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[Keighley 1984]
Converting Units
1 gram (g)
1 milligram (mg)
1 microgram (mcg or g) =
1g
= 1000mg
4.2g = 4200mg
0.07g = 70mg
100 mg
62,000mg
35mg
= 0.1g
= 62g
= 0.035g
2000micrograms
375 micrograms
62.5 micrograms
= 2mg
= 0.375mg
= 0.0625mg
e.g.
7 =
4
So,
7 = 1.75
4
4I 7
1. 7 5
4 I 7. 3020
25 to give
40
5
8
0.625
e.g.
5
12
0. 4 1 6 6 6 etc.
12 I 5.5020808080
In this case the number would become 0.4 if rounded to 1 decimal place, or 0.42 to two
decimal places, or 0.417 to three decimal places.
Tablet/capsule calculations
The following formula can be used as an aid to work out the number of tablets required:
Number of tablets required =
e.g.
150mg
50mg
3 tablets.
When using this formula you must make sure the units are the same.
e.g.
25micrograms =
50 micrograms
1 tablet
2
Volume needed
E.g.
Volume its in
300mg
120mg
30 x 5ml
12
5ml
75
6
12.5ml
Other units
Some drugs are expressed in other units, e.g. millimoles of potassium, or units of
heparin, etc. You can use the formula in exactly the same way provided what you
want and what youve got are in the same units.
E.g. 7500 units heparin required from ampoules containing 5000units per ml.
Volume needed
7500 units
5000 units
75
50
15
10
1ml
1.5ml
Mg/kg calculations
Many medication doses, particularly for children, are calculated on a mg/kg basis. The
prescribing doctor should work this out and prescribe the dose required. Nurses should
be able to check the prescribed dose.
E.g.
4mg x 5 = 20mg.
Care should be taken when using paediatric dose references as some books state the
total daily dose in mg/kg, which then has to be divided into the number of doses per day.
E.g.
the dose required is 4mg/kg total daily dose, divided into 4 doses.
In this case, for a 5kg child, the total daily dose is 20mg.
Each individual dose is 5mg given 4 times daily.
At what rate (drops per minute) do you need to set the giving set to administer
1000ml of glucose 5% over 8 hours?
= 125mls
Using a standard giving set: Number of drops per minute = number of drops per ml x number of ml per minute
= 20 x 125
60
So
41.6
3125
As it is not possible to give a fraction of a drop the answer is 'rounded up' to 42.
If we are giving solutions via a giving set the number of drops per ml and the 60 minutes
per hour always stay the same. This means that steps 2 and 3 can be combined
H.
Dilutions
Sometimes the dilution instructions for a drug are expressed in different ways, for
example:
Dilute 50:50 means dilute the drug solution with an equal volume of diluent,
I.e. dilute 1ml drug solution with 1ml diluent to give 2ml.
7
Dilute 1 part with 4 parts means dilute 1 part drug solution with 4 parts diluent,
I.e. dilute 1ml drug solution with 4ml diluent to give 5ml.
Dilute 1 in 20 means dilute 1 part drug solution to a total volume of 20 parts
I.e. dilute 1ml drug solution with 19ml diluent to give 20ml.
I.
Percentage Calculations
This is the same if in a 500ml bag as it is in a 1 litre bag, but obviously the 1 litre bag
actually contains twice as much glucose as the 500ml one.
This way of measuring the concentration is also sometimes used in ointments and
creams.
In calculations we can use the same formula as before:
E.g.
20
50
100ml
20 x 2 = 40ml
J.
Ratio Calculations
This is only used for measuring the concentration of drugs such as adrenaline
(epinephrine) or tuberculin. It is stated as 1 in 100, 1 in 10,000 etc.
1 in 100
1 in 1000
1 in 10,000
E.g.
means
means
means
1g in 100ml
1g in 1000ml
1g in 10,000ml
= 1g in 10,000ml
= 1000mg in 10,000ml
Volume needed =
x 10,000ml
= 10ml
K.
Displacement Values
For some drugs this volume is negligible, but for others it will make a significant
difference if only a small fraction of the vial is needed, e.g. for neonates.
E.g.
Intermittent infusions
Intermittent infusions usually involve administering a certain dose over a short time
period, e.g. clarithromycin 500mg in 250ml glucose 5% over 60 minutes.
This can be given in drops per minute via a standard giving set, or via a volumatic device.
Using a volumatic device
Number of ml per hour
250ml/hr.
250ml/hr
250 ml / min
60
250 x 20
60
= 83 drops/min.
10
10
Continuous Infusions
Some drugs, particularly in ITU, CCU, HDU etc. are prescribed by continuous infusion, for
example in mg per minute or micrograms per kg per minute.
Often the drugs are very potent and it is crucial that they are given at the correct rate.
This may often mean making up a stock solution and setting a suitable rate of
administration.
E.g.
1g in 500ml
=
1000mg in 500ml
Microgram/kg/min calculations
E.g.
11
11
12 mg/hr
500mg
x 500ml=
12 ml/hr
Remember!
1 gram (g)
1 milligram (mg)
1 microgram (mcg or g) =
Volume needed
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Volume its in
Percentages
% means the number of grams dissolved in 100ml of solution
i.e. grams per 100ml.
e.g. 5%
= 5g in 100ml
0.25% = 0.25g in 100ml
Ratios
1 in 100
1 in 1000
1 in 10,000
13
means
means
means
1g in 100ml
1g in 1000ml
1g in 10,000ml
13
Drip Rates
A standard giving set gives 15 drops per ml of blood
Or 20 drops per ml of solutions
Dilutions
Dilute 50:50 means dilute the drug solution with an equal volume of diluent,
i.e. dilute 1ml drug solution with 1ml diluent to give 2ml.
Dilute 1 part with 4 parts means dilute 1 part drug solution with 4 parts
diluent,
i.e. dilute 1ml drug solution with 4ml diluent to give 5ml.
Dilute 1 in 20 means dilute 1 part drug solution to a total volume of 20 parts
i.e. dilute 1ml drug solution with 19ml diluent to give
20ml.
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Converting Units
Please complete the following: -
1.
0.3g
.mg
2.
725 micrograms
.... mg
3.
300ml
litres
4.
0.025 mg
.micrograms
5.
27,500 micrograms
.mg
1.
200
5
2.
3
2
3.
180
150
15
15
1.
5.769
2.
0.853
3.
8.3333
Tablet/capsule calculations
Complete the following table: -
Prescription
1. Sodium Valproate
1.5g
2. Co-amilozide 5/50mg
3. Captopril 6.25mg
16
Tablet strength
500mg tablets
2.5/25mg tablets
12.5mg tablets
16
Number of tablets
needed.
Prescription
Liquid Concentration
1. Metronidazole 120mg
200mg in 5ml
2.
Diazepam
500micrograms
2mg in 5ml
3. Spironolactone 7mg
25mg in 5ml
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Volume needed
mg/kg calculations
Complete the following table: -
Prescription
1. Gentamicin 7mg/kg
55kg
3. Digoxin 3micrograms
per kg
16kg
3. Cefotaxime
200mg/kg/day
in 4 divided doses
7.5kg
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What rate (drops/minute) is needed to give 250ml glucose 5% over 8 hours using a micro
drop (paediatric) giving set?
Dilutions
An intravenous dose of 300mg Phenobarbitone has been prescribed, which must be
diluted 1 in 10 with water for injections prior to administration.
The ampoules contain 60mg phenobarbitone in 1ml.
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Percentage calculations
What volume of 20% potassium chloride injection contains 3g of potassium chloride?
Ratio calculations
How many mg of adrenaline does 7ml of 1: 10,000 adrenaline (epinephrine) contain?
20
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2.
A bag of 0.2% Lignocaine is prescribed at a rate of 3mg per minute for a 65kg
lady. At what rate should the infusion run (in ml/hr)?
3.
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