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Living organisms require energy to carry out all living processes such as:
(a) Movement
(b) Growth
(c) Reproduction
(d) Response
(e) Breathing
(f) Digestion
(g) Excretion
2.
Energy is required for the various processes in the cell such as:
(a) Cell division
(b) Formation of gamete for reproduction
(c) Transmission of nerve impulses
(d) Contraction of muscles
(e) Synthesis of protein, hormones, lipid and enzymes
7.1.1
1.
Types of respiration
+ Oxygen
C6H12O6 + 6O2
DIFFERENCES
Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration
7.1.2
Fish
Dissolves oxygen diffuses through the gill epithelium into the blood
capillaries at the gill filaments.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries into the surrounding
water.
The direction of water flow over the gill lamella is opposite to the flow of
blood in order to maximise the rate of diffusion from the water into the
blood capillaries
7.1.1
Insects
3.
Spiracles:
Air enters the body through spiracles
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5.
7.1.2
1.
Amphibians
A. Cutaneous respiration
The amphibians skin is thin, moist and is well supplied with blood
capillaries.
Atmospheric oxygen dissolves into the moist surface of the skin to the
blood capillaries.
B. Buccal respiration
The buccal carvity and the pharynx are covered with a thin epithelium,
which has an underlying network of blood capillaries.
Ventilation of the buccal cavity:
The mouth closes, the buccal floor lower to reduce air pressure.
Low buccal cavity pressure sucks in the atmospheric air through the
nostrils.
Oxygen from the buccal air dissolves in the epithelial moisture, and
diffuses across the thin epithelium into the underlying blood capillaries.
Carbon dioxide from the blood capillaries diffuses into the buccal air.
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The buccal floor rises, with the glottis closed, increases air pressure in the
buccal cavity forces the used air out through the nostrils.
C. Pulmonary respiration
Pulmonary respiration is carried out only when the need of oxygen is
great, like when a food is jumping or swimming.
The frog has a pair lungs connected to a short bronchus. Each lung is
moist and has several hundreds of tiny alveoli. Each alveolus has a
network of blood capillaries.
Ventilation of the lungs
The nostrils close, the glottis opens, the floor of the mouth rises to force
air into the lungs.
In the lungs, oxygen dissolves in the moisture on the epithelium and
diffuses through the thin epithelium into the blood capillaries.
Carbon dioxide diffuses out from the blood capillaries into the lungs.
The glottis open, air flow out of the lungs. The nostrils open, the used air
is eliminated through the nostrils
7.1.3
Human
2.
Breathing mechanism
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Inhalation
1. The external intercostal
muscles ___________, internal
intercostal muscles __________,
raising the ribs __________ and
__________.
2. At the same time, the
diaphragm muscles _________
and ___________.
3. These ____________ the
volume of thoracic cavity,
causing the pressure to
___________.
4. Since atmospheric
pressure is ___________, air is
_____________ the lungs.
1.
Expiration
1. The external intercostal
muscles ___________, internal
intercostal muscles
__________, lowering the ribs
__________ and __________.
2. At the same time, the
diaphragm muscles
_________ and ___________.
3. These ____________ the
volume of thoracic cavity,
causing the pressure to
___________.
4. Since atmospheric
pressure is ____________, air
is _____________ the lungs.
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Type of external
environment
Source of oxygen
PROTOZOA
INSECT
FISH
Aquatic
Dry land
Aquatic
Oxygen
dissolved in
water
Atmospheric Oxygen
AMFIBIAN
Aquatic and l
Oxygen
dissolved i
water and
atmospheri
Oxygen
Oxygen
dissolved in
water
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Main respiratory
structure
Air sac
High SA : V ratio
achieved by
Respiratory surface
(for gaseous
exchange)
Respiratory
mechanism
No special
structure
trachea
gills
Skin, bucca
cavity, lung
None
In certain types of
insects
None
Alveolus
Being
unicellular
Extensive network of
tracheoles supplying
oxygen to every
body cell
Numerous alv
in lungs, sk
surface area
buccal cavi
Gill lamellae
Thin and mo
skin and alveo
none
In larger or more
active insects,
abdominal muscles
compress and relax
to ventilate the
tracheal system
Movement of
buccul floor and
operculum
Inspiration a
expiration
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PASRIAL PRESSURE IN
Alveolar Air
Blood
Capillaries
EFFECTS
OXYGEN
CARBON
DIOXIDE
13
PASRIAL PRESSURE IN
Alveolar Air
Blood
Capillaries
EFFECTS
OXYGEN
CARBON
DIOXIDE
7.1.1
The transport of respiratory gases and the process of
gaseous exchange
7.1.1.1 Transport of Oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and gaseous
exchange
1. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the body cells in two ways:
(a) 99% of oxygen is transported as oxyhaemoglobin in the red blood cells
(b) 1% of oxygen is transported as dissolved gas molecules in the plasma.
2. Oxygen diffuses into the blood capillaries will combine with haemoglobin
to form oxyhaemoglobin.
3. Red blood cells transport oxygen as oxyhaemoglobin to respiring body
cells where partial pressure of oxygen is low.
4. At low partial pressure of oxygen, the oxyhaemoglobin dissociates itself
to release oxygen molecules.
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7.1.1.2 Transport of Carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs and
gaseous exchange
1.
2. Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood capillaries and is carried to the
lungs in three ways:
(a) 85% of carbon dioxide is carried as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), dissolved in
blood plasma.
3.
(c) Dissolved carbon dioxide molecule in the plasma diffuses from the blood
capillaries into alveolar air.
7.1 THE REGULATORY MECHANISM IN RESPIRATION
7.4.1 During a vigorous exercise,
- muscle cells need more oxygen and glucose to release energy during
cellular respiration.
Hence
The rate of respiration increase
The O2 content decrease
The CO2 content increase
- As a result :
The breathing rate increase
- to supply more O2 to the muscles and discharge more CO2 from the lungs.
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The O2 content in the blood usually has little effect on the respiratory
centre.
Usually, a rise in CO2 concentration is a better indication of a drop in
O2concentration, because both the CO2 and O2 concentrations are
affected by cellular respiration.
- Above 10,00 feet , the decreased partial pressure of O2 cause a drop in the
O2level of the blood.
- A person will experience headaches, nausea and dizziness.
TAR
causes lung cancer .
deposit in the bronchioles.
Nicotine
is a stimulant which makes the heart beat faster and constrict the
blood vessels
causes heart disease and strokes
causes and addiction to smoking
restrict the movement of cilia, making it harder for the lungs to get rid
of tar.
Carbon monoxide
competes with O2 to bind with haemoglobin to form
carboxyhaemoglobin.
reduces the supply of O2 to the cells and thus reduces aerobic
respiration.
3 , 4 benzo-pyrene
a carcinogenic chemical that can cause cancer.
Nitrogen dioxide
can dissolve in the mucus to form acific medium which erodes the lungs
tissue.
7.6 RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
7.6.1
Energy requirement in plants
Plants carry out cell respiration to produce energy.
7.6.2
(a) Stomata
- Each stoma consists of a pore surrounded by two guard cells.
- The guard cells contain a large number of chloroplast in which
photosynthesis takes place.
- Stomata allow the exchange of gases between atmospheric air and the
internal tissues of a leaf.
- The stomata open when there is light and the close in the dark.
(b) Lenticels
- Lenticels are raised pores found on the stems and the roots.
- The cells around the lenticels are arranged loosely to allow the diffusion of
gases into and out of the plant tissues.
(a) Roots
- Oxygen diffuses from the air spaces between the soil particles into the
root tissues by diffusion.
7.6.3
C6 H12 O6 +
Glucose
6O2
Oxygen
6CO2
6H2O
energy.
Anaerobic respiration
is carried out under certain conditions for short periods
example :- in a flood
- during the initial stages of seed germination.
C6 H12 O6
glucose
2C2H5OH +
ethanol
2CO2
carbon dioxide
7.6.1
Compare and contrast the processes of Photosynthesis and
Respiration
SIMILARITIES
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DIFFERENCES
Photosynthesis
Respiration
7.6.1
The relationship between the percentage composition of carbon
dioxide in the air with photosynthesis and cell respiration
1.
-
Cell respiration
takes place all the time
using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide into the air
2.
-
Photosynthesis
takes place only in day light
using carbon dioxide and producing oxygen into the air
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4. Compensation point
Compensation point is the point of light intensity where there is no
net exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
This means it is a point where all the released oxygen (by
photosynthesis) is used up in the cell respiration and all the released carbon
dioxide (by cell respiration) is used up in the photosynthesis.
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