Image creation of video films.

- relies on persistence of vision

- Persistence of vision refers to the optical illusion whereby multiple images blend into
a single image in the human mind.

It needs 16 frames per second (fps) to notice changes in brightness (flicker). Higher
frame rates will yield cleaner motion with the ability to create better effects

Color used in video is additive color model.

Additive color is created by mixing a number of different light colors, with Red,
green, and blue being the primary colors normally used in additive color system. It is
also called RGB model.

The RGB model applies to devices that capture and emit color light such as digital
cameras, video projectors, LCD/LED TV and computer monitors, and mobile phone

Color

displays. Alternatively, devices that produce materials that reflect light, such as color
printers, are governed by the subtractive CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black)
color model.
Three elements of color
o Hue: actual color itself, such as red shirt. Hue is expressed as a number from
0 to 360 degrees representing hues of red (starts at 0), yellow (starts at 60),
green (starts at 120), cyan (starts at 180), blue (starts at 240), and magenta
(starts at 300).
o Saturation: The richness of color. The bright rich colors of flowers are highly
saturated, while those of denim jeans are less saturated. Saturation is
expressed in the amount of grey (or white) in color from 0% to 100%. More
white is added, it becomes desaturated.
o Value: It is brightness. Works with saturation and describes intensity of color
from 0 to 100%
Try adjusting HSV on Photoshop
Do one of the following:

Choose Image > Adjust Color > Adjust Hue/Saturation.

Choose Layer > New Adjustment Layer > Hue/Saturation, or open an
existing Hue/Saturation adjustment layer.
The color bars in the dialog box represent the colors in their order on the
color wheel.

In the Edit drop-down menu, choose which colors to adjust:

Choose Master to adjust all colors at once.
Choose one of the other preset color ranges listed for the color you want
to adjust. An adjustment slider appears between the color bars, which you
can use to edit any range of hues.
For Hue, enter a value or drag the slider until the colors appear as you want.
The values displayed in the text box reflect the number of degrees of
rotation around the color wheel from the pixels original color. A positive
value indicates clockwise rotation, a negative value counterclockwise
rotation. Values range from -180 to +180.
For Saturation, enter a value or drag the slider to the right to increase the saturation or to
the left to decrease it. Values range from -100 to +100.
For Lightness, enter a value or drag the slider to the right to increase the lightness or to
the left to decrease it. Values range from -100 to +100. Be careful when using this slider
on an entire image. It will reduce the tonal range of the overall image.
Click OK. Or, to cancel your changes and start over, hold down Alt (Option in Mac OS), and
click Reset.

Lines, resolution
The image is drawn line by line to the screen. Resolution is the number of vertical lines in the
signal. More lines means more signal.
The human eye cannot detect the number of TV Lines that a camera can produce. Usually,
number of lines in video lines ranges from 480 up to 1080.

Analog and digital signals

Analog signal I one that varies according to the stimulus that creates it. An analog signal is often
represented as a sine wave.

Digital signals are composed of data using binary code, which is made up of 0s and 1s.
Binary code is the language of the digital world.
Sampling (frequency) and Quantizing (bit depth)

Sampling is a process by which analog information is measured, often millions of times per
second, in order to convert the signal to digital. Quantizing is the term that describes how precise
your samples are. We use degree of quantizing in terms of bits.
Sample rate: Indicates the number of digital snapshots taken of an audio signal each second.
The higher the sample rate, the closer the shape of the digital waveform is to that of the original
analog waveform. Low sample rates limit the range of frequencies that can be recorded, which
can result in a recording that poorly represents the original sound. We use 48000-44100.
Bit depth: Determines dynamic range. Higher bit depth provides more possible amplitude
values, producing greater dynamic range, a lower noise floor, and higher fidelity. We use more
than 16, hopefully 32 bit.
Aspect Ratio
Aspect ratio is the ration of screen width to screen height. Most production work today uses the
16:9 aspect ratio.
Pixels
Pixel (a word invented from "picture element") is the basic unit of programmable color on a
computer display or in a computer image. Think of it as a logical - rather than a physical - unit.
Codec
A codec is used to compress and decompress a digital file. Think of it this way: A normal twohour long movie on a Blu-ray disk would take up 20GB to 40GB of space. Such a large video
file will take too long if downloaded over the Internet. Hence, video files are compressed so that
they can be handled easily. A codec is used to do this task. The codec determines the player on
your computer and the file type to see if it able to play the video on your screen. A few popular
types of codecs are FFMpeg, DivX, XviD, and x264.
Container
A container is a collection of files that stores information about the digital file; it consists of the
video and audio codecs along with other information, such as subtitles and chapters. You have
control over the type of codec you wish to choose for audio and video separately. The popular
types of containers are AVI, MP4 and MOV.
The different types of video file formats
The last three or four digits of a file after the period indicate the type file format it is or the file
container. Similarly, for a Word document, .doc indicates that it is a Word file. We will list here
some of the popular types of video file formats used over the Internet.
. AVI (Audio Video Interlaced)
.AVI files comply to a standard developed by Microsoft and are a very popular video file

image. AVI files are mainly used for editing, as they are compatible with almost any application;
however, they are not much of a video sharing format. Most popular video players can open .AVI
files without any issue, and .AVI file can be coded using a variety of codecs. Due to this, one
.AVI file will differ completely from another.
.FLV (Flash Video Format)
FLV format is a common and popular video sharing file format used over the Internet. Almost all
browsers are compatible with Flash and can the play the video with ease. Most online video
games are also done in a Flash video format. Many video-sharing sites will let you upload a
video in a different format, after which they will convert the files to .FLV on the fly. An example
of such a site is YouTube. Videos in the .FLV format are high quality even after compression, and
that is one of the major reasons for the popularity of .FLV.
.WMV (Windows Media Video)
WMV file size after compression is very small, which results in poor quality. As a result of
this, .WMV files are used for streaming as well as downloading content over the Internet.
Windows Media Player is the main application that is used to play.
.MOV (Apple Quick Time Movie)
.MOV is a popular type of video format amongst MAC users. .MOV files are of high quality and
usually big in size. However, being a popular MAC format, .MOV files can still be opened with
a variety of players available on PC.
.MPEG (Motions Picture Experts Group)
The Motion Picture Experts Group is an international group that was created to develop
standards for audio and video file formats.
MPEG-4 (.MP4)
MP4 is a video format mainly used by camcorders and cameras that is gaining popularity. The
quality of a video coded using .MP4 is very high and the file size relatively small. .MP4 standard
is becoming more popular than .FLV for online video sharing, as it compatible with both online
and mobile browsers and also supported by the new HTML5.
Images sensors
CCD charged coupled device
To create an image, light travel through the lens, strikes an imaging device in the camera, and is
converted into electrical energy. CCD, charged coupled device is requires a special
manufacturing process and is more expensive.
CMOS complementary metal oxide semiconductors
CMOS sensor does not require a separate image processor. It is like a computer chip. However, it
is normally 10 times less sensitive than CCD. Also price is lower.
Choosing between CCD and CMOS
CCD technology was traditionally the dominant sensor since the development of the two forms
in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This was mostly due to CCDs ability to produce better image
quality than CMOS with the manufacturing abilities of the time. However, developments in

lithography in the 1990s allowed designers to produce CMOS sensors in a way that provided
quality images at a lower cost than CCD. It was these developments that led to the inclusion of
CMOS sensors in digital cameras, ultimately making the products affordable for the general
public.
In general, CCD cameras can produce higher resolution images with less noise. CMOS cameras
are more energy efficient, which means the battery life is longer. They are also generally less
expensive. However, many of these differences have already become negligible in modern
products.
Encoding
Encoding is a process of taking all parts of a signal combining them, and then eliminating
redundant information so that it can be stored. Digital encoding changes a signal to digital
information.