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Sediment Transport

Measurements in
Alluvial Rivers!

Sediment Transport Measurements

Sediment transport mechanisms!


ISO 3716, 1977 - Liquid flow measurement in open channels Functional requirements and characteristics of suspended sediment
load samplers (definition of sediment loads)!

Sediment Transport Measurements

Which kind of rivers considered?!


! This presentation is about sand and gravel bed
rivers, which morphology is influenced by
sediment transport!
! Are not considered here:!
! Rivers with only wash load, where the suspended load
behaves as a quality parameter of the water!
! Rivers with very coarse sediment, such as pebbles,
cobbles and rocks which transport rate cannot be
measured directly with samplers, only indirectly !
Sediment Transport Measurements

Which kind of rivers considered?!


! In rivers with mainly wash load, the solid
discharge can be obtained by multiplying the flow
discharge with the sediment concentration!
! In rivers with very coarse material, main
sediment transport mode is bed load and flow
velocities are very high during floods, so that
samplers cannot be lowered safely in the water!

Sediment Transport Measurements

Why sample gravel/sand bed rivers?!


! In gravel and sand bed rivers, contribution of bed
load to the sediment transport rate will be
significant at low flow, while during floods,
contribution of near-bed transport and suspended
load will increase with flow intensity!
! For projects with morphological aspects, not only
suspended load must be measured, also bed load
and near-bed load should be sampled; these ones
are usually wrongly considered as negligible !
Sediment Transport Measurements

Categories of samplers!

Source: Erosion and sedimentation in the Nepal Himalaya Vic Galay, 1987

Sediment Transport Measurements

Flow and sediment distribution!


Distribution of flow and
sediment by size fraction
shows that the fines are more
homogeneously distributed
in cross-sections than the
coarse fractions.!
This means that sediment
should not be sampled only
following the flow
distribution (needs different
strategy)!
Sediment Transport Measurements

Isokinetic sampling principle!

Sediment Transport Measurements

Brinkley sampler Bangladesh!


Tube sampler, oriented in
the flow direction. Is made
of a central metal cylinder
connected to 2 outer metal
cylinders with rubber tubes.
Closing is by turning the
central cylinder so that the
rubber tubes are squeezed so
that the sediment is trapped.
Disadvantage: no isokinetic
sampling, small sample
(little water and sediment).!
Sediment Transport Measurements

Bottle-type samplers (not isokinetic)!


India!
Mexico!

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US DH-59 Sampler (isokinetic) !


2001!

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US DH-59 (F.I.S.P. http://fisp.wes.army.mil)!

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Sampled zones (manual US-GS)!

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Delft Bottle (isokinetic)!


DELFT BOTTLE, ARRANGEMENT!
FOR SAMPLING BETWEEN!
RIVERBED AND 0.5M FROM IT!

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Delft Bottle, suspended (Mexico)!

2002!
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Sample recovered from Delft Bottle!

2002!
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Delft Bottle, suspended (Bangladesh)!

1993!
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Delft Bottle, Jamuna River (Bangladesh)!


1993!

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Original Delft Bottle design (Congo)!


1968!

1971!
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Testing Delft Bottle (Mexico)!

2001!
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Sampling shallow Mezcalapa River!


Mexico, 2003!

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Variability of sediment transport!


! The bed load data from the Mescalapa River in
Mexico were obtained with the sampler US
BM-84, 4 consecutive samples of 2 minutes in
each vertical!
! The results show differences between the 4
consecutive samples; however, the heterogeneous
transversal distribution of the transport rates is
clearly visible, due to morphological reasons
(presence of sandbars, see last slides of the ppt)!
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US BL-84 bed load sampler (FISP)!

Mexico, 2001!
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Testing Bed load sampling US BL-84!


Mescalapa River, Mexico, 2001!

Distance from left bank!

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Bed Load Transport Meter Arnhem!

Mexico, 2001!
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BTMA on the bottom (Samaria River)!

Mexico, 2001!
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BTMA sampler (convergent-divergent)!

Mexico, 2001!
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Results sediment gauging Mezcalapa!


Relacin
gasto
slido
y grava)
con
el gasto
lquido
Mezcalapa
Flow-sediment
rating
curve (arena
for sand and
gravel in
Mezcalapa
River
(Grijalva,
Mexico)!
8,000

7,000

Sediment
discharge
(m3/d)!
Gasto slido
(m3/da)

6,000
BL-84

5,000

Near-Bed load!
Suspended load!

4,000

0.0025x

y = 210.07e

BD2
BD1
Expon. (BD1)

3,000

Bed load!

y = 27.973e0.0039x

Expon. (BD2)
Expon. (BL-84)

2,000

y = 414.09e0.0015x

1,000

0
0

200

400

600

800

1,000

Gasto lquido (m3/s)


Flow discharge (m3/s)!

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1,200

1,400

1,600

Results sediment gauging Mezcalapa!


Relacin
gasto
slido
y grava)
con
el gasto
lquido
Mezcalapa
Flow-sediment
rating
curve (arena
for sand and
gravel in
Mezcalapa
River
(Grijalva,
Mexico)!
20,000

Sediment
(cumulative,
m3/d)!
Gastodischarge
slido (cumulativo,
m3/da)

18,000
16,000
14,000
BL-84

12,000

BL-84 + BD2

10,000

Suspended load!
y = 512.38e0.0025x

8,000

BL-84 + BD2 + BD1


Expon. (BL-84 + BD2
+ BD1)
Expon. (BL-84 + BD2)
Expon. (BL-84)

6,000

BD1

y = 574.08e0.002x

4,000

Near-Bed load!

BD2

2,000
84

y = 414.09e0.0015x

Bed load!

0
0

200

400

600

800

1,000

Gasto lquido (m3/s)


Flow
discharge (m3/s)!

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1,200

1,400

1,600

Catamaran for flow and sediment!

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Catamaran handling BTMA!

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Helley-Smith bed load sampler!

Bangladesh, 1993!
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KAOLYI bed load sampler (Hungary)!

Loire River, test 2003!


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US BM-54 Bed sampler (FISP)!


Bangladesh, 2004!

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US BM-54 Bed
sampler!

Handling sampling!
cylinder!
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Chinese ANX3-50 sampler!


Isokinetic sampler, collapsing-bag system, 50 Kg, equipped with
PRICE current meter. Water sample up to 4 liter.!

Mexico, Balsas River, test 2003!


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ANX3-50 intake nozzle!


Metal nozzle connected to sampling bag with plastic tube that can be
closed. operating the intake nozzle requires electric power.!

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ANX3-50 Rubber sample bag!

Padma River, Bangladesh, 1999!


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ANX3-50 empty bag before sampling!

Mexico, Balsas River, test 2003!


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ANX3-50 sampler open!


Mexico, Balsas River, test 2003!

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ANX3-50 Bag with sample!


Mexico, Balsas River, test 2003!

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Balsas River gauging from Bridge!

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Nile-Delft sampler (Nile River, Egypt)!

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Sediment transport Congo River!


Evolution during floods!
There is a change in sediment
transport regimen at a flow
discharge of 40000m3/s. This
is related to a change in flow
resistance (e.g., bed forms)!

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Bed form changes during floods!


Changes during 1968-69 flood:!
Large dunes flatten out (disappear)
while small ones appear; flow
conditions pass from lower to upper
regime, what should happen for a
Froude number larger than 0.8,
while in the river, the Froude
number was never > 0.3!
For first time was observed that
classification established in
laboratory conditions at Colorado
State University was not fitting field
observations!
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Bedforms in 2 similar river branches!

1968-69 flood: bedform changes different in left branch!


(D50=0.3mm) from right branch (D50=0.6mm) despite the
fact that flow discharges were the same!
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Flow-sediment rating curves Congo!


Delft Bottle data in main Congo River main gauging sections
(DB2 near-bed, DB1 in first 0.5 m above riverbed):!
Excellent relationships (linear scales, not log-log as usually!),
change in regimen at 40,000 m3/s!

Total!
Sediment Transport Measurements

Near-bed!
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Suspended!

Congo River, use of data for dredging!

Location of verticals for sand transport sampling in area where plan form changes hampered
navigation Use of sediment transport data for morphological studies!
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Near-bed sediment transport rates!


Near-bed at!
5 cm above bed!

Near-bed from 0 to!


50 cm above bed!

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Congo, manejo de cauce por dragado!


Suspended load!
above 0.5 cm !
from riverbed!

Total sediment!
transport!

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Loire, Brhmont Survey lines!

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Loire Flow and sediment gauging!

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Loire Flow and sediment gauging!

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Loire Flow and sediment gauging!

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Flow gauging ADCP (RD Instruments)!


Acoustic Doppler Profiler!
X-Section L20 (8/03/07)!

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Flow gauging ADCP!


Continuous flow gauging during sediment transport
gauging (section L20, vertical 2, 10/03/07)!

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Sediment transport in verticals!


Gauging of section L44, sand and gravel (9/03/2007)!
PROFIL DEBIT SOLIDE SUR VERTICALE - SECTION L44
(SABLE ET GRAVIER)

700

DIISTANCE DU FOND (cm)

600

V1
V2
V6
V3
V5
V4
S. V1
S. V2
S. V6
S. V3
S. V5
S. V4

500

400

300

200

100

0
0

DEBIT SOLIDE (m3/m.j)

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10

Sediment transport in verticals!


Gauging of section L44 (9/03/2007)!

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Loire Data on sediment sizes!


Evolution of the sediment size in one vertical, fraction less
than 40 microns was eliminated (USBM-54 = bottom;
BTMA = riverbed, DBF = Delft Bottle from 0 to 0.5m of
bottom, DBS = from 0.5m above bottom to surface)!
Pourcentages cumuls
USBM
BTMA
DBF
DBS

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1

10

100

1000

Diamtre (!m)

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10000

100000

Change of bed forms!


Movement of the riverbed: spectacular modification of bed forms on the
riffle and of the dunes (what means "roughness" of this alluvial
riverbed?) Estimation of movement of river bed forms +/- 40 m3/day!

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Vertical velocity profile!


Calculation of shear stress by the velocity profile!

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Shear stress section L44!


Calculation in each vertical with the velocity profile!
Calcul de vitesse de cisaillement - Section 2
1.80

Verticale 1 - Chenal sec.


Verticale 2
Verticale 3
Verticale 4
Verticale 5
Verticale 6
Verticale 1 - Chenal sec. : y = 0.3201x + 0.2352
Verticale 2 : y = 0.6015x - 0.0007
Verticale 3 : y = 0.7784x - 0.3712
Verticale 4 : y = 0.9846x - 1.102
Verticale 5 : y = 0.8693x - 0.6271
Verticale 6 : y = 0.4402x + 0.3821

1.70
1.60
1.50

y = 0.7784x - 0.3712
y = 0.6015x - 0.0007

1.40

V (m/s)

1.30

y = 0.4402x + 0.3821

y = 0.9846x - 1.102

1.20
1.10
y = 0.8693x - 0.6271
1.00
y = 0.3201x + 0.2352

0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
1.40

1.50

1.60

1.70

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.10

2.20

2.30

2.40

Log H (hauteur au-dessus du fond exprime en cm)

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2.50

2.60

2.70

2.80

2.90

Hydraulic parameters!
Profondeur
moulinet
(cm)

Vm

V*

Tau

(m/s)

(m3/m.s)

(m/s)
par profil de
vitesse

L24

L24
L44
Bras
L44
L44
Chenal

L44

L20

RG
V3
V2
V1
RD
RG
V1
RD
RG
V2
V6
V3
V5
V4
RD
RG
V4
V3
V2
V1
RD

Pi

Tau2

par profil de
vitesse

par pente

430
448
413

1.53
1.34
1.36

6.583
6.022
5.605

0.10
0.09
0.09

1.036
0.895
0.777

1.586
1.203
1.055

1.290
1.344
1.239

208

0.83

1.725

0.06

0.310

0.257

0.832

500
512
530
527
616

1.36
1.37
1.41
1.36
1.23

6.783
7.034
7.468
7.168
7.607

0.10
0.08
0.14
0.15
0.17

1.094
0.586
1.833
2.286
2.932

1.484
0.805
2.582
3.109
3.621

2.000
2.048
2.120
2.108
2.464

560
507
400
380

1.43
1.46
1.34
1.17

8.019
7.391
5.349
4.446

0.11
0.12
0.11
0.10

1.168
1.454
1.236
0.953

1.673
2.119
1.653
1.115

1.680
1.521
1.200
1.140

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Gauging L44 V ADCP, DB, BTMA!

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Gauging L20 V ADCP, DB, BTMA!

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Gauging L20 Bottom track ADCP!


MOUVEMENT DU FOND - SECTION L20
250

DISTANCE CUMULEE PENDANT (m)

200

150

100

50

0
0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

TEMPS (sec)
1003_V2

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1003_V3

1003_V4

3,000

3,500

4,000

Gauging L20 Bottom track ADCP!


MOUVEMENT DU FOND MESURE
PAR ADCP SUR 20 SECONDES
0.80
0.70

VITESSE DU FOND (m/s)

0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

-0.10
-0.20
TEMPS (sec)
1003_V2

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1003_V3

1003_V4

3,000

3,500

4,000

Gauging L20 Bottom track ADCP!

V2 : 1,961 Km/jour!
V3 : 5,584 Km/jour!
V4 : 5,025 Km/jour!

Maximum : 12 Km/jour!

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Flow and Sediment gauging Loire - Results!


Data from 5 cross-sections at different flood stages show that there is
no evident relation between flow and sediment discharge. Interesting
to note is the variable percentage of the bed load in the total load,
varying between 17 and 66%, much more than what is usually
mentionned in the litterature.!
Section Date

Liquid flow

Solid discharge

Percentage of bed
load

ADCP

Suspension

Bed load

Total

(m3/sec)

(m3/day)

(m3/day)

(m3/day)

L24 08/03/07

1709

4145

862

5007

17

L44 09/03/07

1375

1246

243

1489

16

A 09/03/07*

51

20

40

60

66

L44 complete

1426

1266

283

1549

18

L20 10/03/07

1096

1295

1025

2320

44

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Influence of morphology!
! In sand and gravel bed rivers, sediment transport
is distributed according to the morphology
(presence of bars, islands, structures)!
! This explains the data in the Loire River and also
those shown earlier about the Congo River!
! The following sketches were made for explaining
the interaction between bed load transport
(sediment paths) and the morphology of a sandbar!
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Conclusion!
! Our experience is that good sediment data can be
collected by using apropriate methods and
instruments, if based of an understanding of the
dynamic behavour of sand or gravel bed rivers!
! Field data are most of the time missing, not only
because engineers and researchers consider them
very difficult to collect, also because many prefer
to rely on formulas, while today we do not have
one single reliable universal formula or theory!
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To those who want trying!


to measure sediment in rivers!
It will not be easy!
Youll have to accept adversity!
If you do not like difficulties!
If you want to remain happy!
Do not measure sediment!
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