NON-LINEAR BHEAVIOUR OF RECTANGULAR

DEEP REINFORCED CONCRETE

BEAM

LITERATURE
REVIEW
Frank J. Vecchio(1981):- studied the non-linear
finite element analysis of reinforced concrete
membranes. A procedure was developed
whereby linear finite element routines can be
modified to enable non-linear analysis of
reinforced concrete structures. The proposed
procedure is based on an iterative, secant
stiffness formulation and employs constitutive
relations for concrete and reinforcement based
on the modified compression field theory.
Predictions from the proposed procedures were
compared against experimental results, as well
as more complex formulations, and excellent
accuracy was found. He concluded that low

powered elements can be used in non-linear

analyses without unduly compromising the
accuracy, yet minimizing the potential for
numerical ability problems.

Mohammed M. Ettouney and Walter

Schmidt(1983):- presented the finite element
solutions of deep beams. Two types of deep
beam elements are introduced. The first element
simulates the exact analytical solution of the
deep beam of rectangular cross section. The
element stiffness matrix is developed by solving
the plane stress elasticity equations with the
selection of the proper boundary condition. The
second element simulates the approximate
solution of the deep beam of arbitrary cross
section as it assumes a cubic normal strain
distribution along the beam cross section. The
element stiffness matrix is derived by applying
the principle of virtual displacements of the
system. The two elements are found to yield
similar results for beam aspect ratios which are
greater than 1. The deep beam element solutions
were compared to the conventional engineering
theory of beam solutions for simple (cantilever)
structures and complex structures. The results of

the two methods of solution were found to differ

significantly.

J .E. Barry and Heino Ainso(1983):-used the

multiple Fourier technique to compare the stress
fields in single span deep beams due to uniform
loading at the top edge and at the bottom edge.
The method involves the superposition of three
stress functions. The first stress function is used
to satisfy the boundary conditions on the upper
and lower edges of the beam. The second and
third stress functions are used to satisfy the
boundary conditions on the vertical edges of the
beam. This approach allows to satisfy all the
required boundary conditions. Contour maps of
the stress field reveal the existence of regions of
pure tension and pure compression. These
regions indicate proneness to spalling, bursting
or crushing.

Elias Z. (1988):- developed a geometrically

non-linear curved beam finite element is derived
and was applied to the load deflection and
buckling analysis of shallow and deep arches.
The element stiffness properties were derived

relative to a moving reference frame having one

axis along the element chord, and then
transformed to a global reference frame. The
initial shape of the element is a shallow cubic
polynomial, and its deformed shape is the exact
shape caused by end actions within the context
of shallow beam theory with shear deformation
included. The element stiffness properties are
exact within the context of that theory, and are
described by explicit formulas similar to those of
an initially straight element. In a global reference
frame the element applies to deep arches with
large rotations. Numerical applications are
implemented for the second order theory. Good
results are obtained for the snap through analysis
of a shallow arch and for buckling of deep and
shallow arches.

Samanaidu Balakrishanan and David W.

Murra (1988):- describes the results of
application of a simple orthotropic constitutive
relationship for concrete to the prediction of the
behaviour of shear panels and deep beams. The
axes of orthotropic are assumed to coincide with
the principal strain axes even after cracking.
Reasonable correspondence with test results is

obtained for orthogonally reinforced shear

panels. In which the failure modes vary from
ductile failure for which steel in both directions
yields, to concrete crushing after steel in one
direction yields, to concrete crushing prior to
steel yielding. The same constitutive relationship
is used to predict the behaviour of an
orthogonally reinforced deep beam exhibiting
concrete crushing at the support and a deep
beam with no web reinforcement exhibiting
concrete strut failure. Results of the analyses
indicate that non-linear finite element analysis
may be used with reasonable confidence to
predict the land deformation behaviour the
failure load, and failure mode of reinforced
concrete deep beams and panels.

Wei Wang (1993):- derived equations based on

limit analysis theorems and associated flow rule.
The lowest upper bound solution is achieved
through the work equation. With the effective
strength concept. The materials are assumed to
be perfectly rigid plastic. A special constant is
introduced to consider the structural effect on
the effectiveness strength factor of concrete. For
deep beams, this constant is equals to 1.25

0.25k, where k is the shear span ratio of a deep

beam. The interaction between horizontal and
vertical web reinforcements is carefully analysed.
It is found that the yield condition of horizontal
and vertical web reinforcements depends on the
ratio of +h and d or the degree of horizontal and
vertical web reinforcements. Comparisons with
experimental work are performed, and they show
good agreement between the proposed
equations and test result.

A Fafitis and Y .H Won (1994) :- developed

parameters of the model are the peak
compressive stress of concrete, initial elastic
modulus, and tangential Poissons ratio. The
peak stress is assumed equal to the compressive
strength of standard cylindrical concrete
specimens, the Poissons ratio is calculated by a
proposed empirical equation. Predictions of the
model compare favourably with experimental
data on small specimens reported by various
investigators. The model was implemented with
the finite element method and several deep
beams were analysed and compared with
experimental data. The strain softening
characteristics of the model allowed satisfactory

predictions of the response up to failure. The

areas where cracks developed and the
propagation of the crack zones up to the final
collapse of the beam were predicted and
compared with experimental data. Finally the
model was used to predict the behaviour of
square panels subjected to in plane axial and
shear forces as well as pure shear.

Young Mook Yun and Julio A. Ramirez

(1996):- developed general approaches for
determining the effective stress levels of
concrete struts and for verifying the bearing
capacity of nodal zones in strut-tie models are
proposed. The effective stress levels of concrete
struts are determined by implementing the
principal stress ratios of the finite elements (used
in the finite element non-linear analysis of a two
dimensional plain concrete) corresponding to the
strut regions of the strut-tie model. Based on the
obtained geometry of the struts, nodal zones are
developed and their bearing capacity is verified
using a finite element non-linear analysis with a
failure criteria that incorporates the different
state of stresses. To illustrate the proposed
approaches, an analysis of a reinforced concrete

beam tested to failure is conducted using the

strut-tie model approach with the aid of
interactive computer graphics program NLSTAT.

Al Hachmi (1997):-presented a theoretical

analysis for predicting the large displacement
elastic stability analysis of plane and space
structures subjected to general static loading.
The beam column theory was used in the
analysis, taking into accounts both bowing and
axial force effects. The general equations of fixed
end moments of a beam subjected to lateral
loads were also derived. The work employed the
analysis to study the behaviour of beams with
elastic foundations, piles driven into soil and
large displacements of submarine pipelines.

Chen(19980:- presented a new numerical

approach for solving the problem of beams
resting on an elastic foundation. The approach
used the differential quadrature to discretize the
governing differential equation defined on all
element boundaries of two adjacent element, and
boundary conditions of the beam. By assembling
all the discrete relation equations, a global linear

algebraic system can be obtained. Numerical

results of the solutions of beams resting on
elastic foundations obtained by the DQEM were
presented.

Daniel Averbuch and Patrick de Buhan

(1999):-presented a general framework aimed at
dealing with the failure analysis of reinforced
concrete beam like structures. It is based on the
yield design theory combined with a mixed
modelling of this kind of structure, according to
which the concrete material is treated as a
classical continuum, whereas the longitudinal
reinforcements are regarded as elements working
predominantly in tension. In addition, shear
reinforced web zone may be incorporated in the
analysis through a homogenization procedure.
Both lower and upper bound methods are them
implemented numerically by means of a finite
element formulation, thus producing fairly
accurate estimates for the load carrying capacity
of a shear loaded beam, taken as an illustrative
application in particular, it is shown that the
Shear span to depth ratio, along with the amount
of longitudinal reinforcement, play a crucial role
in the transition from flexural to shear dominated

failure modes of the beam. This conclusion is

supported by numerous experimental
observations reported in the literature. Numerical
predictions even prove to be in good agreement
with experimental results provided appropriate
reduction factors be assigned to the concrete
strength parameters, accounting for its
brittleness under tensile loading conditions.

Yin(2000-a):- suggested a method for obtaining

closed form solutions for a reinforced concrete
Timoshenko beam resting on an elastic
foundation subjected to different pressure
loading. A particular solution was obtained for
uniform pressure loading at any location of the
beam. This solution can be used to calculate
settlement, rotation, bending moment and shear
force of the beam.

Yin (2000-b):-derived the governing ordinary

differential equations for a reinforced Timoshenko
beam o an elastic foundation. An analytical
solution was obtained for a point load on an
infinite Timoshenko beam on an elastic
foundation. Special attention was drawn to the

location, tension and shear stiffness of

reinforcement and its influence on settlement or
deflection lf the beam and reinforcement tension
force. A finite element model was established for
the same infinite beam problem.

Onu (2000):- derived a formulation leading to

an explicit free of meshing stiffness matrix for a
beam finite element foundation model. The shear
deformation contribution was considered and the
formulation was based on exact solution of the
governing differential equation. Two numerical
examples were presented. The first one, a short
beam on an elastic foundation was analysed to
validate the shear stiffness matrix. The second
example examined a structure journal of the
Serbian Society for computational Mechanics /vol.
4/no. 2, 2010-15 foundation interaction problem
of a seven story building supported by a
foundation beam on a two parameter foundation
model.