Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
&ffisaffiKffiro
sx ffiffiKmtu&K
turia A. Mange
Departntent of Earth Sciences
Universit' of Oxford
Heinz F. W. Maurer
Hofstattw,eg l
CH-3041 Sririsw,il
Sw'itzerland
Jl
ii
il
Published by Chapman & Hall, 2-6 Boundary Row, London SEI gHN
Chapman & Hall, 2- Boundary Row, London SE1 gHN, UK
Chapman & Hall, 29 West 35th Street, New york Ny10001, USA
Chapm-an&-HallJapan,ThomsonPublishingJapan,HirakawachoNemotoBuilding,
Tokyo 102, Japan
TF,l-7-llHirakarva-cho,Chiyoda-ku,
Chapman & Hall Australia, Thomas Nelson Australia, 102 Dodds Street, South Ndelbourne, Victoria
3205, Australia
chapman & Hali India, R. Seshadri,32 Second Main Road, cIT East, lr{adras 600 035, India
ISBN
0 412 43910 7
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of rese.arch or prilate study, or criticism or review.
as permitted under the uK
copyright Designs and Patents. Act, 19-88,.this publication ay not be reproouceo. stored, or transmitted,
*.t3n:' without the prior permission.in writing-of the publishers, or in the case of reprogriphic reproouctionin any form or by any
only in accordance
*'ith
t.
British Library
p.
cm.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
ISB,N 0-412+39LU7 (atk. paper)
Q8364.2.H4M36
549'.1-4c20
1989
89-9199
CIP
Contents
3tl'';,'/
l-'lt /tl
pagewi
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part
ix
Introduction
Heavy minerals in the study of sediments:
their application and limitations
Hydraulic effects
Methods
11
11
General considerations
12
12
12
13
1,1
15
l5
l-s
l6
17
17
18
19
7t0
20
20
20
22
z7
29
Part
7'
i1
Centrifuge technique
Miscellaneous separations
X-ray diffraction
X-ray fl uorescence spectrometry
11
Gravity separation
Grain counting
Study of varietal types
Advanced auxiliary techniques
II
35
Introduction
37
39
References
135
ldentification table
t42
Mineral index
r44
Gcneral index
145
Preface
Although some handbooks on the microscopic identification of heavy mineral grains are available, a
comprehensive manual illustrated in colour has not
been published until norv. Because the appearance of
minerals in grain mounts differs considerably from
those seen in a thin section, a different approach is
necessary for the identification of detrital grains.
Coloured photomicrographs, shorving their colour
shades, pleochroism and interference tints, provide
an excelient means of assisting recognition. As a
number of mineral grains have similar optical properties and morphology, it is equally importanr to
describe them verbally in detail, pointing out
characteristic features and differences.
This book is intended primarily as a manual that
describes and illustrates the transparent heavy minerals most commonly found in sediments. It is hoped
Acknowledgments
K.
Niggli,
Shell Expro
Maria A. Mange-Rajetzky
Heinz F. W. Maurer
J'PART I
HEAVY MINERALS IN THtr STUDY OF StrDIMENTS:
Introduction
High-density accessory mineral constituents of siliciclastic sediments are called heavy minerals. In their
parent rocks they are present either as essential rockforming minerals (e.g. amphiboles, pyroxenes, micas)
or are accessory components, such as zircon, apatite,
tourmaline, etc., occurring in a wide variety of rock
or
useless.
Louis pasteur
Heavy mineral fractions in sediments are often composed of diverse mineral species, in which each grain
conveys its ou'n history. It is the sedimentary petrologist's task to decipher the message encoded in the
assemblages and apply them for the purpose of:
(b) tracing sediment transport paths: rhese are especially useful for cornplementing palaeocurrert
analyses;
(f)
(g)
(h)
sand bodies;
indicating the action of particular hydraulic regimes
and concentrating processes;
locating potential economic deposits;
elucidating diagenetic processes.
of
source
area. These factors largely control the pre-selection
of mineral grains during host-rock weathering and
1922_95
Hydraulic effects
Rubey (i933) presented the first conclusive paper on
factors causing large variations in the relative mineral
abundances of deposits that have been derived from the
same source lithology. Rubey forrnulated the theory of
hydraulic equivalence which states that grains of
different sizes and densities, but of the same settling
velocity, rvill be deposited under the same conditions.
Consequently, the 'hydraulic equivalent size' is defined
as a difference in size between a given heavy mineral
species and the size of a quartz sphere with the same
settling velocity in water. To resolve the problem of
selective sorting, Rittenhouse (1943), in a study of
sands from the Rio Grande, introduced the hydraulic
ratio which he defined as '100 times the weight of a
mineral in a known range of sizes, divided by the
HYDRAULIC EFFECTS
Several attempts rvere made to evaluate quantitatively the effects of the hydraulic behaviour of heavy
minerals on provenance determinations and correlation
garnet,
fraction
(e.g. Sindowsky 1938, 10G-200 rm; Carver 19'11,725-
=.oi;ar#li.r.,,
::lr::,:-r
'
,.
i:,
l+,
in soils and in
(among
others,
simulated Iaboratory experiments
Raeside 1959, Wilson 1975, Berner 1978, Berner &
Schott 1982, Nahon & Colin 1982, Anand & Gilkes
1984, Velbel 1984 (in soils); Huang & Keller 1970,
1972, Schott et al. 198I (in the laboratory); see also
Colman & Dethier 1986, Huang & Schnitzer 1986 and
Tan 1986). These studies have investigated the rate
and kinetics of mineral dissolution, and their results
provide some insight into reactions betrveen minerals
and solvents, into dissolution processes through prohave been extensively studied both
'
';,:.;'::...:,,,:',l;,.1:..',,,1,.:..,,t,,..,,,,
't,' l.tt ,.:..,. a. ' :,,::':, .,..1 ',: .,r . :,.,.
l:i.j:i:.,.;'r;.:i
:,ilf:-li::.'::lr,:t.r:i.
. :tr.:.rilr:
.:
'
',
':;
r.::.:.
:t:1,1r,:f:t':
1"i:
'
rlscl likell'tc-r
able interest rihich provokecl debates on their authi- (Simpson i976) versLrs dissolution - (Gravenor
& Leavitt 1981. l\,laurer 1982, Morton 1984br. tsorg
1986) related ori-qin. Hansley (1987) carried our an
etching experiment on garnets, using organic acids, in
order to reproduce the deeplv facetted forms (conrmon
in the }vlorrison Formation in Neu'Mexico) and to gain
senic
optical mounts, but the textnral critcria fclr its recognition are most rr-'adily rliscerned using thc scanning
electron microscope (Hemingway & Tamar-Agha 191 5,
Setlow 1978, Berner & Schott 1982, Maurer 1982,
Ivlorton 1984b). Incipient dissolution procluces small
unstable minerals in the oil-saturated Tertiary sandstones of the North Sea Balder Field and also attributed
their preservation to oil inhibition of diagenesis.
Early cementrtion may seal pore throats and isolate effects. Pyroxenes and hornblende are common constithe rocks from circr-rlating pore fluids. thus protecting tuents of the Devonian Old Red Sanclstone (regarded
the unstable minerals from dissolution. Cclncretions, as a post-orogenic mol;rsse) of Scotland (Anderton
thinly bedded sand bodies rvith frequent muddy et al. 1979, pp. 111-25). Cawood (1933) studied the
horizons, and silty mudstones, usually have restricted compositions of detrital py'roxenes in early Palaeozoic
fluid migration and thus contain better preserved heavl' rocks from the Nerv England Fold Belt of Australia,
mineral suites (Bramlette 1941, Weyl & \\erner 1951, and Weissbrod & Nachmias (1986) have reported
Ludrvig 1968, Blatt & Sutherland 1969, lr{orton 198.1b, the presence of unstable minerals from the late Pre1985a). Recently Blatt (1985) drew attention to mud- cambrian Zenifim Formation of the 'Nubian Sandstone'
rocks as potential ancl reliable rock types for proven- in Israel, and from similar assemblages in southern
ance studies. Nludrocks are abundant in most seclimen- Jordan.
To sumnlarize, it is necessrry to assess the iocal
tary environments (they form 65% of the stratigraphic
mudstones
conditions
prevalent in cach indiviclual study area
the
silt
fraction
of
silty
coh.rmn) ancl
'ields
HEAVY
whethr
Methods
salts;
coating;
(5) cleaning
are
sampling these
sizes.
-.
saturated
mineral grains.
Acid digest is applied to dissolve unrvanted carbonate
material. The technique can facilitate the removal of
calcareous particles from unconsolidated sediments and
the release of other mineral grains from carbonate-
Preparation of samples
oil
It immature sandstones or
crude
of a formation. Therefore,
or
content
bituminous
tion, etc.
Though grain size may influence heavy minerai
of
samples;
a sample of
silicates.
Several other methods which serve to disaggregate coherent fine-grained rocks were described by
individual grains;
IUL,'IHODS
Sieving
grains.
gypsum
pyrite
Treatment
(a) gravity settling or funnel separation, and (b) centrifuge separation. The latter is best for separation both
of very fine (<63 "rm) and of sand-size sediments. This
technique was already advocated in the mid-1920s, but
rvorkers consistently encountered difficulty in achieving
complete and uncontaminated recovery of the trvo
separates from the centrifuge tubes. The introduction
of 'partial freezing' (Fessenden 1959) largely alleviated
this problem and vastly improved the centrifuge separation technique so that it is now in very widespread use.
Fessenden (1959) employed solid carbon dioxide (dry
Density
(tribromoethane)
tetrabromlde)
(di-iodomethane)
solution
bromoform
tetrabromoethane (acetylene
methylene iodide
Clerici's
t;;g'
2.96
3.32
4.24
Pechmann i98.1).
Gravity, separotiort
All
rvhich should be stirred to ensure that the grains arcthorou_qhlv $'etted. Grains aChering to the stirring rod
or the side of the funnel are removecl using a jet of
heavl' liquid. Heavy minerals u'ill accumulate in thcbottom of the funnel above the pinch clip. When no
more grains sink (normally after G8 hours separating
time). the pinch clip is opened slowly, thus allouing the
heavy fraction to pour onto the filter paper in the lower
funnel. The pinch clip is closed, leaving a layer of clear
liquid belorv the li-eht fraction. A ner.r'funnel, rvith filter
paper, is placed under the separating funnel. The light
fraction is then drained into the nerv funnel. Subscquently the wall of the separating funnel is rinsecl with a
jet of heavy liquid in order to remove any aclhering
grains. Both fractions arc rvashed thoroughly lvith
alcohol or acetone and set aside to dry. The used heavy
liquid and rvashings are collectecl in iabelled botties.
benzene solutions.
heavy
liquids (Callahan 1987). Sodium polytungstate is available in either liquid or porvdered form from soMETU
(Falkenried 4, D-1000 Berlin 33, West Germany). It is
lvater soluble and the mirleral separates can be cleaned
u'ith distilled $'ater, though rvith some difficulty
because of the high viscosity of the liquid.
In geological laboratories trvo basic techniques are
employecl for'standarcl' heavy liquid fractionation:
method.
Centrifuge technique
Allorv 1G-15 minutcs in the centrifuge for the separation of fine-grained sediments. Separating times can be
shorter for coarser sediments. Centrifuge speed is
usually set between 2000 and 3000 rpm.
The sample volume should be in proportion to the
capacity of the centrifuge tube. The best results are
achieved when the ratio of sample to heavy liquid is
1 : 10. Extreme size differences should be avoided.
Separation is most accurate when the particles are of
fairly uniform granulometry. The most commonly used
centrifuge tubes are shown in Figure 3.2.
It requires standard
I4
:':.:.-'l:.:.
,;'tt:i.i,l
.;j.._.::
*-_==
\-:
Figu re 3.-1 Procedure of hear' mineral separation b 'tube in tube' method (afre r Gautier & rrn Pech m ann 19E1)
( l ) Arranue ment of tubes. hear v liqu id ancl bulk seclime nt be fore separurion; (2 afte r centrifuge separation. L: lish t fraction, H: hear
)
(3. 1) recovc-n' of the lieht and h!.r\'! fractions.
the inner tube, but the heat'y grains rvill escape through
its opening and settle on thc bottom of the outer tube.
After the centrifuge has stopped, the closure rod is
crrr'fulh inserted. The inner tube is then re moved and
the light fraction is dc.carlted into a funnel. The hear.r.
fraction is emptied into another funnel and the centrifuge tube is rinsed of remainin-9 grains rvith a jcr of
hear i' licluid.
racti.n
minerals based on their different magnetic susceptibilities. lvlagnetic separators are usuarlly supplietl ivith
practical notes for application and tables shou,ing the
lll is c el I an eo us s ep a tt ti o n s
Ponnirtg may be use d to reduce the initial volume of a
sample. Hutton (1950) sr.rggested panning in the field as
chronolog\'.
a microscope slide,
has
15
II h]-liOl)S
of
lf
Graitt nloutlls
(l = 1.,5-1).Lakcside
liquids
GRA]N COUNTING
the
When the precise measurement of the optical constants of individual anisotropic mineral grains b1' the
Microscopic identification
N{any publications deal uith the identification of
minerals by their opticai properties (Heinrich 1965,
Trger 1969, Phillips & Griffen 1981, Nesse 1986,
Pichler & Schmitt-Riegraf 1987), and discussion of the
topic is unnecessary here. Horvever, as most optical
mineralogy textbooks convey information and illustrations almost exclusivell'for the investigation of minerals
in thin section, it is important to point out some major
differences arising during examination of the same
mineral species in the form of detrital grains.
In grain ntounts, in contrast rvith thin sections, all
grains arc surrounded by the mounting nedinm, aird
relief is pronrincnt. The techniqrre of parlial embeclding
(p 16) is especially advantageous for a good approxi-
Grain counting
To determine the relative abundance of heavy nrinerals
in a sample, three cliffer.'nt point counting methods are
used (van Harten 1965, Galehouse 1969, 1971):
t\lEtl.IoDS
(c) Ribbon
number
of
rapicl
is usually
scanning
electron microscopy and cathodoluminescence) have
also been employed, further assisting optical identication. Use of these techniques provides information on
chemical composition, structural and textural characteristics, and thus considerably increases the accuracy
of heavy mineral analyses, permitting more confident
interpretations to be made. The techniques are applic-
able
minerals
Mexico.
A more advanced approach involves mineral chemistry. The varieties of a mineral species or group may be
distinguished by their chemical composition. lvlorton
of several studies
to detrital
parentage.
as
by
i9
N{ETIIODS
Mounting a
X-ray diffracton
X-ray diffraction (xRD) aids mineral identification by
providing data on crystal structure. XRD can also be
useful for identifying opaque grains (Harrison 1973)
and for obtaining a general knon,ledge on bulk heavy
mineral composition (Pryor & Hesrer 1969). The X-ray
method requires finelv ground (1-10 rm) crysral
fel,
by the
strttrolitcgrain(Oiig,lct'nclvlollssc,lrfurgt-nthl.ssitzcrlend).Scilcbarrcirr.sents3tlrtnlin(A-E)antl 5 rirnin{F).
IIET[.IODS
Cathodolumnescence
The property of certain minerals to emit enerey in the
form of light when bombarded by electrons is knorvn as
cathodoluminescence (ct ). This property is prompted
often
host nineral.
CL is observed either using the electron microprobe,
r'hich is useful as it also reveals the identity of the
'activators' (Srnith & Stenstrom 1965, Grz et al. 1970).
with the SEM, or with Cl microscopes (Herzog et al .
1970). Nuclide Corporation AGV Division (Box 31-5,
Acton, Mass. 0i720, USA) has recently introduced an
energy-dispersive spectroscopy (ens) accessory which
can be fitted to a Nuclide Luminoscope. This facilitates
pp.37-s6).
Srrith
luminescence colours
rhat
rhe
yellowish-luminescing
In
addition
to
manganese, Portnov
&
Gorobets
I
II
III
lV
systematically (see belorv). Reports on the CL behaviour of other heavy minerals merely describe the
luminescence colour and intensity of a particular
species, often without referring to the host rock from
which it was extracted. Dudley (1916) and Mariano
(1917) reported the luminescence of a ferv detrital
heavy mineral species from sediments. Data available
to date on heavy minerals are shoivn in Table 3.1.
it
the
under
Ct..
23
much to offer in clastic sedimentary petrology. Sandstone units may be characterized by the presence of
zircons lv;th distinctive luminescence or internal texture
(or both). These features may also serve to correlate or
distinguish between certain sandstone units or formations. 'fhe homogeneity or variability of apatite and
zircon lurninescence colours within a sandstone unit can
also be valuable in tracing parentage, or in indicating
specific or mixed provenance. (However, these properties have yet to be exploited.)
Uncovered and polished grain mounts are often
necessary for high-quality ct- anall'ses. For the hot
cathode luminoscope the most suitable mounting media
are the high-temperature-resistant resins. A very thin
coating of carbon, gold or aluminium will protect the
slides frt'rm destruction by heat.
Tt
a
N
E+o
oo
fo
o
oco
ro
!c
d-
oo
pc
4E
C^
..oN
_cN
606
UO,
fo
6d
!:
t-
g-l
c
eo
-L
o
.fo
c!
o
c.!
FoO
o!
C-
co
ud
ON
FN
NN
o66
NF
o
N
o
ts
FN
oc
oc
4E=
:o606
o:=r
e
o
oc
dE
o
N
NN
ON
NOO
.obD
LO
oc
Co
q:
+
L
qE
FU
.U
o
>c
o
!
+60
Ea
uEco
UOOL
g.oa
+o
E!!
f
ULG
+
+to!
YN-C
o
ctoo
OL
oo
o
N
@
N
E9
-c
OE
o
F
i
F
c
=u
cr[]
CQ
co
c)
l
o
0)
-':
c0)
C
G
G
c!i
o
c>
.-o
eto
oo
JC
t.
-)
LEt
t
I
o
oNc
t
c
l
D
oL-o
>J
-coF
b->5
!
c!
oo
ct
eo
f,
!a)
)
!o
E
!
ooo
-o
JO
o
O
a
o
cl
.c
.>
ca)
o
o
o
I
z<
o
o
0
o!g
co
c)
o
c)
t
b
t
a)
too
'o-
o
a
co
00 !<
OF
r<o
.c
o
o
c
oo
E
o
o
E
o
E=
Os
LC
oo
!eE
CL
ooo
AEE
,!
!oo
oL!
-o!!
.o>x
!
c
o
o
E
c
E
c6
9o
o
o
o
E
d
o
co
E
l
o
-o
o
o
(rt
g
(t
o
d
o
E
D
c
l
o
o
ro
o
N
o
N
o
o
o
ts
o
ts
o
o
o
cts
o
o
'-F
GO
ro
oa
cc
!L
-o
-a
E
o
E
19
zf
t
E
oe
FNT
N
6
a
N
or
!oo
ooc
fo
L!
:ooo
(l
6
o
+
o!
eo
LLI
AC
Fod
!
o
!l
a
o
l
!
od
o
C
I
I
cc
f,
c
d
f
o
a
ol
oo
JO
c
!
E
t,-
CL
!
e
o
o
f,o
+
E
d-
oo
.!
>o!L
.ooop
o:
-d>!a-cEe
O-OOOE!pF
oooL
E
o
o
)
F
t
=
o
c
c
]L
c-
E
tLE!
ooo
ooo
s
o
!
!
I
c
@
o
F!
dc
Eo
o
d
!
c
c
G
o
o0
4@
c
oo
.?C
!
c
E
c
z<
E'
c
oo
g@
t
o
c
CQ
E=
e'
'
co
LC
z<
-5
c
oo
o
o
c
o
E=!
LC
od
L
>!E
LaO
c6
.ooo
LO@
!
a
c
f
o
o
c
E
c
E
J
F
E
F
by
use
of
technique.
Flores & Shideler (1982) employed stepvtise multiple
discrimnant analysis in a study of the Outer Banks
barrier system of North Carolina, hoping to distinguish
between foreshore, berm and dune sub-enr'ronments,
28
character
of
sediment source
provenance.
An
association
of
characteristic heavy
Mediterranean.
& Morgan
overlving beds.
in
29
distinguishing between
major
alluvial fans feeding the basin, and highlighted sediment transilort and dispersal directions rvithin the
basin. Allen & Mange-Rajetzky (1982), in a study of
sediment dispersal and palaeohydraulics of Oligocene
rivers in the eastern Ebro Basin, combined heavy and
light mineral analyses with palaeodischarges estimated
for rivers of differing parentage. The integration of
these two approaches resulted in the delineation of tu'o
major sedimentary petrological provinces and several
sub-provinces, all of which showed intimate links rvith
two opposing source areas: the Pyrenees to the north
and Catalanides to the south-east. Prolonqed tectonic
activity in the Pyrenean chain promoted an increasing
Pyrenean dominance through time and this is reflected
in the progressively greater areal extent of the Pyrenean province, Heavy mineral analyses assisted in
revealing the sources of sand supply and helped to
elucidate mechanisms governing the accumulation of
tidal sandbanks in the Burdigalian sea of the Swiss
N{olasse Basin (Allen et al . 1.985). A combined study of
rock fragments and heavy minerals in the lr4iocene
Marnoso Arenacea Turbidite Formation in the
northern Apennines (Gandolfi et al. 1983) shed light on
the nature and evolution of this complex deep-sea fan
system. Six sedment source areas were identified,
dispersal pafterns were mapped and the progressive
north-eastward migration of source terrains and depocentres during the Apenninic orogenesis was recognized. Hansley (1986) applied the stratigraphic variation of heavy minerals and some of their varietal types
in a study of the Morrison Formation, New Mexico.
This work permitted the determination of provenance
and the reconstruction of diagenetic episodes of this
economically important uranium-bearing formation.
Use of mineral chemistry and varietal studies can be
readily applied in reconstructing provenance. A potential approach is outlined on pages 18-19.
It is commonly believed that heavy minerals have a
limited value for tirne-stratigraphic correlatior. Resulfs
have been unsatisfactory in regions where the source
areas (usually cratonic terrains) and sediment accumulation rate remained constant for a considerable
length of geological time. Carroll (1940) stressed that a
large number of rvell located samples is necessary for
the accurate correlation of subsurface sediments rvith
their outcrop counterparts.
Dense sampling in closely spaced boreholes yielded
accurate stratigraphic correlation of heavy mineral
zones in the San Joaquim Valley, California (Reed &
Bailey 1927). Similarly, identification and correlation
of stratigraphic units by means of heavy minerals have
proved successful in Venezuela (Feo-Codecido 1956).
Koen (1955) applied heavy mineral studies in the
correlation of rnembers within the Karroo System in
separation
30
ange-Rajetzky'
& Oberhnsli 1982, 1986, Maurer 1983). The frequentlv
in
N'f
zircon
down stream.
the delineation of
the
economically significant monazite belt in the southeastern uSA. Accessory minerals also proved useful in
indicating the metasedimentary or migmatic origin of
granites oI this region.
31
o provide an extensive
to the identification
and
--
for
-1
-)
PART II
DESCRIPTIONS OF HEAVY MINtrRALS
paSe
SILICATES
Olivine group
Zircon
Sphene (titanite)
4t
2 Calcic amphiboles
3 Sodic-calcicamphiboles
41
45
Andalusite
Kyanite (Disthene)
A1
84
B5
85
50
Hornblende series
B8
5,1
Staurolite
5-5
Chloritoid
57
Epidote group
Zoisite
59
Clinozoisite
60
Epidote
6l
Piemontite
63
61
4 Alkaliamphiboles
Glaucophane-riebeckite series
Arfvedsonite
IVIica group
Muscovite (including other white micas)
Glauconite
Biotite
Talc
Chlorite group
-s9
Serpentine gror.rp
B7
91
91
93
95
95
96
97
99
100
Prehnite
102
103
OXIDES
104
65
Tourmaline group
67
69
Axinite
l2
Cassiterite
10rl
Corundum
Brookite
106
701
109
111
Spinel group
712
SULPFIIDES
113
Sphalerite
113
Rutile
Anatase
73
73
E,nstatite
74
Hypersthene
Diopside-hedenbergite series
Diallage
77
Augite
Aegirine-augite
Aegirine (acmite)
84
86
Dumortierite
General considerations
83
49
52
53
Pyroxene group
83
Tremolite
Ferroactinolite, actinolite
Topaiz
Larvsonite
Pumpellyite
General considerations
1 Iron-magnesium-manganese amphiboles
Anthophyllite and gedrite
39
Garnet group
Vesuvianile (idocrase)
Sitlimanite
Allanite
Amphibole group
39
75
78
79
81
82
35
SULPHATES
1I4
Baryte
1"14
Celestite
Gypsum
L16
1,I7
Anhydrite
118
119
Jarosite
CARBONATES
120
PHOSPHATBS
125
Apatite minerals
125
Monazite
128
Xenotime
130
MISCELLANEOUS
132
Scheelite
Fluorite
Calcite
Siderite
1.20
Dolomite-ankerite series
123
t22
36
L32
133
Introduction
Go my sons, buy stout shoes, climb the mountains, search the valleys,
the deserts, the sea shores and the deep recesses of the earth.
lr{ark well the vrrious kinds of minerals,
note their propertics and their mode of origin.
Petrus Severinus (1571)
said that 'a picturc is *'orth a thousand rvords', but a picture
accompanied by'a descriptive anallsis is even more l'aluable. We hope
It has been
that the full-color.rr photomicrographs in this part of the book will assist
the accurate identification of hear'1' minerals by complementing the
clcscriptions of grain molphologl'. optical and phlsical propertics.
Multiple grain mor.rnts of each heal'l mineral species uere prepared
for the images. Heavy minerals u ere selected from a varietl' of
sedimentary environments in order to provide the most informative
illustrrtions. Grains affected b1 dissolution and the most common
The age and locality of the dcposit fron rvhich the minerals u'ere
obtained is indicrtecl for all illLrstrations, except for those lvhere
commercial confidentiality still applies.
The optical diagnosis was confirmed bt' microprobe analysis for
minerals u,hich required chemical means for positive identification
(e.g. amphiboles, pyroxenes, carbonate and sulphate minerals and rare
species).
INTRODUCTION TO PART II
CB
CL
Mmt
n
r)v
RI
2V
x, y, z
o, 13, y
o, fJ, y
e
co
6
A
Canada balsam
cathodoluminescence
Meltmount
refractive index
(or r<v) the optic axial angle is greater (or less) in red light than
in violet light
refractive index
optic axial angle
the crystal axes
least, intermediate and greatest refractive indices
the vibration direction of the slow, intermediate and fast ray
refractive index, extraordinary ray
refractive index, ordinary ray
birefringence
density
: length slow
negative : length fast
Elongation: positive
38
F#
and cq;l*ur
pBe*s
gELECAg'flS
livsae Grerup
liisteritc ftr;rv:rlic,l*l'i*s
rllr,rrllrrllrlrr(. lrlrsrlrl ( i ) t
ibrsteritr
i;rvrlitr:
fulg.Sii ],t
l-. 'Si{
ttlt. l.il7
;rli l.-\9
ry .H7iJ
, (i.il5l
n +..it!
rtt t.l-aJ5
rlt l.{i5I
it"i i.f7{l
i-! ll.tl-15
Firen i .trditttts:
olivi*es. e-ireis
r:
::.5----------=7:=
!- -i -..-4,,.-tl(iEli-:
l.iisi.jrtic l:
L.-l<rtlc:s
Fv:rliiie
llltt
! I !
Eiiri-:v i,,:ili:iv
l=j1!fir-:iiri:r ,rii:-il:rv
rl:'-!
I I .
:iiiL,
iilieiiiece int:;
.--..l\,("Al\'i
.,r,qifd_,
F i..i,'iEl{
..viir
:ili1:ir'::
ii::i
1,iii!-:r,li.rll
:i f,i!i!::i :iit;r:rl!i
i:;iig.,,r.'.
= =g-
==
=
t--:
e.
==
,-:..'=
=,:==
--
:-re
- -OccasionallV
,._can
Elongatitttt:
'-
Sel'pcntinizalion or itldinqsitc.
P'rorcncs alrd antphibolcs ure
usuaily associrtcd r ith tlivincs in scdinrcnts and thcir
--occurrcnce rray signal its prcscncc. Prisnratic olivinc grrrins
resemblc cnstatilc. cspcciall' u,hen both are sc-rrenlinizcrl.
-'However, enstatite sliou,s pyroxcnc clcavages and oftcn
:tntains exsolution lanlellae. The bright intcrfcrcnce colturs
' -'of olivincs rescnrble thosc of clinozoisitc and t()iliz, but lroth
Savc trctter cleavases ancl lack the characteristic dissolrtion
pallerns frequcnt on olivincs. Pale-grcen olivines can bc
.. _Jistingui-shed fronr epidotc by thc highcr rcfractivc iniliccs:rntl
lrlcochr.ri.ru of lhr' l:rltcr.
in
.__
alsrr
Fcrl('r
40
ll,S
.li{{-'i I.j
Eineeac
-_
7,rs,{
}.t
t:;E
==,
-F.:
hr t*r:it*t i::er-i :
l'h.j. ! 1r.li.!t!c ii
ihi
j:e
==:=
lalgr-i glliirrs. 'i'hu srr i,r: ol il.tr Lrurrl*l gr:tins nrlrv he riti.:tl
aild ristcil- liiaiistii:s indir'rrir: ihiri Tirc{ilr ri ti::i :antlsiord:
i:; tcParr:tct-:rl rierkrriiirt;iniiy [rv (tundctl eL:riils Qr ;flgul;ii
5:#
,-' -:
-:Eg -+ .-: =
=;.-:.-=lE='
E "-= -E ;r :=
=:]i-F-
i:a
:,=: =.!
.=.'.8
:-':i.. i
g
E
-! {t I i
.\
Frru it ,";:iliu:n!:;:
r::
ictltg,:rnal" rrnil.rul i + )
cnrmcrlr,
ti
-t
ffi
[l :ir -:l!,!
!d
r. !
],
'.
r...
ri....1.. r!!
i:
rjIi Lj!-.jri-'i,
r:i,iq ttr
l:: ttls.
illrt
:=
$hse
rvc.
[=ei:;tinEuishifi!:.-r.riurc:;: ::ririr-';eli,-'i.,-.harar:i-'risii
Flr(rl(igf t|ld irir(ilg biicll iirgcn..]a:" logrrllr: n,ill ih,. l:rck
()l:i-tf{il}li cillot!i:;. iir {liililnr)stir (r /:ii(i}!1. l i: lr,.rii lhr
lcrlrlilv iderrlili:rblc l:trii i!iilL:tl:;i,-! rnlt it a;rr L:r:;c:; c:tr
m{r
:,,
trrrrlrd mcl;lnritlizrtioll
antl nretric or nlllltcol zirerls; :rrq ilLlsk.,, ,l;lrk rcv. brrvl
js,rlrlri1..
"r ltl:rtk lurl rrrrr;rllr
Llu:ltrrt:tt't: Zirq-rn is a rcnr:rkfrlt' r,.,itltsrre :rtl lr!--.ssory
rnircr;rl ir toaks ()l cruslal urigin. ll is plrlliuularlg lrlli.ir!iiorlr
ir silieic ;rl iliernrcrlilttc ieile()us ri)aks. !l alsc liilnls il
nt;rnllc rr:nlrlill:-. lunat 're!,,:;rntl lcic()file:i- ?'-ico lrv
tceh hir:h tr)tcr:ntr;riit! in sorrr
ilrL-5Ltl.r_r
;rirrl
pllrt_:i-.r.s.
hr:E:
slrrclictl
ltr-lr_'h s;rr1:.
!l:lrl:ri
;:;
i.
:rrt!
==.:..
=.=
-==. t.
==
--=
t,.=t=
J'
Z-IRCON
in migmatites. anatexites and somc contict-metamorphic rocks. the majority of zircons recrvstallize to euhcdral
crystals but the presence of r relict core is not uncontrllon.
The nrture of zircon in seclimentarv and igneous rocks uas
highlighted by Poldervaart (19-55. 19,56). Extensivc studies on
zircon morphologr' ('tr,pologie') and implications were ntadc
by Pupin (1976), anct Pupin & Turco (1972. 1981; see also the
many references in the latter).
grorvth.
1977).
(Aroclor).
Secontl pitgc, lon'cr: Zircons rvith (plcsuntablv xcnotimc) outgrorvths, -['riassic. North Sca (Mmt l.(162).
43
iit;!;
d
e:+ gEsFi=
=EEEE+E-=
<
rjir-jqjil-.
F.iila=:4-E:iEE'i'iF.J..i
-r!!l
r'_.i._;iiij-
l-t.'..!E::;
;:'l'ii:iiii,i
i. .r#. f
i;:iii:. hi::;i:i
;i!
I -lti
rr,ir4r
::
.r !
!!
ii-'
F,=
:
=
=
Ji
='
:-=
=- -- :ii
.r,i.':!F:i!.':i:;. r 6r',:rr'. l:,r ' :i !riglr ,',i:t,'I: i',:r'::,!
-ia . ::i!
li aas!l (i{i::.iii( !.11 ii1. i ri!iiiii.-i:.- sLlq:il!,i,-,i lr:;: rii.
!tii .'r!rrtir rri tilqr, l,!iilr s'l!glil lt iliiliiliiii:t' !'t!1.:ii::
::r
ii!;r!ri
f.!lil:.:!(
!ii lll!l;:
3===
. =:::.
t:
:-
l,illt'.'
;i.;:le;i:;;l-'{ {ii.!..:.iriiit:;ii1;.;:;iii.:rr:rL;lr:rir'!irtrr:ti:.
t' r 'rlr'trilr':,:. i!:ii' 'r ;!tt. ll r:rl. lrrr,.r,ri:h ..s ilr"'r iq' li;ti'
l lil".l',1: ir( ( ,''iiii:;t. l!,,r,'r! ;,. rirrl .', ,t r'rt
li i r<' i'r i rt g,t n taj-' Si rt!lg l( .:{ii.:nrt' ;iii t lr' cliei rriv ::h()vr :l
:;iighi 'l.rintlirg.' :!!- llrq ili.lilsr-:{![rr- siii.g., i: o:rie-l- itriu
le'enr:t-' -:r1q..rr:: iiiu rlL:fii irigh-ortL-'; iiti:, i ::ilrlq vr:llrr,v.
yL:ii1ri:;ir 4.r,,riif ri tlf;ifl ::!ev []u i(] :ji:i!tg ii:-itr:ior lllr
;u.nr:rLrus rricr
::t
uns-
==
---
:r! t!rli!!1!ilr!
...:i:,,i,.i,..:1,
,:.:i:;:.'
;':!:*1::i.i1.;i'.'.ir,,-..'.i,-:.,.;
.....
_-...;
.. -.. ._ ... -. .:._.
, ...L:.r ir!:!l :_
r'.
11 r l,i 1 ,,, i
,,:r.i ...;...:,
riir; i!.,.;i1a.' i::ii|r::- :i'i;,'l'icrirri -'ir:;r'.'trFr':' :,,'
:::.:
--=
rlisiinctlv lllc{)(:hr{ri(-.-
l.t1,-ri.
{ i1 FiN
l:'l'
l{(-tl
tu
{iarrc grceap
isiirrct ir:
Itvr':rlsri1e t;ri ncts
n
alrurlilire l-cr'Al.lsi{}rl,
slte:;:.atiine futn,.{i.llii{i,,1,
il'lsrAl. l:;i)rl.
Fv!()irc
l-l
utrrssu llt I
;rrrlr;r,,litr
r
rv; r iv
ii,'
t^.i.l
l.s.j(l
l.fi{X)
.r.s -i.i
l.l11
r.l
1.
gnrrcliti: {;rrrc:;
A
llaAl. lSi(),lr 1.71.1 .1.4-.l.ft
atxrf;c."lsi()rl, l.sli7 i.7-+.
{-a1(-r. l5i{-},1, LHaf} .1.+.l.s
1
<
==#
i:--e::-
:
:
: -:-
==
-5
-:===::
---
=-=:
-:l
thr=.., <L:;plu';
-:j:--
--=-
:--'-
F-----._=
=.4 s-=-
46
Vi:.:lt.rVlAN I-I'l :
VesuvEanite { idoerase}
{-l
r,,(
\l,Fc3 '
) r,,(
seitiftttts:
Itleu:hrlist' (- irkrured
B
i.rej'ri tryen
t'r.'
Ei lt:ittl :
rrtineiion.
.i,rr-
et. i l:,il:,'.li\lll:li
rl( .'irirr'
. 1{'llt;rriIl
J7
(I
tr( i{'RASF
U
,
\_.
\.-
IIf:AVY
MINF.."ItAI- I)E,SC'RII'I'IONS
srrnc
\.-- (\{mt
(Mmt
France
1.662).
\_.
\J
\J
48
:;tt.t_tMANt t !..
tillimas!ce
pri;sqncr: of
sillimanitc.
Al:oIsi()4l
{}c(urrenct:: Sillimaniic
lrthorhtmbir:, bia.,{il ( + )
crv:it!llzcs
in
high-ieinperalurc
rnetlrnrerrphic r,.rcks :ntl ocrlrr: in sillinranite .-corulie rile gncissc:; rntl biotilc sillirn:itc lornftlscs. lt is also prr::ilrnt in
t(r l 654-l.irrrl
rrf't 1.653*1.62
it! i.7j I.i-l
{}.{tl0 {).{t2l
_1.23 3.21
{irirls
(Mmt
F}crt
rii Bcira.
M()zatrrbi(pie
1.5,!2).
se
ili
hue
rd fi[r'es is -prar':rllel,
5F
Initrjtt'i:ttt:t: J"ig,urc: Prisratic grains antl clc:rvagu inr{rtcnls Vickl la:;h igurc:;. A rvcll-ccntrctl icte t)isfctrix iigure
c:rn iL- iiftitted ironr iragmr,nls ancl ,ch!i't plisnts rvhich lay,irr
lheir bsal Brlane r rillcd otu their b:s;l plarrc in r)frllrr i!)
qi.riait an iertcrcni:i,' igure. lsogvre:; rppea in l ivhilc i'
"vtlL...r iield wiihirrf isoc-htritesl. lV is trdi:r;ic
*c ! c
fig
i , r!-
ry
P+r;i i i v,-:.
llF:,,i1Y h4ll'Jl:li1.
lllr:l{'!{i!!'!!(ji{:rl
AadaEu,-;e
.41.{!l:=:iirl
orth,:r'h!ibia.
li:l;i:r!
ti .{'}.3:-l l.i;tl
r1 i).0{ifr-.{1.!t |!t
A I i-l l.lt
Ftrnl it :;riiftlcttf :i: 'l'hc morpholoqv ci tlct ital ;nt!lu:;iar
i:i ;1ilqulilr irrcgLtlar, ocr:;rsiiinailv llt::nt!t i.t. sr hn r trL:,1 l ri
rat'cl,l' we ll r,-run,-led. {-'le:v:rgr: lrcL^:; itrL' l'!).irlv .l!sr!;ty-.j(1.
g-i!-iis
siti,: i:;
{'o!our: i'ril()l!rlqs:i or ii
lii ar
ini--Lrr-iii"-:;- A.l:llr-
ilt
Lrrr:;r:
pr:dt::
ltitikrf cl Plcoehfrristlr
?=:
ilctr'itiil qu;rrlz.
. -{=:.
.-=
:a: -:+=.
---i=; "-=:.:
:. ::
griri rrs.
: .:::
- i-.:
rr
re
ll
j;
Ncgative.
l::
::
rle
,
.'
is c0nnon i lr.-,i-tsc:.
ANDALUSITE
carbonaceous inclusions which are arranged systent&tically
within the mineral, appearing as dark bands or as a black cross
in a basal section. The form of detrital chiastolite is irregular
or rounded, sometimes prismatic. Rarely basal fragments
occur. It is colourless and non-pleochroic.
-sl
'il.t!-R...f lll
:iq
liil'lliit=l!;
1
f't't!'i't'llt'a':
Kyaeee idsEreee!
!i
.r.i.r!!:,
i..\;rlltir
t! .tii\\,.'.
,,.'li1.,.
;rl
!--:.:fni F:S:
rl.:t
ilrl
rri-':!-
i::
i= {}.{}ll ll.{ll{"
r. r1
.+-.ri-r
1-qlt
f"ortl in :i.:li|ti:ilis:
iifai*:;.jrttftt'
ilr'l I-i;wr-i
lr'a
i liliilt
.lllr-
(lnlour:
(i'lins
often rvith
ln urirvfi
ic
tdt roi:; tt-' i3he-ciloureri ::rccinrcnr: havr rve:rl.: pli:cr:ltrri-cIt: rt, colourle:i:;; [i, violet l]lue ; i', cobali lilur,
!:t l t
nrav
==:#
fi I on 4af i t t tt : tro:irivc'.
corrrhirr;rlion ol'
lrrgc rxlrrli('rr
r:it!-y
irrcgular g.!!n iF
rliagtioslic clltt'irL:lL:t
n-o-q-
:-.
.i
!T-
Fe!
=::=:.:-=
t_ii
{1
=.;.
i{il',
3'clglaz
Al_(tlsi(1,ltI;"(]H
),
o'thrthinrlic. liaxiul
(*
,ttt 1.6{Xrl.6li}
i ::1
=:
_u-
vell{iw-
llirt.f'ringtnt:.' !\ic;ik.
tL.:v. rvhitc or palc
gt iri n-! -!ll( iW n
iillllc
ve
{) '
L:()l(itl ts
hhe arrl tr.^e iE.f in'tiln: !'u'allcl io,-:lcavallLr ircr:r unil to prisnurtic
.n| s\lnnrtlric:rl,'l htrsll :iur'liUni.
tu.-r,:s
gul:r
iir
:.,trht;Ltt,lrrl
iiitnt iviiir
iicr,rrerri irlrlei:tiiit:;
;r<.1
JV li n;iv le rliii.:il{
sc
"lli::;.
lrin:;
1' l.ru.,c fuiirccir !:!,.i1:r:sr:, nr:,rlluh(ir) lrt;rch::lrril. Sl lvc:;. [jrl;il IN,int 1.5.1.).
f;tsn;
1',rviiz,:lari;
.::
:..
r=:
<1
.1
! -_::
:.'
. ::
=-
ilFcca{en!enie
itt!
,t'
i.ft55 l.{ii{'
i fii
I l "
i.ni+
.7:1,.:
{r.(}l{f {t.{t1;
tlil
I { i{ I
iht
r,:ic;tvl gi-::;
lr.:
-.!11.,:.
trastirr: sltarlt:. ri[ (l(:c[r ll!ur:. ittrligii iir rr,,!-viqil,'t:,. bitl.virllcl. !:trlrillsh blttr:: [i, eriltrrttlcs;- lilrl-r'rillrl prrle lila,-.
I ) ist i tt
gu
irrle nsivc
thcsc trvo mincr;lls. Siitlic irnrrhiholes hav.-' inelined cxl i trct ion
-l-he
tt ol corudui is highcr anrl it
anrl anrrhiliole cleavages,
is tiiaxirl. PiL:n1rutlc hr-: a dislirctlv stronuL-r lclicl' nil ;r
posil ive sitn.
r'l I l. li hlilrt,
e,t
s',t A t
jt{{ },1' tl
SunqlEiee
--=
;.
=:: .:
to.
.7
]()
1:.
:. 1..:
.711
..
::
i ir
i,
::--
rri\
ol
cu;trtz :tttcl
,,==
: ' =-.;,
e,ii:;qr,'r'nillc :=r,,
lrbsent. {lt
rol(l!t:i
l:, I t i n gt l it i n
:r
rr
!,-'n:ili slt rv
i:.,
u:ii::=:i;l
1.74 .i.fi=i
dcli nLr(i cL:lvil!1c rlccs- R;rrc lv, di; rnorttl-sh:tpr:il liaslrl srl
br.t
ZJ
tizc,l
-:1rt
ii tiilc rte-velinc cl il:iiufr +)ti r riii rrr; r,-' ii i rrrri r- i ;r rir t i!5 i.;
hy ilie e.tll iurtlcri ;r:.:.cci;leti rninerei:-i r; iii:,:.tr
irili:-:cri
t,
t.:'a?:
.
.'
56
{-lll.li'{}!t
L-EEerEond
i
r'
.h4g.i14n ).i n l. !-c )trl,t ).1 si{ ), l-( { il I ),
nli)or:lilir:. trielinic. li;iil i*i r'( )
l;er'
tat
;rli
t t'!
I .7
ll
I .7-i{}
l,7li. i.7l-l
i.7t.i
l.7J{)
.==--
il.tlt] {l.i::
'r, it j
f*trn
Fi{
ol r:hl.rririrl
in :;t:tlint:itls: 'i'hr: ia-vcr-likc
','r
ilr pctft't nricli=iypc f{}{}l } r-:l*uvlrgr: rvhir:h iL,ii-'rrrrilq'r;
rLrslIs
is dcril rilPu;l.irlec. t Lr:u ilct'i1ll grains occur il.;tiurntlv
lts l;rsal r:L:lrvag,, rllttc:;. A grait '.rstullv cosisls oi- several
supcrinrrrist:il lasll pLles lril sh<rv:; :r illli;rtetl h;rbii. Thcr,: i:;
:i ia:nrlLrnctrr lir lht: brtsrtl plittcs f() i:urve- (lhkrriioiil rrni:tins;t
rvirle varir:tv rf iri,'lrsiors. n1()sllv qrlrrtr:. niu:c0vite- ttlilc.
trrrtlrlini: lril g; nc!. 5o!.- grains arr sreckled :viilt rrritttir
g!rjL:ili:;l
{I
ltl}
rlCitvAgr,:s,
itttt'rJtrcfitt
sicn-
-!'!ts
', i i ; n t1e i i e t i t :
f'Jrg:rii;c-
lriir--;ill-v
rfgirii!r
t!1!
!i!1- :
:-.
Fiir-a-'f:sr':- ir
*
|
=J:=* =,==
'. ::' ., ,'i= -:-='
::'::i. :.t:.1
-E
:
,sg
(-iISIl-Il
EFE*q}T'E GR*g-iF
I lnil is rnirxitl. 'l-hrlifrr r-escnrhlcs hvrclsiltr:nc. ltrrlilusilc aril picntorrtit.,'" hut ii is vcv rtlqr ill
has a highcr r.:lie
ZelEsie
{lr.Al, l.C}.
H I Si
-o'llSia),
rrthirhrrbic. triaxial ( +
:;e
{-} <:c
Ufre
rc.e
: Zoi:itc
t;rLr'
carlous.
ntr' b*
o i nctrnLl*ic.
isiic. i zci:itc
par.jvrrjrr
iigrc:;.
l,i;;lgit-iit:tl:
,-lr't:iti,n
rsiii;'c {}
!lr -;iti1!:
+iiir
:;iiia
ilpiir;tl
dl
:rlte 'atiOr
iloloUf:
c;rlc
Form in sedii?teni.t:
0i
rl:;ri oeeurs
.1.15 -j.17
tlitne nts,
it is
r:aL:i_:
FAr,"-t'
_!. + i_+. i
!i
ti,d-_:. ll :;i. J,
nrcl,:ri-'li-. it::i:!
tf ii,l'i!;
ll
'i
.-
l i i't lli ;l I l
ri
F-J
{:lEccE+s+Es*
s:--::
I-l:,S'li
alr rrnrli{ur:riir i
;rligt- i;i ;!lici:l::r;r.
:-,:iisii.'
:i:!-::;rali.- i.i,ii
irt,i
l i: lorr,rl l'.,'ih.-'
{ifaitt:; j'rtt*t
1;; i-iiiccr:rtr' E'!il;i:.rrc l-i;vlr:. ilr!,=:t.
li ai.r,:i,ri -.rrrrri '-i,'1.;;.,. (.=i i 'b;rtiii'sr-(rt!:. Frllh 1;.:::
i.!.
l1!;
!tii:liai
la:,i
1'(;: (:1'lll
:.f!-;.
yL-
lolv or
pe Ie
grcen.
:' 'i=: .
i=
! -'-',
t,
:"
'; '
u=
==-l-
i:
..:.. ----:;:
-d
i: arelv
ileilil:rl
:;rrrcics.
relie
l. rlorninentll pris
blur'. ptpl*
nt!
!'lt
tq I I
E*lEEer:'
itt
;i!i
it'!
i''
I
-=:==
F,
',=
::'.
I 7li i 7'ri
i.lll, i 1.'j !
| 1,'+ I liti
i,{}l'; lli}l'r
Ilj-;i!"
-=:===- =
'1
.::.:
:.=
:::":
=:
,::---:;1-
ii ,ii:.iir l:
i' t';'!r:i:';." !riiir
ri{ ll()ri t! !lri,- c { !t: fi.::r,'ii"ir Ycllr'il, -,'iv:i..
.1lq
.,,
i. ,.:. r;rir.
-.= .:
.:-:=::.
:'a:.i-:: :
=
j!it:f.
;'.!;t
t':i::i;ii,
! t:it( iiiil
i '
i :'
.r
i;ir-l!
E'!til:i:r:l:ii;!
..:r!.itr1
::r,;tii
:,'j:'il!{ii.r:
il,:' . i'.,i.
:(
j:'!l!'
i irtri"rlrrrrt
Grains front:
CarbctnLferous,
or two
in tieeply buried
sedi-
!:.
i
'
!
.v
62
l l-,to.11i:i-l!TF
PEerc*mi*
c;-(
N4n
t',F(j
'' .I ):AlLr.OFI[SirO?
nlon(lclinic_ liaial i -F)
tttL
1,7-11 -l .7().+
;rli
rY
l.7irl l.lil()
ll
-qiorI
.75(I l.it17
(|. ( ll5,-
j.ii
0.0rifi
i.i;l
-.
virle
t.
':
brownish r'erl.
viiilci.
(r..
#ireJ'rin|t:ttt:.' fulodcrite
i(-)
ox,irtg
agi-!1eis
lrnrl
rr
lnietJ.t:rt:nrc iigure:
r='xti
ncti{}n.
Fri:;rn:; l;ivinr
tn (lil{)) i)!'!)vrl!: a
lV. isir
t!
i t t
l- ii
lr,'i lrsil
l'iri't',
!'r, mrrnirlt'
qrr
(Fli !.rirll.
tli
a....=
!.;\W.'l(i'F.lll'tr
L*wsq!mEEe:
{-':rAl.lSi.{ ),1({ tl},1
orl!triltrinrbic.
tt\!.
l,(i
li;rri;rl ( I
a:j
'lr(i5
,---.1.?--=_..-==_=:
..
=...- -:,
. . :':- : .:
'!'llicke
r.i:iiitr
rtlf5.
iirti. I hrtl ri
LrtgilLrrliirl lrirgttl.:rti:;
Initr.ii:rt;ttt" .iittiri::
Ltnitd aruie l)i\(j{-it:i
i:
i;rrall,,'1.
rr:.tr;rll.; tli:;c,-,1iblr: trlv in iliickr- ::lir:;. :tnil :t cle:ti -l:.itir,lign- i:ri:, tii:.ptt:;irrt ii rlcicr:i;thlc-
"hr'
irierier:rir-'r- LokrLrii. lr)$(:tu. {'lit(,tt)i:;ir: it:t:; ili:licL! t:,iir-:iir :iri rr:;rlr!l:,i,ir:lai:,:i:i (iliL:r:.:i:; iicrr ili:t'-i:tirlri
Il:;:nrtll.,:.11.''. I'*rrt,riri;t:iot:i;t::c.rr;ir:".irr,:ltrt!ctl:tcliLllr
.1
==::a:__.:.. .
:
is rlelrrrrirctl lv
.-1
::.::--
=====_:_=:-=
f!:(-l
-*=
..,.'--i:=
.:==
btirr
-l
.:.
1-:'
66
I:S
PUtu{l'F:.t-YlTi:
FceraepeEEye
1.671,-t.7..1;:
frli
t\
.75,1
.7.';-1
l.fiil l.7tr4
(i.0l.i t).i):l
.r. ls--j.l-l
iif
cokrutle:;-s gt:tins
ittc inlr-cqrrcnt.
ilrin gr:rins.
[Je,:ause
ltsr:s.
il.riirlciiorl: Wiih!l hc
tsiircriii ili th irdvidual
r:rv.cirl: is
;r
Fililngutiitit: {irrrinronly
:lr'rg-:i! ihq::;
e rcliahL,'
aq
trc lri:.,i:k-tit
air
yerv
N''1,)rLr tl-:ilil:: cr
Fvlltrr.lre-!l,ajeik1 ii
(]trc'hiirisli I IilH{rl.
{-.tt'
t.!fl{it{';::
iouiiipr:!l-il. i:;
.':i
ye
: :
. i:i
"::::r,-'i::r.r:::
I t r::4.
ii .ltilr:rttrri,;ii,' iir.'rltl
,ri
,a
'
in.
Su,i I ze l -
6ti
I{ !trif\1,\i
'B'<:ca
q-EEaaEEB:
grFE
l.!:i(
fui
ittEt rt t,
;!'i!'itl iirirul:r:
i lr: lrtr:tlir
EE
g.i
lf.lt
a.illl. {ii!l}
:tr::;
ilttr-r'
r it ir!
'i
ii
IrE l.l:;
;ti'i
c(iiptr:.ili{t;l
;.,,ill
,'i,!
:ti
:.
L{}ii} iirtia
ttl:, lr,ll
(' iltT i| lr
i.0t I lt
. .. .t =::= :.
a
5,
-.==,, '
--:.::: :
:rirrr;r1ii-ii:l-'ilr'i::;rrrl!''lrl;t,inIt!!:t {a.jtlilialinl!:ils()r)irl
r:riiiclc:;- .ijlirll ii ii!!n :ri:rin v:u(iui- ila!.isr-'1i ii iu(liir!'.
=...:
i:-q-
mpu rit ic:;. f-lcrtain featu res rcsemile tiveigrr-rrvt tts :i trrl thcsc
leed t.J [e rc,iognizetl in iirtler 10 avoir] crnfusiriti. Gt'uin:;
having tlisconlrnrrous riptic:al zorine nav ;rppcar similar iri
hcse witt trvcrglirvlhs, lrri ilistinr:iion L-lln hL: mad.i bv lh.
laek Lii- 'ruLrts' Gn tlie f$irrer. Fr:ilrturing anri thinning of thc
grain:; ai rne cnd. rr srmetimes ecllctrtirrg ntcrill adhl:ring
it: tttr grain, cn b{; nistakcn hr:rri {r.rergrriE,th. lrut tlr* lattc:r
i:; in optiea! diseontinuitv rvith ihe tourmalinr: grain. '!'hc
i
=
--:
-:==-::--:
Fleo,i:llrttisrt'
-sldc:, ir-
-r =--:-::-=
-::==:.--:.:-
tlre ith:r.
-[-ourm:iliues"
-rpeeially !e irrir-[urriur
varielies, havc slron g and disti retive ri.-'o.-hroisnr. Mt xi nr r utr
ab-rorliirrrr appe:rrs rvhcn iht krng aris i:; lving pcrcnrlieular
tc thc vihration cliteetitr oi llre rrilari:r:f, l rrrc ,-'asc:rfragme nts oi thc ba:;:rl rariing shriru rcvrrscd nlllirllr!nl
ahsop1l. [t'on fturntiline sh,rw rleoclrroi:rn r:ithcr lrrlrr
vcllorv lrown to pale yclltir'; !!'lonl dcclr hlrrr. tlarl: gr.ccrr trr
plc ycll(]w of crl(urlcss- The plcochroisnr cl rrttglrcrilrrr
tturnalines is in shties ri rale vr:lkrrv. liihiurn iounr:lincs
lrra: )lourlcss in the . dirccticn tnel h:vc- tiil.^r int:: rii lht.ir
nrlural colotr (i.c. light lrlur. grern rir rink) in thr rlircction
of nllxilnttrt absorption. I-iasal l:rr-firrgs ()r griin:r rrirrrtcd
accrlrding to thrr hasrl Linar:oicl usuall.v laek pll-.r!-hroisnt.
isotropic.
Extitcfiotl:
itve
rarallcl extirrrrtion.
lnErferen|e ligure:
ohscrved
Elttngatirtn: Nrq;rlivc.
Lrasal plirtirrg-
i:r
rir(i:ii
ll
i:;
lck of
i:lcar,,age:;.
{ tlturlc:+ {f::ins
a:.=:
- ::==----:='
st!'ikillg,lv eliffercr
'==:-
=='.:=:
iul
7{l
-.
TOL]RMALINE GROIIP
andalusitc. topaz or sillirnanite. but a clear uniaxial figurc on
their basal plane assists in diagnosis. Vcrv dark grains can
casily be orerkroked as opaques. In this casc insertion of thc
rccessory ctrnrlcnser uslrrllv rcvcals colours at thc thinner
crids, or rollinq thc grins onto anothcr facc nray yield lightcr
colours. Grccn prisms are most likely to be mistakcn for
acgirine or for certain amphiboles. Thc bluc varicrics rcscmble alktli amphibolcs or rlumortieritc and the brorvncolourccl orcs rcsemtrlc brown hornltlentlc. Aegirinc hns a
hiqher rcliei. rvcaker pleochr()isln, strongcr interfcrcnce
colturs anrl shou's clcuvages. Tlie revcrscd absorption of
amphiboles iln.l dunlortierite, thL- positive elrrngation tf nrost
anrphibolcs (except sonre alkali amphiLrolcs). as wcll as the
roocl amphibolc cleavages, aicl clistinction. tlypcrsthcrrc hus
higher retractive indics and is lcngth slo*. Sonte ycllorvishbrorvnish angular fmrnrcnts of tourrnalilre rescmblc staurolite ,
but thc lattcr has a hishcr relicf and lorver- birefringencc. The
rliagnosis of rr c-ll-rountlcd toururalincs prcsents no difficultics.
as other colourccl ntin!.rals (prt from rutile) seldo!l .rtt:lrn
srrch cxtensir c rounding. ln acolin sedintants anrrhitritlcs lnci
pvr()xenes nrr'be sintilurlv rotrnticri, but clcalaqe tnrccs ol
thc former iind the highcr relici of thc lattcr help to tlistinguish
t
he nr.
in ntdtsr,ntirtir
Kryninc (l(116).
(jruitts Jrotn:
lt
l:irAr.rY trc!i![:i?'=.i'
iiE::,:l'::--:.il]l'f
aaEEEe
.ft li
i r'Ji i 'qll
;r.:i! 7lt
i l'ii! /lli
t.txl!: ii.{}i
i li
r.
Jit
-=.
i'1ir'iii iit :;.:!li?i:iii,i-
iiqii iliitlrla:ii
i!r-
irl:qigi!:.('ii i
::t1,.1
Iti
vitlci. q
lrq1..,i1-l i:r-'r, !
1,l1i1q:
{i.tiirtiitt: !ciirril
rriirii i;ril
isrer'..;iiirr.
EIoEtltitn: LongiirrtliriaI:;ctlion:;
llistiitiluishinE
.fr't!t!ra..;: Iiigli
liir..,
liltts.'l
ht:
l;rr{r' !'::tinciitir a!lgla irl iii;rri:rrrgrie. iosclhq^l rvitli it:: !rigtrilr(lci irilLrflat'eicc eoiour:.. scrulj ic iiisiiitgLisl ii iiirl
iiliiiiir.
j''ufftlt::': ,riinit.: rs il ('litiitcict:tiiri illnci:ll o .rtitt;t!i
itlcl;ilriillha: ;1!tf(lr:- ireirt:ei {iitalrr!r1;!ic ocl::; lrrr! g;rriitic
iniu:ri..r-':r- lioctut:;:i:;iiilvcilr::;!iiic;rr-';i!(::irri:iiiir:::.rii;rltr'
ir:rs;ri1.
irr..;lll. l:ircl:rr
lh/rili l.r'r.l).
r:
!1.{
-:tl!: i'l
.'.,
i!
P)'ROXENE GROUP
PYROXENE GROUP
General considerations
Pvroxenes are onc rrf the ntost important rock-forming
nrincrals. lut of the nrnv menltrcrs of thc pyroxenc group
ttnly a fcrr ()ccur cotlttonlv as clctrital grains. Pvro\!-nes arc
chcrnicalit unstable in sediments ancj thev tlissolve at un early,
stege of diagcncsis. -l-hcrefore, thcy arc fountl onlv in eithcr
rrell-sealctl ncicnt sccliments or in l-oungL'r cle-posits. trut in
both cases thev are valuable inclicators of provenancc-.
The chcnristry of a prticular pr foxe nc- s|r'cics pro\.idcs the
basis of accurrre idcntication. Chcmical data plottcd in the
triangular diugrant ol Polden.aart ct Hess (19-51), prorosecl for
the Ca\fqSi,O.-CaF'c.Si.Oo-Nfg.SiO-Fc',SiOn sysrcnr. rvill
cnable anv l)\,roxenL. species to be namc-tl (see Dccr el a/.
1975. p. 3) thus providing useful cluc's tr provcnancc.
Within thc' pvroxenc sroup r$o principal subdivisions exist:
orthopvrosencs *ith orthorhombic and clinopvroxenes *,ith
lonoclinic svntntctr\'. Bascd on crlstal chcntistr\'. p\rr)xcnes
r!'clrssitierl s follo*s (Deer cr l. l97E):
l\lqnesiuln-iron pvro\enes
0rthopl rorcncs (cnstatite-orthofcrrosiIitc')
(Nlg.F.r' ).Si.O.
Pisconitc. (Nlg.Fcr-.Ca)(\ts.Fr, )Si.O.
Ca{citrrn pvrorr'lcs
l) ioirsitle- l lctlcrrbcoi
Ausitc (Cir.lvlg.Fcr'.\l),(Si.Al),t),,
Frssuirc Ca(Nlq.f:er
".t.c''.Al)(Si.Al).O,.
JLrharrnsnitt ('a\fnSi,O,,
Ctleiurlt.sltliunt f\ rr\\cn(\
Orrphlcite (rqirinc-usitc-)
(
*.Fe",.\i;Sr,O,,
Socliunr p\ r()\cr)!-s
Jltlcitc NriAlSi,(),,
.\cgiritc Nirl;cr'Si.(),,
[.Jrt:r'itc Nrr('rSi,O,.
[-ithirrrrr Pvro\crrcs
Spotlunrcnc LiAISi.O,,
rcporterl frrnr
se(lillrdnts:
Orthopr roxcncs oI thc solid solution scries cn.sfatitr.-<rthoferrosilite u ith intcrntetliuto nlcrnbcrs brorzitc. hvpeshc1..
lcrrohi pcrsthcnc tntl r.ulitc. ln cuscs rvherc gruins arc
tliagnoscd onlv lrl thcir of)tical pro)cttics, thc colourlcss antl
()pticirll\ positir.c f\roxL.ncs rc iclcntilictl s enstltitc and thc
colourcti. plcochroic and olticullv ncgltivc spccics as hrpcrst
hcnc.
locltlll.
73
!l
A\,'1'
L4
lNIrll=Al.
DIISCI-I.I
EsaEe
Mg.ISi_.,1
oiilo'l'rl-.ic. biliil i +
-. -.::
::,
li)-'
1 .<..:i l .t7 i
i{'1(l
!t\t
tl
'
nfi
rt'i l.{:it l.{i-iti
tl (l.tXl7 .{1.(ll I
:,1 3.t-\:l
^
.4::
:!
:ri
rc
:r1'llrti
r,sse
t
-spceiL--c.
Eftilt:tittt: {lf
is r;rralL:I.
I n t r: rfc
r c nc
by basirl seetiots.
Elttngatirl
tt
P.si1ive.
of ctrktr, prisrrialic
bv
morphokrgv.
f.
HYPEtis' HE.lfr
F{ypersErene
(Fer' .Ms)rlsi.o,,l
ortltirhrbic. bil:irl
b.='
(
ne 1,6(-1.75.i
rrfi l.rt74" | .16:j
t! l_irti(f 1.771
) {1.(t i-tt-(il(}
1 .l.ll .1.v6
Furn in sedirlent:;:
E{yrerstlrcrrcs
---'l_:=a.
.-,,
ii:" '
=:a
i=, ,=
-,==
EE
= *.:
::
-aJ
j;
:i
ctiiilig.
{tl.tur:
Siriicl*s
Plett:hroistt'
:rncl grcr:n.
li
rna.v
:':
=:
BirtJfiilgtft'i:
fuiride'aae
and
u.'le
*:;tt:t jit?rt'.'
nk:n'j't:t
riicn
itlltl
l;rrcs
altl
l.!r'iiis
rla.::. whi!:i
h:1.c
i11q:,1,
iii
;!:-ii5
cr iltslt iigtrr*:;. v
il I t g
i i,.t
tl
l'.,ritivr,:.
iir
i:: he rlar:rcte
=,-
t_
HITAVY MIN:ltAI.. I)lrs('l{ll/f'l()NS ANf) ('()l-Otilt I'l .,A1 I:S
some
\ranites
\ranulites,
rme hornfelses.
\:
76
!, ! { 3E::; I q i
ir
I I tr i,; I :F-j
i :
tii
!i
i;
: [i- {
::;
iiaF{*lSi,t
l,,l
{ li'.i:'
lSi.,{),,1
)
=1
.'
=
'=
j
=..
iriir-rn tt ttl
.,1r-'
l|)\
::ar:u 1,
iicii'it:ii grrriiis.
:.: i,.4tit'a:;:
gui:;lui-'!c
itrirr tir-it
<iihe
',ri1
.!.
,rrtn', 'ii'l
::= ='
:==:
.:
- ==::
:::
.1=--=: :
:
-=
=
=l
,'-=-:
.=
-.
='
:: . -==
- .-:'-
=:tr:,:
71
:;
=:E_,:
1^Yi ivlli{trFi.4t
!,f ,.5c
l, i
i,'i
}i--l.i i.t
-.i.!
Lr. [
l_l
1. t tl.-.
' /
--=:
lii:i!!.'!!t''. li::,:i:i!
II!
-ii"
;:
{Eiqii}:;ri:.}: ::q!g-isi
'-..,lriqh ::irr= i: !ir-rriiiijiti :irlri rl<::i:l'v :;1rci,.il
E-
,Jir:;i
l-'
!i I
P It
l r
i:; r2.'
1-,;Lrl,j rvr:r
l: o
:r
:ir
lc vr:llor..,.
hsc-rt.
icl:
:;rr'c-i
iitctt:..
at-..1--..i ,. .i
...
,.'..'if!14'iiit.
li.uirn Pl:ries i:- i:rr:rllt-i" Irrti cn rtilli:t. ihr'
t:ti:r:: i:: :l: ittr!:;irt lirlrtit,i otiir; llill)- ilir i;rrgr e:tirrrtiorr
iiitgir. ri:;irerirri:;i-ci
ciirrrpr,,fi:.r:!r::. ('ii!l
lrf
rb:;e't,r-'r!-
t.t., :
i,
t:t'
'tz
=,:.='=
=''
e -... ;..
!, -- ---.1..'irr! i.r inl.-rii.'i? iiii:r, ('t.i:ri:li :ti1:rarljE
i;t :1i-'r-:i:!i-':i!..,
ii!:ll!:ii' ! liii-'{i1}iriiri i: iia'!'!;rr:r(:i :fiL-:; id ii ri,:,-rti:; r:
!l!i!1Lr! il;1 l:!i;r pl;!ir:: r'.ilil ;i r.-ur-1.,' !tr:;i. ii !;:= :t
iiir:i.-,:rr!tul lr:tii.:,- il:r'iirit -rir;r'.,:rrr l'!i!r:!r;
i'riil-ll.j r-':i::'.:'. !::'(:r ttrQi: iliit:tiii;r: (1,i.-1.,r0. -!'lfitkct rt
s-acas'-:,
l', r.rrr,'
,:tL:L'ilifiili:r:: !-;irllart i:: ;r clulrtrriuiriie rinrrlr! rri r:rtia::egurirttrl g:rhhtti:;. rlilllrgiie:: :rnil sotrr rtlrcr ultrllrt::ie rrcks!:;:trti.:;: !)i:tl!:ige i.r rrolrll-,11, l1l(rac crilmiin in sr:rlitrenl:;
ih:i i.;e:; Frafi(iilSlr eriift!:il. i.r'.,i:: i,:; it:: lll!tv h;bit- lr;rlv
Irstr,-::;ti iir-litciilc:; iuiiriri 1;r;1:ilcc. il i:ltt lr: rrislirl:rr
!' srlrtc litririrr't:; oi iita tuli!;!1c g-(iuF. !,t:illitrr rti:lv ltL:
ti!iiLilltrlail i1 ila irir:i(.ar ci ql!tr.i PVt{r5enc:-. liolnhlr:ilc
'l rrtkr.':'-!ilc
{:ili:;: i -)ligtretrq l:'rrh :rlrirre i\itrl:r:,:u-. l-!r:;rlr:trei g. l)eii.-'i,ri;in.i i fvjnr !..-3:.
;=-u-j'
AU{;t't'E
..-:---.
Anagi*
(ea.Nig.Fe:' .Fcr'
i,, =
Al
).,1 (
::
,.a.
j::
Nt l.i7l 1.7.15
nfJ l.t72"-l .711
t.i l. tattj,l.1 /4
r) ll.().lf--{}.(1.19
A 2.()G,l.5l
'
:t=
-!
1==
-E
\-#=
\
.=
\:-
i .'
.'- -.
'!=
=::'
=--
iirrrn. oceurring :rs sltrrri cr l()ng slcntle r' rlisnts rvilh ie rmiltrtirlns:rt ore rlr lolh etttls (a, h), airl solll!]tillcs s(ll-litrc lo
.rrrtltgonal llrs:rl secfiitns. Villcanic ;rrtgitrrs ttrav show
tttitv-
pariicle
re
ctlttgulitr
trt-e
akage
qtlolllf: Augite
;r4rcirrs
il
v;lri()ur-i r:hltrlcs
rtllLr
,1rrnL
' ( l)
i;:ri-;rlle
F-
Io
;tgttt i oit :
Piisi tivc.
19
Distitrguishing featurcs: Irairly high rclicf. largc cxrinclion:rngle ancl grccn, sontclimcs brru.nish. crlours lrc
chrrcte ristic tlf augitc. Owing to coltrposiliorlil vlrriirliorrs,
only chcmical arr:rlysis can provide lt itccuratc tlctcrminalirln
of thc augite valicty and also a posilivc tlisrinction of augirc
is
baurirc
BO
:1.
4cgErEce,*-aa;g+
(
i-.1a.i'u )( 1-t:''
r*'rr,r'lirir' lrirrri;rl 1 l{
1,,
1.7{il! i.75il
!{} L7ii0
ilt
jlr
! ..i
7.1,{i Llit}{i
i.(,.1{}
I ji{}
!}-(li{}
l i;
:rltrit
r:r1,,
lttcrvrish giccrr-
ilirt:.j'rinititt'.'
!-i-:ilir-:L :jifrt!1g,.
l!ii.i'ierrtLr
,iti!,Lrs i:rlsu
-!'lrr:
f:.tiittiitll:
r.:.:iinciiii :rltlt
:tirtlnciaieitl it eio:;s stetic'lls.
ir
:l
. lrr1 i:-
t ,t
t Et i
f'Jt'g:riirr-:.
llisiittiiti::ltist,r.
i'tuiurt':;:
i1!:,!ai'
gi,'ij.';i
.i!l-ir,
ir'!!rrr.;$..rqi.r
ir!:
rl.'!.,..,
li
,ilt.:rrqq :i
i,,1r,
r'l
r!|i..
11.'r'!
r.
iJ:
r,l
I{
trA\lY
hr I N
l-.
liA L DlrSCl{l
Ii
-.{
!L-} U
li
!!1,41-Fi:i
Aegrme {accre}
t{a.l'c'rlSi.(},,1
nroniclinic'- hil:<i:rl
,l
ir=
=--+
.=l1tt-1 1Jt
a_i.
,4\
.7i0 l.lil(r
i)
,i0il-l.s_16
. I l:l( l-{ ).( }ll
3_55.1,{l
:==
:
oi
;
_-
=:n
L-=
li.
and
nt
rnincral cc'ltrtr'.
E.rfincfitll:
-flre
crtinclirin an-{le
is
I (I',
is
frlgarivc.
ti tt gtt is h in g
uiu
n{
l!:r
o ar:gir-inc.
{} t ( Ll r re n t:: : dcgirinc erysallize:; in ul !: ;rli- ir:h i rtrusivr-r,
sucl u-s svcnite . ncrheliitc s\L nilc. l.vtni'r(- P.truriltilr utrl
al kali-r'ich gr;rnite. Na-rir:h r.,-!tionlllv ntelarnor'phrisctl rocks
rreeasirln:rllv contain rcgi'ir.:.
ll
i-s
in :rlkali rjlilrusivc
AMPHIBOLE GROUP
AMPHIBOLE GROUP
General considerations
ALr B:CuisTiusO:r(oH,F,Cl):
where
I
2
3
4
: Mg,Fe2*,lvfn,Al,Fe3*,Ti;
T: Si,Al
C
A = Na,K; B = Na,Li,Ca,Mn,Fer*,lvfg;
anrl
.t3
+ Na), and Na
iron-magnesium-manganese
calcic arnphiboles
sodic-calclcamphiboles
alkali arnphiboles
aniphiboles
are clcfined
as:
{.
} r !
l, i
i :,= t :;
!'
l-.1:ii iicr[rr:::
i.
l:'i::-:ji..i .:,,{
t;e.'i:,ir-,i
],.({ ! i}.,
I'rrlir
l-i:(
::i
irrill-.:!iir
lr!
Rl:rgtit:;ii:-li,-rlnx rii:;i
!;. tr ! h,litlur'-: ;!,'
il
Eir" i
,nll-i=r i..i:.
-: ;
!:tirc geiiriii:
.]r rLlrt!!!-!iLr!r
F-.:!s
'
r:,,t;E:
r'r:1.:,.
arad
HecErr
cihrriiiirlir. I'ir:.-ia! t ) I
.i,
.r.,/
(ii
hl:r(l!:.1 {)a
I:'risntillic
g! iiirt!,
h;l1:-:irriil
r
}irclringrnr: is
r.!llcn tli:;p!lrr,'
11;1..,
ll:=!ilt'!i:t:
E,)l
!rtiriti:j
i:-.
..]acdnal-r-
r:.
!ndr! l:itiit'1,r.
l n f t'rftrrllt:i:
gu i i, t n
Po:;irivc
is
tr: rixl
tlcr iirris,
r.r,r,irl:
f:, i t., tt
:r. t- ibrru-s
c,
lotrrles
nl
hollhvl
itr
c:r
rloi
l.rt] disl i n_
tllb:tsir,' Iqra!,t::.
!-hlril
ii,' (t
t ti'iiiit:; lfttij.
j'-----:--.-
'-
llc A
'!'
Lliifrfi
rtrh.
r(r\rrr:
;inihorhl,lliiir
!iilhilrrilu.
rie rici
I-]5
SODIC.CALCIC AN{PHIBOLES
CALCIC AMPHIBOLES
Orthorhombic forms
End members:
Tremolite
Fe rro-actinolite
Edeniteo
Ferro-edenite
CalM95SirO22(OIl),
ca:Fe25siEorr(oH )2
NaCa2Mg5SiTAlO:r(OH):
NaCarFe2.SirAlor:(oH):
Pargasite
Fc-rro-pargasite
NaCa2MgaAlSi,,Al2O2r(OH)r
Naca2Fe24AlsioAl2o22( o H )l
Hastingsite
Nf agnesio-hastingsite
Alum ino-tschermakite
NaCa:Fe24FerSiAlzo::(oH)l
NaCa.MerFesSi,,Al2o':(oH )l
CalM 93Al2Si,,AlrO2z(OH)l
Ferro-aluminoFe
tschermakite
rri-tsche rrnakite
Ferro- ferritschermrkite
Alumino- magnesio-
CarFer.Al2sinAl:o2:( o H ):
CaMglIie32SinAlrorr(oH )r
crrFe2
'FelrsinAlro2r( oH )r
Ca.Mg.AlSiTAlOrr(OH):
hornblende
Alumino-ferrohornblcnde
Kacrsutite
Fe rro-kae rsutite
CarFe2rAlSiTAlo2r(oH):
NaCa.lv{grTiSiAl:(O + OH)r1
NaCarFe:lTiSiAl2(o + oH)rr
SODIC-CALCIC AMPHIBOLES
The sodic-caicic amphibole group includes a scrics of monoclinic amphibotes containing 1,3 end-members. The chenrically
definecl names rvinchite. barroisite, richterite. katophorite and
taranrite are spccificd by appropriate prcfixes to indicate
elcmcntal ranges.
As (lctrital grairrs sodic-calcic arnphibolcs nlay havc Iocal
gcrrc
-[-hirnet
Fcrrnlation. England.
85
I i i:l=r.Y
+.i !
N i-.lEA I
E rr
}[ J I-:
'!
.A-rE:i
'E's=lmcce
itl.iu!!Llinif. lir:.-i;rl {
i
.i(_)q
rl\
.Gl: l.rf)7
l-:
.ijt
l6fiii
i(l
_7|it::
.:1 |.1'jt7
t.0l
Ftrn irl st-dirtni:;:
.1"+,!
--:-=..,.: . i
--
;r:i
lltin. :irrrl sunrpv or'lortt: slrrtrlrr pti:rn:;. :tral flrcir crtls ollri
slorv eiult li'aturc:. Sot'{Lliitt:t ;r,' r-'Ir-lo:;e or:rrrtrt irir
purii ic:;,
{
|IqIr:
{-'.r1.)u!-lci:!.
1,5"
rng,lu !'iuiL-:-
(lVtg lr:nroliic).
I)istinguishing, .l't:ulures:
Pisurlir'
hlbit I.geliicr
wi{h
()<:t:urr:n:t:: -ll'croli1c is
rr
Frrncc
(Ivlnrt I.53()).
1i
rilE:
es'r*aemote.
+i'!
R{.!A{ITEI'J(l.I]-U.
! r1Jr
}!.i-t
acEnqEc
monocliriic. Ii;xial
.)
?c 1.5l!] i.iiill
nll I.ri2 !.()7
ir{ l.ill I.7i}5
ir {!"(}27 {).{ll7
4 .',.{il -1..1"1
Forrn in s(tifi':{ilfs:
e{rrllr)sl:.1
Actir<lite cr.irs
:r:.i
iibtots g:tirs
{tr
:;irnally pr(:s!rnl.
Cer-tin snrin;
ve
E:ti.tlt:iitttl: {}u
r:rilur;r:iti
lnt:rJer;:nrc
hlar-ler-l
Ji4ttt'e
:
it
.::::
ligurU.
i:-;::j'
i....:-=.--=
:.:,
E lt i tt1ttiit rt :
irr si i ivc.
= :-..i:i
,i :t:::i
and grecnish
-liri:q:i ir
- Eii::l:rirl t lviri
ilil
).
-tl
q.E{E
=
-LEF,9 g E,E
E
C
ff
,'JE:
il
!irVY iili{t:!i;'rL
?
E
JF.-
... .i..;,
! ririt ;rtrri!i:!!i.:ari.
i
i-!i
;ir ',t,i::rlli
!:r!.,!i!ii.r,il'-i'iii,-!.;rr.;!ii
i{:iili:=j !lr::gi:itL
r,,-itii.
i,::,'qr;r'.r'r'
r,ei,,'r:; k i
l: r:=i:;i'ii'r:r;
ai
l!
I ii:f
;li:tF,:.!iij
:r!"-lr;li:':!!l!r
r
k ii
t
I.6i-.,
.rl!_r
[-riij
l1.-- :.1!.:
!..;l
1.7,1{!
i!.i!!+ i!,!2:
i!.(l:1.:
;.i,i
ir:::ilrigsiir
u;.:vr1i ! h lLjiilr
k-!r-'i-ar,!
ii(
-r;:!ir:;ii:'
iii ntegtie:-i:!!l
l:r:ri irgsii* i
| .7?{i
i-{rirl l.{i{-!{!
l it-? 17il't
! fi7t|
i (r7:
^f
i _7'Jtl
I riri I 7{}
(.!:1,!i
{.t}tH
l.{rli{1 i.76(}
{} r}i!r {i.0ii3
t.t I 1l'l:
irt\
-t.a{t
{}_!t7(!
i.fi,.q!)
i.7.1{}
-,'.i,,'3.1t
arc usuallv
clyslill
lit.-:rrs
rrav also
LESi til, l t
ii-js
I-l I { "'
il .i i
J E-:-
F!.+'I-F
::r,
ltlectehr*isL"
:irrd 1
Si.r'ring.
-I'le
eitavagc iraqrti:ris- tr is rarelv tlistcritillc-
ii
t,-:;i a(!!rl(ii!
nl rtri::iii':;
ioktu ic:::;, 1:rlLrwisl zrccn, qrii!r vclitrv- .,'ciiir,.' :r,-r'ive!li:v. r;rle l:tur.,,i gire:r. lic-lti reei. rceii.
:--::ie
i:;tlu
rr,:tt,
hlLi-s[ *1,'c.
rt yelkirv
::lri,1,-':.
',tLt-,rtr,
iti:
q1:ai!:ih
#irej'ringenti:."
iv-!ql;g
ir'-.
il'-
!. "',,r.'r,
",t
+... ;i..,..
iri:.,!::::,,
i'lti rlil:iir:ii:l: ri .
plrlieui:ri rerllrr siii: ile g.{)1rp irlli!ia:; e!cicrii -'
ii {;i:;v ili:!:t!{i:;i:: i i-hr, hrtr!lllq(lir :l!:i rjrt.
,,, ,
!-'ill!i'lrilt't'-
F=!i-rl,irt:
E:'.8'daa!iairi:,.
'::
::.:r
1i==+a
F,.';!l'ii:
:E:-r:=:+.
tLr:rwtt:
-P,
rI
=.i
=:
::E:Fi::
=:
iE-.^i.j1
tul
!i.lI:i.ir.
}F,:i('i-:- I I''l t{
l.j:i
i i' i!
.{ i
I E=:
ll ri'i'l,:':
ii:i:i:.;l:;r::l!i:: ii-la-:r.l.jiii.:..;.ii.1!1j!j5:n(i:rll:;rlirhfolitr:;)
i ttit:ll'" :Efi:riii!ai;i:ii:;..!! l,,r'[... r.lli.!ll.!: iii,ilt 1](.,,.il:;alli::i
,,:
i:':; !::-
i !4.'i;i
ijj.'.','
I 'i
iiil:!
:l:l!
irli.
i!rr'.
l,dflllLlr
::mi-ii! r.-
iii::i l:it{-', liirij: E:( t'{r r'!r'i!i ir{ritllf{lf- !r,t. :-;r:i!! .::rl.' F !il-::i:: !,
i-i'r'rii il;::,,, rlF!:i: l::ilrgttr'::i+ hl:;ing:;iiii: irtirrrli:.
i !i.,,,,i.!, i.i.,i,,.',, l:,.,;j ; tla{.
:-,i-:i:(iiil EiirqL- i'.r'.r: il:r::iii:-::i,:.'E'rti.:,iriliilir:g rii i:;iu:.rii
r,r'1, i., ';, r,1s,.'llr. {rll.r'l
'!-iii:;
rag,,'. ir.,< t;ii:; ltii: Ft{;rlire:.i:i lr:ring,rili,: itil-:trir.
hiitleih nrtr,'ir:ii '!'r:ti(:!i l:ll-i! I r.:g i: (ithr-'r {:linr;:
[::ru^rsrr!
i!c.
hL:;Ll' ::;il
lEG=
-!!E%,:'_=
e#
#
.*
{.,)(
il .A t JCO F il
i{a.h'lg,Al-.Si"{ ),,({
Fcrro-glaueophane
fui a.uncsio= ricbcr:k iir:
Ricbeekite
Eeke rm:rnnite
rrr.cc
N 11
F{
i E l tri-l
ke L tna
tt tt
Fcr
F-Jii.
r;\l.Si*rr(
i.:ii,r{
l..lir-ru,grFe
H )..
}.,({-,}l | },
-SiEOrr(O!
filit,a.rr:r tF-c
I)r
itr
r;titt
l--la
Artv-:dsriniic
Kozrriitr:
NaNa.,ivln.1( Fr:
itrgtf
I.Al)s,ri)rr( {JF!
)l
Gtaaae*phasEe:rehecE Ee seres
fulctibcrs: Cl:rueoltharrc. fcrrogl:tricophanc.
-:
:
glauc,4rh:irrc
..-r,'r:iiu,
irlrllrx:l
i 1
ic
lirxial
l.li47
l.5t].1-1.47
tiiirxi:rl( )(f)
l,6inl-1.7(l:
l.r',]0
l.7ll
I .'.i
i.3-i.ir.,(l
l.{r9(}
1.ll'i--i -i
t,3 1.7{}l
u.t:l
0.r)ll {.{)I6
1.7.|: |.1t.)
O.(]{X ti.i)lr
t.{E- 1.,i1
().(iof+
().()1i l.-1{)
1.1
-l.i
r llhitrtles.
etci!,-l
i:ar:
.:
!tt!il
li
i
I ll ll!\l.l
!'ir:
ljt(- ,[!.(-.
t:lit.
l'l-ir:hci:l:.iii:
r:l
rrt'!ittrr..,q,.
1..tre\l
iara::nrlci
;!itil
! rl!t
!;tg.:::ic- ielier!-iie
. l:ll!i\l:
i!
i i_',
iIi
:r..'
i;
i(:a
=i-
'ie he ckitc
nrntrlinic
crtissite
ltrin(lL'l in ic
il
:]]:
- -:.=:
:iiri-ricf,cckitc. ricbcekitc.
I .
=_ .:'=
=:
tiaxial ( -
.:i::r-=:-+r=:
:::::=l
::,
F t{ I Ei.':
=
Ll F ),
fu5:rgtrc:;iri-arvcds,
ntr
li
ii^!
ir
Kil-L
Ai-KAg-g AMFH{E+{-ES
End rtc,tiers:
{ilaucorharrr
Fc
i:.
l'! !
+t:;' ! i :;!
!ja I lqi..'
!) I
'l
hc
shrrtlc
()i
is
usu:rlly nrodcrale. l)ut incrc:rscs slirhtll' uith ltighcr ltlgcor)lcnt. Intcrfcrcncc cilorrrs of thc rirlcr vlrrictics ire in lhc
rangc of firsl-order grcv or 1'c)krrv. ltul lh0sc tlf thc tlccrcr
coloulcrl srccirncns lrc Lrsuiillv ltr;rskcri by ttattrrirl ntirtcr:il
cillour. I)atclry ncl uncvcn polrtriz;rtiolt cttltrttrs :rrc fliirll
c()t]t
E.l'
li
l() I)
tt t' l i r lt
10 {)) runr:cs
crtt'ttrositiort lind is
in
I:ugstcr 1l()5()).
indigo-blue
shades.
-)
prirtrr:rtie
{.tlolr:
lntl
ft l t -' h r t i.t ;t-' lit r'nq ilrtieh rii:;r rvi t h v;r i 'i rig :rhs(i r l)t i' )rt
is chlnrcterislie of;tlvc,l,rottil.:: ir." tlcer hlrrislr lccr. ilrligti.
'yclloiv, rl:trk glet:rt: l:i" !ltccll, vrlltr$'i:;lr hrrvt^ gt't-'1. violct;
i-
ll i rtir i n g<' n tr'.' !Vc;rk i.) r()(ler ;ri-'. ! nict ic cncc colotrs :ti c
rtrscurctl [ry elcep nrittcr;il r:qilrrttr ;tttrl :tltsorPiirr. ttL:!ir:c gl;tlls
:jllt.w *Ntfcntt: vlri:hilitv ol :;lr;rtle:. rtltl spt:q:l1:11t colrtlt
chagcs frtir ''clltrvislt trrtrvn ttrl blriwl i(! vivitl gt'eet ittt
rc=
sailr.e tr)trti0n.
rlve
,-l:;i
iir,
i!:t
i,,t ; .*J,.:.,t ir r.
lighe-il.-!c:' ini.'tir:accL:
iitis tilt,i
t,i
tiiir,'r cLuatirt-
[]lt-'
94
MIiS{'{}r,/l
!'1.,
MTCA GR$UP
Malseovite
(inclurling othcr rvhiic mic:rs)
i.ll :;i,,Atro- | ( o l. I. F .,
norur:liric, biaxial ( - )
K,A
(1
1.55'l-1.=57.+
b-
prcscnt.
{'olou:
vellon,.
P lec
hrl
is
m.'
l-Jon-pleochroir:.
E;tinicl:
I-1:rsal
plairr.
whiit:
F)l,tngalit
;,n
lir
;iriites an,J
Re*larks:
gui:;h:Ele
F;re'ageieeie
uiril
tt:;e<r.'itrr
phengie :rre
arlri it
i:
oiie:rll1 irrdi:;tin
tc us{i ihc iclrr
.r!tnrtn
{b i';i-lcile rotr:.
I!-:
[-l:iirloor.
s:r<_|.
:j liJ )_
F.g!;ttl
Fr
i-! !:J
-,,=ir
.!t
r:i
jr'
"
tul I i! E
li t. iiL:Sli' li l l-' i ! i
t-J
sr.rli
ii.ailll=:
lrl .^'E'r:,
'{--}-r,l
l-i'.!j li!
ii
r'!
{!.t!!+
{.(}i;(!
.::.
!i.-.
Llri<wr
Qrr.r!
Pl({tr:hl?5rt.'
rrr
lnfer'.frrenrr .fi1tlrr:
ol thc :tgtr:gil1c:i.
figrtt'r:s.
El tt ttg4ik i te :
!!r:;it ivt:.
Distitt liu is h i n !: J:eelurcs : {'rlorr. nrrirrhiikrg-y :rnti ci vplocrvst:rlline slrudiurc :rrc tli:;liretive. illikrt'it-rs rtt;rt ar1:rriri iir
alt:rl:glle ltnt snlila; tt ulauttttit. tut thcil hitt:ititrgcn.:c i:'
-l'hc
vq'v hlw.
rocl,: !)! occrrrrLrr.rlr iil'le'thienie i:; :;inrilrr lii
thai ol glruc'ori1'- lrtrcl f he-v lrle intli:;ting,rrish;thlc r,tcglt:.c,rpieallv or [v orlic:rl rnc:rrrs.,'-i-rrv tliill:retiir olicrt evcirl:; lll:ri
urrirs ftrrrrcrlv itlcnlilicrl es slrrconiic are bcllticlirtc,
(lelutlonitc i..: sinrilr 1o glliuconilc rnincrls. hri ils r:hcnrir:al
composition is tlillcr-crrt rrrtl it is ot'lcn ;rssor:iltctl rvillr voli:anii:
tnalcrirls- liortre punrpcllvite rrgercgrrlcs nr;tv rcscnrblr glirrrci)nite hul thcir relir:l is nrirkcrllv highcr{}u:urr:r1::: {i!aueoritc arrcl I,'thir:ire ;c rr-'slir:teri it
the ntrrine crvifonnrlrnl anrl lrc iir'crl []v thr: rcirli!{rlrnl.--nl rrl
rniue rrltigically di{fe rcni ..jul),clrit{cs. 'l hLr}' lra} trinrllor qrrlrsti
trrcnts
ol
'
l:;'.
re le
lc
i-] rit i t :; ji'r.' { lg,t..r. Flcthe
el;r
ir
"
!-
nti i ..5iil i
TI I.-A
VY
M I N L ItA
I,
I)L"S(
Ii, I P'I'IONS
98
AN
I)
('OI-()T
It
I'I,A-I'I.,S
.:EE
inon(tr-lini.:. tiirril (
itL
rli
-i
' ,. {-'::=
, -=.
l.slit).
1.5i,.1
:j:
i'ttkur:
llssenti;rllv c()lorless, brri :;t;iirriirg e;rr ciiu5c
vr'lltrrvisl,'l lrr'rrnirll Irrl ;.
lj I t't c lt r; i..; tt.' i.ltr=irlcrch'oir:.
;r(
ir
i irgil,t,jicr;;1.' :icri
:;:rinrl<:
ii
r;.,, it r
..19
i;'"'"==;-
'.i11r:r r.1,irv.,,,
.j
=
r' : r:i
.: :
i:
.:F.:!-j:'
i:- .:
li.filt'ittn:
'
-;=G:-
1.5:19 L55{}
i
-:
i:::
..'.
:'
t--
==a
=.:
a.:
.J.:
=:l
:.:,
CHLORITE GROUP
!'
chlorite.
t{l
!ltrVy rili.lf:tiA,
Ser-pemEcee
i-ii]t!l{-.Fili..1{}l'-l:; Ai_jl}
,'!.!1.(lltli l-[,i!E.!]
gFEEeE
tv1. ,1-ci
,{
i,lt il
i.
1,r,:lirit'. Ii;r:ri:l
i:h y,':iiil,'
lizlr(iiir
;lrirg() lL
i:-t= I _::;.1
i.5i:; i.i{r7
rt.:
i.i4
I .:;6{!
(l.ll{lr:
!!.{lt}F;
.:'.+5 l.a5{''
i; {}.(}l.i i,f}!7
i.i(ilF
l.:-;7
.5-- I .57J
i-i{:i {}.{X17
|
'.'1.i,"
__;-:::_.
Itrcgular-
iaggr-'rl
havi: also lrcn lr-;rtttti. -toitl.'grairt:. in;i,v cr:hiltit tlte shltpe .ri
lhc serrrittiniz!:(l lnirttr;tl ttr rr()ttiitt rclir,:; rll i)!r.)r\cre:; (r!'
olivint,. A..; lr bv-prrtdur:1 ol scrpcniiliizatitii. iror orr: iltr:ltt'
siols are r:ttfcnlr-lr: ai)nrin(ln. ;rtrl ofi*tt onlv l thi ril arotlnrl
:r sccnli!r8,!v ilpllqu. rrail itr-liccs thr: [rtlq:tlr:s- tti rt s,-'rpcti'
1irc: iineal {ir:ritt:. it;rc;tt ir':!tlslttr\-:trl vrrlll; glrarv ot r111'
1,.ilrrrlr'.
rrx
p1.r. .)r
(l:rrl: rrrv
Itnd incrc:rsitig thickrres:, inicrlcrctrcrr coltitr:; ratlJ:c to sr,ctlltrlonlcr velkrw, {-)rilriga. g=ccr in(l sonlctinrcs rtttlrltalotr:i [rlttish
grLre Ii.
F,xtinttitn: Wirvv. urtrhrl;rlrli!' (tr nr(lltlc(|. orving to tlif lcring oricntatitin l pliiti:lc1s or titrr:s rvithin lr siltglc gr:rin.fiiurt: lt is vct,v' tlillitrul lo rblrrin :tr
tlt('tlr'r('ltf! litttlr'. l.;ilqt r ll0Ilrr1]r'ilr-(irl:';tlr';r" rl :'(tlllr'l]l:lll\
Inf er.frrtnc't
I on
gc
i tt tt
f.sil ivc.
[]istirtg,uishiilE
.fuf
t!r't:;:
l.rrv
in;l
lqru,
t'rli:1
scrp(:lrln!:
inte
tl lrir)litc:. !lirv
ltittts,
rtrhlr
ii-; higler;utd 1lev 1'trkl glilt!
Lrre he
r,:se
{}ruit::
Jt'ttttt:
(h4nri l.:;ti2).
ldrrrar ligufl's.
{t2
Frt!ctj
FreEec-cEe
t=l:All A lSi :{ } r,,l({ }H };l
<riitr'hilric" bi.rial
(1 l.hll l.i.i,j
^
Frn i silitflt'ttis: riirs rc rrrisi rcquciily, ir:1-;lclctvagc fr:rgmcnts rvhich :re ol'ie ri crintrcsed rrl s:rll
irrcgular cr iriangular-shapcd sccti)ts. Tler;e ttiv lre fr,rrtiu:<i l;trgcr crvstals c;ghibiting ch:rrecicristic 'irqrrv=iic' sir uLrtutrt.
5hcf like rrggiegrtcs and elu:rlcr:l of larlillv i'ilngcii il-c:
muy also trc presenl, 'fhe :;utlaee oi'ilrc glains i:r usr-rally llik.;.
$onctimes iine lamellar trviniring s rli:;cer-nihle . lc!rrsior: aic
minutc iuitl gl*lrulrs r]r iictolil*s.
rtl.'
Birr:fringrnt'.'
firs- ii
iqr
':+
.;rid-'
F'iriir=iileoe!:rriie.
i;r-r-':;,
ineomplci*.
*ti
it
qrr c!!ir!F{stIr:
ga!ii:;-
i..
.ir
Lrltty
pr.,-sr-nce
:;rti!
sectcr:; rviihir
:r'titr
is
i iic
*:rrriig:iii Lllpa
Lilie
i-,4c1:rss.' .ri
rt la lf:rii.
riri
;:r!t.t,
,;rr,r'
;'.
nr. lFrt._ ts lt
- if!ii:;
il:!if.' -'rqrii ir-=:r: !;sl:ir !;1.:-i:i.c ilu'.'i;rl rir'frsii
ri lc F-i,:t 4iv+. i.ia:r:r:--j...,'ii:,,:erl;rl: {,!ihr'a fa::iF!r: i-rr\\Lr
i:,H:
lJI g:!
{}X-EE}ES
iassere
:-;rii
icirc-oi:rl. rni.riai {
tt l..iltt! .1.(i{
ttt I tltrl .:. lllt'
i 0.tIrtr il.lItli
a {r.r.rH 7.[]l
lltnt
iz :;'linf
lqrl:; :rntl
nls: !l!:it'iiiil
rrll
rlivr'rsiir,.ri
i.crrrgh:;ul:rr.r..::
$,,errL- io stlr!ng
ti(rtil c(!l(jrtri(-tis o dcl:l) rcd. pin[:.]a vfl()\i'.
-i=
=:
t(l
prr:rllc:l
r:,1i
...+-:----=:.i!ilig:--
ll;rqrrert:; fu;lvr:
=@==3+
-@=---:+=
*-==::-:+_1
inf tii)r.
!@.:==-==
-,==$:F
ia
G-:a:
-l:
*::
=?t
\G;==---
:+
::
i:.:
is
iorir'.
{):i
_:
. _=-
CASSITERITE,
rcsistant to s'eathering (Hails l9i).
I05
.,-"=f--l-i
_!_}
..iIiF. i .i E :;
g=.-------====-:
'.i i,.
ii i:'i:!- :i::-:i;!
tr.
i.'
!'i:
I /t'::
ti;
!il
.iidi.'
ii'.
.r;l'il,
:i.
!i l!r'.l1
ll!
il!l:i
'-
;in;: trti:ii:i!
er-rlir:lr:::-:
1.:iti!ri!!t!
i:.i!q
ii
Ii'.
ts,e:il:
Etfinr'litt:
ll;r
rliiiinl ir!iiirj:r
h:1k'
ili!! f ;.:i!('iilir,
! n t'ifi' r'<'tcrr' i i:tl rr' : I'ilir;rl p;rrt inr 11l1i(:i [ri(i1]i.l! ir gri(){l
urilr::iri iitrleicrrr-r lilrrrr ii : !:,,lii. 1.1. irrtr:.r:lr tr;rir:
ril{e!l !L:ld :rir.r!;ilrrr:rli' birii:l itt,-'tier,'nc(' li:ur('s rritlt l;uge
! :. I i t n iu t i t t tt
l-!c!:ri it:t:
;r
{l{"
I hJ
nrl
iiti
l]
-EqE
EEEE
'l-{
il
iL:iailgrri;i. ririial
{I
=j.=-::
=4,-== =
t :'.F.-=-
rl) :lrt-l Ii:r lllcl ir-v:.i:rl gr rwllt: :rre :;orrat iirr+- ecou rr
iai:(1. {iriiirrs rrv ltrvc nrrlii l;ritell;rr ir',,iititir qlir:rr ir lrrrr
!iitlt{iirtns. tfa:l*!:{l rii;r!:r:;r!l' irr l(.ijii'!'ir iir('< {c)- oi :rhrrrr
:;tri:rii:; rnll['l'-',,ii!r il!Lir l!il{ ii:i::.
t.,virts
qt!tc;:i-,1:rrir'.,,ii,,,l,rrrir:l:,,1,,1,i,1,,,,,1r,-,1:rr,llr,,r,rrirlr
rtr,l (ltiil;lFa rr.!.. itciluciri ir:;r-iiircri: ilr;ir hrt;rvri:;h lil;c1,.
.;cl!<irri:;li itr!wl!,;!!lirc i liclei llrwti -rloril:; iiglti).
;1r-i
#e
:-=':=i
=-=+
=*F
:;til.1
',ilt:!irtl:
+r-'::. ,leireii..i
v:!
i!:iii::r.
i:;i. fir i!.,, ii;ili:!! i!1 ..ri;! iL!ii. !::tir !.:.:;iil:.r:l '.rl::;::ii.'i;ii', irri i!t ;i i;i it iliir i:; !c....:;. ii:., iriqr ,t.
:;frii-+r: i:rirl:.,' ;ti:';-!:I!j!!{jiii :ulii ;ir'r' tt:iil:; l;i!. :t '!t::;!,:
:!.1F.::iq:!. !':ir:ltir,.-;ti !:c:i:iit i:: ilti::. iq! i:r;::i:-i 1q,r.
:lbit::: I i I ii !'airitr:i: r: :l :r : -
.e.''::'i-'':
jr
i:!.
!ti{r
1 EE:EE:H'
'l'i{ ),
iritiigol;rl. ui;r;\iirl
4ttt -l.i6l
iil l.'iHii
ir {l o7.l
.i.s-l .i.q7
'
Ftrrrl irt sLiitirci].is: rl:rt;rsc l;r:.;ir c.rtrcre rlicistrllrcilrilic lr:.lte :ul(l it tccrtts lrr{lt:r r-letii;ll s;rit:;;rlrl itr
ruthigciriL r:rv:;tlrls. 'l hc :rutlti.ertic iq'rtir. rr. ritini'tultlv
:
:*.
=::#
:t
r' llllr'r)tiiiil()li.
rl'-ric-lrrriisitl i,)"
{}frilgf.
nr'.'
Iti'':_'rin:1t
f-'lor lt;!:::rl
tr-' i t
o;ri
e!itl
i :t'tiiiriiic:rl
t:;i:l i:rcr::--
r.i'r rr :t t' <' .t'i tp t r,-' : E:3;r:r;rl rl;rir:: ri'iilr iri i itt,:iicr rr,-'r
tkrtrts rr:;t:tllv riiivitle :,riiil rrrtiriri;rl )r:il!'fr')(r' iui!a(.rS()!tlf .il!!rti( s ;y iii-'lri bi;ri;rl il:rsl iiertru
!ttir
E ,i t ; t git i i i t it
i=l(r:liriin,:.
i,ei;ivi,=;l!rt:
.:.'i:irt'i.i:
r:.rIr'
t ciiri. h:ri:i ri
!t-
i]-
lr..",'
lLlijl;::-aC.
it1.-:,it.;
...::.ili:;
'-%
tl
ut
:=%
l'.,,
{ i;;ti:;.lir,';;i'
irl;inii: {!} lri iii !i,i!ir::rr'ri. rrtairc.
i;fairi:iir: {e) I rii;..,- 1l:rrili .'''r:rii;: (Li :ii!ii::ri.i\iiri
E:i;r....i, i.,iirrrrri 'r ir:..l.r;i,l lIiiri .,i']].
I lF-j
*:
ll0
:;1mG:1"1
:&
::a:;::a1raHxF,$
tltti{!F.il
#r+ekEe
Tiri.
orihrhrrhie. lri:rrial (
,tt l.5l'1-l
i4i l.5H.i l.5str
it)' 1.7{X 1.7+ I
(). It7 0. l5ti
4.{lE '+.lli
^
Flril il sttlitt:tl:;: []t,kitc
hr:-
II
ur
lorver).
slt:l';:-
fi i reJ ri nyi nt:'.' tlxtrenl lii[h bii cii irrgerce i:; tlisl ii rctir''.
lnt.:!'iL'renee r:-rktfs fa tlrtirtal hcc;ttlsc i stiitg l:li;tl
(ili :-i:gtr a(rl;rti!rrl
rl;rnr rlirtltetsii;ir- St.-'.-t;tcrrl:tr col;tlfs eltag.:
rotr'vcll,rrv, gl-ael i)i irlttr ""iilct iri rctltli:;h rink or or';iitgc.
Aggl*gltlris Ir:rvr !righ-onici hrtl tlulle r ctilotlt::' tlt'l lll': colotli
,-,lutrg,e is it(i tlw;tv:; ile i,-,r:tllc.
Exil'tittl:
lnltri;:r,.:itt:t
hisr:er-ie ii1ui,:
1}
:rril
lfif'j.'
Ej.cr,;[,.iir
ij :l :,j,j,'rt:r,;i-l
rrirr::ri
.;i
:iir-:;i:tl
ii
n1r
ii
:i
i:-,
i+
r i l lt
r' I
;r
ti i ir i i1r
iI
!r:
it
rt!
! lr:;
Ss]meE ssFrEEtE
liprrr:! i-,ci'it:;
riri,, l-.
f irirt ii.i1,
'1(!!llf!!.-
.:hrrrr.'
{i.lqr{tt'fr:itr:r-::r
.#
:::--:.%E!-
:j,
--
lotic.
S t i trcl
(iIpk-tclv isritonic.
nr
tle
iIi
clr
i r
n.
Rmurks:
i-irlins fi'utft.'
l-rrurcci
:..#EE@
!3;sir.
il:
_,,:_;,-:F
SFHilEtil
l-.
SEIE,FHE*ES
ts*EEcaEec'EEe
ZiS
isr)itLrt
ric
1..17 I i()
n l.l(l
F't'i i :;i:ilitita'i is: {ir;irr: luvr :r vev hiuh clici :rrrl :r'r:
lir'i. !rtti
tr:fithr.lf;rl.,ititl,:i:rrh.-'rllrl rrrrl otrrclerl qt:rirts, as u,cll ts
r:rirl.; r:lultr,;rgc ll;ignrcnt: u'ith:ri:rrgrli itrcguler
is ciiltc'-L-lc:!r. tr;rririlrccrt
or"iluskv'.:i()L'iirn.\ ()pll(luc.
rvr:;l:
:;trail trirrriir{eiec,
ili,riinitti:;lrr
lr'L::-(,'il(:c
.itulitcs:
-h:r;rclc
cpl;1,-:c
lr(il};
Lj
<
i!i-{: !-ii-:
,EFggix'E'Elt;
E9
.i
E E
EE:
:
i;'-9 !,
rlti!.rlrillrilrii
liatiri { i
_--..-.
I r,ir
I r,i,
l.(]17 I ir+)
,.trr
.':'i
ll'
it;' lJ7 l'+tl
il tl.tlll
,'1
.+.5{}
F'tri i :!r"!iiri:'t.t.'l'lif fo*lnUrir::r! !i!ril i::,,lirii!i iaLi:ilgLtl:r- !{: l:t1!: tritiitir:ril ir., rellfr:l iiliil
irr:gti:rr
--:-'
clL:;vilga:.i'.rl.'il:ll:ruihigr(lli!ifia::;:('lt:;Lt:ill'rilrir.'ir\!iri\
ilrhrrl;r rii {l!lll | :rnii n!r-itf l;!!flt -irrrli: r:i:-ril:. lrlti:rr- i,'.
t-or.,,). l;eciule{-i {i 9iiilUl tiiirlirrlrtrir':; iiiiii.' h!' r'rlrtiri
-J
iilt(lrittlitfi!'lIiliL'r:rn(,:r:::trrrlli.gr:tiit:itllett:lPlx-ir!lllrl)(l
{,-lrtlt:
t
I l e t x-' [
{-rilqruh,:r;:;.
j
' 1 ;;
. Sr'ltlonr,rhser
r,,:,,1
ln
L-'i
iit
grc-v.
g rti rrs:.
SireJring+ttt,r'.' !.rru,' lrrl fir:-i ,rr-lcl rvhit,:. rrr'1 rii p:rlritnli il illirt ctrit:. ittl
-l'li,
h, I:irilt:. rvilh
ruhedt!l r''v:,ill:; lvig on llrr: pin;tcriitlrlillicnt ailicliilli()1:how lrtighi VCllrtrt. rr.il1[('illlil:;r'L-r]llLi
or(le r e rl rrntl gri:ctii:tli-hltr llolit! ;:tl i()il doliur:.
VL'lh)w inir-'rltr-cilcr cokrur. ;rtrr,:lrt
Sirr.-t|lrr.-'
il4
-.-
:=
BARYTE
samples are often llrrrrl,'rl rvith the finely ground baryte used
as mud ad<Jitive in rlrilllr,rlcs' Grains that lay on the pinacoid
and show first-ordcr |r'\'l!()larization colours greatly resemble
detrital apatite, anrl cv,'rt cxpcrienced analysts find it difficult
acid
treatment, used for llrc rcrttoval of iron oxide coating, (p. 12)
proves useful in tllcsc t':tses- After a ferv mintttes' gentle
boiling of the heavy rrtrrtctrtl fractions in the solution. apatite
grains clevelop a hrowtttrlt stain and slight aueregate polarization, which makes itlt:tllrlir'lrtion simple'
2309 m, Srvitzerlarrl
l,5
lJ ir,'1
Vi'
rul
d.
ii! lr!:
'! ii.
i,:.
E rg4E sa
l-l
l-i
(i!ilr.iri.ihir ii:;.irl { i i
t\i
rli
:^i
ii
.4
.::':r-
| ('l! I.r,j-'
l.('l.l t"11
{r.11 l.i.11
tl l!!l(!
: .l l:l':' .
t is
t.'
Wcr[:,
lllrl
gr-e
l-'.
E-rlinttitttl:
cle
longatirltt.
I) isti n;ui:;lt i tl !: .fut tt r(:; : ( )rving lri v:u ialir,rs oi orl ic;rl
Irnrl plrvsical ptrrlrr,r'1ics.:t rositivc icletllilie:rlitrlt ol crlcslitc
gtains i-r dil'ficult. l-|:tslrl plrrlcs. slttrvirtg tll()rLr'lr(t rcliri,
svnlnla:{ticl cxlinclion. lou'-ortlcr ittelie'tcrrcr- crilortrs:tltrl;rl
-l-lese
Itctr{c lrisectri:: ligure ;rte lltc ritsitrst 1o tlirtgtrose.
tl,rilr.
trav le;rrl 1o the trcrrgnitirir r1 r'lri0ts ()lllcr i()rttrs usttitllv
prescnl irr lltr: s:iltc srrnrple.'lhc rclicl rrl [r-v. is ltiglrr:r rrntl
rrhv(lriIc hrs strorrqc lrirelfitlgcnr:r:.
::=9-,:,
;ni
:l:,+::
ltil tltiriiiItittltll'
()r(lL:r
prism:rtic
i;;lt
llirrltingcni:1,'
r-rE
pl:rne
h
:-:=l::-!:
::-::j.l=.
'nr
c:
d
:".:+,-.
P te r h
:.1\}
,.,:.-'Ul
{;'i I!:;t
lL,i
j:vFsecE
{-irS( I
.ll
i.(.1
onriclinir:. hilr::iul (
,tu.
;rl3
l.:,
ltl i.5':i
1"52.3-!.ilt
ir
t)
{}.(}l
.1.:l{} :.:17
ir.i
he
':7
nt:l tt:;irrs.
'Llickttrs:;
oi iltt
gr;rins.
Itttr.ft:rt'ntt' figttt'r::
ir;rin-s tlis[]!ry
prir iIriirrrc,:
i-)isiinguisltirrg .ett!i'{:;:
1it*irigr:il--e
ilc
iti..rirli!:r
lllc:rie vtri:
ilrain:i.'i'l.r;;'!.'
ii:e-.sii;tir r;lr:r.riL!ii(1
. i :rlriir, iri:i-'lr.
l.r'
i:\ fiOSi'!
&:
.Farqsu-'
h_.t,.',{5(, r}.t( il
irtgonal. uni.iirl
I },,
Tlic riigc:;
of sonc gr;iitrs nlty lic cuvctl, smixthed, t :tr(: :ttlroutldc,l
hv s.rall fllitulcts (li stt[]sc{-ltlc1 grtin'tlts alil sometitne:; {v
:lPFerii xs Lrilhc(lr:rl r;sls rviiir ;t he s;rgrin;tl hahil.
j:
titntsctl plirtcs. Zrtnin.'q i:; t'rrrv r:illtllltnSeciot t*inning, c(ttllll(lsc(l ol sii :;cgntcrrts. ;5 (tfIL:ll lctcc-icrl
(r basitl illrke:;. Or; !rnJruriiics ri lirtonite (ils:l {lrcorl
Erosiiion pftrduet) tfL c)mlltoI.
shrwil{:evcral
sute
iliaincd,
E ; itit t it t tt
t':;ir ivc.
j*itls
#{!i;?.'
J'airi:r::ir:.
ile
iii:rl1ry
5r
- EE
F:' EF
=_ /-= e= e F:_
,P
= -=
-E-E r
E EJL:
i'.r{ '
l:l.r!i:l titii.it:!! !
iuf
llirl iltlilriit
ij ! e o t' i I r i :; : -'
i-.1 <.r
inq(t.
r !rli'c.'
ri':
ltntr
iu'it l:rncll:re.
lncr.ferttte
.iigttre:: lictril:ri
oll'
cenlac rni;r:i:rl iletletencc igurc witli tlcnse. thilt i-tochtonrirtic lirr:.s. Grains thirt iail i,r rxlinui:;l :utrl sltow rbot iitl
p(lriz1!1!rn di)lr)L!r:r hir,rL- rr itiaxi;rI ligutr.
lr
ihlc,
ln gr:rirt
ouri.c
a(-rl(-illls
ie,iitIn,slic.
l:rt
CALCITE
Grains from:
(ltf
France
mt 1.581).
121
ii
,i
i !
qri;;i t!ir:l:ir:!
ll'l
t|
i:r/r
/i
4.1 r
1.!1i\
r,.ii!
1.11{r
rs r:rlrti'r .,'
clr-:!v11.'
iho{tqi !liri (1!l!itrn- iiii:: l-!r' lr.:;ali}':- =.: :tii irig-i;il:il t:rrhc
rtt::. ::i'-1,-Lir it:!:; ;r !r{-'ii,-r!'i lorrlqhei::i rlc;tv:igi, ,rii: r!
:t:;rii <i {!:i!ali!iiil! ir':;tlrf;tir'0! lr t]:li::.;i!( t'l!i!i,r;t!f
c:,:li:. ;i itfit:i: :;l,riir.i o ::i:tiit,ti 'viiir :t lrttwrirll: ili;lcl:
:,rir:;i; tir'o:
{|II;: t-tlt,tfli:s:;
P I -'
.:
IIr
i :;
rn'
l-{
r'rr
<r;
Pl cr r l
ii,'
i:.:
rii
ia: lt.,vt tl is
slig.htlv
ligu rc.
iltturrtrt't::
llidr iir: is :r:;socilr{erl rviil Icdrlerl sedimcnt:rry
rle-rosils. cl:rt'ir()rlst(!!e:.. bltnelt,rl r:hcllv iin-e:trhott;rIc rock:r,
::idei itc itrrrtlsttliies. silllilst()nLr:r:rrl :;idcritic linrestrrcs- It irlso
ltrrrr: Iivririlir! ntill\.' irr ntrtllllic vriin.r. [;is:;rtrr-:; :rnti cirvities itt
l:i:;: l i. ;rrdtsi tc anri rliai;r:t nriv (-r(iti l it i !r s;ir lc ! it r.'.
{.-}i'i:i;ts j't'pttt. () !l--ive r:;ri. l:;i'r'c. Frccl (h} liiitliqrgr:nil.
'i-lrc i..lrtlr'lan{l:,. (c.t i}ligcr-r-nr-. iiiritinlr llin. !-;inr:r:
(l*'irnl i.5:i:i.
ta!::
i {- tli
{=ti
Ir{ }l.t",lI'f
ilje
E q
er
e-:
ar
ke
r t
rrN{g(l-'{),)
t
ll
f-J ':Llr= [
SEE-EES
Ca( tol.Fc)(CO:)
rigrin:t I . ui:rsi:l
rloltilrifr:
,r,r l.67r.1
rL 1.5{}(}
0. l7!)
11. l.fi(r
'
:ittk!:r!tc
1.6!r(| 1.75()
l.:'it}
1.5'+S
r).1()l
.1.
lil
iil()r!1ts. lrlLr!ll)(:fs
eacir ottier.
fLtrti
Frn i n :;t: tl inrcn i s : !ihotrrlihetlr;rl ltntl iirlrttl' ttrorplit'logies :tir. ihc itt(ist c()tlttllrt1. sl-irtils occasiiilt:tllv hlvtr
toulclttl c(ifrcnj. Llriloniic: rvitli lt itct:tgol;tl h:rlit r
i,t
t.' N,rrr-plei'Lltroic.
ilil
io
it:.'-lirgirrtls
ilt:'.f'::r:;tt:.t'igur,:: Rhrmlr,.ihril'lrl rri;:;tal:r vir'kl liir,:cnic itttericrrlt:* iigtrts ti;tsit! ::"-q-iiol:; h:tvt: rlc!l-:-enit,-'l
'ihL isr:vf(::i
rnir:;i:l iigrtrr-:s *,iih tav i:;rir:hrr:tIi-' igs.
:;itrr' cl;rrreieri:;iic ltq;rir-illg- iii\y:!l(l:i itrc lerillteiv,'i ihr'
3;1i
i:
!:1
:-;lrR i LS
lll..\\
l-x
,.\\l) ( ( )l ( )l l{ I'l \ ll \
APA'fll
i h{lNFR.:.
FH*SSFSTflFi
Ap*e rni$eras
-.4_
lr5griltttl. trnitrxial
=
: -=
':::
=
( i
l'{) r } rl-'
llttririrratitr,
hydlosvapalit.r {---i!.{l'{)rl+}ll
{':r -,( l'(! ) ,{'l
r:h lot axti ik:
'
carhiitaie ;rplit.: ('r.:(P(l r{'tir(-)! l}.tF.t}i I }'l
.:3-
::=-=
.=:.: :-.=:.
=-
r=';r.(
a:
::
:-L
:i
EJL
i=l
:i
l'
il(t)
I .r.1-l
1,,
'l .(5(l
I .{rl()--
6''l{r
.: ::
:.:
:;
1-.j1=
.:=.:
-:=- -=i:-..-
:.'
1
.'
-:
_,
incirir,nf- -crl:n il:l snlot)lh ill L-ulvarl leLttrinaiitls (rf Lrll{cs' lrtlt
llte in(ist itcqttt:iri :tir: lhl: *li-:sii'eiv olttiictl. eEg-sl.tlttttti iri'
:;phcrical rnrit .iltologirrs (scctrntl illlge , rlpPcl. rl ;rttl Irlitltllc)'
-" - -=+-.
=+
-=
::
;:
i!
lr
:-
til -/rr!ttls
ititl i()i.rnr:t!lcr- !he {i\,rrllf{}wil ;t'c either :;nr:tll rh;tri
iriittEu!;r irl oiet:iititts :tifilLhcd it !:cri:lill ir:tfts (tl lh* {t;liil +r
'rlrcv cncli:* ihc dctrii:l gr;lili ci)nllrlLrttlv' cvolvilg irri' rtr
tret;ttt:;r' ihr-:v :tfr: nti r:; reiditv riisr:crnitr[- :ij ih()st
e u
tr
ortr oirscval
-==*=
-."
==--=
ts=--.
'liiteiii!.:i:clti-:tiv-
liwe.lli.FaiiI.::artiri:liufililvLt!!iitlcd'ur:iiic!tlst;ile::iriI
*iiite-ir-; Jer:tt:.:rti:r'i: i:rlt :iir:. it.!lill:t.i;n{l iiii:cii rljc:r.
+r irt holkrv:.i iin.l r-t1-itr'il':r.tlir-'ri;t,-L't: il; tir ::';i i:-cr:ciri
ii:r{f. l}!iea- !l inll i}.
i-'1,:luf. iitits;rit Ll:;u:tllv eoltirtle:-:.- iriti !:r:t-':rttr;r: iri il-I'
tt iJi'':!'il:;'
a't'L-srilcql iii tt;tlU:,1le:.c. L'tiiilts itf it:riir: ii;i:-
ll:,
!{}F.JS
f i
:=:
!:rilar
.--:-- -,
t-.:.-l!i! !ilii.
lirrr
r;:i
iji!:I;rirr
;lliii' griliil:-
;i!L'! .'':i:iai!.i.
lzii'r.!rrr'itt'r' !i'#r': ft.qii t!ilitiLi ::r:ir:;::!ti,1r itq)ri'!rt!:h;ii::i !i!iir'ir:rrrt ii;:tr':: r.';iil rlsitir:r-' si1ri i lr-'tgril
b;..::! :;,a:ii:i:; :::(: iii:i hifil;!Fuil! i:ii!ii:: iiiiu!liri,l i-'i;;tl
ir ir, i!i !:;ir;:ii inr.:i:iiii'r'i,:ltl rvr'l! r'riirti ttr:i:t::-i:tl lisrrrr= t
;; ii;:1. rr'.. i:,
l:.
! e:
tt
t-
-qi
:iit;:
E,i
r.:l: :: i,:!i!1,
:.;tlri
.
i-J-'::ai :''.
--:
it{rierr:rrr roLtr!t': ri
log-:::--:
-i::-
li-:r.Jth :;i.i* !:,ii:ii,- !;:: tighe' relicl. :;lt,rttg ilis;rr:iortr-risiiiv,' rlti:rgliiion :nil rltcr ,-lisir!i.: :tont;tiot!:; itierlc,, tt.-r
Lrlliii!s. f lorrrlc:;:; iultuiittc Illr:; l trtketll! :;ii.!1gr:r
hirrl .inr:lcc. ltrrng:i l hir :tll)iiir r!lci iil.'; tlrc irighr:::t relici
!! ( llor;ll):riiri nt:'r ;i,i J.lrr. ir!ri
:.
on tlriril lilgc).
Af:rlitc iiiiner:ll:- are rvidrsrtrati i s,:lit.:tl:;. l'hsv iiccttr
rkriirr:rttlt ;: rlritl r.in:i. ljril !lllrtj llc lltc' r'cnlctltitttl
nrerliun: ti :;;tillrttr-':., pf thcY fiLtt l--lcnti:lllv L:colrolliic
-:.
t:
.=='
'F:.'
'=3:--'
1-1.-:iyg .ar..q;11
l.lii{r)
i'ar11r-'r:v:
dirt:;tt..; ir;::t?
!-ir.-t
F;.L...
uPl'ri: l:
[-1rti-'i
F.octnc tull
I
.
:.
I. --h
=:_
'_=-#.
==E-:#,
phrsnh;rte,Jr;xr-ril
i-t:
-ffi
Pi\'-lTll
horizqrn, lossilnr.
ll{ N
l.r:rncc.
17
f-l
f<^ L-';
nrr.ln+cl11i{-'.
I'i:llli:l ( * j
l.i7+i.t(iii
ittt
l!
tii
ll.(l'll ll.(l7i
iir5.1
a.777 .fitll
i..!1.5 I .Hi
{-tlrruf : I'lle vcllorv. ltosi i:rltrless, lirl,-' ;rthc. geenish vcikrw nrl rtclv ht.rw.
[]lcttclti:;t'
E.rlintlkfl:
ru:;uall1'
llir n(l:.
-L-'it
it:l {litit'.;
s.
r,lonllation.
I )i st i n 14u is lt ittg, .f7lurtts : Miiruzilc is; tli;rgnri:;ccl hv hi{h
clir.[. colortr ;rtrd milstlv rorrtdetl nrorrlrolop-y. -lhe lrerucrrt
brtrvnish stain uld surliie:c pitting :rtr rlstl cltirr'rctelistic. 'l'he
ilnlv rlcllilrrl nlncrrls filr wlricli nrorllzif.: is lik.-'lv lo be
rrtislakert:rrc vcllorv zil-con. xcttotittte ltntl. nlrlrc nrrdlv.
sllllcne.'l-he rclicl ol zircorr is hi-ehcr.;rlrrl srrl;rcc c{ching is
ullc()r'tnr()n in ;:ircrrn- Shcnc h:rs ntorc intcnsc rolltlizltl ion
cokrrrrs. slront tlispi:rsiorl rnrl highi:r r.'lr aciivc inlir:cr:;.
licrriitinrr. rvitlr u'hich nlonlrziirr is iilt.:n assr)ailrlLrrl in sr:,li-l
nrcnls. st()ngll rrrsertrtrle:; lrrrnrziicr. lrc liirlnc rlisrl1y5
higher=order inlcrlrcncc tirtts arrl is uniarirl. r\ ru:ilire
irL:nlilieirlicrr
an bc
QCi:ttf
ol
n1;irlL:
ftnt:e:
ri srriti.:
I
-'r
1\IONAZf
I'E
t29
"t .1
l't::-
tse*cunee
1
El'E.;g-i*i;rt.
EE..t
},
u*i;r:i:rt
::_
*=
-+ = -==-
E'{
t.lfe+
t*
F=-F':
-+=--
I _7?+
i Slfr t-Fiif
ii fF fFi'7 -+i.1tri
\
==
'l i'!
-?5---
-L
-a
'
-i
_-, :..i
.---+=5'-'
:- - :5
=:
<*
arid t* irrc.Ltuttritie:-.
'tliclur':
gree
11.
Pkthrr.tisttt-'
1Vq,:l--
grle**:hrtiisitr
i: rlse,nitrle in rt*clrct-
E -z i
ttf i o tt :
Ftr:liel.
lncerJertnrc figtft'.'
*rsl.n;tf--
crcclle ni
r'r'ttred trrit.::il figrrres with r'ver:tl tlcnse ttai folv isuchttlllc:.
-Eturr- gr':tirrs ur*:rItv trit t{} L::itatl{ttish atrtl rlispl;ry bltrish
vet[olr rihrizatirt] crrlt*f:. ruL'nr-trilS:il sl'cti()tts illtsl s(]lll(j
rcrrklc! grairs rcvidc rit'r-cere-'ttritri;ri lr hilt:riltl figrtres
rith snrall ]1j.
Et t rt gitt i t t tt : Rrritive.
l-l{}
XENOTIME
spectrosc()pc'
show's
broacl clouble, less conimonlv triple lines. Zircon fails t() show
any absorption lines. This method is stronqly recomm!-nclcd.
Grains front: (tt) Bunrsanclsrcin, Triassic, N.fumpf. Srvitzerland; (b) Oligocene. Nerthe-chain. southern Frlnce:
ic) Buntsandstein. btrchole Pfrffnau. lEll nr. S*,itzclancl
(ltrmt 1.662).
t3l
l{,F.J:;
i-.Jii (
F-,Fj-lE:-lE,E,A-FjFl{-E=Ir=
FFEEfEEE
c-'ri,?'{ }:
1q:lr:lgilli1l. tii:;.'li:tl ( + i
rit
tti
i
A
l':lrnl it :;:!iirl{ns"
.!?tH l.+l{l
l.tl.]4 i.ul7
ti ttlG {}.1}17
i !4 :.1
'l
e-l';ii15 l..,.';r
hirh rliri
:riti rrr'
1:
:!:-
#=
==i
t
I I c t c h ru t i :; t1.'
lrion-rlcoelir'iL.
itctf.e
[:]-riinclitt:
l-,'.1(.)ngatr:.1
iii
lfrc
:tntl
;r,i
g,titin:.,-
()ct'urre nce: Schte litc is lirrnre,l irr pr:snlrlilc: irntl irr lrighlcnrpcralurt vr:irs. l1 is prcsr:ttl 1 ri)nlrct-rllclirnrorphir: r'ock:;
lrrountl gr:rrilir: inlrusivcs. :rrtd
nlcl afit( !f []l(t$ed irtrput
Rt!rnilrk-t: I'ur,:
litilcs{
it
:rrrtplrilxlilrs:rnrl region:rlly
Ottr,-s.
==.= =-:-=::=
=_-:-:
=::
:
=:--:
=:
S,rvitzellar,1
(l\4ml 1.662).
I t-?
! r--
-::-=
:=-;
-=
FLL'ORITtr
Fluorite
-- ::-
:
]j-...
L--aF1
isometric
i.4,j3-1.435
3.18
:'i=
::=: -.
:='
^
Forrn in scdimens: owing to its low refr:tctive index,
fluoritc appcars with a iregative relicf evcn in low-intlex
=J. -=:'=:
:,-.
,/
be present.
Colour:
ccment.
of drill cuttings.
1:33
RE,FE,RENCE,S
3934,
deep-water cortinental margin sediments
Can. J. Earth Sci. 18, 133G-.1.
sedi-
of
off Newfounclland.
55,69-75.
Blatt, H. & B. Sutherland 1969. Intrastratal solution and non-opaque
heavy minerals in shales. J. Sedim. Petrol.39,59i-600.
Bloss, F. D. 1981. The spindle stage: princples and practice.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Blumenthal, W. B. 1958- The chemical behaviour of zirconium. New
York; Van Nostrand.
Boenigk, K. 1983. Schwermineralcntzlyse. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke.
Borg, G. 1986. Facetted garnets formed by etching. Examples from
sandstones of late Triassic age, South Germany. Sedirnentologv 33,
2o
l-80.
T. A.
of
G.
Austrrlasian Inst.
in
natLtrl accutnrles.
1.
25749.
1.
Iskopaernye , 0-i-75.)
10G16.
Carver, R.
Wiley.
Berner, R.
Sch+ermineralanalyse und andere sednentologische Untersuchungen als Beitrag zLtr Rekonstruktion tler stnkturellen Entwicklwtg des westlichen Hohen Alas (fularokko).
Unpublished PhD thesis, Universitl of Bonn.
Brckner, W. D. & H. J. Nforgan 196.tr. Heavy mineral distribution
on the continental shelf off Accra, Ghana. West Africa. In Delric
and shallob,marine deposits, L. Nf . J. V. van Straaten (ed.),5a-61.
Amsterdam: Elsevier.
So.
Baker,
1414.
J.
Sci. 218,1235-52.
IIhFERENCE.S
tional and hydraulic significance.'J. Sedint. Petro!.5't, 1175-82.
Chinner, G. A., J. V. Snrith & C. R. Knorvles 1969. Transition-nretal
contents of Al2SiO5 polymorphs. Ant. J. Sci. 267-L'9G7I3.
Coleman, R. G. & R. C. Erd 1961. Hydrozircon from the Wind
River Formation, Wyoming, USA. US Geol Suney Prof. Pap.
421-C,29'/-340
Colman, S. M.
H. & D- J. Doeglas 1914. ber Ums'andlungserscheinungen an detritischem Staurolith und anderen Mineralien.
Tschernnks Min. Petrol. Mift. 45,225-34.
Evans, M. & M. A. Mange-Rajetzky 1991. The provenance of
sediments in the Barrme thrust-top basin, Haute-Provence,
France. ln Developments in Sedinentary Provenartce Stu<lies, A.C.
Morton et al. (eds),323-342. Geol Soc. London Spec. Publ. No. 57.
Edelman, C.
136
REFERENCES
lvliddle Limestone Group in Northumberland. Proc. Yorks. Geol
Soc. 40, 531-46.
Henningsen, D. 196'l . Crushing of sedimentar-v rock samples and its
effect on shape and number of heavy minerals. Sedimentologv I'
Gleacit'rw,
253-5.
Herzog.
,}/fi. 6, 3-+0-'1.
Huang, P. lvl. & l\1. Schnitzer (eds) 1986. Inerdction of sol minerals
vt'ith nuturol organics tnl nticrobes.ladison: Soil Sci Soc' Amer'
lnc.
Huang. W. H. & \\'. D. Ke'ller 197{1. Dissolution of rock-forming
silicate minerals in orsanic acicls: simulated first-stage weathering
of fresh mineral surfaces. An. Miner' 55' 2t)7G9+'
Huang. \\'. H. & \\'. D. Keller 1972. Organic acids as agents of
chemical weathering of silicate minerals. A:atrrre 239, 149-51-
18.76-5-75.
l. lt)-1-:5.
1961. Thorie et technique de ltt radiocristallographia'
Sedinentolog.t'
A.
Paris: Dunod.
Grv1n. Q. H. J. & A. Dreimanis 1979. Heavv mineral assemblages in
tiilites and their use in distinguishing glacial lobes in the Great
Lakes region. Can. J. Eartlt Sci. 16' 2119-35'
FIubert. J.
Amstcrcknr:
3l-l-)'
37
1-60.
'
-51i1-20.
hear'1
J. Sedin. Petrol
--1-1
J. Sedint. Petrol.
37,
141-5.
5T'
Soc. Amer.
66G81.
Flaison, W. E. i973. Heavy minerals of Horn Island, Northern Gulf
of lvfexico. J. Sedim. Petrol. 43' 391-5.
Harvthorne, F. C. 1981. Crystal chemistry of the amphiboles' In
Amphiboles and other hydrotts pyriboles - lvlineralog'-, D' R'
Veblen (ecl.) 1-102. Washington DC: Miner' Soc' Amer'
Hearn, B. C. Jr & E. S. IvfcGee 1983. Garnets in lvfontana diatremes;
a key to prospecting for kimberlites Bull' US Geol Surv' 1601'
I
in
Nen' York: \\'ilevHubert, J. F. & \\'. J. Nal t967. Nlineral composition and dispersrl
pattcrns of deep-sca snds in the western North Atlantic petrologic
provincc. Bull. Geol .loc. Arr.78,749-i)'
Humbert. R. P. & C. E. l\f:rrshall 19-{-i. Nfineraiogical and chemical
studies of soil formatirrn from acid antl basic igneous rocks from
Nlissouri. Cottege of Agriculture' Uttit. Llissouri Res. Bull 359'
F.
Procedures
The
Guinier.
6l'
63-i-7i0.
tJ I
REFERENCES
'St. Helens (Washington, USA). Eiszrirrilfcru. Gegert"'ort33,
l-7.
Ludrvig,
G. G.
Ludrvig,
G.
1968.
Erbendorf/
N{cl\laster, R.
603-1.+.
13
l-.11.
17-56.
\4allik. T. K.
Mange-Rajetzky.
Leake, B. E. 1978. Nomenclature of amphiboles. Miner. Mag. 42,
sodic amphibole in
533-63.
Martens,
J. H. C.
138
REFERENCES
der Unteren
Sssrvasse
& F. Colin 1982. Chemical teathering of orthopyroxenes under lateritic conditions. Am. J. Sci,282, 123243.
Nayudu, Y. 1962. Rapid method for studying silt-size sediments and
heavy minerals bt liquid immersion. J. Sedint. Petrol.32,326-33.
Nesse, W. D. 1986. Itroductiott to optcal ninera[og1'. Nerr York:
Nahon, D. B.
Molasse-Abfolge der Bohrung Ro.manens-1 und in der benachtbarten subalpinen lv{olasse (Kt. Fribourg). Ectogae geol. Helv.7l,
205-22.
aurer, H., H. P. Funk & W. Nabholz 1978. Sedimentpetrographische Untersuchungen an Molasseabfogen der Bohrung Linden-1
und ihrer Umgebung (Kt. Bern). Eclogae geol. Helv. 71, 497-516.
lvlertie, J. B. Jr 79i9. lvlonazite in tJrc gronitic rocks of the
soulheasitnt Atlantic Sf;s-r,, e.rantple of the use of heavr
minerals in geoitogic e.tploration. Prof. Pap. US Geol Surv-. no.
Nf
lvfiddleton, L. T.
s0,622-3.
in
sandstones and
thc relation to
Parfenoff.
decomposition of
Peterson.
J. Geol.49. 610-25.
293-300.
A. C.
1979b.
the
Ser/i-
'nrcntolog\'28,611+1.
lvforton.
1-68.
l,
1091.
Ilforton. A. C.
198-1.
Reidei.
A. C.
A new
1 :
Andreasber_q.
1985b.
139
REFERENCES
Ppin, J. P.
reference
'+93-502.
Ramseyer,
K.
aus
Reid.
A. M.. T. E.
Bunch.
A. J. Kohen &
S. S. Pollack
Silver.
Retgers.
J. W.
Sindo.rskv.
17-37.
of
some
commol:r heavv minerals from the sandstones of the Northumberland Trough. Trans Nat. Histor.v Soc. Northunhra 52' 27-31.
Robson. S. H. 1982. Using rhe scanning electron microscope and
energ' dispersite X-ray spe.tromercr rc do ntrcral identification
i Miocena
und
Mineral-
Schttungsrichtungen
.198-500.
Staatz,
R.
K. H. 1958.
Sallenger.
Scavnicar,
85,9.
D. A.
Arn.
Progrants 1. l-11.
Simpson. G- S. 1976. Eridence of overgrou'ths on, and dissolution of,
detrital garnets . J. Sedint. Petrol. 16,689-93.
Sindo.'skv. K. H. 19i8. Sedimentpetrographische lt4ethodn zur
Untersuchunq sandiger Sedimcnte' Geol. Rundsch. 29' 19G200'
ll,
Robson,
L. T. & i. D. Willians
196'1.
sauske potoline.
geo-
REFERENCES
Austria and from sandstones of the austroalpine Gosau Fomation
(late Cretaceou s). J . Sedim. Petrol. 57 307-10.
'
Steidtman, J. R. 1982. Size-density sorting of sand-size spheres
during deposition from bedload transport and implications concerning hydraulic equivalence. Sedimentology 29' 811'83.
Stewart, R. A. 1986. Routine heavy mineral analysis using a
concentrating table. ,/. Sedim. Petrol.56, 555-.
Stieglitz, R. D. 1969. Srrrface textures of quartz and heavy mineral
grains front fresh-water environments: an application of s,canning
electron microscopy. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer' 80' 2091-4.
Stumpfl, E. 1958. Erzmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Schwernrineralien in Sanden. Geol. lb. 73' 685-723.
Suift. D. J. P.., Ch. E. Dill & J. lvlcHone 1971. Hdraulic
fractionation of heavy mineral suites on an unconsolidated retreating coast. "/. Sedim. Petrol.41, 683-90.
66, 1089-91.
Vatan, A. 1949. La sdimentation dtritique dans la zone subalpine
et Ia Jura mridional au Crtac et au Tertiaire. C. R. sontm.
Sance Soc. gol. France
of
Oceanogr.5, 1-11.
Tickell. F. G.
of
sedintentar' mineralogv'
Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Tieh. Th. T. 197-3. Heavy mineral assemblages in some Tertiarl'
sdiments in San Nfateo Count. California. J. Sedin Petrol.43,
+lls
17.
Trirsk. C. B.
D. Geol. 4,
l3-5 1.
erluir alent sand grains. Lake Ontario' Ne* \'ork. J - Selint Perol'
5-i, 21G31.
Trrjse:. \\'. E. 1969. Optisclrc Bestintnuutg der gestensbiltlenden
,\!:neritle. \'ol. 2: lnd edn. Stuttgart: Schrveizerbart'sche.
van Andel,
von
6, 1024.
A.
of almandine
garnet. Geology 12, 6374.
von Erffa, A. 1913. Sedimentation, Transport und Erosion an der
Nordkste Kolumbiens zwischen Barranquilla und der Sierra
Nevada de Santa Nlarta. Mitt. Its. Colombo-Aleman Invest, Cient.
7, 755-209.
Velbel, lvf.
Identification table
o
@
.9
MINERALS
a)
o
o
o
.o
o
o
zircon
Cassiteri.te
:)
E.
n_
o
lt
o.
f
o-
a)
c0
C'
Schee
anite
Tourmaline
corundun
Anatase
.j
o
o
o
o
o
o
Dolcmite-Ankerite
l]
Prehni
Brooki
Ea:yte
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
te
te
C\T)sw
Anydrite
Monazite
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Olivine
Chloritoid
AIlmite
o
o
rine-Augi te
Anthophyl lite-Gedr j. te
Hornblende- Serie s
Ri ebecki.te
Ch)-orite-Group
Vesuvianite
Kyanite
Andalusi te
o
o
Dunortierite
Ep
j.dote
Axinite
lypersthene
ri.ne ( Acmi. te
iremolite
Acti.nol ite
Aegi
G1
aucophane-Cro
Arfvedsonite
si te
o
o
wbite Mica
Cl"auconite
Biotite
Talc
Serpntine GrouP
Commcn colour
o
o
Celestite
Aegi
o
o
opside
Augite
Pienontite
Lawsoni te
Punpel l-yite
Enstatite
Di
calcite
Siderite
Diallage
o
o
rosi te
GU
*l
o
o
o
o
o
lite
Statrrolite
zoisite
(!
Ruti 1e
cl inozoi si te
.:+
(6
dl
.:t
Sphene
x+
co
Apati te
:o o;
Xenotime
ve suvi.
(l
c
G
'i+
-g
.g
Spj.nel-Group
Sphalerite
Fluori.te
Garnet
.s
c
o
v
o
o
o
o
lnfrequent colour
l-igure
3.5
Cathodoluminescence photomicrographs
an orthognciss. Grains shorv blue luminescence and internal zoning. Notc- the
Africa). (C) Zircons rvith ycllorv lumincscing cores and non-lumincscing overgro*th (Cretaceous, northern Tuni:iia).
743
Mineral trndex
actinolite 87
aegirine 82
aegirine-augite 81
alkili amphiboles 91
allanite 6,1
amphibole group 8-3-94
alkili
phosphates i25-31
disrlnne 52
dolsmite-ankerite series 123
durnortierite 54
acmite 82
piemontite 63
prehnite 103
pumpellyite 67
p)'roxene group 73-82
nstatite 74
epdote 6l
epidcte group 59-72
riebeckite
glaucophane-riebeckite series
91
calcic 85
iron-magnesium-manganese 84
sodic-calcic 85
rutile 107
ferroactinolite 87
ffuorite 133
scheelite 1i2
serpentine grouP 102
garnel group 45
gedrite 84
anatase 109
andalusite 50
anhydrite 1 18
ankerite
dolomite-ankerite series
anthorhyllite 84
123
siderite
glaumnite 96
glarrcophane-riebeckite series 9 I
gpsum 1i7
hedenbergite
sphene -14
spinel group 112
diopside-hedenbergite series
hornblende series 88
sillimanite'19
sodic-calcic amphiboles
sphalerite 113
77
staurolite
idocrase 47
iron-rnagnesium-manganese
calcic amphiboles
calcite 120
carbonates 12G.4
cassitedte 104
celestite 1 16
jartrsite
85
amphiboles
SJ
talc 99
titanite
topaz
I 19
-1-1
-53
tourmaline group 69
tremolite 86
kyanite 52
larsonite 65
vesuvianite 47
mica, u'hite 95
white mica 95
clinozoisite 60
rnscovite 95
xenotime
*o$azite i28
zircon.l1
corundum 106
olirrine group 39
diallage 78
diopside-hedenbergite series 77
55
sulphates 1i.{-19
sulphides I 13
hyrersthene 75
axinite 72
baryte 114
biotite 97
brookite 1 1 1
122
silicales 39-58
zoisite 59
oxides 10.1_13
144
130
85
91
General Index
References in italics are
basin analysis
abrasion 4
absorption
line 128.
131
acid
benzol ll
berthierine 96
binan plot 27
biotite 97. 1-11. Table 3.1
blue sodic amphibole 2i).
digest 11
environment 7
leaching 7. Table 2.1
acmite 82, 1.11
actinolite 87. 111. Table 2.1
activator 22
aegirine 82. 1-11
aegirine-augite 8i, 1-11
brookire
lll.1l1
pseudrr-brookite
digest I I
environment 7
allnite 31. 6-1, 1-11
almandine 7.4,i, Table 3.1
carbon disulphide 11
carbon tetra;hli:ride l.i
cirbonale 1 1. 17. l:t)-+
carbonatrte 22
cassiterite l0+. 1+1. Table 3. I
alterite 18
aluminium l2
ced.rr
91
an ke ri te
chlorite 100.
chloritoid
Araldite
2.
i,
ce nt ri
seperition 1l-l-)
chronrianspinel
chrl-sotile 103
1
3.
11
dolomite-ankcrite 1l-1.
1"1I
2.I
ferro-edenite 83
elt ritc 6o
electron
microprobe 20, 21
-1.
enbedding
I.
Table
2.
agent 16
l-ll
cleaning 1 l-12
Clerici's solution 13
clinozoisite 9,60, 111
17
barroisite 8-5
baryte 12. 114,141
barytocelestite 116
,57.
electron-probe microanaly'sis 20
-5t)
Ill
ll
chloroform ll
clar'
3.1
1-1. -1.2
chiastolitc
-5
edenite 83
iuge
tLrbe
diamond placer 3l
differential miireral transport
dravite 69.70
dumortierite 5-1. l-1[
dust fallout 3l
oil l6
27
3.1
presentarion of
dokrnitr'
Tables
31
alkiline
analy'sis of 27-8
diluent 1i
9l
12
data
bromoform 1i
alcohol 13.19-20
alkili amphibole 91
alkili
crystal structure 20
cummingtonite-grunerite series 84
29-30,31
brstitc 7"1.7.i
spectrum 1-31
acetic acid 1 1
acetone 13, l6
agitation
-1.
to figures
clove oil 16
cluster analysis 28
Collodion 16
collophane 126
computer analysis 27
concentrating table 1-5
corundum 10, 141 , Table 3.1
counting. grain 17-18
crossite 91. 141
145
energl', environmental 5
energv-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) 20,
enigmatite Table 3.1
enstatite 74.141, Table 3.1
entrainment 5
environment
acid and alkaline 7
energy of 5
epidote 5, 9, 61, 141, Tables 2.1 , 3. i
group 19,59-72
epoxy resin 17,20
etching G7, 9-10,3.4
ether 12
eth'l 16
2.
GENERAL INDEX.
facies analysis 32
factor analysis 27-B
fayalite 39
idocrase 47
ilnBnite 5, 32-3
imrnersion 17
liquid 16, 19
ndicolite 70
intrastratal
ferroactinolite 87
frbrolite 49, 141
Fleet method
17
iroo-magnesium-manganese amphibole
ironoxide grain-coating 11-12
isoamylacetate 13
isolating grains 19
isopleth map 27
13
Tables2.1.3.1
gedrite 84, 141
gelatine 1
geochemical methods 31
geological exploration 31
glacial terrain 31
glauconite 96, i,+1, Table 3.1
glauconitic mica 96
glauconitic smectite 96
glaucony 96
glaucophane 91
ferro-glaucophane 91
glaucophane-crossite 141
glaucophane-riebeckite series 91, Table
grain
counting l7-18
isolating 19
mounts 16_17
shape 5, 12
size 6, 11-12, 18
sorting, selective 5
gravty settling 12-13, 3.
8.1
o'hornblende 88
panning 15
paragonite 95
pargasite 88
ferro-pargasite
88
kaersutite 88
katophorite 85
nagnesio-katophorite E5
kimberlie 32
KOH solution 11
kuazite Table 3.1
k'a*ite 5-6. 52, 111 . Tables
lau:onile 65,
2.
8-1
pedology.l
permanent partial embedding 1G17
petroleum
distillates I 2
2. 1. 3.
141
leucoxene 5
ligbr fraction 10
linecounting 17-18
lire
liquid immersion 16
lithcstratigraphic unit 30
lizardite 102
luminoscope 22-3
magnetic separation 15
malcon zircon 42
manganepidote 63
me{mict zicon 42
me hylene chloride 16
mer&ylene iodide 13, 16
erploration 32
resen'oir 32
phengite 95
phlogopite 97
phosphate 11, 125-31
pie-diagram 27
piemontite 63, 141
pocket spectroscope 128, 131
pore ffuid 9, Table 2.1
post-depositional dissolution 4. 6, 10. 20
prehnite 103, 141
principal component analysis 27
prospecting 31-2
provenance 5, 10,29
province, heavy mineral 29
pumpellyite 67, i41
pyrite
12
mic
hand picking l9
hastingsite 83
qfute 95
HCI treatment 11
heavy liquid fractionation 12-13
quencher 22
microscope
scanning electron
ptrographic
2V2,
3. 4
19
slides 1G17
stereotrinocular
19
hercynite 112
hexane 12
high density liquid 12-13
hinterland 4, 32
hornblende series 5,9, 88, 141, Table 2.1
hot cathode luminoscope 22-3
hyacinth22,42
hydraulic
effects 4-6, 18
moulds 20
mouoting resin 16-17 ,20,23,37
mo{$ts 16-17
muscovite 95, Table 3.1
re-ntrainment 5
refractive index 16.i7
remote terrain 31
replacement 6
resin, mounting 1G17
epoxy 17
ribbon counting 18
richterite 85
riebeckite 141
glaucophane-riebeckite series 91, Table
2.1
NaOH solution
equivalence 4-5
fractionation
atio 4
17
patial
grossular 45
grunerite Table 3. I
cummingtonite-grunerite series
gum arabic 16,37
17
observation
oil infiltation 9
dissolution,4, 9-10
sclution
iilumination
.:
5
0n
11
eedle 19
percentages 18
lllllll
';er
ru
146
magnesio-riebeckite 91
rounding 18
rubellite 70
rutile 5-6, 9, 19, 107, 141, Tables 2.1, 3.1
GENERAL INDEX
11
1i
saussurite59,60
sample, preparation of
sampling
3.4
20*2,
scatter diagram
scheelite 3l , 132,1 4 I , Table 3.
Schiller-structure
schorl
Schroeder-van-der-Kolk test
sediment dispersal pattern
separation
sericite 95, Table
serpentine group 102,
settling velocity
shaking table
shape-fractionation index
27
78
69
7,
17
29
12-15
3.1
14i
4-5
15
5
siderite 122, 111
sieving 1-12
silicate 11, 39-58
1
11
slides 1G17
size reduction
12
spindle stage 17
spinel group 32 , 112, 111 , Table 2.
splitting fractions
stau rolire 5-6,9 , 19-20,55, 141 , -1.4,
13
12
graiitvs
spectrometer,X-ray20
spectroscope. pocket 128, 131
spectroscop), energv-dispersive 20,22
1-5-16
Tables
ferro-tschermakite 88
tube rvithin tube method 1+15,
-1.-l
tungstenwire19
ultrasonic disaggregation
uralite 87
uvarovite 45
2.1,3.1
discriminant
28
stilpnomelane 97
stratigraphic correlation 30
sulphate 17, i14-19
stepwise multiple
analysis
viridine 50
volcanism
31
sulphide 1i3
talc 99, 1,{1, Table
taramite
85
3.1
thin section
85
12
12
19
45
141
sphene31,44,l4l,Tables2.1,3.1
spessartine
sphalerite 113,
31
17
30-1
27
13
washing
1 1
liquid
13
thulite 59
time-strati-eraphic correlation
79
titanite.l-1
toluene 16
30
titrnaugite
xenotime 130,
141 ,
Table 2.1
X-ray
diffraction (XRD) 20
3.1
2.1.3.1
141.Table3.1
trichloroethylene 12
tschermakite 88
tremoliteS6,
147
1'11,3.i,Tab1es2.1,3.1
zoisite 9,59, 1-{1,'fable 2.1
ZTR index 9,43,71, 108
:l-i.
31,11,