Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CHAPTER 1
Fluids and their Properties
1.1 Fluids :
We normally recognize three states of matter:
Solid.
Liquid. have common characteristic and both called
fluids
Gas.
Fluids in contrast to solids, lack the ability to resist
deformation.
They flow (move) under the action of such forces,
and deforms continuously as the force is applied.
A solid can resist deformation, which may cause
some displacement but the solid does not continue
to move indefinitely.
K. ALASTAL
K. ALASTAL
K. ALASTAL
Fluid Flow
Fluid Rest
Shear stress No
K. ALASTAL
Fixed surface
velocity profile
K. ALASTAL
= =
=
10
the rate of shear strain (shear strain per unit time, /time) is
directly proportional to the shear stress.
x
y
x v
Rate of shear strain (Velocity gradient)
yt y
v
t constant
y
Shear strain,
Dynamic Viscosity
=
K. ALASTAL
11
K. ALASTAL
12
Fluid
F
t
A
K. ALASTAL
Fluid
F
V
t m
A
h
13
obey
Newtons law
of viscosity
refer
Newtonian fluids
14
Do not obey
Newtons law
of viscosity
Non- Newtonian
fluids
=+
15
16
17
Gases
Difficult to compress
and often regarded
as incompressible
Easily to compress
changes of volume is
large, cannot normally
be neglected and are
related to temperature
Occupies a fixed
volume and will take
the shape of the
container
No fixed volume, it
changes volume to
expand to fill the
containing vessels
A free surface is
Completely fill the
formed if the volume vessel so that no free
of container is
surface is formed.
greater than the
liquid.
K. ALASTAL
18
Where:
M = mass of fluid, V= volume of fluid
Units: kg/m3
Dimensions: ML-3
Typical values:
Water = 1000 kg/m3, Mercury = 13546 kg/m3
Air = 1.23 kg/m3, Paraffin Oil = 800kg/m3
K. ALASTAL
19
= =
Where:
W = weight of fluid, V= volume of fluid
Units: N/m3
Dimensions: ML-2T-2
Typical values:
Water = 9814 N/m3, Mercury = 132943 N/m3
Air = 12.07 N/m3, Paraffin Oil = 7851 N/m3
K. ALASTAL
20
21
Units: m3/kg
K. ALASTAL
22
23
=
=
=
=
K. ALASTAL
24
Units: m2/s
(Note that n is often expressed in Stokes, St, where 104 St = 1 m2/s)
Dimensions: ML-1T-1
Typical values:
Water =1.14(10-6) m2/s, Air =1.46(10-5) m2/s,
Mercury =1.145(10-4) m2/s, Paraffin Oil =2.375(10-3) m2/s
K. ALASTAL
25
26
Mathematical Model
27
This indicates that the internal pressure in the droplet is greater that
the external pressure since the right hand side is entirely positive.
K. ALASTAL
28
Bug Problem
Cross-section
of bug leg
F=surface
tension on
1 side of leg
K. ALASTAL
29
K. ALASTAL
30
1.13 Capillarity:
Capillary effect is the rise or fall of a liquid in a small-diameter
tube.
Capillary action in small tubes which involve a liquid-gas-solid
interface is caused by surface tension.
Wetted
Non-Wetted
Adhesion
Cohesion
Adhesion
Cohesion
1.13 Capillarity:
H: is the height,
R: is the radius of the tube (d=2R)
q : is the angle of contact between
liquid and solid.
=pds
d
=d
4 cos
32
=
/
or
The ve sign indicate that the volume decrease as the pressure increase.
Typical values: Water = 2.05x109 N/m2; Oil = 1.62x109 N/m2
K. ALASTAL
33
K. ALASTAL
34
Example:
A reservoir of oil has a mass of 825 kg. The reservoir has a volume
of 0.917 m3. Compute the density, specific weight, and specific
gravity of the oil.
Solution:
roil
mass
m
825
900kg / m3
volume V 0.917
g oil
weight mg
SGoil
K. ALASTAL
r oil
r w @ 4C
900
0.9
1000
35
Example:
Water has a surface tension of 0.4 N/m. In a 3-mm diameter vertical
tube, if the liquid rises 6 mm above the liquid outside the tube,
calculate the wetting angle.
Solution
Capillary rise due to surface tension is given by;
4s cos q
h
rgd
cos q
4s
4 0.4
q = 83.7
K. ALASTAL
36
Example:
Given: Pressure of 2 MPa
is applied to a mass of
water that initially filled
1000-cm3 volume.
Find: Volume after the
pressure is applied.
Solution: K = 2.2x109 Pa
Dp
DV / V
Dp
DV V
K
2 x10 6 Pa
3
1000
cm
2.2 x109 Pa
K
0.909 cm 3
V final V DV
1000 0.909
V final 999.01 cm 3
K. ALASTAL
37
Example:
Find: Capillary rise between two
vertical glass plates 1 mm apart.
s = 7.3x10-2 N/m
l is into the page
Solution:
Fvertical 0
2sl hltg 0
2s
h
tg
q
s
2 * 7.3 x10 2
0.001* 9810
h 0.0149 m
h 14.9 mm
K. ALASTAL
38