1.

Thomas Edison invented the lightbulb only because he experimented with

thousands of different kinds of materials for a filament before he found one that
worked (carbon). This shows that at the most basic level, we can solve problems
through _____.
trial and error
2. _____ involves repeated tests for differences between the desired outcome
and what currently exists.
Means-ends analysis
3. According to the text, the most frequently used problem-solving heuristic is:
means-ends analysis.
4. Millie is stumped by a problem in her pre-calculus text. She furtively glances at
the answer provided in the back of the text to get an idea of how the solution
should look before she returns to the problem. Millie's strategy most closely
resembles the problem-solving heuristic of:
working backward.
5. The study of insight is associated with the German psychologist _____; he
studied problem solving among _____.
Kohler; chimpanzees
6. _____ is defined as a sudden awareness of the relationship among problem
elements; it is thought to lead rapidly to the problem's solution.
Insight
7. The text's discussion of insight suggests that its key characteristic is its:
suddenness.
8. Which of the following impediments to effective problem solving is
INCORRECTLY matched with an illustrative problem?
Functional fixednesswater jar problem
9. _____ refers to the tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist.
Mental set
10. A jeweler is unable to fix a particular mounting in a ring because she can
imagine only the conventional uses for her tools. This best demonstrates which
of the following?
Functional fixedness
11. _____ is the tendency to seek out and weight
more heavily information that supports one's initial hypothesis and to ignore
contradictory information that supports alternative hypotheses or solutions.

Confirmation bias
12. Nigel often cites newspaper editorials favoring the presidential candidate he
supports; he appears to ignore editorials critical of the candidate. Nigel appears
prone to:
the confirmation bias.
13. The ability to generate original ideas or develop novel solutions to problems
is known as:
creativity.
14. Someone relying on convergent thinking would answer _____ to the query
"What can you do with a toothbrush?"
"You brush your teeth with it"
15. As compared to less creative individuals, creative persons:
prefer more complex stimuli.
16. Which of the following is true of creativity?
Cognitive complexity is an important aspect of creativity.
17. Traditional intelligence tests tend to assess _____ thinking; tests of creativity
tap into _____.
convergent; divergent thinking
18. Phonology is the study of:
speech sounds.
19. Linguists have identified more than _____ different phonemes among all the
world's languages.
more than 800
20. Approximately how many phonemes are found in English?
52
21. In written language, letters most closely represent _____, whereas
sentences may be said to reflect _____.
phonemes; syntax
22. Which of the following sequences correctly orders the components of
language, from the smallest or most specific to the broadest?
Phoneme syntax semantics

23. What is meant by the notion of a critical period for language acquisition?
It is the time in one's childhood in which a child is particularly sensitive to language cues a

24. The text reports the case of a girl named Genie, who was exposed to
virtually no language from the age of 20 months until the age of 13. In what way
does Genie's case offer support for the notion of a critical period in language
acquisition?
Even with intensive instruction, Genie acquired only a very small
vocabulary after the age of 13; furthermore, she never mastered the
complexities of language.
25. You are creating a language development timeline for a class presentation.
Along the top of a display board, you write the following ages in sequence: 6
months 1 year 2 years 3 years
How should you label these ages, from youngest to oldest?
Babbling first words telegraphic speech overgeneralization
26. Dorian is 2 years old; Constance is 2.5. Dorian's vocabulary probably
contains around _____ words; Constance's, _____ words.
about 50; several hundred
27. Connie is telling her mother a story about a scary dog she encountered in a
neighbor's yard. "Then I runned away," Connie concludes. Which language
acquisition phenomenon is Connie demonstrating? About how old is Connie?
Connie is overgeneralizing. She is probably 3-4 years old.
28. The theory that language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement
and conditioning is known as the _____ approach.
learning-theory
29. The view that language development is produced through a combination of
genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that
help teach language is known as the _____ approach.
interactionist
30. Theorists taking an interactionist approach to language acquisition:
agree that the brain is hardwired to acquire language.
31. The _____ hypothesis suggests language leads to thought.
linguistic-relativity
32. Which figure best approximates the number of Americans for whom English
is a second language?
47 million
33. In _____, students are educated in their native language and in English
simultaneously; in _____, they are educated only in English.
bilingual education; immersion programs

35. You tell your roommate, "I misplaced my wallet." Your roommate exclaims,
"Oh my goodness, you lost your wallet?" You respond, "No, I didn't lose my
wallet, I misplaced it." This exchange best demonstrates the ________ aspect of
language.
semantic
36. The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar. This sentence is
syntactically correct but semantically incorrect.
37. Evidence of the role of language in cognitive activities includes the fact that
memory is stored in the form of words.
38. Critics of the work of Benjamin Whorf maintain that
people's perceptions are independent of the words they know.
39. Which of the following is NOT a recommended strategy for how parents
should talk to their babies?
Use only words that your infant will be able to understand.
40. The term universal linguist refers to the idea that
infants can distinguish all of the sounds that make up human speech.