Impact of Energy Saving Lamps on the

Power Quality of the grid

Johan Wijntjens
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting
Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

Outline:
Facts & trends of electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment
Impact of electronic Lighting equipment on the Power Quality (PQ) of the grid
Quantification of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
Measurement results of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
Conclusions

Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

Facts & trends

of the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment
Primary Energy

Electricity

Lighting consumes 19% of all electricity in the world

(source: www.iea.org)

Lighting consumes 10% of all electricity in a common household

(source: cityofames.org)

Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

Facts & trends

of the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment
Banning of Incandescent lamps
[Approved CAN]
2012-2014

[Approved EU27]
2009-2012

[Approved California &

Nevada] 2011-2013

[Approved CH]
2009-2011

[Approved USA]
2012-2014

[Announced TUR]
2009-2012

[Approved CU] 2005

[Approved CO] 2011
[Announced Br] 2013

[Announced JP] 2012

[Announced TW]
2008 - 2012

[Announced Sri L]
2008 - 2010

[Announced
KO] 2013

[Announced Phi]
2010 - 2012

[Approved AUS]
2008-2010
[Approved NZ]
2009-2011

[Approved AR] 2011

Under discussion in RSA, Egypt and many other countries in APR and LATAM.
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

Facts & trends

of the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment
Banning of Incandescent lamps (EU example)
Sep. 2009 Sep. 2010 Sep. 2011 Sep. 2012 Sep. 2013 Sep. 2014 Sep. 2015 Sep. 2016

Clear

15W
25W
40W
60W
75W
100W

15W
25W
40W
60W
75W
100W

15W
25W
40W
60W
75W
100W

15W
25W
40W
60W
75W
100W

Banning of all Incandescent Lamps

Banning of all opal Incandescent Lamps

Opal

Reflector
Special

15W
25W
40W
60W
75W
100W

Directives in preparation

Special Purpose Lamps

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Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

Facts & trends

2010

Average: 10%

2015

(source cityofames.org & Philips Lighting market research information)

of the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment

Average: 4%
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

Facts & trends

of the electrical energy consumption of Lighting equipment

Notes:
2010: Present situation:
A common household has 40 lamp sockets:
1/3 is equipped with energy saving lamps 2/3 is equipped with incandescent lamps
2015: Forecast:
All sockets are equipped with energy saving lamps (same Lumen level as in 2010)
2020: Forecast:
See 2015
Includes increase of total electric energy consumption per household (air-conditioners, charging of
electrical cars, etc..)
Excludes effects of decentralized energy generation (solar, wind, etc..)
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

Impact
of electronic Lighting equipment on the Power Quality (PQ) of the grid
What is Power Quality?
According EN 50160:
Power frequency
Supply voltage variations
Rapid voltage variations
Single rapid voltage variations (load changes, switching, faults)
Flicker severity
Supply voltage unbalance
Harmonic voltage
Inter-harmonic voltage
Mains signaling voltages
by electronic Lighting
Voltage events
equipment
Interruption of the supply voltage
Supply voltage dips / swells
Transient over-voltages

Affected

According utilities / installation owners / installers:

Losses
Overload of the PEN conductor

How to Quantify the impact?

Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

Quantification
of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
The impact of individual products on the PQ of the grid is often quantified by the
Power Factor (PF) of that individual product. This is incorrect, because:

PF is a quantification of the power

flow in our electrical energy system

PF = 1; Optimal power flow

PF = 0; Poor power flow

PF is NOT a quantification of the

efficiency / quality of an individual
product

PF = 1; is not High efficiency / high quality

PF = 0; is not Poor efficiency / low quality

and is determined by:

Grid configuration
All loads
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

Quantification
of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
Power Factor is a composite metric, its better to use the fundamental metrics

Power Factor

Displacement (cos 1)
&
Distortion (individual harmonics)

Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

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Quantification
of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
Relation between the composite Power Factor metric and its fundamental metrics
The THD and the displacement -- quantified by the
difference in phase (cos 1) between the first harmonic
of the mains current and the mains voltage -- are the
basis of the Power-factor . The relation between ,
cos 1 and THD is given by the following equations:
Note: Typical cos

of electronic lighting equipment

cos

1 THD 2

0.9 - 1

The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is quantified by

the injected harmonics. The relation between the
individual harmonics and the THD is given by the
equation:

THD
n 2

in
i1

Were in is the amplitude of the nth harmonic of the mains current

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Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

Quantification
of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
Relation between the potential PQ issues and the fundamental metrics
Cause / Fundamental metrics:
Potential PQ issue:
Additional losses in the grid

Displacement (cos
Yes

1)

Distortion:
Minor effect
380V: All harmonics
10kV: only 5th, 7th, 11th,

Overload of the PEN conductor

n.a.

Yes
Only 3rd, 9th, 15th, 21st,

Distortion of the mains-voltage

n.a.

Yes
380V: All harmonics
10kV: only 5th, 7th, 11th,

Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

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Measurement results
Laboratory investigations / simulations

Field test

Egypt, 2004: Sadek, Abbas, El-Sharkawy, and Mashaly, 2004, Impact of Using

Sweden, 1997: Gothelf, N., 1997, Power Quality Effects of CFLs A

Compact Fluorescent Lamps on Power Quality, IEEE, 0-7803-8575-6/04

Field Study, Right Light 4

New Zealand, 2006: Parsons Brinckerhoff Associates, 2006, Installation of

Poland, 1997: Bredenkamp, B., 1997, Effects of CFLs on Power

Compact Fluorescent Lamps Assessment of Benefits, Commissioned by the

Electricity Commission of New Zealand.

Quality of Electricity Distribution Networks, Commission by the Efficient

Lighting Initiative (ELI).

Slovania, 2008: Matvoz D. and Maksic M, 2008, Impact of Compact

Sweden, 2010: S.K. Rnnberg, M. Wahlberg, M.H.J. Bollen, Harmonic

Fluorescent Lamps on the Electrical Power Network, IEEE, 978-1-4244-17704/08.

Switzerland, 2009: Durrenberger G. and Klaus G, 2009, Rebounce Effects of

emission before and after changing to LED and CFL Part II: Field
measurements for a hotel, Paper presented at the International
Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Italy,
September 2010.

the Grid of Energy Saving Lamps, Commissioned by the Swiss Federal Energy
Agency.

California, 2010: The Cadmus Group, 2010, Compact Fluorescent

Lamp Market Effects Final Report, Commissioned by the California Public
Utilities Commission.
KEMA, Inc, 2010, Final Evaluation Report: Upstream Lighting Program,
Commissioned by the California Public Utilities Commission.

Australia, 2010: Elphick, S. and Smith, V., February/March 2010, Results of

Laboratory Tests and Analysis to Quantify the Electrical Behaviour of the Modern
CFL, Transmission and Distribution Magazine.

Sweden, 2010: S. K Rnnberg, M.H.J. Bollen, M Wahlberg, Harmonic

emission before and after changing to LED and CFL Part I: laboratory
measurements for a domestic customer. Paper presented at the International
Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Italy,
September 2010.
E.O.A. Larsson, M.H.J. Bollen, Measurement result from 1 to 48 fluorescent
lamps in the frequency range 2 to 150 kHz, Paper presented at the International
Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Italy,
September 2010.

Conclusion:
Field tests have failed to find
evidence of the types of
harmonic issues that many of
the simulation studies had
predicted.

Colombia, 2010: A. M Blanco, E.E Parra, Effects of High Penetration of CFLs

and LEDs on the Distribution Networks, Paper presented at the International
Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo, Italy,
September 2010.

Iran, 2010: A.H. Jahanikia, M. Abbaspour, Studying the Effects if Using

Compact Fluorescent Lamps in Power Systems, Paper presented at the
International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP), Bergamo,
Italy, September 2010.

Source: E. Page, M. Ton, Power Factor: Policy Implications for the

scale-up of CFL programs, USAID ASIA, December 2010.

Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

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Measurement results
of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
Field tests by Lule University in Sweden show
HOME

HOTEL

Mixed load scenarios:

Mixed load scenarios:

(6 appliances + 32 lamps)

(76 rooms; multiple appliances + 560 lamps)

Before: incandescent lamps (PF=1)

Before: incandescent lamps (PF=1)

After: energy saving lamps (PF=0.6)

After: energy saving lamps (PF=0.6)

Result:

Result:

Before: PF total home = 0.92

Before: PF total hotel = 0.95

After: PF total home = 0.91

After: PF total hotel = 0.93

Source: S.K. Rnnberg, M.H.J. Bollen, M. Wahlberg, Harmonic emission

before and after changing to LED and CFL - Part I: laboratory
measurements for a domestic customer, ICHQP 2010, Bergamo,
September 2010.

Source: S.K. Rnnberg, M. Wahlberg, M.H.J. Bollen, Harmonic

emission from a hotel before and after changing to CFL and diode
lamps, ICHQP 2010, Bergamo, September 2010.

Practical Small-village test upcoming in Q1, 2011

a negligible effect of energy saving lamps on the PQ of the grid

Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

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Measurement results
of the impact of electronic Lighting equipment on PQ
Field tests by KEMA & Tennet in the Dutch LV, MV and HV grid show:

Source: www.netbeheernederland.nl

A significant decreasing THDv trend over the period 1998 - 2009

Notes:
Dutch grid has mainly subterranean LV & MV cables (High R/X)
Situation can be different in grids with mainly overhead LV & MV lines (Low R/X)
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

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Conclusions
Significant reduction of the electrical usage of Lighting equipment during the
next 10 years (10% 4% 2%)
Electronic lighting equipment can affect the following PQ related topics
Additional losses in the grid
Potential overload of the PEN conductor
Increase of THDv
The effect of individual products on the PQ of the grid should be quantified
by:
An adequate impact analysis at the point of connection
Primary metrics displacement and distortion
So, not the Power Factor
Mass introduction programs of electronic lighting equipment and field studies
didnt show significant PQ issues.
Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011

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Philips Corporate Technologies / Philips Lighting, Leonardo Energy Power Quality Forum -- January, 2011