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C. R. Windsor
CRC Mining, Western Australian School of Mines, Kalgoorlie, Australia
P. Cavieres
Geomechanics Department, Codelco-El Teniente Division, Rancagua, Chile
E. Villaescusa
CRC Mining, Western Australian School of Mines, Kalgoorlie, Australia
J. Pereira
Geology Department, Codelco-El Teniente Division, Rancagua, Chile
ABSTRACT: At the El Teniente Mine situated in the Andes Mountains of central Chile, stress tensor measurements have been conducted at over 150 sites using different stress measurement techniques. However,
definition of the local and regional stress field is difficult due to the large mining footprint and surface crater,
characteristic of caving operations, the effects of stress redistribution due to mine voids and mountainous topography. As part of the investigation and planning for the future mining the stress tensor database has been
extended to include deeper stress measurements made by the Acoustic Emission (AE) technique. The stress
tensors in the El Teniente Stress database are analysed and measurements thought not to be greatly affected
by mining are selected and compared in an attempt to define the contemporary stress field.
1 INTRODUCTION
The El Teniente copper mine is located in the Andes Mountains, at a latitude of S 3505 and a longitude of W 7021. The mean altitude is 2100 m
above sea level (m.a.s.l.). The nearest city is Rancagua, situated 37 km to the SW of the mine.
The mine has been in production for the last 100
years. Current production is 131,000 tons per day of
copper ore with an average grade of 1.01%, producing 479,174 tons of copper fines per year. To date,
close to 1,375 millions tonnes of 1.52% grade has
been extracted from the orebody and total reserves
included in the Long Term Mining Plan (2006 to
2087) are c.a. 4,300 million tons with an average
grade of 0.91%.
Different techniques of stress measurement have
been used in the past at El Teniente. Early overcoring measurements started in 1971 using the USBM
Deformation Gauge (USBM DG) which has been
described by Merrill (1967). In 1985 overcoring
with the CSIR Doorstopper (CSIR DS) was introduced and has been described by Leeman (1971).
Since 1991, overcoring using the CSIRO Hollow Inclusion (CSIRO HI) described by Worotnicki and
Walton (1976) has been the main measurement technique. To date, over 140 stress measurements have
been made at different sites with access for overcoring limited by existing galleries within the mine.
Parameters
Youngs Modulus [GPa]
Poisson Ratio
Density [ton/m3]
Porosity [%]
UCS [MPa]
Ti [MPa]
E / UCS
UCS / Ti
mi (Hoek & Brown)
ci [MPa]
ti [MPa]
Cohesion [MPa]
Friction Angle []
CMET
Dacite Porphyry
Tonalite and
Diorite Porphyry
Breccia Braden
60
0.16
2.80
4.40
120
14
500
8.6
9.1
118
13
23
38
30
0.18
2.62
3.00
110
12
273
9.2
20.2
112
6
19
48
45
0.21
2.73
4.70
140
15
321
9.3
9.2
125
13
23
38
25
0.23
2.61
7.70
90
6
278
15
11.6
72
6
10
39
CMET
Dacite Porphyry
Tonalite and
Diorite Porphyry
Breccia Braden
36
24
36
20
Poisson Ratio
0.21
0.20
0.26
0.28
4.5
10.8
4.5
8.6
0.1
0.14
0.11
0.43
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
c-rm [MPa]
49
60
42
50
t-rm [MPa]
Cohesion [MPa]
Friction Angle []
37
45
37
41
70-85
75-90
70-90
85-100
Parameters
Youngs Modulus [GPa]
GSI
1000
500
-500
-1000
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1 versus 3
1 versus 2
70
3 versus 2
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
-200
-400
-600
-800
Depth (m)
Figure 3 shows the measured vertical stress, resolved from the stress tensor versus the calculated
vertical stress, taking into account the density and
height of both broken and solid rock above the point
in question. Figure 3 clearly indicates that many of
the stress measurements have been affected by stress
redistribution associated with mining activity. Here
it is worthwhile noting that the stress tensor measured depends on, amongst other things, the position
of the measurement point in relation to the cave
front, the periphery of the subsidence crater and the
configuration of immediately adjacent voids.
Closer assessment of Figure 3 indicates that some
measurements of vertical stress accord reasonable
well with the calculated vertical stress. These stress
measurements have all been determined by CSIRO
HI and include two groups of measurements within
and one group outside the ETSZ. The measurements
were obtained from within:
S1 - Braden Brecha
S2 - Braden Brecha
S3 - Braden Brecha
S1 - Teniente 8
S2 - Teniente 8
S3 - Teniente 8
S1 - AE
S2 - AE
S3 - AE
S1 - Rio Blanco Tunnel
S2 - Rio Blanco Tunnel
S3 - Rio Blanco Tunnel
Sv - Theory
Linear (S2 - AE)
Linear (S3 - AE)
Linear (S1 - AE)
Linear (Sv - Theory)
-1000
-1200
-1400
-1600
-1800
-2000
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
5 CONCLUSIONS
Brief descriptions and comparisons have been
given between the stress tensors measured by different techniques in the El Teniente Mine stress data
base. The findings from this work indicate: