Content

001 // PRINCIPLES OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY

10 Physics of Ultrasound
11 2D Images
13 Artefacts
15 Optimizing 2D Images
15 MMode
16 Spectral Doppler
17 Flow Dynamics
18 Color Doppler
002 // HOW TO IMAGE
22
22
28

How to Move the Transducer

Imaging Windows
Image View

003 // HEART CHAMBERS AND WALLS

30 The Left Ventricle
32
LV Function
34 The Right Ventricle
37 The Left Atrium
40 The Right Atrium
41 Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
004 // DIASTOLIC FUNCTION
46 Basics of Diastolic Dysfunction
51 Specific Situations
005 // DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
54 Background
54 Echo Features
55 Specific Forms
006 // HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
60 Basics
61 Echocardiographic Evaluation
007 // RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY
66 Basics
67 Specific Forms
008 // CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
70 Segmental Approach
72 Wall Motion Abnormalities
76 Patterns of Myocardial Infarction
77 Complications
009 // AORTIC STENOSIS
82
85
88
89
90

Basics
Quantification of Aortic Stenosis
Special Circumstances
Sub- and Supravalvular Aortic Stenosis
Indication for Aortic Stenosis Surgery/Intervention

010 // AORTIC REGURGITATION

94 Basics
97 Hemodynamic Calculation of Regurgitant Volume and Fraction
97 Proximal Isovelocity Surface Area (PISA) Method
98 Acute Aortic Regurgitation
98 Indications for Surgery in Severe AR (ESC 2012)

Content
011 // MITRAL STENOSIS
100
102
103
104

Introduction
Quantification
Mitral Valve Pressure Half-Time
Valvuloplasty

012 // MITRAL REGURGITATION

108 Basics
108 Quantification of Mitral Regurgitation
111 Mechanisms of Mitral Regurgitation
116 Mitral Valve Prolapse
117 Flail Leaflet
117 Other Causes of Mitral Regurgitation
118 Indication for Surgery
013 // TRICUSPID VALVE DISEASE
122 Basics
122 Causes of Tricuspid Regurgitation
124 Quantification of Tricuspid Regurgitation
125 Tricuspid Stenosis
014 // PROSTHETIC VALVE
128
129
133
137

Types of Valves
Echo Assessment of Prosthetic Valves
Complications
Mitral Valve Repair

015 // ENDOCARDITIS
140
141
143
145
145
146
147
148

Principles of Endocarditis
Native Valve Endocarditis
Complications of Native Valve Endocarditis
Right Heart Endocarditis
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis
Pacemaker/Polymer-Associated Endocarditis
Non-Infective/Abacterial Endocarditis
Indications for Surgery

016 // RIGHT HEART DISEASE

150 Basics of Pulmonary Hypertension
152 Echo Assessment of Pulmonary Hypertension
155 Disease of the Right Ventricle
155 Right Ventricular Infarction
156 Right Ventricular Hypertrophy
156 Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia

017 // AORTIC DISEASE

160
161
161
164
167

Imaging of the Aorta

Basics
Aortic Aneuryms
Aortic Dissection
Aortic Coarctation (CoA)

018 // PERICARDIAL DISEASE

170 The Pericardium
170 Pericardial Effusion
173 Pericardial Tamponade
175 Pericardial Constriction
176 Other Diseases of the Pericardium

Content
019 // TUMORS AND MASSES
180 Pseudotumours
181 Masses
020 // CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
188 Basics
188 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
191 Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)
192 Ventricular Septal Defects (VSD)
194 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
195 Coronary Fistulas
196 Tetralogy of Fallot
197 Transposition of the Great Arteries
021 // STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
202 Indications and Echocardiographic Features
203 Clinical Targets of Stress Echocardiography and Stress of Choice)
204 Stress Echocardiography an Easy Approach
206 Stress Echo and Other Echo Modalities
207 Ischemia Testing
208 Viability Testing
209 Stress Echo in Low-Flow Low-Gradient Severe Aortic Stenosis
022 // CONTRAST ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
212 Principles
213 Contrast Agents
215 Applications of Echo Contrast
216 Right Heart Contrast
219 Quantification of Left Ventricular Function
221 Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
023 // 3D ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
224 Basics of Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
224 Forms of 3D Echocardiography
227 3D Image Acquisition
227 Clinical Applications of 3D Echocardiography
024 // MYOCARDIAL DEFORMATION IMAGING
236 Principles of Myocardial Mechanics
236 Measures of Myocardial Deformation
238 Tissue Doppler Imaging
241 Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
247 Clinical Applications of Myocardial Deforming Imaging