Experiment No.

2: NOISE

Noise Sound

In physics, sound is a vibration that propagates as a typically audible mechanical

wave of pressure and displacement, through amedium such as air or water.
In physiology and psychology, sound is the reception of such waves and
their perception by the brain.[1]

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Decibel
The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit that expresses the ratio of two values of a
physical quantity, often poweror intensity. One of these quantities is often a
reference value and in this case the decibel expresses the absolute level of the
physical quantity. The number of decibels is ten times the logarithm to base 10 of
the ratio of two power quantities,[1] or of the ratio of the squares of two
field amplitude quantities. One decibel is one tenth of one bel, named in honor
of Alexander Graham Bell; however, the bel is seldom used.

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Leq
Lex

Experiment No. 3: PH LEVEL

pH
Acidity

An acid (from the Latin acidus/acre meaning sour[1]) is a chemical substance

whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste, the ability to turn
blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals
(like calcium) to form salts. Aqueous solutions of acids have a pH of less than 7.
Non-aqueous acids are usually formed when an anion (negative ion) reacts with
one or more positively charged hydrogen cations. A lower pH means a higher
acidity, and thus a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution.
Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to beacidic.

Water

Basic Substance
Acid Substance

In chemistry, pH (/piet/) is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or

alkalinity of an aqueous solution. It is the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of
the activity of the hydrogen ion. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and
solutions with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline or basic. Pure water has a pH of 7
and is neutral, being neither an acid nor a base. Contrary to popular belief, the

pH value can be less than 0 or greater than 14 for very strong acids and bases
respectively. However, these extremes are difficult to measure precisely. [1]

pH measurements are important

in medicine, biology, chemistry, agriculture, forestry, food science, environmental
science,oceanography, civil engineering, chemical engineering, nutrition, water
treatment & water purification, and many other applications.

The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established

by international agreement.[2] Primary pH standard values are determined using
a concentration cell with transference, by measuring the potential difference
between ahydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such as the silver
chloride electrode. The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured with a glass
electrode and a pH meter, or indicator.

pH is the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the activity of the

(solvated) hydronium ion, more often (albeit somewhat inaccurately) expressed
as the measure of the hydronium ion concentration.[3]

The rest of this article uses the technically correct word "base" and
its inflections in place of "alkaline", which specifically refers to a base dissolved in
water[citation needed], and its inflections.

Alkalinity
Alkalinity is the name given to the quantitative capacity of

an aqueous solution to neutralize an acid.[1] Measuring alkalinity is important

in determining a stream's ability to neutralize acidic pollution
from rainfall or wastewater. It is one of the best measures of the sensitivity of
the stream to acid inputs.[2] There can be long-term changes in the alkalinity of
rivers and streams in response to human disturbances.[3] Alkalinity does not
measure the same property as the pH (namely basicity).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinity

Experiment No. 4: DO MEASUREMENT

DO
Limnology
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Limnology (/lmnldi/ lim-NOL--jee; from Greek ,limne, "lake"

and ,logos, "knowledge"), is the study of inland waters. It is often
regarded as a division of ecology or environmental science. It covers
thebiological, chemical, physical, geological, and other attributes of all

inland waters (running and standing waters, both fresh and saline, natural
or man-made). This includes the study
of lakes and ponds, rivers, springs, streamsand wetlands.[1] A more recent
sub-discipline of limnology, termed landscape limnology, studies,
manages, and conserves these aquatic ecosystems using a landscape
perspective. Limnology is closely related to aquatic
ecology and hydrobiology, which study aquatic organisms in particular
regard to their hydrological environment. Although limnology is sometimes
equated with freshwater science, this is erroneous since limnology also
comprises the study of inland salt lakes.

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Non-compound oxygen
Microbes
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A microorganism (from the Greek: , mikros, "small"

and , organisms, "organism") is a microscopicliving organism,
which may be single celled[1] or multicellular. The study of microorganisms is
called microbiology, a subject that began with the discovery of
microorganisms in 1674 by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, using a microscope of
his own design.

Microorganisms are very diverse and include all the bacteria and archaea and
almost all the protozoa. They also include some fungi, algae, and
certain animals, such as rotifers. Many macroscopic animals and plants have
microscopic juvenile stages. Some microbiologists also
classify viruses (and viroids) as microorganisms, but others consider these as
nonliving.[2][3]

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o Microbial decomposition
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o Stratification
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Water stratification occurs when water masses with different properties

- salinity (halocline), oxygenation (chemocline), density (pycnocline),temperat
ure (thermocline) - form layers that act as barriers to water mixing which could
lead to anoxia or euxinia.[1] These layers are normally arranged according to
density, with the least dense water masses sitting above the more dense
layers.

Water stratification also creates barriers to nutrient mixing between layers.

This can affect the primary production in an area by limiting photosynthetic

processes. When nutrients from the benthos cannot travel up into the photic
zone, phytoplankton may be limited by nutrient availability. Lower primary
production also leads to lower net productivity in waters.[2]

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Experiment No. 6: SVI

Sludge

Sludge is a semi-solid slurry and can be produced as sewage sludge from

wastewater treatment processes or as a settled suspension obtained from
conventional drinking water treatment and numerous other industrial processes.
The term is also sometimes used as a generic term for solids separated from
suspension in a liquid; this 'soupy' material usually contains significant quantities
of 'interstitial' water (between the solid particles).

Industrial wastewater solids are also referred to as sludge, whether generated

from biological or physical-chemical processes. Surface water plants also
generate sludge made up of solids removed from the raw water.

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SVI

Sludge Volume Index (SVI) is used to describe the settling characteristics of sludge in
the aeration tank in Activated Sludge Process.[1] It is a process control parameter to
determine the recycle rate of sludge. It was introduced by Mohlman in 1934, and has
become the standard measure of the physical characteristics of activated sludge
processes. It is defined as 'the volume (in ml) occupied by 1 gram of activated sludge
after settling the aerated liquor for 30 minutes'.
SVI (ml/gm) = settled sludge volume/sample volume (ml/l) * 1000 (mg/g)/ suspended
solid concentration (m/l)

References[edit]

Jump up^ http://www.tpomag.com/editorial/2010/03/what-the-heck-is-svi

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MLSS

Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) is the concentration of suspended

solids, in an aeration tank during the activated sludge process, which occurs
during the treatment of waste water. The units MLSS is primarily measured in are
milligrams per litre (mg/L). Mixed liquor is a combination of raw or unsettled
wastewater and activated sludge within an aeration tank. MLSS consists mostly of

microorganisms and non-biodegradable suspended matter. MLSS is an important

part of theactivated sludge process to ensure that there is a sufficient quantity of
active biomass available to consume the applied quantity of organic pollutant at
any time. This is known as the food to microorganism ratio, more commonly
notated as the F/M ratio. By maintaining this ratio at the appropriate level
the biomass will consume high percentages of the food. This minimizes the loss
of residual food in the treated effluent. In simple terms, the more
the biomass consumes the lower the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) will be
in the discharge. It is important that MLSS removes BOD in order to purify water
for clean drinking water and hygiene. Raw sewage enters in the water treatment
process with a concentration of sometimes several hundred mg/L of BOD. Upon
being treated with MLSS and other methods of treatment, the concentration
of BOD in water is lowered to less than 2 mg/L, which is considered to be clean,
safe to use water.

The total weight of MLSS within an aeration tank can be calculated by multiplying
the concentration of MLSS (mg/L) in the aeration tank by the tank volume (L).

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Tour: Novaliches General Hospital