Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Project Number:
Sheet 1 of 12
Rev:
06
Subject:
Concrete Filled CHS Composite Column
Made by/date:
JM/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
BRE and Buro Happold have made every effort to ensure the accuracy and quality of all the information
in this document when first published. However, they can take no responsibility for the subsequent use
of this information, nor for any errors or omissions it may contain.
Queen's Printer and Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office 2005
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 2 of 12
Rev:
06
Subject:
Concrete Filled CHS Composite Column
Made by/date:
JM/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
EN1994-1-1
unless stated
otherwise
MG+MQ
4.50 m
L = 4.50 m
Effective or buckling length, Le = 4.50 m
Note: The Eurocodes do not give any guidance regarding effective or buckling lengths of
members subject to compressive axial load. Reference should be made to textbooks for
this information.
1.1.
1.1.1.
Loading
Permanent Actions (G)
NG = 3000 kN
MG = 50.00 kNm
1.1.2.
NQ = 1300 kN
MQ = 45.00 kNm
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
1.2.
Project Number:
Sheet 3 of 12
Rev:
06
Subject:
Concrete Filled CHS Composite Column
Made by/date:
JM/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
Loading factors
EN 1990 Table
1.3.
Materials
1.3.1.
Steelwork
2
6.1(1) EN1993-1-1
Note: Recommended value used for M0. This value may be altered by the UK National
Annex to EN1993-1-1.
2
3.2.6(1)
EN1993-1-1
1.3.2.
Concrete
Table 2.1N
Note: Recommended value for c, given in Table 2.1N, EN1992-1-1. This value may be
EN1992-1-1
Table 3.1
0.3
Note: alternatively the secant modulus can be calculated from, Ecm = 22[(fcm/10) ],
EN1992-1-1
where fcm is the mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength and is equal to
fck+8(MPa.)
1.3.3.
Reinforcement
2
Table 2.1N
Note: Recommended value for c, given in Table 2.1N, EN1992-1-1. This value may be
altered by the UK National Annex to EN1992-1-1.
Note: for composite structures, the design value of the modulus of elasticity Es may be
taken as equal to the value for structural steel given in EN1993-1-1, 3.2.6 (from clause
3.2(2), EN1994-1-1).
2. Global Analysis
The effects of deformed geometry (second-order effects) must be considered. In
addition, appropriate allowances must be incorporated within the structural analysis
to cover the effects of imperfections, including geometrical imperfections such as
lack of verticality.
EN1992-1-1
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 4 of 12
Subject:
Concrete Filled CHS Composite Column
Made by/date:
JM/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
5.2.2(2)
NEd = NG G + NQ Q = 6000 kN
MEd = 0.5(MG G + MQ Q) + NEd0.015 = 158 kNm (at mid height)
VEd = (MG G + MQ Q)/L = 30 kN
3. Trial Column size
Trial column size assumed considering axial load only, given the required fire
resistance is (from Lie and Kodur (1996)):
0.4
Table 6.3
d = 406.4 mm
2
t = 10.0 mm
Aa = 124.5 cm
4
Ia = 24476 cm
Wpa = 1572 cm
As = 2010 mm
Rev:
06
drebar = 16 mm
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 5 of 12
Subject:
Concrete Filled CHS Composite Column
Made by/date:
JM/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
Aa = 124.5 cm
As = 20.1 cm
Ac = ((d )/4)-Aa-As=1153 cm
= 24476 cm
y2
y1
Is given by:
Assume 8mm links around main
reinforcement and 50mm cover.
therefore R = dc/2-50drebar/2 - 8 = 127 mm
y1 = 121 mm y2 = 75 mm
therefore,
2
Rev:
06
Reinforcement Ratio
The ratio of reinforcement area to concrete area should not exceed 6%. In concrete
filled hollow sections no longitudinal reinforcement is normally necessary unless
required for fire resistance.
actual reinforcement ratio = (As/Ac) = 1.744 %
Therefore reinforcement ratio is less than 6%
6.7.3.1(3)
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 6 of 12
Rev:
06
Subject:
Concrete Filled CHS Composite Column
Made by/date:
JM/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
fcd
fyd
fcd
fyd
fcd
D
B
hn
fcd
hn
2hn
Mpl.Rd
Npm.Rd
MMax.Rd
fsd
fyd
Mpl.Rd
fsd
- hn
+
2hn
fyd
Npl.Rd
fsd
- hn
fsd
Npm.Rd /2
The column cross-section must be prismatic and symmetric about both axes
over its whole height
The relative contribution of the steel section to the design resistance of the
composite section must be between 0.2 and 0.9
The limitations noted have been considered at the appropriate location within this
calculation.
The following sections outline the calculation of points A to D on the simplified N-M
interaction curve for the cross-section considered.
5.1.
6.7.3.2
equation (6.30)
Note: for concrete filled sections the 0.85 factor can increase up to 1.0 (as shown in
Figure3). A further increase in concrete strength may also be taken in accordance with
clause 6.7.3.2(6) with a concrete filled tube of circular cross section if does not exceed
0.5 and e/d is less than 0.1 (where e is the eccentricity of loading given by MEd/NEd and d
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 7 of 12
Rev:
06
Subject:
Concrete Filled CHS Composite Column
Made by/date:
JM/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
The plastic resistance to axial force, Npl.Rd, of a concrete filled section is therefore:
Npl.Rd = Aafyd + Acfcd + Asfsd = 8298 kN
5.1.1.
At this point we have sufficient data to check the steel section contribution ratio and
the relative slenderness of the column to confirm that the simplified method is
applicable. In addition, the value of relative slenderness may allow a further increase
in concrete strength to be taken:
The steel section contribution ratio, , should fufill the following condition: 0.2<<0.9.
6.7.1(4)
equation (6.38)
Therefore 0.2 < < 0.9 limits are satisfied and the use of the simplified method is applicable
as far as the steel section contribution is concerned
The relative slenderness, , for the plane of bending considered is given by:
=( Npl.Rk /Ncr)
6.7.3.3 (2)
equation (6.39)
where:
Npl.Rk is the characteristic value of plastic resistance to compression using
characteristic values within equation (6.30).
Ncr is the elastic critical normal force for the relevant buckling mode calculated with
the effective flexural stiffness EIeff
Therefore Npl.Rk = Aafy + Acfck + Asfsk = 9956 kN
For the determination of the relative slenderness and the elastic critical force, the
effective flexural stiffness, EIeff, is given by:
6.7.3.3(3)
equation (6.40)
6.7.3.3(3)
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Made by/date:
JM/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
The elastic critical normal force, Ncr, for a pin ended column is given by:
2
Rev:
06
Subject:
Concrete Filled CHS Composite Column
where t is the creep coefficient according to clause 5.4.2.2(2), taken as 1.5 from
Sheet 8 of 12
The plastic resistance moment of the composite section, Mpl.Rd, is given by:
Determination of position of neutral axis depth, hn, when axial load is zero:
hn = (Npm.Rd Asn(2fsd fcd)) /(2dfcd + 4t(2fyd fcd)) = 57.463 mm
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 9 of 12
Subject:
Concrete Filled CHS Composite Column
Made by/date:
JM/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
where:
Asn is the reinforcement area within hn, therefore (initial guess) Asn = 2Abar = 402
mm
and Npm.Rd is the compressive resistance of the whole area of concrete (see below).
Generally, Wpsn = Wps but as the worst case is where only two bars occur within hn,
3
2
(d-2t)hn
Wpan =
2
dhn
Wpsn = 1276 cm
Wpcn Wpsn = 66 cm
Determine the plastic resistance of composite section, Mpl.N.Rd, taking into account
the compressive normal force:
Mpl.N.Rd = Wpanfyd + 0.5Wpcnfcd + Wpsnfsd
Mpl.N.Rd = 40.456 kNm
Mpl.Rd = Mmax.Rd Mpl.N.Rd
Mpl.Rd = 707 kNm
The design value of the resistance of the concrete to compression, Npm.Rd, is given
by:
2
Rev:
06
The value of Mpl.Rd has previously been determined in order to define point C on the
N-M interaction curve.
Mpl.Rd = 707 kNm
6. Plastic Resistance to Vertical Shear, VRd
As a simplification, shear may be assumed to be resisted by the steel section alone.
6.7.3.2(4)
In the absence of torsion, the design plastic shear resistance, Vpl.a.Rd, is given by:
6.2.6 (2)
Vpl.a.Rd = Av(fy/(3))/M0
EN1993-1-1
Av = 2Aa/ = 79.28 cm
6.2.6(3)
EN1993-1-1
6.2.2.2
Therefore as the applied shear is less than half the shear resistance, the effect of shear on
the plastic moment resistance can be ignored
6.2.2.4(1)
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 10 of 12
Rev:
06
Subject:
Concrete Filled CHS Composite Column
Made by/date:
JM/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
! 1.0;
6.7.3.5(2)
where:
Npl.Rd is the plastic resistance of the composite section determined using the material
factor M1 instead of M0 to determine the steel strength, fyd (Note: in this case M1 =
M0 therefore there is no change in the value of Npl.Rd).
x is the reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode given in clause 6.3.1.2
EN1993-1-1, in terms of the relative slenderness . The relevant buckling curve for
cross-sections of composite columns are given in Table 6.5, EN1994, where s is the
reinforcement ratio As/Ac = 1.744% therefore from Table 6.5, buckling curve a
should be used.
For the determination of the internal forces the design value of the effective flexural
stiffness, EIeff.II, used to determine the relative slenderness of the member, should be
determined from:
6.7.3.4(2)
equation (6.42)
and the elastic critical normal force, Ncr, for a pin ended column is then given by:
2
! x = 0.89;
and xNpl.Rd = 7404 kN
therefore NEd/(xNpl.Rd) = 0.81 < 1.0 therefore buckling resistance is OK
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 11 of 12
Rev:
06
Subject:
Concrete Filled CHS Composite Column
Made by/date:
JM/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
For non-sway columns the use of the 1 order moments calculated may be permitted
by multiplying the design bending moment, MEd, by a correction factor, k, given by:
6.7.3.4 (5)
k = /(1-NEd/Ncr.eff)
equation (6.43)
! 1.0
where:
Ncr.eff is the critical normal force for the relevant axis, corresponding to the effective
flexural stiffness given in clause 6.7.3.4 (2), with the effective length taken as the
column length. In this case, Ncr.eff = Ncr.II = 28221 kN
is an equivalent moment factor given in Table 6.4, which is equal to 0.66, for a
column with a moment diagram corresponding to end moments and 1.0 for moment
diagram produced from lateral load or member imperfection.
Two values of k must therefore be calculated, corresponding to the applied moment
and the moment due to member imperfections. The design moment, MEd, should
then be modified if appropriate.
when considering the applied end moment, k1 = 1/(1-N Ed/Ncr.eff) = 0.838 < 1.0
therefore k1 = 1.0
for the moment due to member imperfection, k2 = 2/(1-NEd/Ncr.eff) = 1.270
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 12 of 12
Subject:
Concrete Filled CHS Composite Column
Made by/date:
JM/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
N
Npl.Rd=8298kN A
xNpl.Rd=7404kN
NEd=6000kN
dMpl.Rd
Npm.Rd=3127kN
Npm.Rd=1564kN
D
MMax.Rd = 747kNm
B
Mpl.Rd = 707kNm
! M
where the coefficient M is taken as 0.9 for steel grades between S235 and S355
and 0.8 for steel grades between S420 and S460.
when NEd = 6000 kN, d is:
d = (Npl.Rd NEd)/(Npl.Rd Npm.Rd) = 0.444
! MEd/(dMpl.Rd)= 0.579 < 0.9 therefore the bending resistance taking into account the
normal force NEd is OK
Rev:
06
6.7.3.6(1)
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 1 of 21
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
BRE and Buro Happold have made every effort to ensure the accuracy and quality of all the information
in this document when first published. However, they can take no responsibility for the subsequent use
of this information, nor for any errors or omissions it may contain.
Queen's Printer and Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office 2005
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 2 of 21
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
Consider the internal composite beam A-A between edge columns and a
numbers relate to
EN1994-1-1
be fully continuous.
unless stated
otherwise
A
L = 10.00m
Composite Beam
Composite
Deck Span
L = 10.00m
A
b = 3.00m
b = 3.00m
b = 3.00m
b = 3.00m
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 4 of 21
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
where fcm is the mean value of concrete cylinder compressive strength and is equal to
fck+8(MPa.)
3
Wet Density = 24.0 + 1.0 + 1.0 kN/m (for normal percentage reinforcement)
1.2.3.
EN 1991-1-1
Shear Connectors
2.4.1.2(5) and
Note: Recommended value used for V. This value may be altered by the UK National
6.6.3.1(1)
Annex to EN1994-1-1.
1.2.4.
Reinforcement
2
Table 2.1N
Note: Recommended value for c, given in Table 2.1N, EN1992-1-1. This value may be
altered by the UK National Annex to EN1992-1-1.
2
3.2(2), EN1994-1-1).
ha
tw
tf
Try UB 457x191x89
z
b
ha = 463.4 mm
b = 191.9 mm
d = 407.6 mm
tw = 10.5 mm
tf = 17.7 mm
r = 10.2 mm
Aa = 114 cm
Figure 2: Steel Beam Cross-section
Iyy = 41015 cm
3
Wel.y = 1770 cm
iz = 4.29 cm
Wpl.y = 2014 cm
EN1992-1-1
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 5 of 21
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
3. Section Classification
For tf = 17.700 mm
2
EN 10025
During the execution stage the neutral axis will be at mid depth of the steel section
and classification of the section is based on sheet 1 of Table 5.2, EN1993-1-1:
c = (btw2r)/2 = 80.50 mm
Flange: c/tf = 4.55 < 9 = 8.32 Therefore flange is class 1
EN1993-1-1
Table 5.2
EN1993-1-1
Table 5.2
4. Actions
4.1.
4.1.1.
Execution Stage
Permanent Actions, gk
Ac =145667 mm
Variable Actions, qk
2
Rev:
07
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
4.2.
Project Number:
Sheet 6 of 21
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
Composite Stage
4.2.1.
Permanent Actions, gk
2
Variable Actions, qk
2
Table 6.1
EN1991-1-1
6.3.1.2(8)
EN1991-1-1
Table A1.2(B)
EN 1990-1-1
Rev:
07
Global Analysis
The moments and forces within the section are determined using elastic analysis
methods.
It has been assumed that the rotational stiffness and moment resistance of the
beam/column connection will provide full continuity.
The resistance of the steel beam is determined using plastic section analysis.
Maximum uniformly distributed design load per span
Fexe.max = 3(G.supgexe + Qqexe) = 19.45 kN/m
Minimum uniformly distributed design load per span, Fexe.min = 0.00 kN/m
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
5.1.1.
Project Number:
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
10.00 m
10.00 m
-243.28 kNm
136.85 kNm
Sheet 7 of 21
19.45 kN/m
10.00 m
10.00 m
-121.64 kNm
186.26 kNm
Figure 6: Design Bending Moments with maximum load on one span only.
Considering both loadcases, the maximum design moments on the steel section
during the execution stage are:
Design negative moment, Ma.Ed.negative = 243.28 kNm
Design positive moment, Ma.Ed.positive = 186.26 kNm
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 8 of 21
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
6.2.2.2
The design plastic shear resistance of the structural steel section, Vpl.a.Rd, in the
absence of torsion is given by:
6.2.6 (2)
Vpl.a.Rd = Av(fy/(3))/M0
EN1993-1-1
6.2.6(3)
EN1993-1-1
6.2.6(3)
EN1993-1-1
Av = 5130 mm
6.2.2.2
Therefore as the applied shear is less than half the shear resistance, the effect of shear on
plastic moment resistance can be ignored
5.3.
6.2.2.4(1)
It is assumed that the beam is fully restrained against lateral torsional buckling
under positive moments, since the decking spans perpendicular to the beam and is
directly attached to the top flange.
5.4.
6.3.2.1
EN1993
equation (6.55)
where:
Wy= Wpl.y for a class 1 section
LT is the reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling, which for a rolled section, is
given by:
2
LT = 1/(LT+(LT -LT ))
6.3.2.3(1)
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
LT = 0.5[1+LT( LT LT.0)+ LT ]
the parameters LT.0 and may be given in the National Annex. Recommended
values of, LT.0 = 0.4 and = 0.75 are given in EN1993-1-1.
LT is given in Table 6.3, EN1993 using the appropriate buckling curve, determined
using Table 6.5, EN1993. For ha/b = 2.415, use buckling curve c and LT = 0.49
The non-dimensional slenderness, LT, is defined as (Wpl.yfy/Mcr) where Mcr is the
elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling. Unfortunately EN1993-1-1 does
not give expressions for calculating Mcr and therefore designers must use textbooks
to obtain the most appropriate equation for Mcr. However, the non-dimensional
slenderness, LT, can more conveniently be found using the following relationship:
0.5
0.5
where 1 = [Ea/fy]
Note: This is equation (F.12) in Appendix F.2 of the draft Eurocode DD ENV1993-1-1,
published in 1992. This information has been removed from the latest draft EN1993-1-1,
presumably as it is considered to be textbook information.
For a beam with uniform doubly symmetric cross-sections LT can be obtained from:
0.5
2 0.25
LT = 0.9(L/iz)/[C1 [1+0.05[(L/iz)/(ha/tf)] ]
] = 124.067
where C1 = 1.285 (corresponding to the shape of the bending moment diagram with
load on both spans)
Note: This is equation (F.20) in Appendix F.2 of the draft Eurocode DD ENV1993-1-1,
published in 1992. This information has been removed from the latest draft EN1993-1-1,
presumably as it is considered to be textbook information.
Therefore, LT = 1.238
and LT = 1.280
which gives LT = 0.505
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
where:
LT = [LT/1]
Sheet 9 of 21
Global Analysis
The moments and forces within the section are determined using linear elastic
global analysis methods. Moment redistribution, in accordance with clause 5.4.4
has been carried out.
The cross section over the support is class 1, and therefore the support moments
(determined for the uncracked section) have been reduced by 40%, the maximum
permitted for this class in Table 5.1.
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
38.89 kN/m
10.00 m
10.00 m
273.38 kNm
Figure 8: Design Bending Moments with full design load on both spans (with no
moment redistribution)
6.1.2.
38.89 kN/m
13.80 kN/m
10.00 m
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
The resistance of the steel beam and composite section are determined using
6.1.1.
Sheet 10 of 21
10.00 m
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 11 of 21
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
-329.25 kNm
335.32 kNm
Figure 10: Design Bending Moments with load on one span only (with no moment
redistribution)
Therefore considering both loadcases and adopting the maximum 40% reduction in
support moment permitted, the maximum moments on the composite section are:
Design hogging moment, MEd.negative = 486.000.6 = 291.600 kNm (loadcase 1)
Design sagging moment, MEd.positive = 335.32+0.5(0.4329.25) = 401.170 kNm
(loadcase 2)
Note: This redistributed design positive moment is an approximate value, assuming the
positive moment at mid-span increases by approximately the decrease in negative
moment over the support.
The maximum elastic shear force on the section is 242.00kN. The redistributed
shear force is given by:
VEd = Fcomp.max L/2 + MEd.negative/L = 223.594 kN
6.2.2.2
In this example, because the contribution of the reinforced concrete part of the
beam has not been established, the design plastic shear resistance of the
composite section, VRd, is conservatively taken as that for the structural steel
section alone, Vpl.a.Rd, in accordance with clause 6.2.6, EN1993-1-1.
! Design shear resistance (as previously calculated in section 5.2), VRd = Vpl.a.Rd =
814.53 kN
6.2.2.2
Therefore as the applied shear is less than half the shear resistance, the effect of shear on
plastic moment resistance can be ignored
6.2.2.4(1)
6.3.
6.2.1.2
6.3.1.
Rev:
07
5.4.1.2
Figure 5.1
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
Figure 5.1
In the midspan region of the beam, the moment resistance of the composite section
is calculated in the same way as for a simply-supported composite beam.
Compressive Resistance of Slab, Nc.f, neglecting the contribution of any
reinforcement in compression in accordance with clause 6.2.1.2(1)c, is:
Nc.f = 0.85fckbeff.1hc/c = 4768.50 kN
Tensile Resistance of Steel Section, Npl.a, is:
Npl.a = fydAa = 3128.56 kN
Since Npl.a<Nc.f the plastic neutral axis (pna) lies within the concrete flange,
therefore the moment resistance of the composite beam assuming full shear
interaction is given by:
Mpl.Rd.positive = Npl.a [(ha/2)+hc+hp - (Npl.ahc)/ (Nc.f2)]
Mpl.Rd.positive = 1092.57 kNm > MEd.positive therefore OK
6.3.3.
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
6.3.2.
Sheet 12 of 21
Assume T16 bars at 200mm centres (1005mm /m) with 25mm cover to the top of
the slab.
2
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 13 of 21
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
where z is the distance from the top of the steelwork to the centreline of the slab
reinforcement, z = 117 mm
Therefore Mpl.Rd.negative = 707.11 kNm > MEd.negative, therefore OK
6.3.4.
In accordance with guidance outlined in clause 6.4.3, the lateral torsional buckling
resistance of this continuous beam (within a building structure), has not been
checked. This is because the relevant conditions outlined in clause 6.4.3(1) have
been satisfied.
6.4.
6.4.1.
6.6.3.1
The design shear resistance of a single shear connector welded in accordance with
EN14555 is given by:
2
equation (6.18)
or
2
equation (6.19)
equation (6.20)
equation (6.21)
or
=1
hsc/dstud = 5.00 therefore =1
therefore:
2
equation (6.18)
or
2
equation (6.19)
The deck spans perpendicular to the beam and is therefore transverse. The effect
of a reduction factor, kt, on the shear connector resistance should be checked.
6.6.4.2
equation (6.23)
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
6.4.2.
250
Project Number:
Sheet 14 of 21
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
10.0 m
CL Column
CL Column
250
10.0 m
CL Column
CL Column
Rev:
07
The longitudinal shear force transfer, Rq, between the left hand support and the
point of maximum positive moment, is:
Rq.positive = 24PRd = 1959.84 kN (loadcase 1)
6.6.1
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 15 of 21
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
Minimum degree of shear connection, min, for beam of length less than 25.00m is
given by:
min = 1-[(355/fy)(0.75-0.03L)] = 0.419 or 0.4 (whichever is greater)
6.6.1.2
Rev:
07
6.2.1.3
The positive moment resistance of the composite beam is obtained using the linear
interaction method in accordance with clause 6.2.1.3(5) as follows:
MRd = Mpl.a.Rd + (Nc/Nc.f)(Mpl.Rd-Mpl.a.Rd)
where:
Nc is the compressive normal force in the concrete flange
equation (6.1)
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 16 of 21
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
Nc.f is the compressive normal force in the concrete flange if full shear interaction is
provided, where the ratio = Nc/Nc.f is the degree of shear interaction.
The degree of shear interaction varies between loadcase 1 and loadcase 2, as the
number of shear studs between the supports and the point of maximum positive
bending moment varies between the two loadcases. The separate values of
positive moment resistance corresponding to the two loadcases should,
theoretically, be considered.
In practice, however, it would normally be acceptable to conservatively calculate the
positive moment resistance of the composite section using the minimum shear
interaction (corresponding to loadcase 1) and compare this with the maximum
positive design moment (corresponding to loadcase 2 in this example). This
approach has been adopted.
Therefore the moment resistance with partial shear interaction, for the sagging
regions of the composite beam (using the minimum shear interaction) is:
MRd.positive = Mpl.a.Rd + positive(Mpl.Rd.positive Mpl.a.Rd) = 891.28 kNm > MEd.positive,
therefore OK
Beam is satisfactory for positive moment resistance in service
6.5.
Check resistance of the concrete flange to splitting. To prevent concrete failure the
longitudinal shear stress should satisfy the following inequality:
vEd < (fck/c)sin(f)cos(f)
equation (6.22)
EN1992-1-1
where:
= 0.6(1-fck/250)
f is the angle between the diagonal strut assumed in the Eurocode 2 model and
the longitudinal axis of the slab, which is chosen (within limits) by the designer.
Note: the recommended range of f may be found within the National Annex to EN1992,
o
but in the absence of more rigourous calculation, the limits are 45 >f >26.5 , for
o
6.2.4(4)
EN1992-1-1
The design shear stress, vEd, for one stud per trough, is given by:
2
6.6.6.1(5)
using hf = hc = 99 mm
6.6.6.4(1)
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 17 of 21
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
In addition, the area of transverse reinforcement within the slab, Asf, should satisfy
the following:
Asf(fsk/s)/sf > vEdhf/cot(f)
equation (6.21)
EN1992-1-1
where:
Asf is the area of the transverse reinforcing bars at spacing sf
Note: in this example the contribution of the profiled metal sheeting has been
conservatively neglected, although clause 6.6.6.4(4) allows the contribution of sheeting
with ribs transverse to the beam and continuous over it to be taken.
7.4.2(1)
where:
2
fct.eff is the mean value of tensile strength which can be taken as fctm = 2.60 N/mm
k is a coefficient which allows for the effect of non-uniform self-equilibriating
stresses and is equal to 0.8
ks is a coefficient which allows for the effect of the reduction of the normal force of
the concrete slab due to initial cracking or local slip and is taken as 0.9
kc is a coefficient which takes account of the stress distribution within the section
immediately prior to cracking and is given by:
kc=1/(1+hc/(2zo)) + 0.3; <1.0
where zo is the vertical distance between the centroids of the un-cracked concrete
flange and the un-cracked composite section, calculated using the modular ratio n0.
n0 = Ea/Ecm where Ecm is the secant modulus of elasticity for short term loading
therefore; n0 = 6
The depth from the bottom of the steel section to the centroid of the un-cracked
section, yna, is:
yna = [(ha/2)Aan0 + hcbeff.2((hc/2)+ha+hp)]/(Aan0+ hc beff.2) = 446 mm
Therefore the distance between the centroid of the un-cracked composite section
and the centroid of the un-cracked concrete flange, zo, is:
zo= ha+hp+hc/2 yna = 118 mm
s is the maximum stress permitted in the reinforcement after cracking. This may be
taken as the characteristic yield strength, fsk
Act is the area of the tensile zone immediately prior to cracking. For simplicity the
area of concrete section within the effective width may be used.;
therefore; kc = 1.005
2
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 18 of 21
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
Try T12-200 reinforcement to the top face of the slab, so Asf = 113.1 mm and sf =
200mm
Hence, Asf(fsk/s)/sf = 226 N/mm
and vEdhf/cot(f) = 133 N/mm
therefore Asf(fsk/s)/sf > vEdhf/cot(f) is satisfied and no additional reinforcement is
required.
7. Serviceability Limit States
7.1.
No stress checks are required for normal conditions and consequently no limits are
outlined in EN1994.
7.2.
7.2.2(1)
Deflections
7.2.1.
The deflection due to variable actions, wvar.exe, during execution is given by:
Unfactored variable action on beam, Fvar.exe = 15.00 kN
The critical loadcase for deflection is where only one span is fully loaded, the
deflection (determined using a commercial software package) is:
wvar.exe = 1.63 mm <L/360 therefore OK
Draft UK National
Annex EN1993-1-1
Note: The limit above has been taken from the Draft UK National Annex for EN 1993-1-1,
it may change during the development of the National Annex.
The deflection due to both permanent and variable actions, wtot.exe, during execution
is given by:
Total unfactored design action on beam, Ftot.exe = 142.42 kN
The deflection (determined using software package) is:
wtot.exe = 15.50 mm < L/250 therefore OK
Note: The above limit corresponds with current British practice, it may change during the
development of the National Annex. It should also be noted that the SCI publication P300
suggests an absolute limit of 25mm in the non-composite stage to limit ponding of the wet
concrete.
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
7.2.2.
Project Number:
Sheet 19 of 21
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
The deflection of the composite section due to variable and total actions has been
determined using commercially available software, using the second moment of
area of the composite section based on elastic (uncracked) properties to the
sagging regions of the beam. Appropriate allowance must be made for the effects
of cracking of concrete and in accordance with clause 5.4.2.3(3), a reduced flexural
stiffness has been used over 15% of the span on each side of the internal support.
Second moment of area of the composite section based on elastic (uncracked )
properties, Ic , is given, from first principles, by:
2
Rev:
07
5.4.2.2(2)
by:
nL = n0(1+Lt) = 15.90
where:
n0 = Ea/Ecm where Ecm is the secant modulus of elasticity for short term loading
t is the creep coefficient taken as 1.5 from Figure 3.1, EN 1992-1-1, for loading at
28 days
L is a creep multiplier depending upon the type of loading, taken as 1.1 for
permanent loads.
Note: For simplification in building structures, the effects of creep may alternatively be
5.4.2.2(11)
taken into account by replacing the concrete area, Ac, by effective steel areas Ac/n for
both short and long term loading, where n is the nominal modular ratio corresponding to
an effective modulus of elasticity for concrete of Ec,eff taken as Ecm/2.
Appropriate allowance should also be made for the effects of concrete shrinkage in
7.3.1(8)
accordance with clause 5.4.2.2(1), but, unless specifically required by the client, the
effect of curvature due to the shrinkage of normal weight concrete need not be
included when the ratio of span to overall depth of composite beam is not greater
than 20.
The overall depth of composite beam is 613 mm and the ratio of span to overall
depth is therefore 16.303 and the effect can be ignored.
In addition, the effects of incomplete interaction may be ignored for most cases,
7.3.1(4)
Therefore Ic = 109601 cm
Over the central support a reduced flexural stiffness, EaI2, is used, where Ea is the
Youngs modulus of steel and I2 is the second moment of area of the effective steel
1.5.2.12
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Sheet 20 of 21
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
Draft UK National
Annex EN1993-1-1
Note: The limit above has been taken from the Draft UK National Annex for EN 1993-1-1,
it may change during the development of the National Annex.
Therefore the deflection due to both permanent and variable actions, wtot.comp, is
given by:
Total unfactored load on beam, Ftot.comp = 273.05 kN
The critical loadcase for deflection is where only one span is fully loaded, the
deflection (determined using a commercial software package) is:
wtot.comp = 10.02 mm< L/250 therefore OK
Note: The above limit corresponds with current British practice, it may change during the
development of the National Annex.
7.2.3.
The dynamic property of the floor beam should satisfy criteria outlined in clause
A1.4.4, EN1990-1-1. This clause states that the natural frequency of vibrations of
the structure or structural member should be kept above appropriate values which
depend upon the function of the building and the source of the vibration. It does not
Project Title:
EC3 & EC4 Worked Examples
Project Number:
Rev:
07
Subject:
Continuous steel and concrete composite beam
Made by/date:
CGR/September 2004
Client:
Checked/date:
GHC/October 2004
provide any guidance regarding the magnitude of this value, but does suggest that
the value be agreed with the client and/or the relevant authority.
A natural frequency limit of 4Hz has been used in this example, assuming that
walking is the main source of the vibration.
Consider the weight of the floor in the dynamic calculations to include the self
weight of the slab and beam, 10% of the imposed load (excluding partitions) and
ceilings and services.
therefore, Fvib = 150.05 kN
It is necessary to consider the mode shape of vibration when calculating the natural
frequency of a continuous beam. Due to the influence of the asymmetric inertial
forces, the natural frequency is approximately the same as that of a simplysupported beam.
Sheet 21 of 21
Note: Whilst the 4Hz natural frequency limit is an almost universally accepted industry
standard for vibrations, satisfying the limit will not guarantee that the element or structure
as a whole will perform adequately.