development, including Godavari River Basin
Irrigation Projects and Nagarjuna Sagar Dam.[56][57]
The service sector of the state accounts for 43% of the gross state domestic product
(GSDP) and employs 20% of the work force.[57] Andhra Pradesh economy has registered
over 5.5% annual economic growth rate during the last two decades.[citation needed] The
state is ranked fifth industrially developed states in India.
Cyber Towers in
Hyderabad
The Andhra Pradesh

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State Legislative
Assembly in the centre
of Hyderabad City.
Andhra Pradesh ranks second in India in terms of mineral wealth. The state has about one
third of India's limestone reserves, estimated at about 30 billion tonnes. The Tumalappalli
Uranium mine in Andhra has confirmed 49,000 tonnes of ore and there are indications that
it could hold reserves totalling three times its current size, The Times of India quoted
Srikumar Banerjee as saying. The mine's proven reserve is enough to support a 8,000
mega watts nuclear power plant for 40 years, the report added. The Krishna Godavari
Basin has huge reserves of natural gas and petroleum. The state has a large amount of coal
reserves.[57] The state ranks rst nationwide in hydro electricity generation, with a
national market share of over 11%. Andhra Pradesh has the fourth largest power
generating utility in the country, with an installed capacity of around 10,650 MW. The two
cheapest sources of thermal power generation coal and natural gas are in abundance.
[citation needed]
In 20042005, Andhra Pradesh was at the second position[citation needed] in the list of top
information technology exporting states of India. The IT sector is expanding at a rate of
52.3% every year. The IT exports reached INR19,000 crores in 20062007, contributed to
14 per cent of total IT exports of the nation and ranked fourth in India.[58] Other key
sectors include, Biopharmaceuticals, Power, Automobile, Tourism, Textiles, Retail, Leather,
Mining and Religious tourism.
[edit] Administration
Main articles: Government of Andhra Pradesh, Politics of Andhra Pradesh, and List of Chief
Ministers of Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh has a Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly, lower house) of 294 seats, and a
Vidhan Parishad (legislative council, upper house) of 90 members. 31 members are elected
from local bodies, 31 members are elected from the assembly, eight members are elected
from teachers, eight members are elected from graduates, and 12 members are nominated
by the Governor. In the Parliament of India Andhra Pradesh has 18 in the Rajya Sabha, the
Upper House, and 42 in the Lok Sabha, the Lower House.[59][60]
Andhra Pradesh had a series of governments headed by Indian National Congress (INC)
Party until 1982.Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao is the founder of Telugu Desam party and
served as the first chief minister from the party. N. Chandrababu Naidu held the record for
the longest serving chief minister (1995 to 2004). P. V. Narasimha Rao served as the chief
minister of the state from 1971 to 1973, and went on to become the Prime Minister of India
in 1991. The first Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh was Neelam Sanjiva Reddy who later
served as President of India. The Congress chief ministers of the state are Damodaram
Sanjivayya, Kasu Brahmananda Reddy, P. V. Narasimha Rao, Jalagam Vengala Rao, Marri
Chenna Reddy, Tanguturi Anjaiah, Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy, Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara
Reddy, Nadendla Bhaskara Rao, Nedurumalli Janardhana Reddy, Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy,
Konijeti Rosaiah and N. Kiran Kumar Reddy.
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Andhra Pradesh High

Court at Hyderabad,
the main judicial body
for the State
[citation needed]
Until 1962, the CPI, along with socialist parties, played an important role as opposition
parties. Parties namely Praja Socialist Party and Krishi Lok Party played important role in
1950's. In the 1967 state assembly elections all socialist parties were eliminated and CPI
lost opposition party status. N.G. Ranga's Swatantra Party became the Opposition Party.
They also failed to hold control later and became defunct. In 1978 Jalagam Vengal Rao and
Kasu Brahmananda Reddy formed the Reddy Congress and contested against INC but lost.
In 1983 the Telugu Desam Party (TDP) won the state elections and N.T. Rama Rao (NTR)
became the chief minister of the state for the first time. This broke the long time single
party monopoly enjoyed by the INC from 1956 until 1982. A few months after the election,
Nadendla Bhaskara Rao usurped power when NTR was away in the United States for
medical treatment. After coming back, NTR campaigned for a comeback by demonstrating
the support of the majority of the elected MLAs. The governor Thakur Ram Lal was ousted
by Indira Gandhi and in his place she appointed Shankar Dayal Sharma. NTR was
reinstated as chief minister. Within a month NTR recommended the dissolution of the
assembly and called for fresh elections. Gandhi was assassinated on 31 October 1984 by
her Sikh bodyguard and Rajiv Gandhi was made Prime Minister by President Giani Zail
Singh. In the ensuing elections for Lok Sabha and the AP Assembly, the Telugu Desam
Party won in Andhra Pradesh and NTR came back to power.
The 1989 elections ended the rule of NTR, with the INC party returning to power with
Marri Chenna Reddy at the helm. He was replaced by Janardhan Reddy in 1990, who was
replaced by Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy in 1992. In 1994, Andhra Pradesh gave a
mandate to the Telugu Desam Party again, and NTR became the chief minister again. Nara
Chandrababu Naidu, the son-in-law of NTR, usurped power with the backing of a majority
of the MLAs. The Telugu Desam Party won both the assembly and Lok Sabha election in
1999 under the leadership of Chandrababu Naidu. There was an assassination attempt on
Naidu in 2003 in Tirupathi; he survived the attack. In the ensuing elections the party lost
power to a resurgent INC and its allies. Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy became the Chief Minister.
Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy became the CM again by fending off the Praja Rajyam Party and a
major alliance of TDP, TRS, CPI and CPM. He died on 2 September 2009 in a helicopter
crash. Konijeti Rosaiah, a senior statesman and former state finance minister, became the
Chief Minister on 3 September 2009. On 24 November 2010, Rosaiah submitted his
resignation on the grounds of increased work pressure. Nallari Kiran Kumar Reddy was
sworn in as the new Chief Minister on the following day.[61]
[edit] Tourism
Belum Caves
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Araku Valley
Kuntala Waterfall
Borra Caves
(stalagmites and
stalactites)
Maha Stupa at
Thotlakonda
Andhra Pradesh is promoted by its tourism department as the "Koh-i-Noor of India."
Andhra Pradesh is the home of many religious pilgrim centres. Tirumala Venkateswara
Temple in Tirupati is according to believers the abode of Hindu god Venkateswara.
Srisailam, nestled in the Nallamala Hills is the abode of Mallikarjuna and is one of twelve
Jyothirlingas in India. Amaravati's Shiva temple is one of the Pancharamams, as is
Yadagirigutta, the abode of an avatara of Vishnu, Lakshmi Narasimha. The Ramappa
temple and Thousand Pillars temple in Warangal are famous for their temple carvings. The
state has numerous Buddhist centres at Amaravati, Nagarjuna Konda, Bhattiprolu,
Ghantasala, Nelakondapalli, Dhulikatta, Bavikonda, Thotlakonda, Shalihundam,
Pavurallakonda, Bojjannakonda (Sankaram), Phanigiri and Kolanpaka.[62] The Vijayanagara
Empire built number of monuments, including the Srisailam temple and Lepakshi temples.
The golden beaches at Visakhapatnam, the one-million-year-old limestone caves at Borra,
picturesque Araku Valley, hill resorts of Horsley Hills, river Godavari racing through a
narrow gorge at Papi Kondalu, waterfalls at Ettipotala, Kuntala and rich bio-diversity at
Talakona are some of the natural attractions of the state. Kailashagiri is a park near the sea
in Visakhapatnam. Visakhapatnam is home to other tourist attractions such as the INS
Kursura S20 Submarine museum (the only one of its kind in India), the longest beach road
in India, Yarada Beach, Araku Valley, and Indira Gandhi Zoological Gardens.
The Borra Caves are located in the Anatagiri Hills of the Eastern Ghats, near
Vishakapatnam. They are at an altitude of about 800 to 1300 metres and are famous for
million-year-old stalactite and stalagmite formations. They were discovered by British
geologist William King George in 1807. The caves get their name from a formation inside
the caves that looks like the human brain, which in the local language, Telugu, is known as
burra. The Belum caves were formed due to erosion in limestone deposits in the area by
the weakly acidic water of the Chitravati River millions of years ago.
The Papi Hills are located in Khammam district, near Bhadrachalam. Boat cruises are
available on the river Godavari.
The Belum Caves in Kurnool District have a length of 3,229 metres (10,594 ft), making
them the second largest natural caves on the Indian subcontinent. The Belum Caves derive
their name from Bilum, the Sanskrit word for caves. In Telugu, the caves are known as
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Guhalu. The caves have long passages, spacious chambers, freshwater galleries, and
siphons. The caves' deepest point is 120 feet (37 m) from the entrance and is known
asPatalganaga.
Horsley Hills, elevation 1,265 metres (4,150 ft), is a summer hill resort in Andhra Pradesh,
about 160 km (99 mi) from Bangalore and144 km (89 mi) from Tirupati. The town of
Madanapalle lies nearby. Major tourist attractions include the Mallamma temple and the
Rishi Valley School. Horsely Hills is the departure point for the Koundinya Wildlife
Sanctuary at a distance of 87 km (54 mi).
Nirmal is famous for its handicrafts and paintings. Kuntala waterfall, at 45 metres (148 ft),
is the biggest in the state. Charminar, Golconda Fort, Chandragiri Fort, Chowmahalla
Palace, and Falaknuma Palace are some of the monuments in the state.
Kanaka Durga Temple in Vijayawada in Krishna district, Venkateswara Temple in Dwaraka
Tirumala, West Godavari District, and Surya temple in Arasavelli in Srikakulam District are
also places to see in Andhra Pradesh.
The Annavaram Satayannarayana Swami temple is in East Godavari, near
Kakinada.Konaseema is another place in East Godavari for nature lovers with scenic
greenery of lush paddy fields and coconut groves. All along the banks of river Godavari
and its canals.
[edit] Religious tourism
Ramappa Temple
Bhadrachalam
Srisailam
Gopuram
Birla Mandir
Hindu temple
Golingeshwara
temple Biccavolu
Durga Temple in
Vijayawada
Mounagiri
Hanuman Temple
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in Anantapur
Simhachalam
Tirumala Venkateswara Temple in the town of Tirumala in Chittoor district is a very
important pilgrimage site for Hindus throughout India. It is the second richest pilgrimage
city of any religious faith in the world after Padmanabhaswamy Temple in the Indian state
of Kerala.[63] Its main temple is dedicated to the god Venkateswara. In 1517, Vijayanagara
ruler Sri Krishna Deva Raya, on one of his many visits to the temple, donated gold and
jewels, enabling the Vimana (inner shrine) roofing to be gilded. Statues of Sri Krishna
Deva Raya and his spouse stand in the premises of the temple.
The five ancient Hindu temples of Lord Shiva, known as Pancharama Kshetras, are located
at - Amararama, Draksharama, Somarama, Ksheerarama and Kumararama. The Sivalingas
at these temples are made from a single Sivalinga.
Simhachalam is another popular pilgrimage site of national importance located on a hill 20
kilometres (12 mi) north of the Visakhapatnam city centre. Simhachalam is said to be the
abode of the savior-god Narasimha, who rescued Prahlada from his abusive father
Hiranyakashipu. One of the most exquisitely sculpted shrines of Andhra Pradesh, it has a
beautifully carved 16-pillared Natya mantapa and a 96-pillared Kalyana mantapa. The
temple was built in 11th century by Kullotunga chola. Engaged couples go to this temple
as a ritual just before marriage. It is one of the most crowded temples of Andhra Pradesh.
[citation needed]
Srisailam temple in Kurnool district is a very famous Shiva temple, and is one of the twelve
Jyotirlinga shrines. Lord Rama himself installed the Sahasralinga, while the Pandavas
lodged the Panchapandava lingas in the temple courtyard. The Skanda Purana, an ancient
religious text, has a chapter called "Srisaila Kandam" dedicated to this temple, which
points to its ancient origin. It is said that Adi Shankara (c. AD 788821) visited this temple
at the time that he composed his Sivananda Lahiri. Srisailam is located in Kurnool district.
[citation needed]
Bhadrachalam Temple is a temple to Lord Rama in the town of Bhadrachalam in Khammam

district. It is situated on the banks of the river Godavari. This is the place where Kancherla
Gopanna (16201680) wrote his devotional songs dedicated to lord Rama. It was believed
that lord Rama spent some years on the banks of river Godavari here in Treta Yuga.
Kancherla Gopanna raised the funds and constructed the temple during the reign of
Tanisha in the 17th century. Sri Rama Navami, a celebration of the Marriage of Lord Rama
and sita, is celebrated here every year. Government of Andhra Pradesh sends pearls for the
event.[citation needed]
Kanaka Durga Temple is a temple to the goddess Durga situated on the Indrakeeladri Hill
in the city of Vijayawada on the banks of Krishna River. Special pujas are performed during
Dasara, also called Navratri. The most significant are Saraswati puja and Theppotsavam.
The festival of Dasara for the Goddess Durga is celebrated there every year. A large
number of pilgrims attend the colourful celebrations and take a holy dip in the Krishna
River.[citation needed]
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Gunadala Matha Shrine - One of the second largest Christian pilgrim Destination in India
located in Vijayawada City. Thousands of people visit Gunadala Matha throughout the year
as they firmly believe in the merciful heart of the Blessed Mother Lady of Lourdes and are
convinced of her Motherly blessings. Devotees, not only from all corners of Andhra
Pradesh, but from the neighbouring states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka visit the
shrine during the festival in February, every year.
Raghavendra Swami Mutt in Mantralayam is a town in Kurnool district. It lies on the banks
of the Tungabhadra river on the border with neighbouring Karnataka state. It is also called
Manchale. The town is noted for the holy presence of the Vrindavana of Guru Raghavendra
Swami, a Madhwa saint and follower of Sri Madhwacharya. It is believed that Guru
Raghavendra Swami is in the Vrindavana from the past 339 years and is believed to be in
the Vrindavana for another 361 years. While entering the Vrindavana, Guru Raghavendra
Swami stated that he would be there (in the Vrindavana) for 700 years.
[edit] Culture
Bapu's paintings, Nanduri Venkata Subba Rao's Yenki Paatalu (Songs about a
washerwoman called Yenki), mischievous Budugu (a character by Mullapudi), Annamayya's
songs, Aavakaaya (a variant of mango pickle in which the kernel of mango is retained),
Gongura (a chutney from Roselle plant), Atla Taddi (a seasonal festival predominantly for
teenage girls), the banks of river Godavari, and the Dudu basavanna (the ceremonial ox
decorated for door-to-door exhibition during the harvest festival Sankranthi) have long
defined Telugu culture. In Telangana Region the famous festivals are Bonala Pandaga
(Flowers are decorated in a special big round plates with different types), Savarla pandaga
or peerula pandaga known as Moharram (made with different types of cloths decoration
basically this is Muslims fastival but this is celebrated by Hindus majorly ) The village of
Durgi is known for stone craft, producing carvings of idols in soft stone that must be
exhibited in the shade because they are prone to weathering.[citation needed] Kalamkari is an
ancient textile art form dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization. Andhra Pradesh is
famous for doll making. Dolls are made from wood, mud, dry grass, and lightweight metal
alloys. Tirupathi is famous for redwood carvings. Kondapalli is famous for mud toys with
rich colors. The village of Etikoppaka, located in Visakhapatnam district, produces
lacquered toys. Nirmal paintings are expressive and are usually painted over a black
background. Story telling in Andhra Pradesh is an art form in itself. Folk dances unique to
Andhra Pradesh include Yaksha ganam, Burra katha (usually done by three people, telling
stories using three different musical instruments), Jangama kathalu, Hari kathalu, Chekka
bajana, Urumula natyam (usually done at festivals, where a group of people dance in
circles with loud music), and Ghata natyam (performances done with earthen pots over
one's head).[citation needed]
Andhra Pradesh has many museums, the Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad, which features
a varied collection of sculptures, paintings, and religious artifacts, including the
Archaeological Museum[64] at Amaravati near Guntur City that features relics of nearby
ancient sites, and the Visakha Museum, in Visakhapatnam, which displays the history of
the pre-Independence and thotla konda which depicts the age old budhist stupa's and
cultural style, Madras Presidency in a rehabilitated Dutch bungalow.[65] Victoria Jubilee
Museum in Vijayawada has a good collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols,
weapons, cutlery and inscriptions. Other ancient sites include dozens of ancient Buddhist
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stupas in Nagarjunakonda which is now an island in Nagarjuna Sagar, an artificial lake

that formed after the construction of Nagarjuna Sagar Dam. The Island has a large
museum that houses many Buddhist relics.[66]
Just like in other parts of the country, many festivals are celebrated in Andhra Pradesh,
which include Ugadi, Sankranthi, Dasara, Varalakshmi Vratham, Vinayaka Chavithi,
Deepavali, Batukamma, Rakhi poornima, Christmas, Sri Rama Navami, Bonalu, Maha
Shivaratri, Nagula Chaviti, Holi, Eid ul-Fitr, Eid ul-zuha, Muharram, Milad-un-Nabi etc.
[edit] Cuisine
Main article: Telugu cuisine
The cuisine of Andhra Pradesh is one of the spiciest of all Indian cuisines. There are many
variations based on geographical regions, caste and traditions. Rice is the staple food and
is used in a wide varieties of dishes. Typically, rice is boiled and eaten with curry or made
into a batter for use in a crepe-like dish called attu (pesarattu is made of a mixture of this
batter and mung beans) or dosas, a crepe filled with black beans or lentils. Pickles and
chutneys, locally known as thoku and pachadi in Telugu, are popular in Andhra Pradesh;
many varieties of pickle and chutney are unique to the state. Chutneys are made from
practically every vegetable including tomatoes, brinjals (eggplant), and roselle (Gongura).
Avaakaya (mango pickle) is probably the best-known of the Andhra Pradesh pickles.
[citation needed]
"Hyderabadi biryani," one of the most famous dishes in India, belongs to

Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh's state capital); it is prepared with rice mixed with
vegetables, pulses or chicken, mutton and fish.
Meat, vegetables and greens are prepared with spices (masala) into a variety of strongly
flavored dishes such as Hyderabadi biryani, fish curry, brinjal curry and Gongura pachadi
the most popular dish of the state. The coastal region is even more well versed with the
varieties in sea food specially known for Chapala Pulusu, Bommidala pulusu, Koramenu
kura. Hyderabadi cuisine is influenced by the Muslims who arrived in Telangana in the
14th century. Much of it is mainly prepared of meat. It is rich and aromatic, with a liberal
use of exotic spices and ghee (clarified butter). Lamb, chicken, beef and fish are the most
widely used meats.
[edit] Dance
A Kuchipudi Dancer
performing on stage
Classical dance in Andhra can be performed by both men and women; women tend to learn
it more often. Kuchipudi is the state's best-known classical dance form. The dance forms
that existed through the state's history are Bonalu, Dappu, Chenchu Bhagotham,
Kuchipudi, Bhamakalapam, Burrakatha, Veeranatyam, Butta bommalu, Tappeta Gullu,
Lambadi, Dhimsa, Kolattam, and Chindu. Jaanapadam theenmar is a popular folk dance.
Jayapa Senani was the first person to write about the dances prevalent in Andhra
Pradesh.[67] Both Desi and Margi forms of dances are included in his Sanskrit treatise
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Nrutya Ratnavali.
[edit] Literature
Main article: Telugu literature
Nannayya, Tikkana, and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the great Sanskrit
epic Mahabharata into Telugu. Pothana is the poet who composed the classic SriMad Maha
Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translation of Sri Bhagavatham, authored by Veda Vyasa in
Sanskrit. Nannayya (circa 11th century AD), the earliest known Telugu author, was
patronized by the king Rajaraja Narendra who ruled from Rajamahendravaram (now
Rajahmundry), the cultural capital of Andhra Pradesh. The Vijayanagara emperor
Krishnadevaraya wrote Amuktamalyada. The Telugu poet Vemana, a native of Kadapa, is
notable for his philosophical poems. Telugu literature after Kandukuri Veeresalingam
(18481919) is termed modern literature. Known as Gadya Tikkana, Satyavathi Charitam
was the author Telugu-language social novel, Satyavathi Charitam. Jnanpith Award
winners include Sri Viswanatha Satya Narayana and Dr. C. Narayana Reddy. The Andhra
Pradesh native and revolutionary poet Sri Sri brought new forms of expressionism into
Telugu literature.[citation needed]
Other modern writers include Gunturu Seshendra Sarma, the only person nominated from
India for a Nobel prize in literature since Rabindranath Tagore. The West Bengal
government conferred on him the title Rashtrendu ("Moon of the Nation"). Telugu
University awarded him an honorary Doctorate in Literature in 1994. He received the
Kalidas Samman award from the Madhya Pradhesh government, and he won the Central
Sahitya Akademi fellowship in 1999. Puttaparthi Narayanacharyulu is one of the scholarly
poets of Telugu literature. He wrote the books Sivatandavam and Panduranga Mahatyam.
Other notable writers from Andhra Pradesh include Srirangam Sreenivasarao, Gurram
Jashuva, Chinnaya Suri, Viswanatha Satyanarayana.
[citation needed]
[edit] Cinema
Main article: Telugu Cinema
A western street
replica at Ramoji Film
City
[edit] First film studio of Andhra Pradesh: 1936, Rajahmundry
The Telugu talkie era started with Bakta Prahalada (1931). Andhra was not yet been
identified as a competent area for cinema shooting so it was being done in places like
Kolhapur, Kolkata Studios. In 1936, Durga CineTone was started in Rajahmundry. It was
started by Nidamarti Soorayya whose father Jaladurga Prasad's name was after it. The first
talkie film was shot in Andra Pradesh. In those days, there were only three film studios in
south India: two in Chennai and Durga Cinetone in Rajahmundry. He[who?] produced films
and built three cinema halls in Rajahmundry.
In the early 1980s, the Telugu film industry had largely shifted its base to Hyderabad from
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Madras. The Telugu film culture (or, "Tollywood") is the second-largest film industry in
India.[68] Hyderabad houses the Prasads IMAX theatre, which was the biggest 3D IMAX
screen in the world when it was built in 2007.[69] It is also home to Ramoji Film City which
is the worlds largest integrated lm studio complex at over 2,000 acres (809 ha) of
land.[70] The prolific producer from the state, D. Ramanaidu holds a Guinness Record for
the most films produced by a person.[71]
Famous heroes of Tollywood are NTR, ANR, Krishna, Shobanbabu,Krishanm
Raju,Chiranjeevi, Balakrishna, Nagarjuna, Venkatesh, Rajendra Prasad, Rajasekhar, Pawan
Kalyan, Maheshbabu, NTR Jr, Allu Arjun,Prabhas, Ravi Teja, Ram Charan, Naga
Chaithanya, Ram, Siddharth, Manoj Manchu, Nani, Allari Naresh, KalyanRam, etc.
Brahmanandam is a Guinness record holder for acting in 746+ movies as a comedian in
Tollywood.
[edit] Music
Main article: Music of Andhra Pradesh
Balamuralikrishna
during a concert in
Kuwait on 29 March
2006, accompanied by
Mavelikkara Sathees
Chandran (violin),
Perunna G. Harikumar
(mridangom), Manjoor
Unnikrishnan (ghatam)
Many composers of Carnatic music like Annamacharya, Tyagaraja, Kshetrayya, and
Bhadrachala Ramadas were of Telugu descent. Modern Carnatic music composers like
Ghantasala and Sri M. Balamuralikrishna are also of Telugu descent. The Telugu film
industry hosts many music composers and playback singers such as S. P.
Balasubrahmanyam, P.Susheela, S. Janaki, P B Srinivas. Telugus have a large number of
folk dances. Folk songs are popular in the many rural areas of the state. Forms such as the
Burra katha and Poli are still performed today.[72]
[edit] Sports
The Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh, is the governing body which looks after the
infrastructure development in Cricket, Field hockey, Association Football, Olympic
weightlifting, Chess, Water Sports, Tennis, Badminton, Table Tennis, Cycling
[citation needed]
etc.
Sports like kho kho, kabaddi, chinni daandu and goli (marbles) are
played mostly in coastal Andhra & Telangana areas.
One of the most popular sports in Andhra pradesh is cricket. The Hyderabad Cricket
Association nurtures potential international players. The Hyderabad cricket team has won
the Ranji Trophy twice. The Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium in Hyderabad and
ACA-VDCA Stadium in Visakhapatnam, regularly host international matches. The Sunrisers
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Hyderabad formerly known as Deccan chargers, an Indian Premier League franchise, is

based in Hyderabad and Visakhapatnam.
Notable cricketers from Andhra Pradesh, include C. K. Nayudu, Maharajkumar of
Vizianagram, M. V. Narasimha Rao, Mohammad Azharuddin, M. S. K. Prasad, V.V.S.
Laxman, Tirumalasetti Suman, Arshad Ayub, Ambati Rayudu, Paul Valthaty, Venkatapathy
Raju, Sravanthi Naidu, Yalaka Venugopal Rao etc.
Other accomplished sports-persons include, A. Ramana Rao, Karnam Malleswari, Pullela
Gopichand, Sania Mirza, Saina Nehwal, Sharath Kamal, Chetan Anand (Badminton),
Pradeep (Volley Ball), Mukesh Kumar (Hockey), Abdul Najeeb Qureshi, Jwala Gutta, Raman
Subbarao, Kamineni Eswara Rao, etc. Grandmasters in Chess like, Koneru Humpy,
Pendyala Harikrishna, Dronavalli Harika and Gogineni Rohit hail from the state.
[edit] Education and research
Indian School of Business

Andhra Pradesh is served by more than 20 institutes of higher education. All major arts,
humanities, science, engineering, law, medicine, business, and veterinary science are
offered, with first degrees and postgraduate awards available. Advanced research is
conducted in all major areas.[citation needed]
Andhra Pradesh has 1,330 arts, science and commerce colleges; 1,000 MBA and MCA
colleges; 847 engineering colleges; 53 medical colleges; and one Indian Institute of
Technology (in Hyderabad). The student-to-teacher ratio in higher education is 19:1.
According to the 2001 census, Andhra Pradesh has an overall literacy rate of 61.11% (as
per Andhra Pradesh government's official website). The male literacy rate is 70.3% and the
female literacy rate is 67.4%.[citation needed]
Andhra Pradesh is the home to Osmania University, one of the oldest modern universities
in India. It is one of the largest university systems in the subcontinent with over 300,000
students on its campuses and affiliated colleges.[73] The government of Andhra Pradesh
established Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT)[4] in 2008 to
cater to the education needs of the gifted rural youth of Andhra Pradesh. The institute
specializes in teaching and research in Information Technology and other emerging
disciplines under the control of a common university Governing Council and following a
common syllabus.
School children in an
elementary school in
Andhra Pradesh
The state has recently made strides in setting up several institutes. Andhra Pradesh is
home to the Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University, Vishakhapatnam, Birla
Institute of Technology and Science (Hyderabad campus), National Institute of
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Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Hyderabad campus), Indian Institute of

Biotechnology,
[74]
Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad,
Fundamental Research Hyderabad,

Hyderabad (IIIT-H),
[77]
[76]
[75]
Tata Institute of
International Institute of Information Technology,
National Institute of Technology NIT Warangal,
[78]
National
[79]
Institute of Nutrition
the Nalsar University of Law, Centre for Cellular and Molecular
Biology (CCMB) Hyderabad, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad,
National Institute of Rural Development,[80] University of Hyderabad, School of Planning
and Architecture, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies,
[81]
prestigious
[82]
Indian School of Business (ISB) and IFHE university's IBS, Hyderabad.

The National
Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT) and the Institute of Hotel Management, Catering
Technology and Applied Nutrition are also located in Hyderabad. Georgia Institute of
Technology,
[83]
is in the process of setting up a campus in Hyderabad.
Apart from this, Andhra Pradesh is home to many more top-class universities like English
and Foreign Languages University, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
University,
[85]
Nagarjuna University,
[88]
[86]
Kakatiya University,
[87]
[84]
Andhra
Sri Venkateswara
[89]
[90]
University,
Sri Krishnadevaraya University,
Potti Sreeramulu Telugu University,
Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, Telangana University Nizamabad, Mahathma
Gandhi University Nalgonda, Palamur University Mahaboobnagar, Rayalaseema University,
Kurnool,[91] Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU, www.svvu.edu.in) and private
engineering colleges like Muffakham Jah College of Engineering and Technology,
Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, MVSR Engineering College, GRIET,
Hyderabad Institute of Technology and Management (HITAM), Vasavi College of
Engineering (VCE), Rayala Seema University Kurnool, Adikavi Nannaya University
Rajahmundry, Petroleum University Rajahmundry to serve their people across Andhra
Pradesh.
The government of Andhra Pradesh has established the first university of health sciences,
fulfilling the recommendations of several committees. The Andhra Pradesh University of
Health Sciences was established by Act No. 6 of the Andhra Pradesh legislature and was
inaugurated in 1986 by Sri N.T. Rama Rao, then chief minister of Andhra Pradesh. After
the death of its founder Sri N.T. Rama Rao the University was named after him as NTR
University of Health Sciences, Andhra Pradesh.
[edit] Transport
The railroad bridge on

river Godavari at
Rajahmundry
Road: A total of 146,954 km (91,313 mi) of roads are maintained by the State, of
which State Highways comprise 42,511 km (26,415 mi), National Highways 2,949 km
(1,832 mi), and District Roads 101,484 km (63,059 mi). The growth rate for vehicle
ownership in Andhra Pradesh is the highest in the country at 16%.[92]
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02/19/2013 09:03 PM
The Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) is the major public
transport corporation owned by the government of Andhra Pradesh that connects all the
cities and villages. APSRTC is in the Guinness Book of World Records for having the largest
fleet of vehicles (approximately 21,000), and the longest distance covered daily. Mahatma
Gandhi Bus Station [M.G.B.S.] in Hyderabad and Nehru Bus stand in Vijayawada are
among the largest bus stand in Asia.[93] Thousands of private operators also run buses
connecting major cities and towns. Private vehicles like cars, motorised scooters, and
bicycles occupy a major share of the local transport in the cities and adjoining villages.
The Secunderabad
Railway Station,
headquarters of the South
Central Railway
Visakhapatnam seaport
National Highway 5 in
Visakhapatnam district
Rail: Railways are a major means of transport connecting all major cities and towns.
The history of railways in Andhra Pradesh dates back to the time of Nizam of
Hyderabad. Most of Andhra Pradesh falls under the auspices of the South Central
Railway, founded in 1966 with its headquarters at Secunderabad. The East Coast
Railway serves Srikakulam, Vizianagaram District, and part of Visakhapatnam district
including Visakhapatnam City. Vijayawada Railway Station is one of the busiest
railway junctions in India. Second largest & busiest Railway station in Asia.
Air: Hyderabad International Airport, also known as Rajiv Gandhi International
Airport, is the international airport for the city of Hyderabad. It has won WORLD NO
1 Airport award twice (2009, 2010) in the 5 - 15 million passenger category. It is the
largest airport in the state and one of the busiest airports nationwide. Visakhapatnam
Airport, the other international airport in the state is the second largest serving close
to 1 million passengers annually. Other airports in the state are Vijayawada Airport,
Rajahmundry Airport-the third largest airport having more than 150 Years history &
most revenue generated airport after Visakhapatnam, and Tirupati Airport. The
government also has plans to start airports in eight other cities: Guntur, Ongole,
Nellore, Warangal, Kadapa, Tadepalligudem, Kurnool, Karimnagar, Ramagundam and
Kothagudem.
Sea: Andhra Pradesh has two of the major ports of India at Visakhapatnam, the
second largest port of India (cargo handling)[94] and Kakinada and three minor ports
at Krishnapatnam (Nellore), Machilipatnam, and Nizampatnam (Guntur). A private
port is being developed at Gangavaram, near Visakhapatnam. This deep seaport can
accommodate ocean liners up to 200,000250,000 DWT. Andhra Pradesh having
second largest sea coastal line in India of 974 km
[edit] Newspapers and journals

24 of 39
02/19/2013 09:03 PM
Telugu
Eenadu
Vaartha
Sakshi
Andhra Jyothi
Namaste Telangana
Prajasakti
Suryaa
Andhra Bhoomi
Andhra Prabha
Visaalandhra
Urdu
The Siasat Daily
Awam
Etemaad daily
The Munsif Daily
Blitz
English
The Hans India
The Hindu
Hindustan Times
The Business Line
The Economic Times
The New Indian Express
The Times of India
Deccan Chronicle
[edit] See also

Portal
icon
Portal
icon
Portal
icon
Portal
icon
Geography
portal
Asia portal
South Asia
portal
India portal
Andhra
Portal
Pradesh
icon
portal
Outline of India
Index of India-related articles
Bibliography of India
Book icon India at Wikipedia books
History of India
List of people from Andhra Pradesh
25 of 39
02/19/2013 09:03 PM
Middle kingdoms of India

Traditional games of Andhra Pradesh
Uttarandhra
[edit] References
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[edit] External links

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Adilabad
Gnana Saraswati Temple, Basar
Anantapur
Veerabhadra Temple, Lepakshi
Chittor
Ardhagiri Veeranjaneya Swamy

Boiyakonda Gangamma Temple
Kanipakam Vinayaka Temple
Kapila Theertham
KonetiRayala Swamy Temple
Srikalahasti Temple
Tirumala Venkateswara Temple
East Godavari
Annavaram
Draksharama
Kumararama
Pithapuram
Ryali
Somarama
Guntur
Amararama
Kotappakonda
Tirumala
gopurams.JPG
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Undavalli caves
Hyderabad
Karimnagar
Kondagattu
Koti Lingala
Raikal
Khammam
Bhadrachalam Temple
Kurnool
Ahobilam Narasimha Swamy Temple

Yaganti
Bhramaramba Mallikarjuna Temple
Jagannatha Gattu Temple, Kurnool
Kambagiri
Koulutla Chenna Kesava Temple
Krishna
Kanaka Durga Temple

Panduranga Swamy Temple, Machilipatnam
Prasanna Anjaneeya Swamy Temple
Mahbubnagar
Medak
34 of 39
Ashtalakshmi Temple, Hyderabad

Birla Mandir, Hyderabad
Chilkur Balaji Temple
Jagannath Temple
Karmanghat Hanuman Temple
Sanghi Temple
Ujjaini Mahakali Temple
Akkanna Madanna Temple
Alampur
Manyamkonda
Rama Giri
Umamaheshwaram
Vallabhapuram
Ananthasagar
Wargal Saraswati Temple
02/19/2013 09:03 PM
Nalgonda
Nellore
Prakasam
Yadagirigutta Lakshminarasimha Swamy

Temple
Dakkili
Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Nellore
Gangamma Temple Dhenuvakonda
Srikakulam
Arasavalli
Mandasa
Mukhalingam
Sri Kurmam
Visakhapatnam
Devipuram
Simhachalam
Vizianagaram
Warangal
West Godavari
Kallepalli Rega
Vizianagaram
Bhadrakali Temple
Ramappa Temple
Medaram
Thousand Pillar Temple
Ksheerarama
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Andhra Pradesh

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Andhra Pradesh

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Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Nickname(s): Rice Bowl of India

Government of Andhra Pradesh

N. Kiran Kumar Reddy (INC)

Bicameral (294 + 90 seats)

275,045 km (106,195 sq mi)

Population (2011) [1]

310/km (800/sq mi)

ISO 3166 code

Increase 0.572 (medium)

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

and the co-official language is Urdu. Other languages often spoken in

the state include Hindi, Marathi, Tamil, Kannada and Oriya.[9]

[edit] Early history

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hall of The Nawab

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Telugu emerged as a popular language, supplanting

Prakrit and Sanskrit.

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] Modern history

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] Administrative divisions

[edit] Major cities and towns

[edit] Geography and climate

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Mouth of the

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] Population statistics

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Srisailam Dam - Hydro

The Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Andhra Pradesh High

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] Religious tourism

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bhadrachalam Temple is a temple to Lord Rama in the town of Bhadrachalam in Khammam

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

stupas in Nagarjunakonda which is now an island in Nagarjuna Sagar, an artificial lake

"Hyderabadi biryani," one of the most famous dishes in India, belongs to

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hyderabad formerly known as Deccan chargers, an Indian Premier League franchise, is

[edit] Education and research

Indian School of Business

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Hyderabad campus), Indian Institute of

Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad,

Fundamental Research Hyderabad,

International Institute of Information Technology,

National Institute of Technology NIT Warangal,

Indian School of Business (ISB) and IFHE university's IBS, Hyderabad.

is in the process of setting up a campus in Hyderabad.

The railroad bridge on

Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] Newspapers and journals