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ABSTRACT
Inverter
Charge
Controller
PV
Array
DC
AC
(AC Loads)
= (DC Loads)
Battery
Storage
AC
DC
Rectifier
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100000
Data 2001
90000
10.00
80000
70000
8.00
60000
6.00
50000
40000
4.00
30000
20000
2.00
Permannet resident
population
Installed Capacity in
kW/Permanent Resident
12.00
10000
The breakeven point for PV systems to become costeffective is for an island size between 500 and 1000
inhabitants. This varies with respect to local
macroeconomic factors and the level of diesel generation
units utilisation as a factor of the activities on an island
during a typical year. On the other hand, load demand on
small and medium size islands increased at an average
rate of 8.5% per year over the last 15 years. Thus, the
potential to integrate PV technology as a supportive power
supply resource is high and has to be thoroughly
considered by the system operator.
With these prices, electricity production from PV is already
cost competitive. In Fig. 4, the electricity production costs
on islands are compared with the corresponding costs of
the mainland grid as presented by [2].
An
Ag tik
at yth
D hon ira
on is
ou si
Ag
. E A ssa
fs na
tra f
i
O tios
t
M ho
Er eg ni
iko is
us ti
As Ser sa
ty ifo
p
Ky ale s
Amthn a
or os
g
Si os
fn
Sy os
Sk m
Pa yro i
Ka
tm s
rp
M os
at
ho A ilo
n
s- d s
K ro
M ass s
yk os
on
Ik os
ar
ia
Li Thir
Pa mnoa
ro S y s
s
Ko -Na ros
M
s- S xo
ai
Ka am s
nl
an
ly o
m s
d
n
Po
C os
pu
l.X L e h i o
10 s v s
0 os
---->
0.00
Island
/kWh
Permanent Population
1,0
0,8
1800 h/a (south Europe)
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
90000
1.4
80000
1.2
70000
1.0
60000
0.8
50000
40000
0.6
30000
0.4
20000
0.2
10000
0.0
A Do
g. no
Ef u s
s s
E r trat a
i k io
ou s
A O ssa
ga t
t h
A hon oni
nt i
ik ss
yt i
hi
ra
A
M na
e fi
K gis
y
A thn ti
st
y o
A pa s
m le
or a
g
Se os
ri
Sk fos
yr
o
S s
Pa ym
tm i
Si os
fn
K
ar
o
pa
M s
ilo
th
o s Ik s
-K ar
as ia
A sos
nd
L i ros
m
no
s
M Sy
yk r o
on s
o
Th s
Sa ira
m
Pa
o
M
ai
ro C h s
nl
s- i o
an
N s
d K o L ax
Po s - e s o s
K
w a l vo
er y s
X1 m
00 n o
--- s
-->
1990
100000
1.6
Island
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
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MICRO-GRID TOPOLOGIES
Micro-grids (Grids) are generally defined as low voltage
networks with DG sources, together with local storage
devices and controllable loads. Typically, the total installed
capacity of a Grid is in the range of a few hundred kWp
to MWp.
Distribution
Management
System
Technical
Energy production from PV or hybrid systems can be
done centrally or even on an individual basis.
Storage is central and energy management although
complicated, is eventually more effective for the endusers.
Grid systems can be easily integrated to the main
distribution network when available, with little or none
modifications in the system design and the hardware
components.
Back-up power from diesel or other technologies is
central and more efficient.
Economical
A Grid system of a particular power and storage
capacity is less costly compared to equal total
capacity of individual stand-alone systems.
Energy management and trading with the main grid is
more straightforward, ancillary services can be better
implemented.
Micro
Grid
Central
Controller
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper was presented in the 4th WCPEC due to the
financial support of EC project PV-ERA-NET, contract No
ERAC-2004-011814, which has main scope the
networking and integration of National and Regional RTD
programmes in the field of PV technology.
Specific parts of the section on research issues for standalone systems have been identified in the work
undertaken by experts in the field within the two
Technology Platforms for PV, see [6], and Electricity
Networks of the Future, both now under way.
Many thanks are due to the Conference organisers and to
Prof. Nicola Pearsall of the Northumbria University, PV
Applications Centre, UK, for the invitation to present this
work in this meeting.
REFERENCES
[1] S Tselepis, A Sorokin, G Olivier, Gradual Introduction
of Photovoltaic Systems in Greek, Italian and French
Island Utility Grids, 17th European Photovoltaic Solar
Energy Conference, Munich 2226 October 2001, pp.
914918.
[2] EPIA 20th Annual General Meeting, Athens 78 May
2005.
[3] T Degner, P Taylor, D Rollinson, A Neris, S Tselepis,
Interconnection of Solar Powered Mini-grids a Case
Study for Kythnos Island, 19th European Photovoltaic
Solar Energy Conference, Paris 711 June 2004.
[4] EU-DEEP project, EC contract No SES6-CT-2003503516, WP2 Grid and Market Integration
[5] G Robert, R Belhomme, Ancillary Services Provided
by Dispersed Generation, Proceedings of the CIGRE
2005 Athens Symposium on Power Systems with
Dispersed Generation (Paper No 305), Athens 1316 April
2005.
[6] EC Technology Platform on PV Technology, WG3:
Science, Technology and Applications.
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