WELL LOGGING TECHNIQUES AND FORMATION

EVALUATION
Work Shop on
Technology Imperatives For Exploration &
Production of oil& Gas
By
ONGC Academy
26-29th March 2012
Rajahmundry
Presentation By
CENTRE FOR EXCELLENCE IN WELL LOGGING TECHNOLOGY (CEWELL)
ONGC, BARODA

Life of a Well
Seismic

Drilling
Logging

Data Mgmt

Production

Testing

Cementing
Perforating

INTRODUCTION
THE LOGGING SERVICES REQUIRED FROM THE DAY OF
SPUDDING (Exploration) TO THE LAST DROP OF PRODUCTION.
ANSWERS HOST OF QUERIES;
DEPTH OF POTENTIAL RESERVOIR
RESERVOIR / PETROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS viz.
POROSITY, PERMEABILITY etc.
FLUID CONTACT (OIL/ GAS/ WATER)

HYDROCARBON SATURATION, ESTIMATION OF INPLACE &

RECOVERABLE RESERVES
DESCRIPTION OF RESERVOIR ROCKS
GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES AND HELP IN BASIN EVALUATION

INTRODUCTION

Contd.

PROVIDES FLOW RATES, FLUID TYPE

RESERVOIR PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE
CASED HOLE OIL & GAS SATURATION
POINT OF FLUID ENTRY IN PRODUCING WELLS
FACILITATES IN SMOOTH AND TROUBLE FREE DRILLING
& COMPLETION OF WELLS
DETECTION OF ABNORMAL PRESURES, QUALITY OF
CEMENTATION ETC.

APPLICATIONS OF LOGGING SERVICES

WITH THE SUCCESS OF SYNERGISTIC APPROACH, LOGGING
SERVICES GO HAND-IN-HAND WITH EXPLORATION, DRILLING &
PRODUCTION

(1) APPLICATIONS IN EXPLORATION

KEY TO INTERPRETATION OF
ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS & AVO
PETROPHYSICS

SEISMIC INVERSIONS,
STUDIES LIES WITH

NEARBY WELL LOG DATA COMES HANDY IN ALL THESE

STUDIES
LOGS
ARE
EXTENSIVELY
USED
IN
SEISMOGRAM AND TIME-DEPTH CONVERSION

SYNTHETIC

(2) APPLICATIONS DURING DRILLING:

OPEN HOLE LOGGING SERVICES HELP IN FORMATION
EVALUATION
IDENTIFICATION & DEPTH OF POTENTIAL RESERVOIR

RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION, FLUID SATURATION &

RESERVE ESTIMATION

BACKING OFF DRILLING STRING IN CASE OF STUCK-UP

PLACING OF CASING SHOE, EVALUATION OF CEMENTING
QUALITY etc
PERFORATION FOR CEMENT SQUEEZE & PRODUCTION

(3) APPLICATIONS DURING PRODUCTION:

WELL TEST & PRODUCTION LOGGING FOR RESERVOIR
MONITORING
RECORDING OF PRODUCTION PROFILES
IDENTIFICATION OF UNWANTED FLUID ENTRY
WORK OVER JOBS FOR PRODUCTION ENHANCEMENTS,
EOR SCHEME etc
CASED HOLE LOGS FOR FORMATION EVALUATION &
IDENTIFICATION OF MISSED ZONES

RECORDING OF INJECTION PROFILES FOR PRESSURE

MAINTENANCE

Birth of Logging
On September 5, 1927
H Doll & Schlumberger brothers,
Conard & Marcel made semi
continuous
resistivity
measurement in 1600 ft deep
well of France`s Pechelbronn
field

First Electric log

recorded on Sep 5,1927

Modern day LOG

LINEAR SCALE

LOG DISPLAY

LOGARTIHMIC SCALE

Technology Advancement
in 1950s and 1960s
Penetration of electronics industry into Logging
Entry tools
Flushed zone measurements
Porosity measurements
Acoustic measurements
Developments aided
Better depth control in perforations,
Evaluation of rock properties & cement
Log correlations.

Technology Advancement
during 1970s
Era of digital data
Computerized processing and interpretation
Introduction of digital image logs
Computerized logging units with facility to transmit the
recorded log-data to the bases
Tool designers and analysts used power of the computer to
bring to the surface more quality data
Signal processing theory to log data fundamentally altered
usage of logs
Introduction of tool strings, a combination of logging tools.

Technology Advancement
1980s and beyond
Measurement While Drilling (MWD) started
1988 Logging While Drilling (LWD)
Conveying well logging tools into the borehole as part of the
Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA).

Open hole measurements near the bit before invasion

becomes too serious.
Enhanced Reservoir Description because of the
immediate acquisition of data and the reduced invasion
profile.

LWD
Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 1

Sand A

Zone 2

Zone 3

Sand A

Zone 3
Zone 4 Sand B

Zone 4 Sand B

Zone 1
Zone 2

Sand A

Zone 3
Zone 4

Sand B

Tool Conveyance

Open - Cased Hole Measurements :

The Traditional Wire-line Logging.
LWD (Logging While Drilling)
Logging on Drill Pipe (TLC)
TRACTOR

6 Drain Hole length: 600 m.

Oil @ 800BOPD W/C 65 %

Density-Porosity

Resistivity

Gamma Ray

SWEET ZONE > 95 %

RIG TIME SAVING ABOUT TWO DAYS

Technology Advancement
1980s and beyond
New and improved sensors utilizing multiple array of
electrodes, coils, detectors & sources
Downhole microprocessors to control measurements and
tele-metering
Formation Evaluation While Drilling (FEWD)
Surface acquisition and satellite transmission

Interactive Workstations for interpretation

Technology Advancement
1980s and beyond
IMAGE TOOLS
High resolution measurements provide better insight into
formation
Enhancement in resolution of thin-beds to resolve them to
about 1/3rd of the thickness of previous tools.
The measurements require excellent borehole condition.
These logs provide more megabytes of data than ever
before.
Computer speed, memory size, and data storage capacity
of modern desktop computers have kept pace with these
developments.

Electrical methods
Provide enhanced image of the borehole.

Formation micro-scanner (FMS) or micro-imaging (FMI)

log - a super-micro, multi-electrodes, multi-pads
resistivity log, an offshoot of the dipmeter tool.
Image enhancement software, similar to that used for air
photos, can be applied to help bring out subtle details.

Dipmeter & FMI

Overview
Developed as successor to the FMS
(Formation Micro Scanner) in 1991
Provides Microresistivity formation
images in Water Based Mud
Combinable with other wire-line tools

Benefits
Electrical Core
Can be used in deviated and
horizontal wells
Detailed and reliable interpretation of
formation features and dips
Improved reservoir description

Formation Micro Imager

4 Arms - 8 Pads
192 Electrodes

FMI: Estimation of Pay thickness

( Thinly Laminated Reservoir )
Static

Dips

Dynamic

Cum. Prod: 3800 Tons.

DEN

PHIN

RES

FMI Image with Open hole logs in clastics.

GR GR@ASCII_Load;1 [A326
0

300

DFL DFL@ASCII_Load;1 [A3

( gAPI )
CALI CALI@ASCII_Load;1 [

100

0.2

( in )
SP SP@ASCII_Load;1 [A327

16

0.2

( mV )

380

MD
1 : 200
m

200
( ohm.m )
HDRS HDRS@ASCII_Load;1 [

NPHI.WELLEDIT NPHI@ASCII

( ohm.m )
HMRS HMRS@ASCII_Load;1 [

200 0.54

( ohm.m )

200 1.8

0.2

1440

-0.06
( m3/m3 )
RHOB.WELLEDIT RHOB@ASCII
( g/cm3 )

DT DT@ASCII_Load;1

2.8 140

( us/ft )

40

K-IV Btm Coal

1450

KV-A
K-VA
K-VA Btm Coal
1460

KV-B

1470

K-VB

Drape

Scour Channel

Reworked distributary
channel sand
Reworked distributary
channel Sand

Base of channel
The red pattern indicates drape over the base of the
distributary channel.
Foreset beds
Foreset beds
Distributary Mouth
Bar

Foreset beds
Foreset beds
Bottom set
Bottom set

Change in dip azimuth in top and below of unconfirmity shows weathering took place
Unconfirmity

Thorium-Potassium plot indicate presence of Kaolinite &

Montmorillonite as main clay minerals in reservoir section

Highlighted points in thorium Vs potassium plot in Illitie

region are due to Coal present in the formation

Pulled by
Coal
Quartz to
Clay

Effect of
Montmorillonite
Pulled by Heavy
minerals

Formation water resistivity is 0. 23 ohm-m, also cross

checked by salinity of formation water

SRES SCALING PARAMETERS CROSSPLOT

Acoustic imager
It uses a rotating head that emits and receives an acoustic
signal. Both sound amplitude and its travel time are recorded,
giving images proportional to acoustic impedance and borehole
diameter respectively.

Array sonic logs

Allows visualization of the changes in amplitude and arrival time
of the three acoustic waves and emphasizes interference
patterns that indicate fractures.

Acoustic methods
DIPOLE sources

Determine porosity and lithology in open & cased holes

Fracture detection and characterization
Obtaining mechanical properties- Bore hole stability during
drilling and production.
Estimating permeability
Gas Zone Identification/Evaluation

Improving seismic processing and interpretation.

Rxo/Rt and SP
overlay
shows
good separation
in the gas bearing
layers
interval
2780-2812m and
2045-2055m
within 8 and
12

holes.
VP/VS
vs.
Poissons
ratio
overlay
also
support the same
observation.

Correlation (PR & VPVS)

(Impedance - VpVs plot)

(Cambay Shale/Olpad/Trap)

Identified Olpad top

Prior

indicated Non-sanding zones: 2597-2602m, 2522-2532m Based

on Failure criteria derived from mechanical properties

Nuclear methods
Improved determination of porosity and saturation in
both open and cased holes
Major step toward lithology identification by a
combination of three types of nuclear spectroscopy
for in-situ determination of ten or more elements.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance tools (NMR)

Actual working model (middle of 1990s)

Nuclear magnetism log using spin echoes has made

possible for the first time measurements of lithology
independent porosity and irreducible water saturation

In-situ measurements of fluid diffusion coefficients,

estimation of permeability, and the most accurate
determination of residual oil saturation.

NMR and highly focused induction logs both come from

outside our industry

Why to use Nuclear Magnetic Resonance?

Lithology Independent porosity

Producible Fluid
Fluids Analysis
Capillary Bound And Free Fluid
Pore Size Spectrum

CMR
Light
Hydrocarbon

Sand with micro pores

where CMR 33msec
porosity matches with Elan
effective porosity(wet clay)
and CMR 3 msec porosity
matches with Elan effective
porosity (dry clay)

Clean water bearing sand

with CMR porosity (3msec
and 33msec) matching with
Elan effective porosity(wet
& dry clay)

Steps used
processing

in

ECS

1.

The
dry
weight
elemental
concentrations of Si,
Fe, Al, Ca and S are
used along with
neutron, density and
resistivity logs as
equations in the
inversion of mineral
and fluid volumes.

2.

Minerals
were
chosen based on
the
spectrolith
output volumes of
ECS along with core
data analysis in the
respective fields.

3.

ECS matrix density

was compared with
the Elan processing
output
matrix
density for the fine
tuning of the model.

MDT - Draw-Down Mechanism

Pressure

Invaded Zone

Quartzdyne Gauge (L)

Time

Drawdown
pump

Piston Position
Sensor

Packer

Back-up arm

Sample Isolation
Valve

Cased hole Scenario

Reservoir description
Completion integrity and fluid flow evaluations are much
enhanced over previous efforts
Casing, tubing and cement image logs are readily
available. These can be used to their full extent in solving
well performance related problems.
Production logging used in remedial work.

Analysis Behind Casing -Applications

Reservoir Analysis
Find and Evaluate By-passed Pay / Un-swept Oil
Re-evaluate after many years of Production
Re-evaluate with new measurements
Reservoir Management
Evaluate Depletion & Injection
Evaluate Contact Changes
Evaluate Saturation Changes

Evaluate Pressure Changes

Analysis Behind Casing (ABC)

Well: A Mumbai Offshore

Services:
CHFR, CHFD, CHFP, RST,
DSI, ECS,USIT

Computes volumes of oil &

gas behind casing
Reduced risk Log after
lowering
casing
in
problematic wells (losses
etc.)
Potential to evaluate old
wells that did not have logs
and Depleted Layers

L-I Top

GR
CHFD

CHFR

CHFP
L-II B
Top

Sw
(CHFR)

Cum Prod: 292978 bbl

Current Prod: 705 bbl/
day with 10% WC

CHFR-CHFP-CHFDUSIT-CBL
GR

CCL

Cement Map

Internal/external radius

VDL

Casing Collars

Good

Casing

Condition

Open Hole
Resistivity

Cased Hole
Resistivity from CHFR

Good Cement Quality

Good match
between
Open & Cased hole
resistivity in
overlapped section

As per CHFR
interpretation the
different layers of
the reservoir are
showing varying
degree of depletion

Analysis based on :
CHFR-CHFD-CHFP logs
At the top of layer a
secondary gas cap
formation is seen with
current
GOC
at
2123m(1318m TVDSS)

CHFRCHFPCHFDUSITCBL
Job on TLC
CCL

Cement Map

Internal/external radius

Good match
between
Open & Cased
hole resistivity
in overlapped
section

Good

Casing

Open Hole
Resistivity

Condition

Casing Collars

Cased Hole
Resistivity from
CHFR

VDL

Good Cement Quality

GR

Production Logging

To identify Layer wise contribution.

To Locate source of water.
Identification of thief zones.
To record bottom hole pressures
temperatures.

&

Production logging
Examples

Production
Logging
Examples

Well#X

BROWN FIELDS

Tractor PLT:
Horizontal Well

Major
H/C Entry

INTEGRATION

Integrated Environment
Internet - integrating as well as a liberating force.
Databases are more easily accessible
Results & reports can be shared
Work from anywhere
Major application software available on Net.
Group work or consulting via the Internet reduces the need
for many meetings.
The only perceived snags are data security and loss of
control over employees, but these are capable of solution
with a little effort.

Benefits of Integration
Integrated interpretation of logging, petrochemical,
geological, geophysical, and production data by
interactive workstations offer better understanding
Expert systems, neural networks and other adaptive
systems have expanded the interdisciplinary approach to
field evaluation and optimize reservoir management.

Evaluation of unconventional reservoirs viz. Shale gas,

CBM, Fractured Basement/Igneous rocks

Integration of Basic, CMR, SONIC and

Image log

Comparison of Logs, Litho-Quick Look,

Clusters, XRMI &Core data

Log
s

LQL

Dendrogram

Cluster XRMI
CORE

CC#1

Siltstone

Shale

Sand

Siderite

Silty
shale

(Core calibrated Litho-Quick-look vis--vis Litho-facies from Clustering

results & FMI)

Methodology for Realistic Evaluation of SW in Low Resistivity Low Contrast Sand

Lithological Model : Based Upon Sedimentological Studies
carried out.
Sandstone

: Quartz+Feld+ Calcitic Cement

Clay

: Montmorrilonite/Kaolinite, Chloritized biotite

Rock Fragments

: Low grade Metamorphic (slates,mica Schist, phyllite)

Fe-Heavy

: Iron Oxide (Magnetite/Haematite)

ELAN Processing parameters for model minerals firmed up.

Archies Petrophysical Parameters, analysed vis--vis low resistivity
contrast problem and standardized for use.
Innovative Technique to integrate SP in KCl mud with resistivity for
realistic SW computation implemented through GEOFRAME & ELAN
PLUS.
SW improved from 90-95% to 70-90% without use of SP and to 55-70%
With after use of SP
OWC

Porosity and Swi validated core studies in nearby well.

Computed clay volume variations follows GR log which is actually not
used in the processing due to risk of contamination from KCl mud.
Effective porosity variations more representative of natural depositional
processes.
OWC matches with regional OWC

Evaluation of Unconventional Reservoirs

Identification of Prospective Zones using logs

ISOPACH MAP OF OCS FORMATION IN STUDY AREA

Fracture Identification From logs in A Well

1. LLD, LLS
separation and
high GR against
fractured zones
2. Discontinuities/
waveform
attenuation.
Skipping on
sonic log.
3. Breakouts on
caliper log.
4. Fracture
porosity
computed from
LLD and LLS
separation

5. Well gave
85m3/d oil

Healed
fracture
Massive
Vesicle

Healed
fracture

Brecciated

Altered

Healed small
fault
Vesicle

(a)
Massive basalt, top part is vesicled,
only few irregular fractures are observed

(b)
Upper part is massive, middle part may be brecciated,
lower part is vesicled, few heal fractures are observed

Real time Monitoring

EVOLUTION OF WIRELINE TECHNIQUES

EVOLUTION OF WIRELINE LOGGING TOOLS

GET EQUIPED BY UPDATING

KNOWLEDGE & PRACTICES

AND

BRING SUCCESS
IN MEETING THE CHALLENGES

WISH A SUCCESSFUL JOURNEY

3/20/2012

WLS,AHMEDABAD

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