Differential Equations Assignment1

Michael Gboneh (michaelgboneh@aims.ac.za)

September 7, 2016

Question 1
a.(i) Determine the type and particular of the given ODE
0

(1 + x2 )y + 4xy = (1 + x2 )2 , y(0) = y0
(1 + x2 )

dy
+ 4xy = (1 + x2 )2
dx

dy
+ (1 + x2 )1 (4xy) = (1 + x2 )1 (1 + x2 )2
dx
Upon simplification, our DE is of the form below
dy
+ P (x)y = Q(x)
dx
Classification of the ODE
By definition, the ODE is linear and first order
Finding the particular solution of the ODE
We first determine the integrating factor and multiply equation by it.
U (x) = e

P (x)dx

4x
1+x2

4x
1+x2 dx

=e

Solving the integral

dx

we have:

let u = 1 + x2 , then du = 2xdx

this gives
1
2 du

= 2xdx

Substituting in the integral and solving we have

Z

Z
4x
2du
dx =
1 + x2
u
= 2ln|u|
= 2ln|(1 + x2 )|

(1)

U (x) = e2ln|(1+x )| = (1 + x2 )2 .
Multiplying through equation(1) and simplifying gives us the form:
Z
1
U (x)Q(x)dx
y=
Ux
Z
1
y=
1 + x2 )2 (1 + x2 )3 dx
(1 + x2 )2
Z
1
1
y=
dx
2
2
(1 + x )
(1 + x2 )
1
tan1 (x) + C
y=
(1 + x2 )2

Substitute the initial condition given for y(0) = y0 we can determine the constant C:

y0 =

1
tan1 (0) + C
(1 + 02 )2
y0 = C

Thereforethe solution as:

y=

1
tan1 (x) + y0
(1 + x2 )2

(ii) Determine the type and particular of the given ODE

(y 4 + x3 y)dx x4 dy = 0, y(1) = y0
Rearranging equation(2) gives:
(y 4 + x3 y)dx = x4 dy
dy
(y 4 + x3 y)
=
4
x
dx

The above equation has the form:

y
dy
=f
dx
x
Classification of the ODE
By definition, the ODE is Homogeneous and first order
Solving the equation we have
dy
y4
x3 y
= 4+ 4
dx
x
x

(2)

Let u =

y
x

and substituting into our equation we have:

dy
du
=u+x
dx
dx
du
4
u+x
=u +u
dx
du
x
= u4
dx
Z
Z
dx
du
=
u4
x
1 3
u = ln|x| + C
3
1 y 3
( ) = ln|x| + C
3 x
x3
= ln|x| + C
3y 3

we substitute the initial condition y(1) = y0 to determine the value of C:

1
=C
3(y0 )3
Substituting the value of C in the general equation and simplifying we obtained the particular
solution as:
1
x3
= ln|x|
3
3y
3(y0 )3
3
x
1
= ln|x| +
3
3y
3(y0 )3

1 
x3 = 3y 3 ln|x| +
3(y0 )3
3
x
y3 =
3(ln|x| + 3(y10 )3 )
x3
3ln|x| + 3(y10 )3
x
y= q
3
3ln|x| + (y10 )3
=

b. Given the differential equation,

xy

dy
+ 4x2 = y 2 , x > 0, y(2) = 7
dx

(3)

We are required to solve the initial value problem, sketch the solution and determine the interval
of validity for the solution.
(i) Solving the initial value problem
Equation 3 can be rearranging the terms in equation 3 we:
xydy + (4x2 + y 2 )dx = 0

We first checking for exactness

N (x, y) = xy M (x, y) = 4x2 + y 2
M
= 2y
y

N
= y,
x

The equation is not exact, To make it exact we will have to find an integrating factor(U(x))
that either depends only on x or y and multiply it through equation(3).
du
1 M
N
= (

)
dx
N y
x
1
(2y y)
xy
y
=
xy
1
=
x
=

The above expression is a function expressed in term of x, we can then use it to get the
integrating factor.
U (x) = e

1
x dx

= elnx = x

Multiplying through the equation(3) by this result gives:

x2 ydy + (4x3 + xy 2 )dx = 0
Checking it for exactness again gives:
N
= 2y,
x

M
= 2y
y

From this result we see that the equation is now exact therefore we can proceed to solve it.
Z
Z
2
x ydy + (4x3 + xy 2 )dx = C
1 2 2
x y + x4 = C
2
We substitute the initial condition y(2) = 7 to determine the value for C:
1 2
2 72 + 24 = C
2
2(49) + 16 = C
C = 114

Substituting this result into our equation(4) above we have the solution as:
1 2 2
x y + x4 = 114
2
x2 y 2 + 2x4 = 228
228
y 2 + 2x2 = 2
x
r
228
2x2
y=
x2

(ii) A sketch of the solution

Figure 1: Graph showing the solutions to the DE

(iii) Determining the interval of validity for the solution for x > 0.
228
2x2 0
x2
228 2x4 0

A sign graph to indicate the valid intervals

Figure 2: Sign graph

The interval of validity for the solution is 0 < x

114, since x >0

Question 2 Solution
The Ellipse
The equation of the ellipse at center h,k is represented by:
(x h)2
(y k)2
+
=1
a2
b2
To determine an exact differential equation for the ellipse,we differentiate with respect to x
2(x h) 2(y k)y 0
+
=0
a2
b2
2b2 (x h) + 2a2 (y k)y 0 = 0
(2xb2 2b2 h)dx + (2ya2 2a2 k)dy = 0
We test for exactness
M (x, y) = 2xb2 2b2 h
M
=0
y
N (x, y) = 2ya2 2a2 k
N
=0
x
We can see the differential equation is exact.
(2xb2 2b2 h)dx + (2ya2 2a2 k)dy = 0
represent an exact differential equation of an ellipse.

The Tumour growth model

T (t)
T = (T (t)) 1
k

!
T
dT
= (T ) 1
dt
k
!
T
(T ) 1
=0
k
!
T
=0
(T ) 1
k
T (K T ) = 0
T = 0, T = K

From the graph we can see that

T = 0.......Is the unstable point
T = K.......Is the stable point
Conclusion
The tumour will begin to rise from the left of K and begin falling from the right of K. After a long period
of time, it will finally converge at K.
Question 3
(a) Deriving the differential equation
We have the following equations;

dx
= xy
dt
y+x=1

(4)
(5)

From (2) we have,

y =1x
Substituting (3) into (1) we have,
dx
=x(1 x)
dy
x(t)

=x(t)(1 x(t))
The above equation is the required differential equation
7

(6)

(b) The solution to the above differential equation

We have
dx
=(x x2 )
dt
The above equation is separable and it can be expressed as,
dx
=dt
x x2
Integrating the above equation, we have,
Z

dx
=dt
x x2

We can resolve the integral above using partial fractions as,

A
B
1
+
=
x
1x
x(1 x)
A(1 x) + Bx = 1
When: x = 0, A = 1 and when x = 1, B = 1
Therefore, we have,
Z
Z
1
1
dx +
= dt
x
1x
ln|x| ln|1 x| = t + lnC
x
ln||
= t
C(1 x)
Z

Introducing exponent to both sides, we have,

x
= et
C(1 x)
W henx(0) = xo , we have,
xo
= e(0)
1 xo
xo
= 1
C(1 xo )
xo
C=
1 xo
Expressing x in terms of t, we have,
x
=et
cx
x =Cet Cxet
x=
Replacing C with

xo
1xo ,

Cet
1 + Cet

we have,

xo et
1 xo + xo et
Thus the above equation is the solution of the differential above.
x(t) =

(7)

(c) The limits of x(t) as t and if xo > 0

x=

Cet
1 + Cet

Cet
t 1 Cet
lim

Dividing through by Cet , we obtain,

1

lim

1
t
Cet

+1
1
=1
1

Therefore, we shown that as t goes to infinity, the limit of x(t) = 1

Interpretation of results
The results shows that as time goes by, everyone in the community will be affected by the disease
(d) The model of epidemics is realistic because it gives the expected results. It shows that as time
goes by, everyone in the community will contact a disease. This is so because the infected persons
will continue infecting those uninfected since the number of members of the community is not
increasing.

Question 4 Solution
The Coffee Problem
Let: T1 be the temperature of the first girl
T10 be the change in temperature of the first girl
T20 be the change in temperature of the second girl
T2 be the change in temperature of the second girl
t01 be the change in time of the first girl
t1 be the change in time of the first girl
t02 be the change in time of the second girl
t2 be the change in time of the girl
Newtons law of cooling
T
= K(T Ta )
t
T
From Newton law of cooling we can write :
= K(T Ta )
t
Expressing the two girls activity in terms of Newtons law of cooling we have:
T10 T1
= K(T Ta )
t01 t1
T 0 T2
Friend 2 : 20
= K(T Ta )
t2 t2
Friend 1 :

let
t01 t1 = t02 t2 = 5mins
then

T10 T1
k(T1 Ta )
=
T20 T2
k(T2 Ta )
This lead to:
T10 T1
(T1 Ta )
=
T20 T2
(T2 Ta )
Since the second girl later cold milk to her drink after 5 minutes, then:
T1 < T2

We can conclude that:

T1 < Ta < T2 < Ta

(T1 Ta )
<1
(T2 Ta )

Simplifying
(T1 Ta )
<1
(T2 Ta )
We have:
T10 < T1 < T20 < T2
Rearranging we have:
T10 T20 < T1 T2 < 0
This implies:
T10 T20 < 0
Therefore:
T10 < T20
Conclusion
The second girl will have hotter coffee.

10