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*Reformation:
an
attempt
by
Martin
Luther
to
reform
the
Roman
Catholic
Church
that
resulted
in
a
schism,
and
grew
into
a
wider
movement.
*Martin
Luther:
(10
November
1483
–
18
February
1546)
was
a
German
priest
and
professor
of
theology
who
initiated
the
Protestant
Reformation.[1]
Strongly
disputing
the
claim
that
freedom
from
God's
punishment
of
sin
could
be
purchased
with
money,
he
confronted
indulgence
salesman
Johann
Tetzel
with
his
NinetyFive
Theses
in
1517.
His
refusal
to
retract
all
of
his
writings
at
the
demand
of
Pope
Leo
X
in
1520
and
the
Holy
Roman
Emperor
Charles
V
at
the
Diet
of
Worms
in
1521
resulted
in
his
excommunication
by
the
pope
and
condemnation
as
an
outlaw
by
the
emperor.
Johann
Tetzel:
(1465
in
Pirna
–
11
August
1519)
was
a
Dominican
preacher
accused
of
selling
indulgences
and
for
a
couplet
attributed
to
him,
"As
soon
as
a
coin
in
the
coffer
rings
/
the
soul
from
purgatory
springs."[1]
In
1517,
it
was
believed
that
Tetzel
was
trying
to
raise
money
for
the
ongoing
reconstruction
of
St.
Peter's
Basilica,
though
in
actual
fact
the
money
went
towards
helping
the
Archbishop
of
Mainz,
Albert
of
Brandenburg,
under
whose
authority
Tetzel
was
operating,
to
pay
off
the
debts
he
had
incurred
in
securing
the
agreement
of
the
Pope
to
his
acquisition
of
the
Archbishopric.
It
is
believed
that
Martin
Luther
was
inspired
to
write
his
Ninety‐Five
Theses,
in
part,
due
to
Tetzel's
actions
during
this
period
of
time.[2]
95
Theses:
The
NinetyFive
Theses
on
the
Power
and
Efficacy
of
Indulgences
(Latin:
Disputatio
pro
declaratione
virtutis
indulgentiarum),
commonly
known
as
The
NinetyFive
Theses,
were
written
by
Martin
Luther
in
1517
and
are
widely
regarded
as
the
primary
catalyst
for
the
Protestant
Reformation.
Luther
protested
against
what
he
considered
clerical
abuses,
especially
in
regard
to
indulgences.
Indulgence:
in
Catholic
theology,
is
the
full
or
partial
remission
of
temporal
punishment[1]
due
for
sins
which
have
already
been
forgiven.
The
indulgence
is
granted
by
the
church
after
the
sinner
has
confessed
and
received
absolution.[2]
The
belief
is
that
indulgences
draw
on
the
Treasure
House
of
Merit
accumulated
by
Jesus'
sacrifice
and
the
virtues
and
penances
of
the
saints.[3]
They
are
granted
for
specific
good
works
and
prayers.[3]
Treasury
of
Merit
Hampton
Court:
is
a
royal
palace
in
the
London
Borough
of
Richmond
upon
Thames
in
south
west
London;
it
has
not
been
lived
in
by
the
British
royal
family
since
the
18th
century.
The
palace
is
located
11.7
miles
(18.8
km)
south
west
of
Charing
Cross
and
upstream
of
Central
London
on
the
River
Thames.
It
was
originally
built
for
Cardinal
Wolsey,
a
favourite
of
King
Henry
VIII,
circa
1514;
in
1529,
as
Wolsey
fell
from
favour,
the
palace
was
passed
to
the
King,
who
enlarged
it.
*Tudor
arch:
was
a
common
architectural
element
in
the
Tudor
period
in
England.[1]
It
is
a
flattened
pointed
arch
usually
drawn
from
four
centers,
the
four‐
centred
arch,
which
was
a
defining
feature.
The
arch
has
a
low
elliptical
shape.[2]
Prodigy
house:
Large,
showy,
late
‐Elizabethan
or
Jacobean
house
with
North‐
European
Renaissance
detailing
and
certain
post‐Gothic
features,
such
as
mullioned‐
and‐transomed
windows,
e.g.
Wollaton
Hall,
Nottingham
(1580–8).
*Refectory
table:
s
a
highly
elongated
table[1]
used
originally
for
dining
in
monasteries
in
Medieval
times.
In
the
Late
Middle
Ages
the
table
gradually
became
a
banqueting
or
feasting
table
in
castles
and
other
noble
residences.
The
original
table
manufacture
was
by
hand
and
created
of
oak
or
walnut;
the
design
is
based
on
a
trestle‐style.
Typically
the
table
legs
are
supported
by
circumferential
stretchers
positioned
very
low
to
the
floor.
oriel
window:
are
a
form
of
bay
window
commonly
found
in
Gothic
revival
architecture,
which
jut
out
from
the
main
wall
of
the
building
but
do
not
reach
to
the
ground.[1]
Corbels
or
brackets
are
often
used
to
support
this
kind
of
window.
They
are
seen
in
combination
with
the
Tudor
arch.
This
type
of
window
was
also
used
in
Victorian
Architecture
in
the
Queen
Anne
Style.
barge
boards:
(probably
from
Medieval
Latin
bargus,
or
barcus,
a
scaffold,
and
not
from
the
now
obsolete
synonym
vergeboard)
is
a
board
fastened
to
the
projecting
gables
of
a
roof
to
give
them
strength
and
to
mask,
hide
and
protect
the
otherwise
exposed
end
of
the
horizontal
timbers
or
purlins
of
the
roof
to
which
they
were
attached.
Bargeboards
are
sometimes
moulded
only
or
carved,
but
as
a
rule
the
lower
edges
were
cusped
and
had
tracery
in
the
spandrels
besides
being
otherwise
elaborated.
The
richest
example
in
Britain
is
one
at
Ockwells
in
Berkshire
(built
1446‐1465),
which
is
moulded
and
carved
as
if
it
were
intended
for
internal
work.
*watermelon
turnings
*printing
press
Johannes
Gutenberg:
(c.
1398
‐
February
3,
1468)
was
a
German
goldsmith
and
printer
who
introduced
modern
book
printing.
His
invention
of
mechanical
movable
type
printing
started
the
Printing
Revolution
and
is
widely
regarded
the
most
important
event
of
the
modern
period.[1]
It
played
a
key
role
in
the
development
of
the
Renaissance,
Reformation
and
the
Scientific
Revolution
and
laid
the
material
basis
for
the
modern
knowledge‐based
economy
and
the
spread
of
learning
to
the
masses.[2]
*draw
table
Trunk
hose
*Henry
8th?
Duck
bill
shoes
Cod
piece
Acto
supremacy
Desolation of monasteries.