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Vascular plants (sometimes called higher plants) are divided into two subgroups:
a seedless and
b Seeded.
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BIOLOGY FORM 3
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BIOLOGY FORM 3
- Cuticle helps to reduce water loss and protect from drying out.
2. Epidermis:
- Epidermis is a single layer of cells on the upper and lower surfaces of the leaf.
- Epidermal cells are protective layer which contain no chloroplast.
- Epidermal cells produce wax.
Functions of the Epidermis:
a. Reduce the chance of the bacteria and
fungi from entering into the leaf
b. Help to keep the leafs shape.
c. Reduce evaporation from the leaf.
Epidermis is divided into two main parts:
1. Upper epidermis and
2. Lower epidermis
3. Mesophyll
Mesophyll is the tissue between upper and lower epidermis of the leaf.
Mesophyll tissue contains:
a. Palisade cells(palisade mesophyll cells) and
b. Spongy cells (spongy mesophyll cells)
4.Vascular bundles:
o Are the leaf veins.
o Contain xylem and phloem.
o Xylem vessels bring water and minerals to the leaf.
o Phloem vessels transport sugars and amino acids away from the leaf
(translocation).
o They also provide support for the leaf.
5.Stomata (Sing.: Stoma):
o Stomata are tiny pores found at the lower epidermis or the underside of a leaf.
o Each stomata is surrounded by a pair of guard cells
o Guard cells control whether the stoma is open or closed.
o The stomata allow exchange of gases between the air and the external tissue of the
leaf; for instance, CO2 diffuses in and O2 diffuses out during photosynthesis.
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BIOLOGY FORM 3
o Also, water vapour passes out of the stoma pores during transpiration. About 90%
of water evaporation from a plant takes place through the stomata.
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