Arminius

2 Biography

This article is about the Germanic chieftain. For the

Dutch Protestant theologian, see Jacobus Arminius. For
the oratorio, see Arminius (Bruch).
Arminius (German: Hermann; 18/17 BC AD 21) was
a chieftain of the Germanic Cherusci and a former ocer in the Roman military who defeated a Roman army in
the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9 after betraying the Roman general, of whom he was an auxiliary ocer. Arminiuss inuence held an allied coalition of Germanic tribes together in opposition to the Romans, but after defeats by the Roman general Germanicus, nephew of
the Emperor Tiberius, his inuence waned, and Arminius
was assassinated on the orders of rival Germanic chiefs.[1]
Arminiuss victory against the Roman legions in the Teutoburg forest had a far-reaching eect on the subsequent
history of both the ancient Germanic peoples and on the
Roman Empire. The Romans were to make no more concerted attempts to conquer and permanently hold Germania beyond the river Rhine. Modern historians have regarded Arminiuss victory as Romes greatest defeat[2]
and one of the most decisive battles in history.[3][4][5][6][7]

View over the Teutoburg Forest

Arminius, born in 18 or 17 B.C., was son of the Cheruscan chief Segimerus (German: Segimer) and trained
as a Roman military commander alongside his younger
brother Flavus. He had lived in Rome as a hostage in
his youth, where he had received a military education
and obtained Roman citizenship as well as the status of
During the Unication of Germany in the 19th cen- equestrian (petty noble) before returning to Germania
tury, Arminius became hailed by nationalists as a sym- and driving the Romans out.[10]
bol of German unity and freedom.[8] Following World
War II, however, schools often shunned the topic since
it had become associated with the militant nationialism
2.1 Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
of the Third Reich, and many modern Germans have
[8]
not heard about Arminius. The 2000th year anniverMain article: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
sary of the battle was not commemorated by the German
[8]
government. According to Der Spiegel, The old nationalism has been replaced by an easy-going patriotism that Around the year A.D. 4, Arminius assumed command
mainly manifests itself at sporting events like the Football of a Cheruscan detachment of Roman auxiliary forces,
probably while ghting in the Pannonian wars on the
World Cup.[8]
Balkan peninsula. He returned to northern Germania in
A.D. 7 or 8, where the Roman Empire had established
secure control of the territories just east of the Rhine,
along the Lippe and Main rivers, and was now seeking
to extend its hegemony eastward to the Weser and Elbe
1 Name
rivers, under Publius Quinctilius Varus, a high-ranking
administrative ocial appointed by Augustus as goverThe Latinized form Arminius probably reects the Ger- nor. Arminius began plotting to unite various Germanic
manic element *ermin-, found in the tribal name of the tribes to thwart Roman eorts to incorporate their lands
Irminones, probably with an original meaning of strong, into the empire.
whole.
In the autumn of A.D. 9, the 25-year-old Arminius
From the 16th century, possibly rst by Luther,[9] the
name Arminius was identied as a Latinized form of the
name Hermann. As a consequence, Arminius is traditionally known as Hermann der Cheruskerfrst in German.

brought to Varus a report of rebellion in northern Germany. He persuaded Varus to divert the three legions under his command (composed of the 17th, 18th and 19th
legions, plus three cavalry detachments and six cohorts of
1

2 BIOGRAPHY

Donops Pond (Donoperteich) in the Teutoburg Forest

lost in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. In AD 16,

a second eagle was retrieved.[12] Tiberius denied the request of Germanicus to launch an additional campaign for
AD 17, however, having decided the frontier with Germania would stand at the Rhine river. Instead, he oered
Germanicus the honor of a triumph for his two victories.
The third Roman eagle was recovered in AD 41 by Publius Gabinius, under the emperor Claudius.[13]
With the end of the Roman threat, a war broke out between Arminius and Marbod, king of the Marcomanni. It
ended with Marbod eeing to Ravenna and Roman proauxiliaries) from the march to winter quarters to suppress tection, but Arminius failed to break into the natural forthe rebellion. Varus and his legions marched right into the tication of Bohemia, and the war ended in stalemate.
trap Arminius had set for them near Kalkriese, the Battle
In 19 AD, Germanicus died in Antioch under circumof the Teutoburg Forest. Arminiuss tribe, the Cherusci,
stances which led many to believe he had been poisoned
and their allies the Marsi, Chatti, Bructeri, Chauci, and
by his opponents. Arminius suered death two years
Sicambri (ve out of at least fty Germanic tribes at the
later, in 21 AD, murdered by opponents within his own
[8]
time) ambushed and annihilated Varuss entire army,
tribe who felt that he was becoming too powerful.[14]
totaling over 20,000 men. Recent archaeological nds
Tiberius allegedly had refused an earlier oer from a
show the long-debated location of the three-day battle
Chatti nobleman to poison Arminius: It was not by sewas almost certainly near Kalkriese Hill, about 20 km
cret treachery but openly and by arms that the people of
north of Osnabrck. When defeat was certain, Varus
Rome avenged themselves on their enemies.[15]
committed suicide by falling on his sword. Arminiuss
success in destroying three entire legions and driving the Roman attempts to reconquer Germany failed although
Romans out of Germany was one of the most devastat- the Romans inicted several defeats on the Germans.
ing defeats Rome suered in its history, and a high point
of Germanic power for centuries. Roman attempts to reconquer Germany failed although they managed to break
Arminiuss alliance.
Varusschlacht. Otto Albert Koch (1909)

2.2

Roman retaliation, inter-tribal conicts, and death

Between 14 and 16 AD, Germanicus launched punitive

operations into Germany, twice defeating Arminius (according to Tacitus): rst in the Battle of the Weser River
and later near the Wall of the Angrivarii. Arminius also
faced opposition from his father-in-law and other proRoman Germanic leaders.[11] In AD 15 Roman troops
managed to recapture one of the three legionary eagles Autumn in Teutoburg Forest

3.1

Rome

Arminiuss victory against the Roman legions in the Teutoburg Forest had a far-reaching eect on the subsequent
history of both the ancient Germanic peoples and on the
Roman Empire. The Romans were to make no more concerted attempts to conquer and permanently hold Germania beyond the river Rhine and the Agri Decumates.
Modern historians have regarded Arminiuss victory as
Romes greatest defeat[2] and one of the most decisive
battles in history.[3][4][5][6][7][10] During the Unication of
Germany in the 19th century, Arminius became hailed as
a symbol of German unity and freedom.[8]

Legacy

Arminius had married a princess named Thusnelda,

whose name is preserved only by Strabo. She was
captured by the Romans while pregnant, so her son
Thumelicus, grew up in Roman captivity. Tacitus tells
us he had an unusual story, which the historian promises
to tell, but it has been lost to us.

3.1

Rome

Thusnelda statue in Loggia dei Lanzi, Florence.

Arminius, without doubt Germanias liberator, who challenged the Roman people not in
its beginnings like other kings and leaders, but
in the peak of its empire; in battles with changing success, undefeated in the war.

This Roman sculpture of a young man is sometimes identied as

Arminius.[16]

Arminius was not the only reason for Romes change of

policy towards Germania. Politics also played a factor;
emperors could rarely trust a large army to a potential
rival, though Augustus had enough family members to
wage his wars. Also, Augustus, in his 30-year reign, had
annexed many territories still at the beginning of the process of Romanization.

In the accounts of his Roman enemies, Arminius is

highly regarded for his military leadership skills and
as a defender of the liberty of his people. Based on
these records, the story of Arminius was revived in the
sixteenth century with the recovery of the histories of Tiberius, successor of Augustus, decided that Germania
Tacitus, who wrote in his Annales II, 88:
was a far less developed land, possessing few villages,

with only a small food surplus, and therefore was not currently important to Rome. It would require a commitment
too burdensome for the imperial nances and for excessive expenditure of military force for a new achievement.

LEGACY

Arminius as a symbol of the German people and their

ght against Rome.[25]

Hermann der Cheruskerfrst became an emblem of the

revival of German nationalism fueled by the Napoleonic
Modern scholars have pointed out that the Rhine was Wars in the 19th century.[26]
a more practical boundary for the Roman Empire than
any other river in Germania. Armies on the Rhine could
be supplied from the Mediterranean sea via the Rhne,
Sane and Mosel, with a brief area of portage. Armies
on the Elbe, however, would have to have been supplied
by extensive overland routes or by ships travelling the hazardous Atlantic. Economically, the Rhine already had
towns and sizable villages at the time of the Gallic conquest. The Rhine was signicantly more accessible from
Rome and better equipped to supply sizeable garrisons
than the regions beyond.[17]
Rome would control Germania by appointing client kings,
which was cheaper than military campaigns.
Rome chose no longer to rule directly in Germania east
of the Rhine and north of the Danube; Rome preferred to
exert indirect inuence through client kings, so Italicus,
nephew of Arminius, was appointed king of the Cherusci;
Vangio and Sido became vassal princes of the powerful
Suebi, etc.[18]
If indirect methods proved insucient to control the Germanic tribes beyond the Rhine, Roman Emperors would
lead devastating punitive campaigns deep into Germania. One of them, led by the Roman emperor Maximinus
Thrax, resulted in a Roman victory in 235 CE at the Battle
at the Harzhorn Hill,[19] which is located in the modern
German state of Lower Saxony, east of the Weser river,
Arminius says goodbye to Thusnelda. Johannes Gehrts (1884)
between the towns of Kalefeld and Bad Gandersheim.

3.2

Old Norse sagas

In the early 19th century, attempts were made to show

that the story of Arminius and his victory may have
lived on in the Old Norse sagas,[20] in the form of
the dragon slayer Sigurd of the Vlsunga saga and the
Nibelungenlied. An Icelandic account[21][22] states that
Sigurd slew the dragon in the Gnitaheidrtoday the
suburb Knetterheide of the city of Bad Salzuen, located
at a strategic site on the Werre river which could very
well have been the point of departure of Varuss legions
on their way to their doom in the Teutoburg Forest. Also
one of the foremost Scandinavian scholars of the 19th
century, Gubrandur Vigfsson,[23] identies Sigurd as
Arminius. This educated guess was also picked up by
Otto Her, who was a prominent National Socialist academic in World War II.[24]

In 1808, Heinrich von Kleist wrote the play Die Hermannsschlacht [27] but with Napoleons victory at Wagram it remained in manuscript, being published in 1821
and not staged until 1860. The play has been revived
repeatedly at moments propitious for raw expressions of
National Romanticism and was especially popular during
the Third Reich.[28]
In 1839, construction was started on a massive statue
of Arminius, known as the Hermannsdenkmal, on a hill
near Detmold in the Teutoburg Forest; it was nally completed and dedicated during the early years of the Second
German Empire in the wake of the German victory over
France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 1871. The
monument has been a major tourist attraction ever since,
as has The Hermann Heights Monument, a similar statue
erected in New Ulm, Minnesota in the United States in
1897.

The Hermann Heights monument was erected by the Sons

of Hermann, a fraternal organization formed by German
3.3 German nationalism
Americans in New York City in 1840 and named for
Hermann the Cheruscan that during the nineteenth cenIn Germany, the name Arminius was interpreted as re- tury ourished in American cities with large populations
ecting the name Hermann by Martin Luther, who saw of German origin. Hermann, Missouri, a town on the

5
Missouri River founded in the 1830s and incorporated in
1845, was also named for Arminius.
The German Bundesliga football-club DSC Arminia
Bielefeld is named after Arminius.

In Jules Verne's 1879 novel "The Begums Fortune",

written with a strongly anti-German bias, one of
brutish bodyguards employed by the books German
villain is called Arminius.

Following World War II, information about Arminius and

his victory was omitted from the German textbooks, and
most modern Germans don't know about Arminius.[8]
The 2,000 year anniversary of the battle was not commemorated by the German government.[8] According to
Der Spiegel: The old nationalism has been replaced by
an easy-going patriotism that mainly manifests itself at
sporting events like the soccer World Cup.[8]

In Lion Feuchtwanger's novel Die Geschwister Oppermann (The Oppermanns, 1933) a Jewish student at a high school in early Nazi Germany is driven
to suicide by a Nazi-oriented teacher for a statement
in his essay that the rebellion of Arminius never had
a long-term eect on the rise of the German nation,
because Arminius was betrayed to Romans by other
German tribal chieftains soon after the battle in the
Teutoburg Forest. The student is ordered to make a
public apology, but prefers to kill himself.

In 1945 by Newt Gingrich and William R.

Forstchen, an alternate history novel describing a
world in which Nazi Germany did not declare war
on the United States in December, 1941, Operation
Arminius is the code name for the German plan for
the invasion of the United States.

Cultural references

Music
Arminio is a 1692 opera about Arminius by the
Bohemian-Austrian composer Heinrich Ignaz Franz
Biber.
Arminio is a 1736 opera about Arminius by Handel.
Arminius is an 1877 oratorio about Arminius by the
German composer Max Bruch.
Historical novels
Robert Graves' ctional autobiography, I, Claudius
includes a description of Arminiuss campaigns,
where he is called Hermann"; he is killed by members of his own family when he tries to issue orders
like a king.
In the Czech novel Zlomen Me (Broken sword)
by Eduard torch published in 1932 Arminius challenges the Marcomanni king Marobodus for the
leadership of the Germanic tribes. The novel mistakenly shows the Celtic tribesmen as being Slavs to
support the rising Slavonic identication of the nationalistic Czechs.
Harry Turtledove's 2009 historical novel Give Me
Back My Legions!
is a ctional retelling of
Arminius story, from the points of view of
Arminius himself, various Germans, and Varus and
the Romans.
At the end of G. A. Henty's 1887 historical novel
about Hannibal and the Second Punic War, The
Young Carthaginian, the main ctional character,
Malchus, a cousin of Hannibal, decides to settle with
the tribes north of the Alps and becomes an ancestor
of Arminius.
Other literature

Modern popular culture

The Irish Black metal band Primordial recently referred to Arminius in a song o their To The Nameless Dead album named Heathen Tribes with the
line "Arminius stood tall in Teutoborg" in relation to
the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
The German heavy metal band Rebellion has released a conceptual album about Arminius called
Arminius - Furor Teutonicus.
The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest is the subject of
the song Teutoburg (Ambush of Varus)", included
in the album Caligvla by the Canadian death metal
band Ex Deo.
Arminius appeared in the historical battle (Battle
of Teutoburg Forest) in the video game Total War:
Rome 2.
Arminius is a playable commander in the video
game Total War: Arena.

5 See also
Alaric I
Ariovistus
Athanaric
Autaritus
Boudica
Boiorix

6
Divico
Flavus, brother of Arminius
Fritigern
Gaius Julius Civilis
Inguiomer
John of Gothia
Mithradates VI
Teutobod
Totila
Gainas
Tribigild
Genseric
Chrocus
Radagaisus
Odoacer
Battle of Baduhenna Wood
Brennus
Boduognatus
Belgios
Brennus
Ardaric
Valamir
Vercingetorix
Viriathus

References

[1] Tacitus, Annals 2.22 .; Suetonius, Caligula 1.4; Dio

57.18.1; on Arminius assassination, Tac. Ann. 2.88;
[2] Murdoch 2012
[3] Tucker 2010, p. 75
[4] Cawthorne 2012
[5] Davis 1999, p. 68
[6] Creasy 2007, p. 104
[7] How the eagles were tamed. The Spectator. March 27,
2004. Retrieved January 16, 2015. Mommsen referred
to the Battle of the Teutoburg forest as a turning-point in
world history.

REFERENCES

[8] Crossland, David (August 28, 2009). Battle of the Teutoburg Forest: Germany Recalls Myth That Created the
Nation. Spiegel Online International. Der Spiegel. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
[9] Herbert W. Benario (April 2004). Arminius into Hermann: History into Legend. Greece and Rome. 51 (1):
8394. doi:10.1093/gr/51.1.83.
[10] Durschmied 2013, p. p. 1759
[11] Tac. Ann. 1.54-59.
[12] Tac. Ann. 1.60.4, 2.25.2
[13] Dio 60.8.7.
[14] Tacitus, The Annals 2.88
[15] Tac. Ann. 2.87-88.
[16] Arminius. Encyclopdia Britannica.
[17] Peter Heather, (2006), The Fall of the Roman Empire: A
New History of Rome and the Barbarians
[18] Tacitus, Book 12 [verse 27 to 31]
[19] Historia Augusta, The Two Maximini 12:1-4; Herodian,
Roman History, Book 7:2:3
[20] A. Giesebrecht (1837). Ueber den Ursprung der
Siegfriedsage. Germania (2).
[21] unknown (1387). Nikulas Bergsson, Arnamagnan Collection manuscript 194, 8yo.
[22] Simek, R. (1990). Altnordische Kosmographie: Studien
und Quellen zu Weltbild und Weltbeschreibung in Norwegen und in Island vom 12. bis zum 14. Jahrhundert.
Berlin/New York.
[23] G. Vigfusson, F. York Powell (1886). Grimm centenary;
Sigfred-Arminivs, and other papers. Oxford Clarendon
Press.
[24] O. Her, Siegfried Arminius und die Symbolik, Heidelberg (1961), 6064,and also in Siegfried, Arminius und
der Nibelungenhort (Vienna 1978);F.G. Gentry, W. McConnell, W. Wunderlich (eds.), The Nibelungen Tradition.
An Encyclopedia (New YorkLondon 2002), article Sigurd.
[25] W. Bradford Smith (2004). German Pagan Antiquity
in Lutheran Historical Thought. The Journal of the
Historical Society. 4 (3): 35174. doi:10.1111/j.1529921X.2004.00104.x.
[26] Dorothea Klein (ed.), Lutz Kppel (ed.): Das diskursive
Erbe Europas: Antike und Antikerezeption. Peter Lang,
2008, ISBN 9783631560136, p. 329
[27] Heinrich von Kleist: Die Herrmannsschlacht. Ein Drama
[1808] (Frankfurt am Main and Basel: Stroemfeld-Roter
Stern, 2001).
[28] Reeve, William C (2004). Die Hermannsschlacht. The
Literary Encyclopedia. The Literary Dictionary Company. Retrieved 2006-09-06.

Sources
Cawthorne, Nigel (July 24, 2012). Battles That
Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conict. Arcturus Publishing. pp. 7577. ISBN
1848589549.
Davis, Paul K. (1999). 100 Decisive Battles: From
Ancient Times to the Present. Oxford University
Press. pp. 6871. ISBN 0195143663.
Andreas Drner, Politischer Mythos und symbolische Politik. Der Hermannmythos: Zur Entstehung
des Nationalbewutseins der Deutschen (Reinbek:
Rowohlt, 1996).
Durschmied, Erik (April 13, 2013). The Weather
Factor: How Nature Has Changed History. Hachette
UK. pp. 17511770. ISBN 1444769650.
Gesa von Essen, Hermannsschlachten. Germanenund Rmerbilder in der Literatur des 18. und 19.
Jahrhunderts (Gttingen: Wallstein, 1998).
Richard Kuehnemund, Arminius or the Rise of a National Symbol in Literature. From Hutten to Grabbe
(New York: AMS Press, 1966).
Herfried Mnkler / Hans Grnberger: Arminius/
Hermann als nationales Symbol im Diskurs der
deutschen Humanisten 1500-1570, In: Herfried
Mnkler / Hans Grnberger / Kathrin Mayer, Nationenbildung. Die Nationalisierung Europas im
Diskurs humanistischer Intellektueller. Italien und
Deutschland (Berlin: Akademie, 1998), pp. 263
308.
Murdoch, Adrian (1 December 2012). Romes
Greatest Defeat: Massacre in the Teutoburg Forest.
The History Press. ISBN 0752494554.
Tucker, Spencer (2010). Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conict. ABCCLIO. ISBN 1598844296.
Martina Wagner-Egelhaaf (Ed.), Hermanns
Schlachten. Zur Literaturgeschichte eines nationalen
Mythos (Bielefeld: Aisthesis, 2008).
Reinhard Wolters, Die Schlacht im Teutoburger
Wald: Arminius, Varus und das roemische Germanien (Mnchen: Verlag C.H. Beck, 2008).

External links
Arminius / Varus. The Battle of the Teutoburg
Forest - Internet-Portal Westflische Geschichte,
LWL-Institut fr westflische Regionalgeschichte,
Mnster

Terry Jones Barbarians The Savage Goths

(Google Video) includes a portion on Arminius
(German) A description of Arminius and his ght
against the Romans
They Need a Hero by Clay Risen, The National,
October 9, 2009 an article on modern German
views of Hermann and the 2,000th anniversary of
the battle

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Arminius Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminius?oldid=738176589 Contributors: Scipius, Jsc1973, William Avery, Space Cadet,
Panairjdde~enwiki, Michael Hardy, Gabbe, Ihcoyc, Ellywa, Stan Shebs, Dwo, Reinhard Kraasch, Maximus Rex, Furrykef, SEWilco, Wetman, Huangdi, Robbot, PBS, Baldhur, Rursus, Saforrest, Wikibot, Jpbrenna, GreatWhiteNortherner, Wiglaf, Ferkelparade, Everyking,
Yekrats, Matthead, Cosal868, Chowbok, Antandrus, Kuralyov, Kelson, Neutrality, Rich Farmbrough, Kdammers, Xezbeth, Dbachmann,
Bender235, Technomad, Aranel, Laurascudder, ThierryVignaud, Hydriotaphia, Pblessman, ProhibitOnions, Suruena, Dauid Germany,
Cosal, FeanorStar7, PatGallacher, Chochopk, Je3000, Tabletop, LIU, Dmol, Plrk, Graham87, Magister Mathematicae, Cosal123, Kbdank71, Rjwilmsi, BlueMoonlet, Ghepeu, Olessi, FlaBot, Eubot, Bgwhite, Chwyatt, EamonnPKeane, YurikBot, RussBot, Tresckow, Lavenderbunny, NawlinWiki, Bachrach44, Robertvan1, Bloodofox, Mlouns, BOT-Superzerocool, Tuckerresearch, Lt-wiki-bot, Nikkimaria,
Reyk, Barbatus, Eog1916, Attilios, A bit iy, SmackBot, Wegesrand, Kintetsubualo, Septegram, Rex Germanus, Sadads, WeniWidiWiki,
CSWarren, Grover cleveland, Jdlambert, Iblardi, SashatoBot, Serein (renamed because of SUL), Cahaland, Naerhu, JoshuaZ, Neddyseagoon, Ewulp, Gil Gamesh, Adam Keller, Aherunar, R9tgokunks, Richard Keatinge, Myasuda, Cydebot, Aodhdubh, Future Perfect at Sunrise, Mitchoyoshitaka, M8736us, Kingstowngalway, JamesAM, Wandalstouring, Young Pioneer, Marek69, Nathraq, E. Ripley, Escarbot,
Calaka, Gioto, Sanskritkanji, Kaobear, Knowledgge, Ahrarara, .anacondabot, Magioladitis, Twsx, Helmold, Khalid Mahmood, R'n'B, Wiki
Raja, DrKay, Rrostrom, LordAnubisBOT, Justinus Magnus, Ljgua124, STBotD, Tweisbach, DorganBot, Bonadea, Num1dgen, Squids and
Chips, CardinalDan, Idioma-bot, Ariobarzan, VolkovBot, Cireshoe, TXiKiBoT, Mercy, Jalwikip, FenrisUlven, Charlesdrakew, Philhillberlin, Varoon Arya, Puddington, Kmhkmh, TonyPS214, Cantiorix, Why Not A Duck, SieBot, Trigaranus, BobShair, Oxymoron83, Ricky id,
BenoniBot~enwiki, OKBot, Kumioko (renamed), Tesi1700, Brand35, MikeVitale, Niceguyedc, Blanchardb, Alexbot, Gaius stern, Blain
Toddi, The Oracle of Podunk, Torreng, Calidius, Skarebo, Kbdankbot, Kembangraps, Addbot, DOI bot, Smetanahue, Download, LaaknorBot, AndersBot, LinkFA-Bot, Denicho, Lightbot, Kiril Simeonovski, Jarble, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Yngvadottir, Arminiuses,
Catiline63, AnomieBOT, Jim1138, JackieBot, Ulric1313, Citation bot, Bob Burkhardt, ArthurBot, J04n, GrouchoBot, Omnipaedista,
Flaviusvulso, Eugene-elgato, FrescoBot, Josephrockz4, D'ohBot, Iphidaimos, View Closely, DefaultsortBot, Kalt wie stahl, Primaler, Czdancer, IJBall, Mariacanon, Trappist the monk, SmartyBoots, Gaius Octavius Princeps, Carminowe of Hendra, Jfmantis, RjwilmsiBot,
Greatgreenwhale, EmausBot, Dewritech, AvicBot, PBS-AWB, Illegitimate Barrister, Moqq, SporkBot, AManWithNoPlan, LWG, Donner60, Zoupan, Belayed Reasons, Themane2, Alphasinus, Sleephand, ElphiBot, NastyBrutishAndTall, Carlstak, Khazar2, Editfromwithout, Dexbot, Periglio, Djbcjk, Krakkos, Jenningsjwj, JoshuaTaylor, Zwerg Nase, Mr. Smart LION, Pctn, KasparBot, Avchouse, ki audo
sbjorn, Kanjuzi, DarkCoeeKitten, Theutatis and Anonymous: 189

9.2

Images

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3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: shakko
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