Learn arithmetic fundamentals with this chapter on natural numbers and integers

Chapter 1.
Arithmetics
Chapter 1: Arithmetics
Unit 1: THE NATURAL NUMBERS AND THE INTEGERS
________________________________________________________
1. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR REVIEW:
1.1 Vocabulary:
- Addend (n): S hng
- Addition (n): Php cng
- Arbitrary number (n): S ty
- Arithmetics (n): S hc
- Axiom (n): Tin
- Base (n): C s
- Dividend (n): S b chia
- Division (n): Php chia
- Divisor (n): S chia
- Even number (n): S chn
- Factor (n): Tha s
- Factorial (n): Giai tha
- Highest common factor (n): c chung ln nht
- Index (n): Ch s
- Lowest Common Multiple (n): Bi chung nh nht
- Multiple (n): Bi
- Multiplication (n): Php nhn
- Multiplier (n): S nhn
- Numeral (n): Ch s
- Odd number (n): S l
- Postulate (n): nh
- Power (n): Ly tha
- Prime (n): S nguyn t
- Prime factor (n): Tha s nguyn t
- Prime factorization (n): S phn tch ra tha s nguyn t.
- Product (n): Tch
- Quotient (n): Thng
- Ratio (n): T s
- Reciprocal (n): Phn t kh nghch
- Relatively prime (n): Phn t nguyn t cng nhau.
- Remainder (n): S d
- Subtraction (n): Php tr
- Subtrahend (n): S b tr
- The integers (n): S nguyn
- The natural numbers (n): s t nhin
- Unity (n): Phn t n v
English for Mathematics
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Chapter 1. Arithmetics
1.2 Grammar review:

- Tenses.
- Verb forms.
- Conditional sentences.
- Active and passive voices.
- Preposition
1.3 Exercises:
1.3.1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the word in the bracket:
If a and b ____(1)___(be) natural numbers and a = bq where q is also a natural number, then we
say that q is the quotient ____(2)____(obtain) by dividing the number a by the number q and we
write: q = a/b. We can also say that a is evenly divisible by b that b divides a without remainder. Any
number b that divides a exactly is ____(3)___(say) to be a divisor of a. The number a itself with
respect to its divisor is ___(4)____(call) a multiple. Thus, multiples of b are the numbers b, 2b, 3b,
Multiple of the number 2 (that is, number exactly divisible by 2) are said to be even. Numbers not
____(5)___(exact) divisible by 2 are said to be odd. Every natural number is either even or odd. If
each of the two number x, y ___(6)___(be) a multiple of b then the sum x + y is also a multiple of b.
If two or more numbers ___(7)___(not have) any common divisor different from unity, then these
numbers are said ____(8)___(be) relatively prime. For example the numbers 49 and 121
___(9)___(be) relatively prime (co-prime, or prime to each other).
1.3.2. Choose the correct word to fill in the blanks:
Greater
Only
Is
Called
Procedure Divisible
Prime numbers
If a number possesses ____(1)___two factors, namely itself and unity, then it is ____(2)___prime
number. The first six numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13. Unity ___(3)___ not considered to be a prime
number.
Any integer ___(4)___than 1 is a prime or can be written as a product of primes. For example, 60
has the prime factors 2, 3, and 5 and its prime factorization is 60 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5.
To write a number as a product of prime factors:
1) Divide the number by 2 if possible; continue to divide by 2 until the factor you get is not
____(5)___by 2.
2) Divide the result from (1) by 3 if possible; continue to divide by 3 until the factor you get is
not divisible by 3.
3) Divide the result from (2) by 5 if possible, continue to divide by 5 until the factor you get is
not divisible by 5
Continue the____(6)__ with 7, 11 and so on, until all the factors are primes.
1.3.3. Fill in the blanks with the correct preposition:
Raising a number to a power
Raising ___(1)___ a power is devised from repetitive multiplication. The power is also called an
index and the number to be raised to a power is called the base. For example: 10 x 10 x 10 = 103 .
Here, the number 3 is the power (index) and 10 is the base.
The arithmetic ____(2)___ powers is contained in the following set of rules:
- Power unity: Any number raised to power 1 equals itself.
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- Multiplication ___(3)__ numbers and the addition of powers: If two numbers are each written
as a given base raised to some power then the product of the two numbers is equal to the same base
raised to the sum of the powers. To multiply the powers are added. For example,
81 9 34 32 34 2 36 729.
- Division of numbers and the subtraction of powers: If two numbers are each written as a given
base raised to some power then the quotient of the two numbers is equal ___(4)___ the same base
raised to the difference of the powers. That means, to divide the powers are subtracted. For example,
7776 6 5 and 36 6 2 so 7776 36 6 5 2 6 3 216 .
- Power zero: Any number raised to the power 0 equal unity.
- Multiplication of powers: If a number is written as a given base raised to some power then
that number raised to a further power is equal to the base raised to the product of the powers.
2
___(5)___example, 43 46 4096
-
Negative powers: A number raised to a negative power denotes the reciprocal. For example
1
2 3 3 .
2
Notice that in any operation with different indices the base must be the same. We cannot use these
laws to combine different powers ____(6)___ different bases.
1.3.4. Find and correct the false in the following text:
An ratio is an indicated division. It should be thinked of as a fraction. The language used is: the
ratio of a to b which means a b or
a
and the symbol is a:b. In this notion a is the first term or the
b
antecedent, and b is the second term or the consequent. It is importantly to remember that we treat the
ratio as a fraction. A proportion is a statement that two ratios is equal. Symbolically we write a:b =
c:d or
a c
.
b d
The statement is read a is to b as c is to d and we call a and d the extremes, b and c the means.
Proportions are treat as equations involving fractions. We may perform all the operations on them
that we do on equation, and many of the resulting properties may already have been meet in
geometry.
1.3.5 Put the word in each sentence in the correct order to make the meaningful sentences:
a) Every/ odd / natural / is /either / number / even /or.
b) Any / integer /great / than / 1 / is / a / prime / or /can / be / written / as / a / product /of/ primes.
c) The / natural / are / numbers / using / the / decimal / numerals/ written / 0 / to / 9.
d) The / natural/collectively / integer /numbers /and /numbers /the /negative / are /called /the.
e) No / same / follower/ two / natural / have/ numbers / the /.
2. READING COMPREHENSION:
2.1 THE NATURAL NUMBERS:
The natural numbers (positive integer) express the quantity of certain things (alike or not alike) to
be counted; such, for instance, are the numbers one, two, ten, twenty, a hundred, and so forth. The
concept of a natural number is one of the simplest and most elemental notions in mathematics. The
natural numbers are written using the decimal numerals 0 to 9 where the position of a numeral in a
number dictates the value it represent. When writing a number, the digits from right to left indicate in
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turn the number of units, the number of tens, hundreds, thousands, and so forth. For example: 123
stands for 1 hundred and 2 tens and 3 units. The natural numbers can be graphically represented by
equally spaced points on a straight line. The natural numbers are ordered they progress from a given
number are less than (< ) the given number and numbers to the right are greater than (>) the given
number. If two numbers are neither less than nor greater than each other, they are equal.
If the straight line containing the natural numbers is extended to the left we can plot equally
spaced points to the left of zero. These points represent negative numbers which are written as a
natural number preceded by a minus sign, for example -5. The natural numbers and the negative
numbers shown here are collectively called the integer. The notion of order still applies: for example
-3 < 2 and -4 > -6. An integer is a positive or negative integer or the number 0. Even numbers are
numbers of the form 2k, and odd numbers are numbers of the form 2k +1, where k is an integer.
Comprehension check:
Answer the following questions:
1. Are the natural numbers well-ordered? How about the integer?
2. Is there any largest natural number? Why or why not?
3. What is the smallest natural number?
4. Between the natural numbers and the integer, which is the larger set? Why?
5. Let a be a odd number and b be an even number, is ab an even number? Why or why not?
2.2 Highest common Factor (HCF) Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)
If two numbers have factors (or divisors) in common, then the largest of these common factors is
called their highest common factor (HCF). For example: 18 has the factors 1, 2, 3, 6, 9 and 18; 30
has the factors 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 15, 30. Consequently, the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 6 are their common factors,
the largest of which is 6. The HCF of 18 and 30 is 6.
A number m is common multiple of two other numbers k and j if it is a multiple of each of them.
For example: 12 is a common multiple of 4 and 6, since 3 x 4 = 12 and 2 x 6 = 12. The least common
multiple (LCM) of two numbers is the smallest number that is a common multiple of both numbers.
To find the lowest common multiple of two numbers k and j:
- Write k as a product of primes and j as a product of primes.
- If there are any common factors delete them in one of the products.
- Multiply the remaining factors; the result is the least common multiple.
For example, 6 has the prime factorization 2 x3 and 10 has the prime factorization 2x5. The LCM
is, therefore, 2 x 3 x5 = 30. Notice that the common factor 2 is only used once to find the LCM. If it
were used twice then a common multiple would be obtained but it would not be the lowest one.
It is clear that for two relatively prime numbers a and b the LCM is equal to the product of the
number.
A. Choose true or false:
1. _______The highest common factor of two numbers is the highest number.
2. _______The lowest common multiple of two numbers is the product of these numbers.
3. _______The prime factorization of number a is written a as a product of all the prime
numbers.
4. _______ To find the LCM of two relatively prime numbers, we evaluate their product.
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5. _______ The common factor of two numbers a and b is always greater than their lowest
common multiple.
2.3 J.E.FREUNDS SYSTEM OF NATURAL NUMBERS POSTULATES
Modern mathematicians are accustomed to derive properties of natural numbers from a set of
axioms or postulates (i.e. undefined and unproven statements that disclose the meaning of the abstract
concepts).
The well known system of 5 axioms of the Italian mathematician, Peano provides the description
of natural numbers. These axioms are:
First: 1 is a natural number.
Second: Any number which is a successor (follower) of a natural number is itself a natural
number.
Third: No two natural numbers have the same follower.
Fourth: The natural number 1 is not the follower of any other natural number.
Fifth: If a series of natural numbers includes both the number 1 and the follower of every natural
number, then the series contains all natural numbers.
The fifth axiom is the principle (law) of math induction.
From the axioms it follows that there must be infinitely many natural numbers since the series
cannot stop. It cannot circle back to its starting point either because 1 is not the immediate follower of
any natural number is well ordered and presents a general problem of quantification. It places the
natural numbers in an ordinal relation and the commonest example of ordination is the counting of
things. The domain of application of Peanos example of ordination is the counting of things. The
domain of application of Peanos theory is much wider than the series of natural numbers alone etc.,
1 1 1
and so on, satisfy the axioms similarly. From Peanos five rules we
2 3 4
the relational fractions 1, , ,
can state and enumerate all the familiar characteristics and properties of natural numbers. Other
mathematicians define these properties in terms of 8 or even 12 axioms (J.E.Freund) and these
systems characterize properties of natural numbers much more comprehensively and they specify the
notion of operations both arithmetical and logical.
Note that sums and products of natural numbers are written as a + b and a.b or ab, respectively.
Postulate No.1: For every pair of natural numbers, a and b, in that order, there is a unique (one
and only one) natural number called the sum of a and b.
Postulate No.2: If a and b are natural numbers, then a + b = b + a.
Postulate No.3: If a, b and c are natural numbers, then (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
Postulate No.4: For every pair of natural numbers, a and b, in that order, there is a unique (one
and only one) natural number called the product.
Postulate No.5: If a and b are natural numbers, then ab = ba.
Postulate No.6: If a, b and c are natural numbers, then (ab)c = a(bc)
Postulate No.7: If a, b and c are natural numbers, then a (b + c) = ab + ac
Postulate No.8: There is a natural number called one and written 1 so that if a is an arbitrary
natural number, then a.1 = a.
Postulate No.9: If a, b and c are natural numbers and if ac = bc then a = b.
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Postulate No.10: If a, b and c are natural numbers and if ac = bc then a = b

Postulate No.11: Any set of natural numbers which (1) includes the number 1 and which (2)
includes a + 1 whenever it includes the natural number a, includes every natural number.
Postulate No.12: For any pair of natural number, a and b, one and only one of the following
alternatives must hold: either a b, or there is a natural number x such that a + x = b, or there is a
natural number y such that b + y = a.
Freunds system of 12 postulates provides the possibility to characterize natural numbers when we
explain how they behave and what math rules they must obey. To conclude the definition of natural
numbers we can say that they must be interpreted either as standing for the whole number or else for
math objects which share all their math properties. Using these postulates mathematicians are able to
prove all other rules about natural numbers with which people have long been familiar.
1) How many axioms did the Italian mathematician Peano give? What were they?
2) Which axiom is the most important? Why?
3) What does Peanos theory state in essence?
4) What can we state from Peanos five rules?
5) Who developed these axioms? What did he do?
6) How useful is Freunds system of 12 postulates?
3. Discussion Speaking - Listening
3.1 Discussion:
3.1.1 Prove or disprove each of these following statements:
a) The set of even number is closed under addition. (A number m is even if and only if m = 2k
for some integer k).
b) The sum of any two odd numbers is even.
c) Let n be an integer. Prove that if n 2 is odd, then n is odd
d) Let b be any number and n be a positive integer, write the formula of these following
expression: b raised to the nth power, b squared, and b cubed. How do we call the value b and n?
e) Write in words for these formulae: d equals n th root of b; 2 is the square root of 4; 3 is the cube
(or the third root) of 27.
3.1.2 Work in pairs to answer this question
If x is an even integer and y is an odd integer, which of the following must be odd?
a) x y
b) x y
c) xy 1
3.2 Speaking:
Learn how to speak these following
a)52
b) 43
g ) log5 25 2
h) log 3 81
m) 81 9
n) 3 8 2
c)74
i)ln100
d) 2n
e) 1312
f)33
j) log1000 = 3
Notice:
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82 would be called 8 to the second power or 8 to the power 2 or simply 8 squared
53 could be called "5 to the third power", "5 to the power 3" or simply "5 cubed".
24 could be called "2 to the fourth power" or "2 to the power 4" or simply "2 to the 4th"
a n could be called a to the n power.
log 2 8 3 would be called "the logarithm of 8 with base 2 is 3"or "log base 2 of 8 is 3" or "the
base-2 log of 8 is 3"
ln10 would be called the natural logarithm of 10
log100 = 2 would be called a common logarithm of 100 is 2 (with base 10)
3.3 Listening:
Listen to the tape and fill in the blanks:
Rounding
All the___(1)___ of arithmetic that we have used with the___(2)___ apply to decimal numbers.
However, when performing calculations involving decimal numbers it is not____(3)__ for the end
result to be a number with a large quantity of ___(4)___after the decimal point. To make such
numbers more manageable,___(5)___ can be rounded either to a specified number of significant
figures or to a specified number_____(6)___decimal places.
Significant figures____(7)___counted from the first____(8)___ numeral on the left of the number.
When the required numbers of significant figures have counted off, the remaining ___(9)___are
deleted with the following proviso: If the first number deleted is a____(10)___or more the last
significant numeral is increased by 1, otherwise it is left___(11)___.
4. Translation:
4.1. Translate into Vietnamese:
4.1.1 Translate each of the following sentences into Vietnamese.
a) Let a, b , with b > 0. Then there exist integers q, r such that a = bq + r, 0 r b
b) For all a, b, c, d , we have:
- d |a, d|b implies d| (a+ b)
- d|a implies d|ab
- d|a implies db|ab
- d|a and a|b implies d|b
- If a 0 and d|a, then | d || a |
c) Let n be an integer greater than 1. Then p be the smallest divisor of n unequal to 1. Then p is a
prime. If n is not itself a prime, then p n .
d) There are infinitely many prime numbers.
e) Every natural number > 1 can (up to a reordering of the factors) be written uniquely a a product
of prime numbers.
f) Let a, b, p and let p be a prime. If p is a divisor of ab, then p divides at least one of the
numbers of a or b.
4.1.2 Arithmetic operations
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1. Addition: The concept of adding stems forms such fundamental facts that it does not require a
definition and cannot be defined in formal fashion. We can use synonymous expressions, if we so
much desire, like saying it is the process of combining.
Notation: 8 + 3 = 11; 8 and 3 are the addends, 11 is the sum.
2. Subtraction: When one number is subtracted from another the result is called the difference or
remainder. The number subtracted is termed the subtrahend, and the number from which the
subtrahend is subtracted is called minuend.
3. Multiplication: is the process of taking one number (called the multiplicand) a given number
of times (this is the multiplier, which tells us how many times the multiplicand is to be taken). The
result is called the product. The numbers multiplied together are called the factors of the products.
Notation: 12 x 5 = 60 or 12.5 = 60; 12 is the multiplicand, 5 is the multiplier and 60 is the product
(here, 12 and 5 are the factors of product).
4. Division: is the process of finding one of two factors from the product and the other factor. It
is the process of determining how many times one number is contained in another. The number
divided by another is called the dividend. The number divided into the dividend is called the divisor,
and the answer obtained by division is called the quotient.
Notation: 48:6 = 8; 48 is the dividend, 6 is the divisor and 8 is the quotient. Division may be
checked by multiplication.
4.2. Translate into English:
- Mt s c ch s tn cng l mt s chn v d nh 2, 4, 6, 8, th chia ht cho 2.
- Mt s c s to bi hai ch s tn cng chia ht cho 4 th s chia ht cho 4.
- Mt s tn cng bng 0 v 5 th chia ht cho 5.
- Mt s chia ht cho 3 (hoc chia ht cho 9) nu tng cc ch s ca s chia ht cho 3 (hoc
9).
- Cho a, b, p v p l s nguyn t. Nu p l mt c ca ab th p l c ca t nht mt trong
hai s a, hoc b .
4.3 Translate into English and explain what happened:
Cho a = b.
Nhn hai v ca biu thc trn vi a c a2 ab
Tr hai v vi b2 ta c: a2 b2 ab b2
Phn tch ra tha s: (a b)(a b) b(a b)
Chia hai v cho a b c: a b b .
Thay a bi b c: 2b b
Chia hai v cho b c: 2 = 1
Chuyn g xy ra?
5. Exercises:
5.1 - Find the factors of these following numbers: 84 and 512.
- Find the multiples of these following numbers: 149 and 254
- Find the HCF and LCM of these following pair numbers:
a) 512 and 84
b) 314 and 52
c) 27 and 96
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5.2 It takes Eric 20 minutes to inspect a car. John needs only 15 minutes to inspect a car. If they
both start inspecting cars at 9.00a.m., what is the first time the two mechanics will finish inspecting a
car at the same time?
5.3 Find the first 10 prime numbers? Is there any largest prime number? Which number is the
smallest prime number?
5.4 Find the prime factors and the prime factorization of 124, 243 and 679?
5.5 A class of 45 students will be seated in rows. Every row will have the same number of
students. There must be at least two students in each row, and there must be at least two rows. A row
is parallel to the front of the row. How many different arrangements are possible?
5.6 Let n be an integer, write the formula of the factorials of n.
5.7 Write in factorials form: (n+3) x (n+2) x (n+1) x n
5.8 Factorize: n! + (n + 2)! (n+1)!
5.9 If the value of an investment triples each year, what percent of its value today will the
investment be worth in 4 years?
3
5.10 Evaluate: 3 27 23
7
5.11 Simplify 6 12 2 75 3 98
5.12 Evaluate without a calculator
334 3 43
5 6 2
4
9
3
5.13 Find all possible pairs of numbers a and b which satisfy a 2 b 2 (a b)2 . Explain your
reasoning.
5.14 If a store made a profit of $23.50 on Monday, lost $2.05 on Tuesday, lost $5.03 on
Wednesday and make a profit of $30.10 on Thursday, and made a profit of $41.25 on Friday. What
was its total profit (or loss) for the week? Use + for profit and for loss.
5.15 Find (a) the prime factors and prime factorization
(b) all the factors
(c) the HCF and LCM
of 164 and 1025.
5.16 Find (a) the factors
(b) the prime factors
(c) the HCF and LCM
of 255 and 1020
6. Assignment: Work in groups to prove these following theorems:
a) Let n be an integer greater than 1. Let p be the smallest divisor of n unequal to 1. Then p is a
prime. If n is not itself a prime then p n
b) There are infinitely many prime numbers.
c) Every natural number > 1 (up to a reordering of the factors) can be written uniquely as a
product of prime numbers.
d) Use the sieve of Eratosthenes to describe all the primes less than 100.
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Puzzles:
BIRTHDAY
When asked about his birthday, a man said:
"The day before yesterday I was only 25 and next year I will turn 28."
This is true only one day in a year - when was he born?
Just for fun: THE USE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Little mouse: - Mommy! Hes saying something that I dont understand at all?
Mother mouse: - Silence! Its our enemy. Dont go out of the house. That dirty cat is threatening
us.
Little mouse: - How did you understand what he said?
Mother mouse: - Consider it a very good reason to learn a foreign language.
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Unit 2: RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
REAL AND COMPLEX NUMBERS

______________________________________________
1. Vocabulary and Grammar review:
1.1 Vocabulary:
- Rational numbers (n): S hu t
- Irrational numbers (n): S v t
- Real numbers (n): S thc
- Complex numbers (n): S phc
- Fraction (n): Phn s
- Numerator (n): T s ca mt phn s
- Denominator (n): Mu s ca mt phn s
- Proper fraction (n): Phn s rt gn
- Imaginary number (n): S o
- Improper fraction (n): Phn s cha rt gn
- Mixed fraction (n): Hn s
- Decimal number (n): S thp phn
- Circumference (n): Chu vi
- Real line (n): Trc s thc
- Inductive method (n): Phng php quy np
- Whole numbers = integer
- Order field (n): Trng c sp.
- Terminate (v): gii hn
- Exponential number (n): s m
- Plot (v): Biu din
1.2 Grammar review:
- Tenses
- Passive active voice
- Adverbial clause
1.3 Exercises:
1.3.1 Fill in the blanks below with a single appropriate letter to indentify each set of
numbers with the properties or description of elements which characterize that set:
The set of:
_____ Even numbers
________Integers
_____ Rational numbers
________ Odd numbers
_____ Irrational numbers
________ Natural number
______ Real numbers
________ Whole numbers
A. any number equal to a terminating decimal expression.
B. {,-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,.}
C. any number which is rational and irrational.
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D. any number of the form
p
where p and q are integers and q is not zero.
q
E. any integer of the form 2k, where k is an integer.

F. any integer of the form 2k+1, where k is an integer.
G. any number equal to an infinite decimal expression with no repeating block of digits.
H. {0, 1, 2, 3, }
I. any number which can be expressed as a ratio.
J. {1, 2, 3, .}
1.3.2 Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the word in the bracket:
The arithmetic of the real numbers poses two fundamental problems. The first problem
____(1)___(concern) division by zero. This problem cannot be satisfactorily resolved by defining
what is meant by such a ______(2)__ (divide) and so we resolve the problem by saying that division
by zero is just not defined. In effect, we cannot do it. The second problem concerns the square root of
a negative number. This problem can be ____(3)___(resolve), but in doing so we open up a whole
new panoply of numbers. To reduce the problem to its essentials we consider the square root of minus
unity 1 . To resolve the problem we state that such a number exists and we give it the numeral j
where j 2 1 so that j 1 . Now we find that we can define the square root of any negative real
number. For example 4 2 j .
Notice that j 3 j and j 4 1 .
Having solved the problem of defining the square root of a negative real number we now have a
further problem. What sort of number ____(4)___(be) j? It is not a real number - the real line is
complete there ____(5)___(be) no points available on the real line where we could put j. The
conclusion is that it is new, different type of number. We call it an ___(6)___(imagine) number.
Indeed any number of the form aj where a is a real number is called an imaginary number.
The numbers of the form z = a + jb where a and b are real numbers and j 2 1 , being a
____(7)___(mix) of real and imaginary numbers, ____(8)___(call) complex numbers. The real
number a is called the real part of z and b is called the imaginary part of z.
1.3.3 Choose the correct words in the table to fill in the blank
Inductive
integer
rational number
order field
irrational
1. A set A of real numbers is said to be ____(1)___ if and only if, 1 A and x A implies
( x 1) A .
2. The real number system must have any property which possessed by a field, an order field, or
a complete _____(2)___.
A real number is called a ___(3)___ if and only if, it is the quotient of two integers. A real number
which is not rational is said to be ____(4)___.
1.3.4 Put the words in the correct order to make a meaningful sentence:
1. Every/ and / denominator/ a/ fraction / has / a / numerator.
2. Fraction / cant /by 0 / zero/ as / a / denominator / have / since /division /is /not /defined.
3. Two / or /number /fractions / are / same / equivalent / or /equal / if / they /represent / the /ratio.
4. All /the / irrational / numbers / combined /with /all /the /rational /numbers /form /the /real /
numbers.
Page 12
5. Any / its / prime / natural / can / be / number / written / as / a / product / of / factors.

6. Calculations / using / a / calculator /by/involving / be / the / natural / numbers / can / performed.
2. Reading:
2.1 FRACTIONS
Every fraction has a numerator and denominator. The denominator tells you the number of parts
of equal size into which some quantity is divided. The numerator tells you how many of these parts
are to be taken. A fraction cannot have 0 as a denominator since division by 0 is not defined. A
fraction with 1 as the numerator is the same as the whole number that is its numerator.
2
Fraction representing values less than 1, like
for example, are called proper fractions.
3
2
3
Fractions which name a number equal to or greater than 1, like or , are called improper factions.
2
2
1
These are numerals like 1 , which name a whole number and a fractional number. Such numerals
2
are called mixed fractions. Complex fraction is one in which the numerator, denominator, or both
3
are fractions themselves; for example: 4 . Since a fraction represents division, the complex fraction
5
6
3 5 3 6 9
can be written as: .
4 6 4 5 10
We have already seen that if we multiply a whole number by 1 we leave the number unchanged.
The same is true of fractions when we multiply both integers in a fraction by the same number. For
1 1
example, 1 . We can also use the idea that 1 can be expressed as a fraction in various ways
2 2
2 3 4
, , and so on.
2 3 4
1
2
1
1 2 1 2 1 2
.
Now see what happens when you multiply by . You will have 1
2
2
2
2 2 2 2 2 4
In the above operation you have changed the fractions to its higher terms.
6
6 2 6:2 3
. In both of the above operations the number you have
Now look at this :1 :
8
8 2 8:2 4
2
chosen for 1 is .
2
6
3
In the second example you have used division to change to lower terms that is to . The
8
4
numerator and denominator in this fraction are primes and accordingly we call such a fraction the
simplest fraction for the given rational number.
Two fractions are equivalent or equal if they represent the same ratio or number. If you multiply
or divide the numerator and denominator of a fraction by the same nonzero number, the result is
equivalent to the original fraction. A fraction has been reduced to lowest term when the numerator
and denominator have no common factor. If two fractions have the same numerator, the one with the
Page 13
lesser denominator is greater. If two fractions have the same denominator, the one with the greater
numerator is greater.
Comprehension check
a
by (-1)?
b
1
2
2) Have you changed the fraction when you multiply by ?
2
2
6
3) What division have you used to change to lower terms?
8
1) What will happen if you multiply a fraction
4) In your opinion, is there any largest fraction? Smallest fraction?

2.2 Reading: REAL NUMBERS
All rational numbers have a decimal format that either terminates or contains an infinitely
repeated, finite sequence of numerals. By inference, any decimal number that neither terminates nor
contains such a repeated sequence of numeral is not a rational number. It is called an irrational
number it is a number that cannot be written as one integer divided by another integer. Irrational
numbers are not rare, indeed there are many more irrational than rational numbers. They do, however,
present a problem. Because of there is an infinite number of numerals after decimal point. Instead, we
devise other notations such as , e and 2 . The irrational number (pi) is a number we shall meet
when we measure a circumference of a circle. The irrational number e is called exponential number.
It also is on your calculator and is given as e 2.7183 .
All the irrational number combined with all the rational numbers form the real numbers. When
all the real numbers are plotted on a line every point on the line corresponds to a number there are
no gaps and no overlaps, the line is complete and the numbers are said to be continuous. This
continuous line is referred to as the real line.
A) Answer the following questions:
1. What is the characteristic of the rational numbers? Give 3 examples of rational numbers?
2. What are the differences between rational and irrational numbers? Give 3 examples of the
irrational numbers?
3. Draw the real line and plot some rational and irrational numbers on it.
4. Is there any largest real number? Why or Why not?
5. Between rational numbers and irrational number which is larger?
3. Discussion Speaking Listening
3.1 Speaking:
Read the following fractions:
1 1 1 2 3 1 3 5
, ,
,
,
,
,
,
2 4 3 3 4 8 16 4
Notice: In the fraction, the numerator is read by cardinal numbers while the denominator is read
by ordinal number. If the numerator is greater than 2, then the denominator must be added s. For
example:
1
: a half or one second
2
Page 14
1
: a quarter or one fourth
4
3
: Three seconds
2
3.2 Discussion:
Prove or disprove the statement that if x and y are real number, then x 2 y 2 ( x y ) .
The properties and the arithmetic operations of complex numbers.
3.3 Listening:
Listen to the tape and fill in the blanks then answer the following questions:
A___(1)___is a part of a whole and is____(2)__by one integer divided by____(3)__ integer.
Fractions are___(4)___proper, improper or mixed. Fraction which represent the same fractional part
of a whole by but which have____(5)__ numerators and denominators are said to be ___(6)___.
Equivalent fractions can be____(7)___from any fraction by____(8)___ or dividing both the
numerator and denominator by the____(9)___ number. When the numerator and the denominator of a
fraction have no____(10)___ in common the fraction is said to be in its___(11)___terms.
1) According to the text, what is a fraction?
2) How can we create an equivalent fraction from a given one?
3) What is the lowest term of a fraction?
4. Translation:
4.1 Translate into Vietnamese
4.1.1 Translate each of the following sentences into Vietnamese:
a) There exists infinitely many primes of the form 4m 1
b) All the rational numbers combined with all the rational numbers form the real numbers.
c) When all the real numbers are plotted on a line, every point on the line corresponds to a
number. There are no gaps and no overlaps, the line is complete and the numbers are said to be
continuous.
d) A percentage is a fractional part of a whole where the denominator of the fraction is equal to
100.
4.1.2 Translate the following text into Vietnamese:
- Addition and Subtraction of Fractions: To add or subtract two fractions each must be
converted to equivalent with the same denominator. For example:
1 2 3 4 7
. Notice that the
2 3 6 6 6
smallest common denominator is the LCM of the original denominators.

- Multiplication and Division of Fractions: Two fractions are multiplied by multiplying their
5 9 5 9 45
. To divide one fraction by

7 2 7 2 14
3 5 3 6 18 9
another invert the divisor and multiply. For example: .
4 6 4 5 20 10
numerator and denominator independently. For example:
Using of: The use of the word of is very common when dealing with fractions. For
1
of 6 = 3. From this it can be seen that the word
2
1
1
of can be substituted by the multiplication sign so of 6 = 6 3 .
2
2
example, half of 6 means 3. This can be written as:
Page 15
- Roots and Fractional Powers: Just as plants generate from roots so a number can be generated
by the repetitive multiplication of a root with itself. For example, 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4096 and we
call 4 the sixth root of 4096. We call 16 is the third root or cube root of 4096. Fractional powers
denote roots. For example, the notation for the sixth root of 4096 is: 40961/ 6 . A square root is a
second root. For example 2 41/ 2 . Not all roots are unique. For example 2 and -2 are both square
roots of 4. Indeed, all even roots lack uniqueness.
4.2 Translate into English:
1) Nhng s ln hn zero l cc s dng, nhng s nh hn zero l cc s m.
2) Nu a, b, x l ba s nguyn dng bt k, m a + x = b + x th suy ra a = b.
3) Nu a, b, x l ba s nguyn dng bt k, m ax = bx th suy ra a = b.
4) Nu A v B l cc tp hp v x A ko theo x B th ta ni A l tp con ca B v vit A B .
5) Nu A l tp hp con ca B v c t nht mt phn t ca B khng phi l phn t ca A th ta
ni A l tp hp con thc s ca B. Hai tp hp A v B l bng nhau khi v ch khi A B v B A .
6) Nng mt s ln lu tha c nh ngha l php nhn lin tip. Ly tha cn c gi l s
m and s c nng ln ly tha c gi l c s. V d: 103 10 10 10 . y, s 3 c gi l
s m v 10 c gi l c s.
5. Exercises:
5.1 Reduce each of the following fractions to their lowest term:
a)
100
125
b)
150
72
c)
94
235
5.2 Evaluate:
1/2
3 7 2
121 4 39 7
5.3 Calculate and simplify the expression

5.4 If x = 4, what is x 3/ 2 ( x100 / x 74 )
5.5 Write x3/ 2
4/3 4
2 16 36
x
as x raised to a power.
x
5.6 The sum of three integers is 66. The second is 2 more than the first, and the third is 4 more
than twice the first. What are the integers?
5.7 The Smith family is traveling to a vacation destination in two cars. Mrs. Smith leaves home at
noon with the children, traveling 40 miles per hour. Mr. Smith leaves 1 hour later and travels at 55
miles per hour. At what time does Mr. Smith overtake Mrs. Smith?
5.8 A box of light bulbs contains 24 bulbs. A worker replaces 17 bulbs in the shipping department
and 13 bulbs in the accounting department. How many boxes of bulbs did he use?
5.9 Simplify: a ) 81
b) (2) 5/2
c) j 7 d) 2

j
5.10 A business is owned by 3 men and 1 woman, each of whom has an equal share. If one of the
men sells
1
2
of his share to the woman, and another of the men keeps of his share and sells the rest
2
3
to the woman, what fraction of the business will the woman own?
Page 16
5.11 The price of ground coffee beans is d dollars for 8 ounces and each ounce makes c cups of
brewed coffee. In terms of c and d, what is the dollar cost of the ground coffee beans requires to make
1 cup of brewed coffee?
5.12 Write the expression as a complex number in standard form
a) (1 4i)(3+5i)
b)
6 4i
1 i
c) 3 (7 8i)
5 6i
3 2i
5.13 Plot the complex numbers in the complex plane.

a) 1 + i
b) -2 2i
c) 3- 3i
Puzzles: Can you arrange the numerals 1 to 9 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) in a single
fraction that equals exactly 1/3 (one third)?
Example that doesn't work: 7192/38456 = 0.187
Just for fun
A LESSON IN SUMMATION
The teacher: - If your father can do a piece of work in one hour and your mother can do it in one
hour, how long would it take both of them to do it?
A pupil: - Three hours, teacher!
The teacher: - Why?
The pupil: I had to count the time they would waste in arguing.
Page 17
Unit 3: FERMAT AND SOME OF HIS FAMOUS THEOREMS
____________________________________________________
1. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR REVIEW:
1.1 Vocabulary:
Look up in the dictionary to find out the meaning of the words:
- Algebra (n): i s
- Algebraic (a): Thuc v i s
- Algorithm (n): Thut ton
- Angle (n): Gc
- Associative property (n): tnh cht kt hp
- Bequeath (v): li
- Commutative property (n): tnh cht giao hon
- Concept (n): Khi nim
- Conjecture (n)(v): s phng on
- Differential equation (n): Phng trnh vi phn
- Distributive property (n): tnh cht phn phi
- Equality (n): phng trnh
- Equation (n): phng trnh
- Geometry (n): Hnh hc
- Ideal (n): Ian
- Line (n): ng thng
- Notion (n): Khi nim
- Number theorist (n): Nh ton hc nghin cu l thuyt s
- Point (n): im
- Proclamation (n): s cng b
- Right angle (n): Gc vung
- Theorem (n): nh l
- Triangle (n): Tam gic
- Triple (n): b ba
- Unsolvability (n): Tnh khng gii c.
1.2 Grammar review:
- Tense
- Relative clause
- Passive Active voice
- Comparison
1.3 Exercises:
1.3.1 Put the sentences into the right order to make a complete paragraph
What is mathematics:
_____ The largest branch is that which builds on ordinary whole numbers, fractions, and irrational
numbers, or what is called collectively the real number system.
Page 18
_____ Hence, from the standpoint of structure, the concepts, axioms and theorems are the
essential components of any compartment of maths.
__(1)__ Maths as science, viewed as whole, is a collection of branches.
_______ These concepts must verify explicitly stated axioms. Some of the axioms of the maths of
numbers are the associative, commutative, and distributive properties and the axioms about
equalities.
_______ Arithmetic, algebra, the study of functions, the calculus differential equations and other
various subjects which follow the calculus in logical order are all developments of the real number
system. This part of maths is termed the maths of numbers.
______ Some of the axioms of geometry are that two points determine of line, all right angles are
equal, etc. From these concepts and axioms, theorems are deduced.
______ A second branch is geometry consisting of several geometries. Maths contains many more
divisions. Each branch has the same logical structure: it begins with certain concepts, such as the
whole numbers or integers in the maths of number or such as points, lines, triangles in geometry.
1.3.2 Fill in the blanks with the suitable words
- Basic tool (n)
- Fundamental notion (n) - Represent (v)
- Concern (v)
- Number (n)
- Representation (n)
- Depend (v)
- Organization (n)
- Show (v)
- Unsolvability (n)
Algorithms
Originally algorithms __________ (1) solely with numerical calculations; Euclids algorithms, for
finding the greatest common divisor of __________(2) is the best illustration. There are many
properties of Euclids powerful algorithm which has become a _________(3) in modern algebra and
number theory. Nowadays the concept of an algorithm is one of the most ________(4) in maths.
Experience with computers_________(5) that the data manipulated by programs can represent
virtually anything. In all branches of maths, the task to prove the solvability or ___________(6) of
any problem requires a precise algorithm. In computer science the emphasis has now shifted to the
study of various structures by which information ________(7) and the branching or decision making
aspects of algorithms, which allow them to fall on one or another sequence of the operation
_________(8) on the state of affairs at the time. It is precisely these features of algorithms that
sometimes make algorithms models more suitable than traditional maths models for the
_________(9) and ________(10) of knowledge.
2. Reading:
2.1 FERMATS LAST THEOREM
Pierre de Fermat was born in Toulouse in 1601 and died in 1665. Today we think of Fermat as a
number theorist, in fact as perhaps the most famous number theorist who ever lived.
The history of Pythagorean triples goes back to 1600 B.C, but it was not until the seventeenth
century A.D that mathematicians seriously attacked, in general terms, the problem of finding positive
integer solutions to the equations x n y n z n . Many mathematicians conjectured that there are no
positive integer solutions to this equation if n is greater than 2. Fermats now famous conjecture was
inscribed in the margin of his copy of the Latin translation of Diophantuss Arithmetica. The note
read: To divide a cube into two cubes, a fourth power or in general any power whatever into tow
Page 19
powers of the same denomination above the second is impossible and I have assuredly found an
admirable proof of this, by the margin is too narrow to contain it.
Despite Fermats confident proclamation the conjecture, referred to as Fermats last theorem
remains unproven, Fermat gave elsewhere a proof for the case n = 4, it was not until the next century
that L.Euler supplied a proof for the case n = 3, and still another century passed before A.Legendre
and L.Dirichlet arrived at independent proofs of the case n = 5. Not long after, in 1838, G.Lame
established the theorem for n = 7. In 1843, the German mathematician E.Kummer submitted a proof
of Fermats theorem to Dirichlet. Dirichlet found an error in the argument and Kummer returned to
the problem. After developing the algebraic theory of ideals, Kummer produced a proof for most
small n. Subsequent progress in the problem utilized Kummers ideals and may more special cases
were proved. It is now know that Fermats conjecture is true for all n < 4.003 and many special
values of n, but no general proof has been found.
Fermats conjecture generated such interest among mathematicians that in 1908 the German
mathematician P.Wolfsehl bequeathed DM 100.000 to the Academy of Science at Gottingen as a
prize for the first complete proof to the problem for which the greatest number of incorrect proof was
published. However, these faulty arguments did not tarnish the reputation of the genius who first
proposed the proposition P.Fermat.
A. Answer the following sentences:
a) How old was Pierre Fermat when he died?
b) Which problem did mathematicians face in the 17 century A.D?
c) What did many mathematicians conjecture at that time?
d) Who first gave a proof to Fermats theorem?
e) What proof did he give?
f) Did any mathematicians prove Fermats theorem after him? Who were they?
B. Are the statements True (T) or False (F)? Correct the false sentences.
a) The German mathematician E. Kummer was the first to find an error in the argument.
b) With the algebraic Theory of ideals in hand, Kummer produced a proof for most small n
and many special cases.
c) A general proof has been found for all value of n.
d) The German mathematician P.Wolfskehl won DM 100.000 in 1908 for the first complete proof
of the theorem.
2.2 CALCULATORS:
It is assumed that most calculations will be performed using a calculator. The typical electronic
hard calculator contains three types of key. The number keys, the arithmetic operations keys and the
functions keys. In addition the calculator has a memory that is capable of storing a single number.
The number keys range from 0 to 9 and by pressing them in sequence natural numbers can be
displayed on the calculator screen. There is also a decimal point key or decimal numbers. Some
calculators will even display and manipulate fractions.
The operations keys permit addition; subtraction; multiplication; division and raising to a power.
Using these arithmetic operations can be performed on the numbers entered into the calculator.
Page 20
The function keys permit a variety of complicated operations to be performed on the numbers
entered into the calculator. For example, the x function key will produce the positive square root of
the entered number.
Comprehension check
1) What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
2) How many types of keys does a typical electronic hard calculator have?
3) What does the functions keys permit?
4) In your opinion, is the calculator very important to studying mathematics? Why or Why not?
3. Speaking - Writing Listening - Discussion :
3.1 Discussion
1) In your opinions, Why do we have to study maths? What should we do to be good at maths?
2) Which branch of maths do you like most?
3) Could you tell the class one of the mathematicians that you admire most?
3.2 Writing: Write a short paragraph about 150 words about this following subject.
It is said that maths is the most important natural science. Do you agree or disagree with that
idea? Why or Why not?
3.3 Listening:
Listen to the tape and fill in the blanks:
An axis ____(1)___ a straight line with two possible directions, one of which is the direction
and_____(2)___ the other (opposite), the negative direction. The positive direction is ordinarily
designated by an arrow. The number (or coordinate) axis (or number line) is and axis with the origin
(starting point) designated by O, and with a scale unit. ____(3)___ numbers can be depicted by
indicating points on the number line. Whole numbers (integer) are indicated by ___(4)___that are
obtained by laying off the scale unit a certain number of times to the left of the origin O in the case of
negative number and to the right in the case of positive number. ___(5)___is indicated by the starting
point (origin). Fractional (rational) numbers are also readily depicted by points on the number line.
There are infinity of whole numbers but the points depicting them on the ____(6)__ line are rather
spread out integral points on the line are spaced at unit distance from one another. Rational points
on the line are very ___(7)____ together, and yet there are points on the number line that are not
___(8)__ of rational numbers.
4. Translation
4.1 Translate into Vietnamese:
4.1.1 Translate each of the following sentences into Vietnamese:
n
a) The numbers Fn 22 1 are called Fermat number.

b) Let a and p be a prime. Then p divides a p a . Furthermore, if p doesnt divide a then p
divides a p 1 1 . (Fermats little theorem).
c) Any number raised to the power 0 equals unity.
d) If a number is written as a give base raised to some power then that number raised to a further
power is equal to the base raised to the product of the powers.
Page 21
4.1.2 Translate the following text into Vietnamese:

Pierre Fermat's father was a wealthy leather merchant and second consul of Beaumont- deLomagne. Pierre had a brother and two sisters and was almost certainly brought up in the town of his
birth. He attended the University of Toulouse before moving to Bordeaux in the second half of the
1620s. In Bordeaux he began his first serious mathematical researches and in 1629 he gave a copy of
his restoration of Apollonius's Plane loci to one of the mathematicians there. Certainly in Bordeaux
he was in contact with Beaugrand and during this time he produced important work on maxima and
minima which he gave to tienne d'Espagnet who clearly shared mathematical interests with Fermat.
From Bordeaux Fermat went to Orlans where he studied law at the University. He received a
degree in civil law and he purchased the offices of councillor at the parliament in Toulouse. So by
1631 Fermat was a lawyer and government official in Toulouse and because of the office he now held
he became entitled to change his name from Pierre Fermat to Pierre de Fermat.
Fermat is best remembered for this work in number theory, in particular for Fermat's Last
Theorem. This theorem states that
xn + y n = zn has no non-zero integer solutions for x, y and z when n > 2.
4.2. Translate into English
nh l Fermat:
nh l ny pht biu rng nu a l mt s nguyn v p l mt s nguyn t khng chia ht a, th p
chia ht a p1 1 ; hoc theo ngn ng ng d th a p 1 1(mod p ) . V d, 84 1 c chia ht bi 5.
Mt h qu n gin c pht biu nh sau, nu p l s nguyn t c th chia ht a hoc khng chia
ht a th p phi chia ht a p a : hoc tng ng a p a (mod p ) .
5. Exercises:
5.1 Fermat posed the problem
Give a triangle find the point where the sum of the distances to the vertices is a minimum
Could you solve this problem?
5.2 The number of boys attending Union High School is twice the number of girls. If
1
of the
6
1
of the boys play soccer, What fraction of the students at Union play soccer?
4
N
N
5.3 If and
are both integers, which of the following could be the value of N?
8
36
girls and
a) 4
b) 64
c) 72
5.4. Snow is falling at a rate of
1
inch per 24 minutes. How much snow will fall in 2 hours?
3
5.5. As part of a special promotion, customers receive one free woozle with every five they buy.
Kate buys only woozles and leaves the store with a total of 30 of them. If she spent $75, how many
dollars does each woozle sell for?
Page 22
5.6. Carmela drives 20 miles from her home to the store at a speed of 30 miles per hour. If she
makes the return trip home at a speed of 40 miles per hour, what is the total amount of time she spent
driving?
5.7. Sixty percent of a class goes on a field trip. If twelve students dont go on the field trip, how
many students are in the class?
5.8. In how many different ways can 3 people arrange themselves in a row of 4 seats?
5.9. The ratio of flour to sugar in a certain recipe is 7:1. If 12 cups of flour are used, how many
cups of sugar are needed?
5.10. If m and n are both negative numbers, m is less than -1 and n is greater than -1, which of the
following gives all possible values of the product mn?
A) All negative numbers
B) All negative numbers less than -1.
C) All negative number greater than -1
D) All positive numbers
E) All positive numbers less than 1.
Puzzles: Farmer Crosses River
A farmer wants to cross a river and take with him a wolf, a goat, and a cabbage. There is a boat
that can fit himself plus either the wolf, the goat, or the cabbage. If the wolf and the goat are alone on
one shore, the wolf will eat the goat. If the goat and the cabbage are alone on the shore, the goat will
eat the cabbage.
How can the farmer bring the wolf, the goat, and the cabbage across the river?
Just for fun
THE BIG ZERO AND THE LITTLE ZERO
Once when a little zero fell on to a big zero, the big zero exclaimed: You stupid idiot! Arent you
ashamed of yourself? Dont you know how much bigger I am than you?
The little zero replied: Whats the point of your being bigger? We are worth the same nil.
______________________________________________________________________________
ASSIGNMENT:
1. Prove the following theorem:
Let a, b , with b > 0. Then there exist integer q, r such that a = bq + r, 0 r b .
2. Prove that (1 2 3 ... n) 2 13 23 ... n3 , where n
3. Read the following text. Translate it into Vietnamese, then use the sieve of Eratosthenes to
find out all the prime number less than 200.
The classical method to find the first few (not too large) prime numbers is the sieve of
Eratosthenes. Although this method nowadays only has historical value, we will briefly describe it. It
is a nice way to find all prime numbers less than 100. First write down all numbers from 2 to 99. The
principle of the sieve is a procedure in which we erase multiples of certain numbers. In each iteration,
the first step consists of finding the first number which has not yet been used in this erasing process.
Page 23
Call this number p. Then p is a prime number. The second step is to erase all multiples of p, except
for p itself, and repeat the process.
4. Prove the following theorem:
There are infinitely many prime numbers.

5. Prove that: Every natural number greater than 1 can (up to a reordering of the factors) be
written uniquely as a product of prime numbers.
6. Write a short paragraph about the Euclidean algorithm to find out the greatest common divisor
(or the highest common factor) of the two integer numbers a and b, then give an example to illustrate
this algorithm.
7. Write a short paragraph about Mersenne numbers and Fermat numbers. Give examples.
8. Prove that there exist many prime numbers of the form 4m -1.
9. Work in group to solve the problems
A. Translate each of the following sentences into Vietnamese:
a) When multiplying two (or more) numbers with the same base, keep the base and add the
indices: a m a n a m n
b) When dividing two numbers with the same base, keep the base and subtract the indices.
a m a n a mn
c) Any number raised to the power of zero equals one. a 0 1

d) When raising a number in index form to a power, keep the base and multiply the powers.
m n
a mn
e) If a product of factors is to be raised to a power, each factor in the bracket is raised to that
power. (a.b) m a m .b m
f) If a fraction is to be raised to a power, each number in the bracket is to be raised to that power.
m
am
a

bm
b
g) A number raised to a negative power is the same as the reciprocal of the number raised to the
positive of that power.
B. Simplify:
4
a)
4 3
3 4 2
b (a b )
m 2 n n 5
b) 5 3 12
m n m
10. Choose one of these following topics to write a short paragraph (more than 300 words):
1. The famous mathematician that you admire most.
2. Diophantine equations and its solving method.
3. The characteristic of prime numbers. Some methods of finding a prime number.
4. Fermat numbers.
5. The characteristic of irrational numbers and the surd. (A surd is an irrational number which
can only be expressed exactly using the radical or root sign ( ). For example, 2; 3 7 are
surds but 4; 3 8 are not.)
6. Continuous fractions.
Page 24

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Chapter 1.

English for Mathematics

1.2 Grammar review:

the relational fractions 1, , ,

Postulate No.10: If a, b and c are natural numbers and if ac = bc then a = b

82 would be called 8 to the second power or 8 to the power 2 or simply 8 squared

English for Mathematics

English for Mathematics

English for Mathematics

Unit 2: RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

REAL AND COMPLEX NUMBERS

D. any number of the form

E. any integer of the form 2k, where k is an integer.

5. Any / its / prime / natural / can / be / number / written / as / a / product / of / factors.

1) What will happen if you multiply a fraction

4) In your opinion, is there any largest fraction? Smallest fraction?

smallest common denominator is the LCM of the original denominators.

numerator and denominator independently. For example:

example, half of 6 means 3. This can be written as:

English for Mathematics

5.3 Calculate and simplify the expression

5.13 Plot the complex numbers in the complex plane.

English for Mathematics

Unit 3: FERMAT AND SOME OF HIS FAMOUS THEOREMS

English for Mathematics

English for Mathematics

a) The numbers Fn 22 1 are called Fermat number.

4.1.2 Translate the following text into Vietnamese:

English for Mathematics

There are infinitely many prime numbers.

c) Any number raised to the power of zero equals one. a 0 1

English for Mathematics

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