Group Zumbomb

PE 1 ST1
Components and Parameters of Fitness

Structure and functions of cardiovascular and respiratory systems

Aerobic and anaerobic exercise
Assessment of cardio-respiratory endurance
Cardiovascular diseases

I. Structure and functions of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems

Cardiovascular System
Heart
Blood vessels
o Artery
o Vein
o Capillary
Blood
Heart

a muscular pumping organ located medial to the lungs along the bodys midline in the thoracic
region.
usually the size of a closed fist
The top of the heart connects to the great blood vessels of the body: the aorta, vena cava,
pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary veins.

Circulatory Loops

pulmonary
o transports deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, where the
blood picks up oxygen and returns to the heart
o the pumping chambers of the heart that support the pulmonary circulation loop are the
right atrium and right ventricle.
systemic
o carries oxygenated blood from the heart to all of the tissues of the body
o removes wastes from body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart
o the left atrium and left ventricle of the heart are the pumping chambers for the systemic
circulation loop.

Blood vessels

artery - carries blood away from the heart

vein - carries blood towards the heart
capillary - site of nutrient, gas, and waste exchanges

Blood

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

o most common type of blood cell (45% of blood volume)
o produced from the bone marrow
o transport oxygen in the blood through hemoglobin
o white blood cells (leukocytes)
platelets (thrombocytes)
o responsible for blood clotting and formation of scabs
o also produced in the bone marrow
plasma
o liquid portion of the blood
o mixture of water, proteins, and dissolved substances
o proteins: antibodies, albumins
o dissolved substances: glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, electrolytes, nutrients, cellular
waste products
white blood cells
o major function is in the immune system
o granular WBCs: fight bacteria, viruses, and allergies
o agranular WBCs: fight viral and pathogenic infections; ingest dead cells from wounds

Functions of the Cardiovascular System

transportation of nutrients, oxygen; removal of wastes; transport of hormones

protection through WBCs; platelets and RBCs heal wounds
regulation through homeostasis

Respiratory System
nose and nasal cavity
o external opening of the system
o trap harmful particles such as dust, mold, and pollen and prevent them from reaching the
internal components
o warm up and moisturize cold outside air
oral cavity
o mouth
o act as an alternative way of breathing when breathing through the nasal cavity is not
possible or is difficult
o however, it does not have the ability to filter nor warm up the air inhaled
pharynx
o throat
o intermediary between the nasal cavity, larynx, and esophagus
o epiglottis: a flap that switches access between esophagus and trachea; food is swallowed,
air travels through the trachea
larynx
o voice box

o Adams apple
trachea
o windpipe
o longer section of the respiratory tract, shaped like a tube, approximately 5 inches in
length
o filters the air before it goes into the lungs
bronchi
o bronchi and its smaller branches further filter the air
o can control the flow of air going to the lungs
o in physical activity, the muscles relax and allow more air to go into the lungs
lungs
o two organs located inside the thorax on the left and right sides
o contain millions of sacs called alveoli which contain capillaries
o site of gas exchange

Functions of the Respiratory System

pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
internal respiration
transportation of gases
homeostatic control of respiration

II. Aerobic and Anaerobic exercise

Aerobic exercise
o Any activity that uses the arms and legs to move the body
o The muscles are used in continuous (and generally easy-to-perform) rhythmic motions
o The rhythmic motions increase heart rate and respiration while building physical
endurance
o Aerobic means with oxygen, aerobic exercise uses oxygen to burn fat and
carbohydrates, producing energy.
o Benefits:
Increase stamina
Reduce resting heart rate
Helps with weight loss (combined with a healthy diet)
Potentially reduce chances of developing heart disease, strokes, high blood
pressure, diabetes and some forms of cancer

Anaerobic exercise
o Targets individual muscles
o Doesnt require oxygen, only burns carbohydrates

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Builds muscles through short bursts of strenuous activity (ex. Weightlifting)

Benefits:
Strengthen bones (thus reducing risk of osteoporosis)
Improve strength of joints and ligaments
Improve cardiac function
Elevate levels of good cholesterol

III. Assessment of cardio-respiratory endurance

VO2 max
Heart rate
Stroke volume
Cardiac output

VO2 max

maximal oxygen uptake

one factor that can determine an athlete's capacity to perform sustained exercise
considered the best indicator of an athlete's cardiovascular fitness and aerobic endurance

How Is VO2 Max Measured?

requires an all-out effort (ex. treadmill or bicycle) performed under a strict protocol in a sports
performance lab
involves specific increases in the speed and intensity of the exercise and collection and
measurement of the volume and oxygen concentration of inhaled and exhaled air.
an athlete's oxygen consumption rises in a linear relationship with exercise intensity -- up to a
point. There is a specific point at which oxygen consumption plateaus even if the exercise
intensity increases. This plateau marks the V02 max. It's a painful point in VO2 max testing
where the athlete moves from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic metabolism. From here, it's not
long before muscle fatigue forces the athlete to stop exercising.
The test usually takes between 10 and 15 minutes and requires an athlete to be completely rested
and motivated to endure the pain long enough to find the true VO2 max.

Heart rate
Best places to find your pulse:

wrists
inside elbows
side of the neck
top of foot

Resting heart rate

the heart pumping the lowest amount of blood you need because youre not exercising

normally between 60 and 100 beats per minute

a heart rate lower than 60 doesnt necessarily signal a medical problem

Factors affecting heart rate

air temperature when temperatures soar, the heart pumps a little more blood
body position - resting, sitting or standing, your pulse is usually the same. Sometimes as you
stand for the first 15 to 20 seconds, your pulse may go up a little bit, but after a couple of minutes
it should settle down
body size - body size usually doesnt change pulse. If youre very obese, you might see a higher
resting pulse than normal, but usually not more than 100.
medication use - meds that block your adrenaline (beta blockers) tend to slow your pulse, while
too much thyroid medication or too high of a dosage will raise it.

Stroke volume

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in one contraction. The
stroke volume is not all the blood contained in the left ventricle; normally, only about
two-thirds of the blood in the ventricle is expelled with each beat.

Cardiac output

Cardiac output (Q) is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is the
product of blood pumped by each heart beat (stroke volume or SV) and the number of
beats (heart rate). The relationship between stroke volume and heart rate is constantly
changing.
Cardiac output (Q) = stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)

IV. Cardiovascular conditions and diseases

rheumatic heart disease

hypertensive heart disease
ischemic heart disease
cerebrovascular heart disease
inflammatory heart disease

Rheumatic heart disease

Common acquired heart disease (5y.o. 25 y.o.)

Common in developing countries
Cause: rheumatic fever
Inflammatory disease throughout body
Affects heart, joints and CNS
from strep throat
symptoms

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sore throat
red rash
thick bloody discharge from nose
fever
red, swollen tonsils with white patches
headache
nausea
vomiting

Valvular heart disease

One or more heart valves dont work well

causes:
birth defects
age-related changes
infections
basic problems:
o regurgitation (backflow)
valve does not close tightly
due to prolapse
o stenosis
flaps of valve thicken, stiffen, or fuse together
o atresia
valve lack opening for blood to pass through
symptoms
o heart murmur
o chest pains

Hypertensive heart disease

aneurysm
o Weakened artery walls
o Abnormal widening
o Congenital, aortic disease or aortic injury
o Can occur anywhere
o Family history, high BP and cholesterol (atherosclerosis) and smoking increases risk
o Can develop slowly
o Happens two ways:
rupture: ballooned area develops hole
dissection: blood splits layer of arterial wall
o symptoms
rapid heart rate
clammy skin
dizziness
fainting
low BP
nausea

vomiting
difficulty breathing
atherosclerosis
o hardening of the arteries
o Build-up of plaque in arteries (Cholesterol, fat, cellular waste, calcium & Fibrin)
o Can affect any artery
o Plaque can break off or have blood clot formed on its surface
o Starts in childhood
o Rapid progression in 30s
o Dangerous in 50s or 60s
o No exact cause known
o symptoms (not usually present until fully blocked)
angina
shortness of breath
high blood pressure
o blood force through arteries too strong
o it can:
strain heart
damage blood vessels
increase risk for heart attack
cause stroke
cause kidney problems
o can affect adults of all ages
o most common in adults above 65 of age
o no symptoms
peripheral arterial disease
o Narrowed arteries reduce blood flows to limbs
o Caused by atherosclerosis
o Symptoms
Leg numbness or weakness
Coldness in lower leg
Sores on toes feet or legs that wont heal
Hair loss or slower hair growth on legs
Slower toenail growth
Weak pulse on leg or foot

Ischemic heart disease

angina
o chest pain or discomfort caused when your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich
blood.
o a symptom of an underlying heart problem, usually coronary heart disease (CHD).
o types
stable
unstable
variant
microvascular

atherosclerosis
coronary artery disease
o happens when the arteries that supply blood to heart muscle become hardened and
narrowed
coronary heart disease
o a disease in which a waxy substance called plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries
o over time, CHD can weaken the heart muscle and lead to heart failure and arrhythmias
heart attack
o occurs if the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle is cut off. If blood
flow isnt restored quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die. Without quick
treatment, a heart attack can lead to serious health problems or death
sudden death
o sudden cardiac death (SCD) is an unexpected death due to cardiac causes that occurs in a
short time period (generally within 1 hour of symptom onset) in a person with known or
unknown cardiac disease

Cerebrovascular heart disease

atherosclerosis
cerebral vascular disease
o a group of conditions that affect the circulation of blood to the brain, causing limited or
no blood flow to affected areas of the brain.
stroke
o occurs due to problems with the blood supply to the brain: either the blood supply is
blocked or a blood vessel within the brain ruptures, causing brain tissue to die.
transient ischemic disease
o the flow of blood to the brain is only briefly interrupted
o they are often caused by blood clots or other debris
o serve as warning signs for future strokes

Inflammatory heart disease

atherosclerosis
cardiomyopathy
o refers to diseases of the heart muscle
o the heart muscle becomes enlarged, thick, or rigid. In rare cases, the muscle tissue in the
heart is replaced with scar tissue
o the heart becomes weaker and less able to pump blood through the body and maintain a
normal electrical rhythm
o can lead to heart failure or irregular heartbeats called arrhythmias. In turn, heart failure
can cause fluid to build up in the lungs, ankles, feet, legs, or abdomen
pericardial disease
o inflammation of the pericardium, two thin layers of a sac-like tissue that surrounds and
holds the heart in place while helping it work

valvular heart disease