Exercises: Example 1: Simple Laminate - Work Through The Example Using The LAP

IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Institut fr Flugzeugbau, University of Stuttgart
Composites modelling:
Classical laminate analysis examples
Exercises
Example 1:
Simple laminate - work through the example using the LAP

software. It is the same example as we did previously using
hand calculations.
Example 2:
Complex laminate - M21 resin with UD and woven plies (9

plies) example using the LAP software to predict laminate
modulus and failure. It is the same example as we did
previously using simplified hand calculations.
calculations
Example 3:
Loaded beam - Work through the example to compute

deflections using the LAP software. In this case we use the
LAP software to get ply stiffness's which are then used in
simple analytical formulae to predict deflection of a simply
supported beam.
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

EXAMPLE 1
Classical Laminate Analysis: Using the LAP
software for a simple laminate
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 1: Simple laminate analysis of a symmetric laminate

Four techniques to analyse the same (simple) could be tried:
1. Hand calculations using Classical Laminate Analysis.
2. The CADEC laminate analysis software (academic (freeware) laminate analysis software
available off the web but not for windows 7).
7)
3. You could also do this by Finite Element analysis; e.g. PAM-CRASH (Explicit with
slow/ramped loading) or PAM- Implicit.
4. The LAP laminate analysis software (commercial laminate analysis software).
Work through this approach yourself
(see following slides)
The problem:
Ny
The layers of T500 UD Carbon/Epoxy are

50 mm long by 50 mm wide with the
layup -45/45/ 45 /-45.
NYX
In plane Nx, Ny and Nxy (shear) loadings

are applied as shown.
NXY
NX
x
3
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 1: The lay-up, mechanical properties and applied loads

To demonstrate the use of these equations we calculate the strains created in a single four
ply laminate subjected to loads NX (longitudinal load), NY (transverse load), and NXY (shear
load) as shown below.
The layers of T500 UD Carbon/Epoxy are 50 mm long and 50 mm wide and the symmetric
lay-up sequence is -45/+45/ +45 / -45
Proposed layup:
Ply
Ply
Ply
Ply
1
2
3
4
:
:
:
:
T-500
T-500
T-500
T-500
12k/976
12k/976
12k/976
12k/976
UD
UD
UD
UD
at
at
at
at
-45o
+45o
+45o
-45o
Ny
NYX
Mechanical data for each ply:

E1
E2
G12
V12
V21
Thk
Loads:
=
=
=
=
=
=
151.7 GPa
8.96
8 96 GPa
5.0 GPa
0.27
0.016
0.14mm
Fx = 3000 N
Fy = 500 N
Fxy = 75 N
NXY
NX
Note: these are total loads on each of the 50mm long

sides (N = Total Load / Width having units N/mm)
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Using the LAP software: This is

installed in the CIP pool
Setting the problem up:
First Starting the
h program
Start the Lap program
Click on file and select new
Second - start building the materials data

1. Activate the materials tab
2. With the right mouse key activate add
materials
3. Enter an appropriate name and the
ply/strength (if needed) data.
4. Remember the units and a suitable description.
5
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Third build the lay-up data

1. Activate the Lay-ups tab
2. With the right mouse key activate add lay-up
3. Enter an suitable unique name.
4. Build the lay-up using:
Right mouse key > Layer(s) > Add below
5. Define the required data in the lower boxes.

6. Add, delete plies as needed.
7. NB activate symmetry (if the lay-up is) to
reduce the input
Forth - build the loadings data

1. Activate the loadings tab
2. With the right mouse key activate specify a
unique name for the loading condition
3. Simply add the loadings Nx, Ny, Nxy etc.
6
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 1: Running the analysis

Either activate the automatic tab to have the analysis done immediately. OR you will have
to click on the SOLVE box in the main panel.
Looking at the results: In the main panel click on the tab Results. This shows some of
the options available to you.
you The tab General gives an overview of the problem,
problem loadings,
loadings
max strains, strength (if failure criteria are used), ABD matrix and inverse ABD matrix.
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 1: Results for stress and strain in direction xx for each ply
Stress in each of the 4 plies

= ca, 0.11 kN/mm2
Strain in each of the 4 plies

= ca. 0.52%
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 1: Results for polar plots

of modulus and deformed shapes
Results for Polar Modulus: Tabs allow
the following graph showing variation of
Youngs modulus with angle for the
laminate Note the maximums are at 45
laminate.
45,
135... and the minimum at 0, 90, with
respect to the x axis.
y
N
y
N
YX
N
XY
N
X
Results for Displaced Shape: Tabs

allow the deformed structure to be
visualized (note the deformation are
exaggerated scaled for clarity). The tabs
in the top right are used to rotate the
view.
9
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 1: Results for the -45+45/+45/-45 balanced symmetric laminate
10
Note: There are no coupling terms ([B] matrix = 0); i.e. in plane loads do
not induce bending AND bending moments do not induce in plane stretching
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 1: Results for a -45+45 unbalanced laminate (simply switch off

the symmetry option)
Note: Now there are coupling terms; i.e. axial loads induce bending
AND bending moments (if applied) would induce in plane stretching
11
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

The simple T-500 laminate example with Dresden software
Best to set the data up yourself, or read in the

file from the course directories
Loads are input under Modules

> Calculations
12
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2
A more complex laminate:
Prediction of laminate modulus and failure loads
1. M21 (UD) IM7-12k
2. M21 (UD) IM7-12k
3. M21 (Twill) AS4C-6k
- 15
+ 45
5. M21 (UD) IM7-12k
90
- 45
+ 15
8. M21 (UD) IM7-12k
9. M21 (UD) IM7-12k
0
Ply mechanical properties:
From datasheets (see next slide)
And from micro-mechanics / estimates (see next slide plus one)
13
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2: Ply mechanical properties
14
Extracts from the Hexcel datasheets
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2: Ply mechanical properties
UD
Woven
E1(GPa)
160.0
67.6
E2 (GPa)
7.6*
67.6
G12 (GPa)
4.6
4.2
v12
0.27
0.1*
S11T (GPa)
2.86
0.885
S11C (GPa)
1.79
0.835
S12 (GPa)
0.08*
0.097
S22T (GPa)
0.07*
0.885
S22C (GPa)
0.25*
0.835
Ply thickness (mm)*
0.184*
0.285
Most data from previous datasheets

*Data estimated from micro-mechanics or other reference sources
15
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2: LAP material data
16
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2: Lay-up data
17
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2: Loading data
In this case there is no need in this case to apply loading.

o LAP will provide information on the maximum failure loads for the
failure criteria that you activate.
Alternatively, loads could be applied and be useful to see how close the
ply stresses and strains are to the activated failure criteria.
18
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2: Results for laminate modulus

Comparison of:
Previous simplified estimate (lecture hand calculations) for Exx
Full CLA results
E
k 1
tk
t
k 1
(4) 160.0 * 0.184 (2) * 50.3 * 0.285 (2) * 63.5 * 0.285 7.6 * 0.184
5 * 0.184 4 * 0.285
89.3 GPa
Note composites have different

membrane and bending stiffness
stiffness'ss
EflexXX is high due to UD plies on the
outside.
BUT EflexYY is low due to low
transverse stiffness of UD plies on the
outside.
Both differ to the membrane value
Note bending stiffness varies with

lay-up !
19
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2: Input for laminate failure and example results
Under the tab Preferences make sure

only the Max stress failure criteria is
active.
ti
Note that it is possible to activate several
different criteria simultaneously.
After solving in the Results and General
section the following information is provided
LAP analysis results

Note that this compares
reasonably well with the previous
(lecture) hand calculations:
Nx (initial ) = 1.69 kN/mm
Nx (ultimate) = 2.98 kN/mm
20
10
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Membrane versus bending (flexural) stiffness

Consider two laminates: They are identical, except the stacking of the plies
are changed.
x
Case 2:
Case 1:
Exxmembrane
= Some value
Exxmembrane
= The same value as Case 1
Exxbending
= A high value (outer

plies are very stiff
Exxbending
= A lower value than Case 1

value (outer plies are less
stiff !)
Note in the previous

example the flexural
(=bending) stiffness is
much greater than the
membrane
21
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 3
Laminate analysis and analytical formula to
predict deflection of a simply supported beam
22
11
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example: Analysis of an I beam
Problem description, dimensions and loading
Materials description
Computation of ply and web moduli and stiffness's using a CLT

software
Computation of deflection (using analytical formula)
The following example is done via CADEC try the same with LAP (or Dresden)
23
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Design of a laminate composite beam

Panel Stiffness and Strength
The panel stiffness and strength properties can be obtained from:
1.
Experimental coupon testing.
2.
Theoretical predictions using Classical Laminate Theory.
From a Classical Laminate Theory analysis we can obtain the ADB matrices and the
Effective Laminate Engineering Constants of the different flanges and webs.
24
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Typical formulae for deflections in a beam due to bending and shear

For a derivation see, for example: Mechanics
of materials, by Timoshenko and Gere.
Shear part (second component)
Bending part (first component)
Assume
this load
case
Therefore we need equivalent E,

I, G and A for the sandwich beam.
25
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

1
2
3
T-300 PW
T-300 PW
T-300 PW
0
45
0
0.188
0.188
0.188
0.564
units
T-500 12k/976
T-300 3k/934
Web
[2]
UD
plain weave
(gr./m^2)
142
196
fibre volumen fraction
(Vf)
(%)
61
59
longitudinal modulus
(E1)
(GPa)
151.7
64.8
type
fabric weight
transverse modulus
(E2)
(GPa)
8.96
64.12
in-plane shear modulus

major Poisson's ratio
(G12)
(xy)
(GPa)
5
0.27
5
0.25
longitudinal tensile stress
(F1t)
(MPa)
2054
648
longitudinal compresive stress
(F1c)
(MPa)
2054
641
transverse tensile stress
(F2t)
(MPa)
70
627
transverse compresive stress

26
(F2c)
(F12)
(MPa)
(MPa)
200
84
627
90
in-plane shear stress
vol fraction (eq. 4.6)
0.188
0.132
0.188
0.132
0 188
0.188
0.828
Flanges
[1]
resin density
thickness (mm)
0
0
0
0
0
fiber density
orientation
T-300 PW
T-500 UD
T-300 PW
T-500 UD
T-300 PW
weight fraction
material
1
2
3
4
5
fabric weight
ply number
(gr/m^2)
(in %)
(gr/m^3)
(gr/m^3)
(in %)
(mm)
T-500 UD
142
69.4
1770
1220
61.0
0.132
T-300 plain weave (PW)
196
67.6
1770
1220
59.0
0.188
type
laminate
ply thickness (eq. 4.7)
Design of a laminate composite beam: Geometry, layup and ply data
13
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Determination of web
laminate moduli Ex, Ey,
vxy and Gxy using CADEC
( laminate modeller)
Irrelevant (failure) data for

this part of the analysis
27
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Determination of flange
laminate moduli Ex, Ey,
vxy and Gxy using CADEC
28
14
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Beam Stiffness Properties (for no beam bending - extension coupling)

If the flanges and webs have identical lay-ups and stiffness, the beam bending stiffness
(D) and shear stiffness (F) can be expressed in effective laminate engineering constants
For I beams:
D
1
1
1
E x f t f bw2 b f E x f t 3f b f E x w t w bw3
2
6
12
F G xy w t w bw
Assumes only web

carries shear
For Box beams:

D
1
1
1
E x f t f bw2 b f E x w t w bw3 E x f t 3f b f
2
6
6
F 2 G xy w t w bw
Beam Deflection ( 3-point bending case)
b s
P L3 P L
48 D 4 F
where, the bending (db) and the shear (ds) components of deflection can be independently
evaluated; as an approximation in design.
29
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Beam Deflection (for no beam bending - extension coupling)

As an example for a beam span of 600 mm and a load of 100 kg we get:
P=100 kg
L = 600 mm
Beam Deflection due to bending
P L3 (100 9.81) 600 3
12.906 mm
48 D 48 342.041x10 6
Beam Deflection due to shear
P L (100 9.81) 600
0.437 mm
4 F
4 337 .016 x10 3
Beam Maximum deflection

30
b s
P L3 P L
12.906 0.437 13.343 mm

48 D 4 F
15
T-300 3k/934
Further exercises with the I-Beam problem
T-500 12k/976
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

units
IFB
UD
plain weave
(gr./m^2)
142
196
type
fabric weight
fibre volumen fraction
(Vf)
(%)
61
59
longitudinal modulus
(E1)
(GPa)
151.7
64.8
transverse modulus
(E2)
(GPa)
8.96
64.12
in-plane shear modulus

major Poisson's ratio
(G12)
(xy)
(GPa)
5
0.27
5
0.25
longitudinal tensile stress
(F1t)
(MPa)
2054
648
longitudinal compresive stress
(F1c)
(MPa)
2054
641
transverse tensile stress
(F2t)
(MPa)
70
627
transverse compresive stress

in-plane shear stress
(F2c)
(F12)
(MPa)
(MPa)
200
84
627
90
1. Add
dd necessary plies
l
to stiffen
ff the
h beam
b
and
d reduce
d
the
h defections
d f
to under
d
7mm; plies should be added efficiently with the least extra weight.
2. Use laminate analysis to compute the failure load of the beam. Determine
failure (first ply and subsequent plies) using a maximum stress criteria and the
failure data in the above table: See next slide for a few hints.
31
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

A few hints:
Designing for the maximum moment at the beam center: We shall just design
and check for flange failure at mid-span.
P
Compression - C
Mmax = ?
Tension - T
1. This loading gives

Compression stresses (top flange) = Tension stresses in the bottom flange
From the failure data decide which flange is critical (and should be checked). Compute the
flange load for this case.
2. Perform a LAP analysis for this case (C or T) Remember load (Nx) = Load per unit length.
32
16
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Some inputs for the flange
Layup input
Material input
33
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A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Find the flange ply with the stresses closest to failure (or possibly already failed !) and
linearly scale the loading to achieve failure this is the First Ply Failure Load.
Understand the connection

of these two charts via the
failure data!!
34
Stress distributions note stress xx

and stress 11 are the same in this
case. Thats not always so; be sure you
understand the difference.
Failure indices distribution helps to visualise

which plies are nearest to failure for the chosen
failure criteria (or combination of chosen failure
criteria).
Which should you use for checking

failure?
Failure load = Applied load / Max failure

indices
17
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

1. Find the flange ply with the stresses closest to failure (or possibly
already failed !) and linearly scale the loading to achieve failure this is
the First Ply Failure Load.
2. Can the structure take more load ?

Eliminate this failed ply and repeat the LAP analysis. It is conceivable the
remaining plies can take more load before the ultimate (Last Ply Failure)
load is reached = Point at which effectively all plies would break.
Note a proper design would:
Taper the layups (less moments toward the edges).
Check stresses and (shear) failure in the web.
Check other load cases, maximum deflection, potential flange/web buckling and
local failure under loads/supports.
35
IFB
A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

1. Be sure to appreciate that laminate analysis computes the stiffness matrix

[A,B,D] for a flat laminate That is free and unrestrained.
2. This allows the inplane strains and curvatures to be computed from applied
in-plane forces and moments. Or vice-versa (forces and moments from
applied strains and curvatures).
3. If the plate is curved or otherwise constrained the [A,B,D] matrix is
unchanged. But the generated curvatures will be restrained leading to
complex internal laminate stresses. You would need to do a Finite Element
analysis which would uses the [A,B,D] matrix for a flat plate.
4. Our previous simple beam example (and many others!!) was valid to
analyse using analytical formulae and laminate analysis it had flat
surfaces that did not restrain each other.
36
18

Exercises: Example 1: Simple Laminate - Work Through The Example Using The LAP

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IFB

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Simple laminate - work through the example using the LAP

Complex laminate - M21 resin with UD and woven plies (9

Loaded beam - Work through the example to compute

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 1: Simple laminate analysis of a symmetric laminate

The layers of T500 UD Carbon/Epoxy are

In plane Nx, Ny and Nxy (shear) loadings

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 1: The lay-up, mechanical properties and applied loads

Mechanical data for each ply:

Note: these are total loads on each of the 50mm long

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Using the LAP software: This is

Second - start building the materials data

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Third build the lay-up data

Right mouse key > Layer(s) > Add below

5. Define the required data in the lower boxes.

Forth - build the loadings data

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 1: Running the analysis

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Stress in each of the 4 plies

Strain in each of the 4 plies

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 1: Results for polar plots

Results for Displaced Shape: Tabs

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 1: Results for the -45+45/+45/-45 balanced symmetric laminate

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 1: Results for a -45+45 unbalanced laminate (simply switch off

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

The simple T-500 laminate example with Dresden software

Best to set the data up yourself, or read in the

Loads are input under Modules

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

2. M21 (UD) IM7-12k

3. M21 (Twill) AS4C-6k

4. M21 (Twill) AS4C-6k

5. M21 (UD) IM7-12k

6. M21 (Twill) AS4C-6k

7. M21 (Twill) AS4C-6k

8. M21 (UD) IM7-12k

9. M21 (UD) IM7-12k

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2: Ply mechanical properties

Extracts from the Hexcel datasheets

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2: Ply mechanical properties

Ply thickness (mm)*

Most data from previous datasheets

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2: LAP material data

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2: Lay-up data

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2: Loading data

In this case there is no need in this case to apply loading.

A.K. Pickett, 2013-2014

Example 2: Results for laminate modulus