LANGUAGE DISORDER

Compiled by:
Anasul Fuad

(F1F013023)

Tanisa Rizki Amalia

(F1F013062)

Karlinda Setyowardani

(F1F013063)

Widya Yulia Khusuharyanti

(F1F013073)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

HUMANITIES FACULTY
JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
PURWOKERTO
2016

Introduction
Background of study
Psycholinguistics is a branch of linguistics which come from psychology and linguistics.
According to study.com, psycholinguistics is a study combines the fields of linguistics and
psychology. Because this study deals with language and and psychology, it learns how people
understand language, how people produce language in their mind. The language that people
produce comes from their brain. There are some parts of brain which control language. Part of
brain that take a big part in producing and understanding language is left celebral hemisphere.
People who have good condition of their brain will speak and understand language well. But
some poeple who have got injury on their brain does not have a good ability to speak or to
understand the language. This people called as Language disorder.
Literary Review
As we know that language is relate to the psychology and also brain. In the process of
speaking starts with the semantical encode, grammatical aand also phonological encode. The
semantical and grammatical encode are take place in the brain. Meanwhile, phonological encode
starts from brain and continued by speech organs which include the nervous system of the brain
(neuromisculer). People speak from throat muscles, tongue, lips, mouth, palate, nasal cavity, the
vocal cords, and lungs. Some experts assume that speak is a process of expressing thought, idea
and feeling (from brain) orally.
Some of normal people whi have normal brain and speech organs of course can speak
well. Meanwhile, some people who have abnormal brain and speech organ wil not be able to
speak well whether productively and receptively. Language disorder can be separated into two
parts. The first is language disorder caused by medical factors and the second is environmental
factors. Medical factor means disruptions caused by abnormalities in brain function and
abnormalities in speech function. While environmental factor means disruptions caused by
environment which is not treated unnaturally as human being like separated and isolated from
social life.
According to Sidharta (1984) medically, can be divided into three. Those are speech
disorder, language disorder, and thought disorder.

Discussion
Human brain that has normal function, certainly can speak well. However, those who have
abnormal function and speech equipment having difficulty in speaking, whether productive or
receptive.
According Sidharta (1984) language disorders could be divided into several categories:
1. Speech Disorders
Speech is a motoric activity that contains psychic modalities. Therefore, this speech
disorders can be grouped into two categories.
a. Mechanisms Disorders
Mechanism disorders is an integrated speech production process by vocal cords, tongue, the
muscles of oral cavity and esophagus and lungs.
1) Pulmonary Disorders Factor
This speech disorders occurred in people with lung disease.
2) Laryngal Disorders Factor
Vocal cords Disorders that can cause voice becomes hoarse or lost.
3) Lingual Disorders Factor
Thrush or injured tongue will disturb phoneme production.
4) Resonance Disorders Factor
Resonance disorder will produce nasal sound. For instance in the clefts, they have nasal
sound because there are wrong mechanism in resonance process.
b. Multifactorial Disorders
Multifactorial disorders could cause speech disruptions.
1) Negligent Speech

Negligent speech is speak too quickly, with defective articulation so what was spoken
producing elusive word.
2) Propulsive Speech
Propulsive usually found in people with Parkinson's disease (damage in the brain that causes
the trembled muscles)
3) Mutism Speech
This mutism disorder sufferers do not speak at all. Some of them may still be considered to be
silent, which do not want to speech deliberately.
c. Psychogenic disorder
Psychogenic is kind of the way people speak to expresing their mental. There are 4 kinds of
psychogenic disorder.
1) Spoiled
It is called speak spoiled because there is the impression of a desire to be pampered like a
child that makes changing to the way he spoke. Phoneme (s) pronounced (c) that is the phrase
"sakit sekali susah sembuhnya" to "cakit cekali cucah cembuhnya". Such this symptom can be
observed in the elderly who is dementia (usually women).

2) Talk active
Talk active or in Indonesia we know as Latah often equated with echolalia, which acts
parrot or imitate what is being said by others. Actually talk active is a syndrome consisting of
repetitive verbal that is squalid and locomotoric disorder that can be incited (Purwo, 1989: 166).

According to Maramis (Chaer, 2009 : 154) the inception of talktive according to patient
talktive is after dreaming to see many genitals of male. Talktive has correlation with hysterical
personality. This ubnormal is excuse to be able speaking and behave porn.

The types of talktive :

1.

Echolalia is a talkative kind by imitating someones words .

2.

Echopraxiais a talkative imitating the movement of others .

3. Caprolalia is a talkative people with this kind would utter words deemed taboo or a slob
spontaneously, which is usually their words regarding male genitalia .
4.

Automatic Obedience , is the most bad talkative . When they were surprised,
spontaneously and unconsciously they will carry out the orders of others. Patients talk
active this type will not be able to control what he was doing until he was unconscious
when finished doing the act.

3) Lisp
It is related to the over feminity attitude. The characteristics of lisp is the attractive lips and
tongue movement and the words uttered are so are so conspicuous. Although this apeech style is
not a language expression disorder, but it is considered as fonologic syndrome which shows
gender identity disorder especially when it is done by man.
4) Stuttering
Stuttering is when someone speaks a word fluently, they may frequently stop suddenly after
saying every syllables of a word, then repeating the first syllable, the next word and after they
can utter the words, the sentences can be done. The factors of stuttering are:
1. Stress in their life.
2. Educating children toughly and harshly also not allowing children having argument and
confuting.
3. The damage on hemisphere
4. Famial neurotic factor

2. Language Disorder
Language ability in human is closely related to the development since the birth. The normal kids
are able to listen words well and imitate them. Initially, the words just resemble the imitated

words, then they will gradually become clear and firm. Then those words become meaningful.
Learning speech proccess is serebral proccess. It means that verbal expression process and
auditory comprehension undergone by nerve cells in the brain called as neuron. Storeroom where
the words code stored is in the Broca area, while the storeroom of words comprehension code is
in the Wernicke area. To enable us communicating by language, we need to produce language.
It means that the area in Broca and Wernicke must function well. The damage in those area and
around can cause language impairment known as aphasia.
Aphasia divided into two. The first is expressive aphasia or motor aphasia which was known as
Broca aphasia. The damage in the dominant hemisphere causes motor aphasia may occur on the
surface layer (lesicortical) in the Broca area or the layer under the surface (lesi subcortical) in
Broca area or in the areabetween Broca and Wernicke. There are three kinds of motor aphasia.
a. Cortical Motory Aphasia
The words code storeroom is in the cortex of Broca area. Therefore, if the storeroom
vanishes there will be no words to be shown up. Cortical motory aphasia means losing
ability for expressing thoughts using words. The patienta are able to understand spoken
and written language. However, they are unable to show verbal expresson, but the visual
expression (written and sign language) still can be done.
b. Subcortical Motory Aphasia
Word codes are stored on the surface layer (cortex) of Broca area. Therefore, if the
damage happens uderneath (subcortical) all the words still stored in the storeroom.
However, the words can not be shown up because the connection is cut off, so the signal
to produce utterances can not be done. The patients can not express their thoughts by
words, but the can still imitate the words said by others.
c. Transcortical Motory Aphasia
It happens because the connection between Broca and Wernicke is broken. Generally, this
kind of aphasia happens in lesicortical in the Broca area. Therefore, the patients can
express a short and correct word, but they may use the subtitution. For example when
they are asked, What is that thing? They will answer, That thing for writing. This
kind of aphasia also called as nominative aphasia.
Receptive aphasia or sensory aphasia which was known as Wernicke aphasia. It is caused by the
damage in lesicortical in Wernicke area in the dominant hemisphere. It is the in the associatiave
area area between visual area, sensoric area, motoric area, and auditory area. The damage in this

area not only disturb the meaning of what is heard, but also of what is seen. Therefore, the
patient can not comprehend of what is said and heard. However, they still have verbal ability
altough it can not be understood whether by himself or others. The verbal ability is a new
language (neologism) that can not be understood by anyone, consists of words, some are alike,
or match with a word of a certain language, but mostly are not the same or appropriate with any
language. That new language uttered by rhythm, tone and melody suitable with the foreign
language that exists. Their attitude is normal, like they are having conversation in an
understandable

language. They act like the normal one. They are not strained, angry, or

depressive. Actually, the do not understand both what they say or hear (the normal verbal
language).
3. Thought Disorder
For selecting and using lexical, semantical, and syntactical, someone implies affection
and personal values in words and sentences are made. So, everyone makes his personality in
style and language that verbal expression is an explanation of thought content. Then, implicit in
the style of language is the content that thought. Therefore it can be concluded that verbal
expression is impaired due to the disturbed mind.
a. Dementia
People who suffer dementia showing many disorders such as apraxia, amnesia,
personality changes, behavioral changes and deterioration in all kinds of intellectual function. All
of disturbances caused of thinking less, so the verbal expression filled with difficulty to find the
right words and often repeated the sentence. Conversation often interrupted because not
remember what will to say, so move on to another topic.
Dr. Martina Wiwie S. Nasrun (Media nesia, 1 Mei 2001) said that dementia is a decline in
memory function or memory and other thought power of day by day getting worse. Dr.Martina
explained, the first thing to do to treat dementia is to find out the cause of the behavioral
disturbances. Whether because of their physical pain from injuries or there is the relation with
depression. To cope the dementia can be done through methods of non-medicine or medicine. If
the problem that faced does not serious, therapy of non-medicine can be processed healing.
a. Sisofrenik

Language disorder as a result of thought disorder, where sufferers in verbal intensity

filled with words syllogism and talking nonstop. Sisofrenic is a language disorder as a result of
thought disorder. The utterance just repeat of previous words with adding a little-bit word or
minus some of sentences. There are several stages to distinguish the language style of
schizophrenia. According to various criteria is the main language in the style of post-sisofrenia
hallucinations and pasca-hallucinations.
Before bothered hallucinations (auditory hallucinations), sisofrenik patients language
seem bothered. Not a lot of communicating with the others, buti a lot of dialogue with themselve.
At the pre hallucinations verbal language and style of writing is filled with use of the pronoun "I"
excessive. Then they were difficulty in finding the right vocabulary. Verbal expression disorder
that makes a patient does not want to socialize.
b. Depression
People who are depressed soul, the sound of gentle intensity and the fluency is
disjointed by a long time. However, the current direction of thought content is not compromised.
The fluency of speech is halting deep breaths and release of long breath. Emotional temperament
associated with depression is universal. Verbal intensity depressive contents by depressing topic,
flagrant and curse themselves, lose interest in work and passion for life, not being able to enjoy
life and wants to end their own life.
4. Social disorder
Social disorder can be meant as a language disorder which happen on the people who
are isolated or separated away from the social life. This kind of isolated or separated away
caused deliberately used to be an experiments or undeliberately. People who are isolated does not
same with deaf people. Deaf people can understand what people say because they still life with
other people but they can not speak or hear. While isolated people is very different. They can not
understand or can not speak using human languages. Social disorder happen because people
deliberately (as experiments) or because live not in the human environment, but cared in by
animal like in the Kamala and Mougli case.

a. Kamala case
This case happen when Kamala and his sister cared by wolves. This case happen on
India. According to Zingg, there are almost 31 case children who taken care by wolves.
In India, a wolf is not wild and already used to live with human. In this case, when
Kamala and his sister were found, he was around 8 years old and his sister was 2 years
old. Kamala can survive until 9 years old but not long after found his sister was passed
away. Because he live with wolves Kamala act like a wolf. He can not stand up. He run
very fast as like wolves. He can not speak the human language, he roar as like a wolves
instead. When he found, he just can survive until 9 years old until he was passed away, he
just know 50 words. Kamala level of intelligence can not know because he never in test
with objective tests. However, Kamala can not act like human because he has no longer
reflective think.
b. Genie case
The isolated case from Kamala is very different with Genie case. Kamala grown up with
wolves without socializing with human, then Genie, she grown ups with human, with her
parents but she separated away from human life. Since 2 years until 13 years 9 month
Genie separated from human. She live in a small closed room with a tick canopy window.
There is no television, or radio because Genies father do not like to hear any sound. He
will punished Genie phisicaly if she make a sound.
When found on 1970, Genie was in a less involved socially, primitive and disturbed
emotionally. She also can not speak. When she got treatment firstly, Genie believe to
have suffered mental dsorder. Genie understand just a little bit grammatical form. In the
age which is almost 14 years, the language will be very very difficult to understand.
Because the brain development of a child in language development is the childhood to
puberty. There are some differences between Genies language development and other
children.
First, Genie has more vocabulary than other children who have similar cases. Genie is
easier to remember vocabulary and grammar rules. This suggests that the acquisition is
not only refers to the ability to store a lot of things in memory.
Second, Genie can not make passive sentence, whereas the other children can made it in
the age of 3 years.
Third, Genies linguistic performance equivalent to normal brain capacity of children
aged two to two and a half years.
Fourth, Genies ability to speak slower than normal children's ability.

From a number of tests, Genie have no facilities to speak in the left hemisphere (as
mentioned in theory lateralization and localization of Broca and Wernicke) but using the right
hemisphere for language and non-language functions.

Conclusion

Language disorder can be separated into two parts. The first is language disorder caused by
medical factors and the second is environmental factors. According to Sidharta (1984) medically,
can be divided into three. Those are speech disorder, language disorder, and thought disorder.
Speech disorder encompass speech mechanism disruption, multifactoral disruption, and
psychogenic disruption. Learning speech process in cerebral process. Storeroom where the words
code stored is in the Broca area, while the storeroom of words comprehension code is in the
Wernicke area. To enable us communicating by language, we need to produce language. It
means that the area in Broca and Wernicke must function well. The damage in those area and
around can cause language impairment known as aphasia. There are two kind of aphasia
expressive apashia and receptive aphasia. Tought disorder divided into three kinds. Dementia
which caused of thinking less, schizophrenia which repeating previous words and depression
which is halting deep breaths and release of long breath. Emotional temperament associated with
depression is universal. Verbal intensity depressive contents by depressing topic, flagrant and
curse themselves, lose interest in work and passion for life, not being able to enjoy life and wants
to end their own life. Social disorder is happen in Kamala and Genie case. They are isolated from
other people which makes them has a mental disorder and also can not speak as well as other
normal people.

Reference
Chaer, A. (2003). Psikolinguistik. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
ismi. (2015, 02). language disorder. Diambil kembali dari ismibrebres.blogspot.co.id:
http://ismibrebes.blogspot.co.id/2015/02/makalah-gangguan-berbahasa.html
wordpress. (2014, 12 17). gangguan berbahasa orang berperilaku latah. Diambil
kembali dari pangeran sastra:
https://pangeransastra.wordpress.com/2014/12/17/gangguan-berbahasaorang-berperilaku-latah-dalam-kajian-psikolinguistik/