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Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
a r t i c l e i n f o
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Article history:
Received 18 July 2014
Received in revised form
27 December 2015
Accepted 10 February 2016
Available online 15 February 2016
Cement treated materials are widely used as road bases in pavements. Shrinkage of these materials due
to moisture and temperature changes is a critical issue for determining shrinkage cracking in pavements.
This paper presents the inuence of four mixture variables (masonry content, cement content, water
content and degree of compaction) on drying shrinkage and coefcient of thermal expansion (CTE) of
cement treated demolition waste with recycled masonry and concrete (CTMiGr). The experimental results showed that the masonry content was the dominating factor affecting dry shrinkage and CTE of
CTMiGr. Increasing the masonry content can not only lead to an obvious decrease of dry shrinkage of
CTMiGr, but also a low CTE level. Dry shrinkage of CTMiGr increased as the increase of cement content as
well as degree of compaction and water content. The CTE of CTMiGr was between 7.58 106/ C and
10.22 106/ C, which was mainly determined by the masonry and cement content.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Cement treated road base
Dry shrinkage
CTE
Construction and demolition waste
Recycled masonry
Recycled concrete
1. Introduction
(1)
28
2. Experimental program
2.1. Materials
Since the recycled CDW is mainly composed of masonry and
concrete, these two recycled aggregates collected from two Dutch
companies, were used in this study. One consists of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) produced by crushing recycled concrete
rubbles and the other was made up of recycled masonry aggregates
(RMA) produced by crushing recycled masonry waste. Both recycled aggregates were divided into six particle size ranges:
31.5e22.4 mm, 22.4e16.0 mm, 16.0e8.0 mm, 8.0e5.6 mm,
5.6e2.0 mm, <2.0 mm. Table 1 lists the physical properties of RMA
and RCA. In addition to the recycled aggregates, the Portland
cement of CEM I 42.5 N in accordance with BS EN 197-1 and tap
water were used to prepare the specimens.
The aggregate gradation for the tested mix granulates was
designed by Equation (2) (Fig. 1). This is in fact a Fuller curve, which
was modied due to a lack of sufcient ne aggregates smaller than
0.063 mm in the collected recycled aggregates [12]. According to
the real content of recycled ne aggregates, a parameter describing
the shape of the curve, n 0.45, was then used in this study.
P 100 F,
dn 0:063n
F
Dn 0:063n
(2)
RMA content,
cement content,
degree of compaction, and
water content.
Where,
Table 1
Physical properties of RMA and RCA.
Test items
RMA
RCA
Fractions (mm)
31.5e22.4
22.4e16.0
16.0e8.0
8.0e5.6
5.6e2.0
2.0e0.063
2.299
1.934
8.19
2.533
2.354
2.99
2.299
1.931
8.27
2.512
2.313
3.41
2.369
1.954
8.98
2.555
2.322
3.91
2.418
1.976
9.26
2.583
2.336
4.10
2.458
1.920
11.40
2.597
2.311
4.76
2.593
1.914
13.67
2.596
2.046
10.34
29
Table 2
Test variable and application levels of tested mixtures.
Item code
M0C4DC101
M35C4DC101
M65C4DC101
M65C4DC101
M65C4DC101
M65C2.5DC101
M65C5.5DC101
M65C4DC97
M65C4DC105
M100C4DC101
100
4
4
4
4
4
2.5
5.5
4
4
4
9.54
10.44
9.45
12.20
10.94
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
97
105
101
11.81
Note: M- Recycled masonry aggregates; C- cement; DC- degree of compaction; W-water content.
St
Lt L0
Linitial
(3)
Where,
Lt the mean value of three dial gauges at time t, mm;
L0 the mean initial setting value of three dial indicators, mm;
Linit the initial specimen length, mm (z400).
Table 3
Actual water content and dry density of CTMiGr after the one-point-proctor compaction.
Ratio of RMA to RCA
100%: 0%
65%: 35%
35%: 65%
0%: 100%
11.81
10.94
10.44
9.54
1.662
1.754
1.834
1.907
30
DL
Linitial ,DT
(4)
Where,
DL the average length change of the specimen from 20 C to
20 C, mm;
DT the specied temperature change, 40 C.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Inuence of cement content and degree of compaction on
drying shrinkage
The inuence of cement content and degree of compaction on
the deformation of CTMiGr is shown in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.
31
32
The curing regime used in this paper implies that the specimen
was cured during 7 days at 20 2 C without loss of water. After 7
days the wrapped foil was removed and the specimen was further
exposed to air at 50 5% RH and 20 2 C. This curing regime was
implemented to imitate the practical curing conditions in which
initially water or a curing agent is sprayed on the fresh road base
and then curing takes place under real climatic conditions. Under
such conditions, based on the experimental data, a regression
model to estimate the shrinkage strain of CTMiGr can be given:
St
8
a,lnt 1
>
>
<
"
>
>
: Smin Smax Smin ,
k !#m=k
t
1
tr
t 7days
t > 7days
(5)
Where,
DC 2
DC
0:64,C 2 4:54,C
a 35:44,
15:86,
100
100
M 2
M
3:26,W 2 66:20,W 83:37,
36:35,
100
100
300:26
(6)
33
Table 4
Comparison of estimated and measured shrinkage after one year.
Item code
R2
M0C4DC101
M35C4DC101
M65C4DC101
M65C4DC101
M65C4DC101
M65C2.5DC101
M65C5.5DC101
M65C4DC97
M65C4DC105
M100C4DC101
9.45
10.44
9.54
12.20
10.94
579.0
436.0
316.7
400.0
356.5
303.0
420.0
329.2
392.0
241.5
563.4
457.9
309.7
394.8
354.8
306.2
402.9
327.0
382.0
233.5
0.99
11.81
4. Conclusion
(7)
(8)
tr 37:92
(9)
5
k 1:0 10
M 6:0 10
4
M 0:014M 1:61
(10)
(11)
DC degree of compaction, %;
C cement content, %;
W water content, %;
M recycled masonry content, %;
It was noticed that all model parameters were related to the
mixture variables. A comparison of the estimated and measured
one-year shrinkage is presented in Table 4. According to this table,
the simplied model developed in relation to mixture variables can
efciently estimate the shrinkage development of CTMiGr.
3.6. Modeling the CTE of CTMiGr in relation to mixture variables
A mathematical model to estimate the CTE of CTMiGr may be
also helpful for pavement design. Based on the results and analysis
described above, the dependency of the CTE on the mixture variables of CTMiGr can be modelled as follows:
CTE
DC
0:51,lnC
0:37,ln
100
1 e0:13,M6:04
2:65
0:037,lnW 6:95
References
(12)
R2
M0C4D101
M35C4D101
M65C4D101
M65C2.5D101
M65C5.5D101
M65C4D97
M65C4D105
M100C4D101
10.22
9.69
7.78
7.50
7.89
7.75
7.78
7.58
10.21
9.73
7.78
7.54
7.94
7.77
7.79
7.56
0.99
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