Sturtevants Notes On Edible Plants, Vol.2

State of
New York
Department of Agriculture
Twenty-seventh Annual Report
^tuf^--Vo
Vol. 2
Part
II
l^vAs
III
5TURTEVANT'5
NOTES ON EDIBLE PLANTS

EDITED
BY
U. p.
Report
of the
New
York
HEDRICK
Agricultural Experiment Station for the
II
J.
B.
ALBANY
LYON COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS
1919
Year 1919
To
the
Board
of Control of the
Gentlemen.
New
me
York Agricultural Experiment Station:
transmit to you for

publication a manuscript prepared from notes by Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant, the distinguished first Director of this Station, the publication to
be
known
as
"
It gives
Stiortevant's
pecioliar pleasure to
Notes on Edible Plants."
Dr. Sturtevant was one of that group of men who early espoused the
cause of agricultural science in the United States, a field in which he
became
distinguished, his studies in economic
notable
achievements.
When
botany being one
he retired in 1887
as
of his
Director of this
him a voluminous manuscript consisting of a compilation of existing knowledge on the edible food plants of the world, a
piece of work involving a laborious and extended research in botanical
literature.
F.or twenty years this manuscript remained untouched, when
Dr. U. P. Hedrick undertook its editing, a difficult and arduous task, well
Station, he left behind
performed, in order that so valuable a collection of knowledge might

become available to botanists and to students of food economics.
It is especially appropriate that
time.
Food problems
such a volume should be issued at this
are becoming
more and more acute
as the
demand
overshadows the supply. Primitive peoples depended

upon food resources which are now neglected. Other sources of possible
human nutrition have doubtless remained untouched, and the time may
for food increasingly
come when a comprehensive
human
sustenance.
utilization of food plants will be essential to
It is believed, therefore,
that the information so ably
brought together by Dr. Sturtevant cannot
fail
to become increasingly
useful.
Very
respectfully,
W. H.
New York
Agricultural
Experiment Station
Geneva, N. Y.
June I,
1919.
JORDAN
Director
PREFACE
^
who have attempted
All
plants
to study the origin
and history
must have been struck with the paucity and inaccuracy
of cultivated
of information
on the subject. For nearly nineteen hundred years, to be written in Pliny

was proof sufficient; yet much of Pliny's history is inaccurate though still
repeated in periodicals and poptilar works. Linnaeus, the great systematizer, gave the origin of most of the plants he described; but of these,
De CandoUe, by
long odds the best plant historian, says,
four of Linnaeus' indications of the original
De CandoUe,
incomplete or incorrect."
home
"
three out of
of cultivated plants are
in his turn, usually accurate,
exceedingly scant, giving the origin of but 249 cultivated plants, not
edible, while Sturtevant, in the text in
hand, puts
is
all
down 2897 which may be
used for food, most of which are cultivated.
The query at once comes to mind as to the respects in which Sturtevant adds new knowledge on an old subject. New knowledge may be
found on the following subjects: (i) The original home of many esculents
given for the
is
first
time.
plants are pointed out.

esculents.
(4)
(3)
New
(2)
An
landmarks in the
effort is
Though the book contains
made to mention all cultivated

much new information as to the
history of the food plants of the Old World,

in the discussion of the esculents of the
much new
by
histories of edible
it is
especially full
New World.
(5)
and
acctirate
Sturtevant presents
information on the variations that have been produced in plants
cultivation.
contributes
(6)
His book adds
much data
for the
much
to geographical botany.
(7)
He
study of acclimatization.
It is pertinent to inquire as to the qualifications
may have had to illuminate

To answer this query, and for
and opportunities
Stvirtevant
so vast a subject as that of edible
plants.
the added reason that a book can
be used with greatest profit only when

of Sturtevant follows this Preface.
its
author
Sturtevant' s Notes on Edible Plants is
is
known, a
brief
biography
a compilation from four sources,
the first seven reports of the New York State Agricultural Experinamely
ment Station; a manuscript of 1600 closely written imperial octavo sheets
:
PREFACE
VI
entitled,
by the author; a
Notes on Edible Plants, left at this Station
series
American Naturalist on the history of garden vegetables,

four years beginning with 1887; and between forty and fifty
of articles in the
running for
thousand card index notes which belong in part to this Station and in part
The material used was written previous
to the Missouri Botanical Garden.
to 1892, the author having spent at least a quarter-century in its preparation.
The
editor
must now
state
what
his task has been.
With so great a wealth of material much has had to be discarded.

A great mass of cultural notes has not been used. Descriptions of many
Vernacular names in many
varieties of many species were discarded.
languages and dialects were omitted. Botanical synonyms have had to
be left out. Sturtevant's discussions of edible ftingi, while full for the time
the light of recent research, so scant and
fragmentary that the editor, unable to revise or add to them, has with
many regrets excluded them. The unused material amoimts to several
in
which they were written,
are, in
times that used.

After sorting the material, the next task was to arrange
This work
fell
it
for publication.
into four well-defined divisions of labor:
some standard of botanical nomenclature had to be adopted that

the many botanical names from the several hundred authors quoted by
First,
Sturtevant could be
made
to conform as far as possible to one standard.
Index Kewensis was taken as the authority best suited for the work in hand
this standard has seldom been departed from even though departure seemed
most necessary in the light of later botanical studies to have begim making
departures would have entailed too great a task.
;
Second, Sturtevant's citations to literature, except in the series of

articles in the American Naturalist, usually consist only of the name of
the book and the author.
without
Since a book such as this
full citations, these,
is
almost worthless
as far as possible, have been completed
a task requiring borrowed books from a dozen or more

and the labor of several persons for months. Even after great
verified,
insure fullness
and
correctness,
and
libraries
effort to
no doubt many mistakes have crept into
the citations.
Third,
given in detail, since to cite

a worthless procedure. It seems a simple task to
bibliographical information
unknown authors
is
catalog a collection of books.

of early books, were found to be
cross-references,
is
But the
many.
difficulties, especially in
Anonymous
borrowed material, numerous
noms de plume,
works of com-
writers,
editions,
the case
PREFACE
Vil
mentators and editors bearing the names of original authors,
and make the task
of the bibliographer
complex and
Fourth, the material had to be arranged.

of vegetables in the reports
of this
all
confuse
difficult.
Sturtevant in his discussions
Station, in his card index of edible
plants ana in his History of Gardeti Vegetables in the American Naturalist,
arranges the plants in accordance with the English vernacular names;
but in his partly completed manuscript, undoubtedly written with the

expectation of publishing, the plants are arranged alphabetically according
The last plan seemed to suit the present work best and was
to genera.
adopted.
The
natural order of the genera
betically arranged
is
given; species are alpha-
under each genera; while, to make them as prominent as
names are printed in capitals after the species.

The vernacular names are those used by the authorities quoted or are
possible, English vernacular
taken from standard botanical text-books.
While the changes and omissions made by the editor leave that which
remains substantially as written by Dr. Sturtevant, yet there has been so
much
cutting and fitting that
sible for infelicities that
may
it
would be unjust to hold Sturtevant respon-
appear.
Despite the editor's efforts to retain
the diction, style and individuality of Dr. Sturtevant, the quality of the
work
is
no doubt marred by passing through hands other than those
of the
author.
The
following acknowledgments
must be recorded:
The
editor
is
grateful to Dr. Sturtevant's children for permission to publish their father's
work; and to his associates in the Horticultural Department of this Station

for assistance in reading the manuscript and proof of the book, especially to
W. Wellington who has had
charge of standardizing botanical names,

verifying references and preparing the bibliography.
J.
U. P.
Horticulturist,
New
HEDRICK,
York Agricultural Experiment Station.
EDWARD LEWIS STURTEVANT

Edward Lewis
was one
Sturtevant, farmer, botanist, physician and author,
of the giants of his time in the science of agriculture.
Through
natural endowment, industry and rare mental attainments, he accomplished
more than most men
in scientific research
by
own efforts.
his
But, possibly,
he achieved even more through his influence on his fellow-workmen than

by his own endeavors. Rare, indeed, are the men in any field of attainment
who have
furnished so freely as he from an inexhaustible store of information

The happy
unfailing aid and inspiration to those who worked with him.
combination of these two
qualities,
work and
ability to help others work,
enough to make him one of the honor

the United States. From this brief and incommen-
led Sturtevant to success significant
men
of agriculture in
siorate tribute,
we
pass to a sketch of Sturtevant's active
As to genealogy, the
life.
line of descent runs from Samuel, the
first
Sturte-
vant in America, who landed in Plymouth in 1642, through generations
Plympton and Wareham, Massachusetts, to Consider Sturtevant

who purchased a farm at Winthrop, Maine, in 1810. Here Dr. Sttirtevant's
father was bom but later moved to Boston, the birthplace of Dr. Sturtevant. His mother was Mary Haight Leggett from a family of fighting
Quakers who settled at West Farm, New York, about 1700.
Bom in Boston, January 23, 1842, Sturtevant, as a child, was taken
living in
and
time intervening, his

father and mother died.
Young Sturtevant's aunt, a Mrs. Benson, became
his guardian, and with her the lad moved to Winthrop, Maine, the birth-
by
his parents to Philadelphia
here,
with
little
His early school days were spent in New Jersey, though

His preliminary edulater he prepared for college at Blue Hill, Maifie.
cation finished, Sturtevant, in 1859, entered Bowdoin College, to remain
place of his father.
86 1, when, at the urgent call of the country for college

in the civil strife then raging, he enlisted in the Union army.
imtil
To
Few
to serve
Bowdoin, Sturtevant owed much for his ability to write.

who have written so much and so rapidly, have written
classical
scientists
as well.
men
His English
is
not ornate but
is
vivid, terse, logical,
happy
in
sturtevant's notes on edible plants
phrasing and seldom at loss for the proper word. To classical Bowdoin,
Greek,
too, Sturtevant owes his remarkable ability to use languages.
Latin, French
and German
form were familiar to him, and
in the written
he was able to read, more or
less well, scientific treatises in several
other of
Though he was not graduated with his class at

Bowdoin, the college later gave him her degree of Bachelor of Arts and
still later further honored him with her Master of Arts.
the European languages.
Sturtevant entered the Union
army
in
September,
1861,
as
First
74th Regiment of Maine Volvinteers. It speaks

well for the youth of barely twenty-one that the following January he
became Captain of his company. Company G was a part of the 19th Army
Lieutenant of
Company G,
was stationed on
the lower Mississippi where, possibly, its most important work was the siege
A part of Sturtevant's time in the army was spent on
of Port Hudson.
Corps which, during Captain Sturtevant's service in
it,
the staff of General Nickerson, 3d Brigade, 2d Division, serving with the
rank of Captain.
Possibilities of ftirther service, higher
the other hand, death or
woimds on the
battle
field,
promotion,
were cut short
or,
on
by an
attack of typhoid malaria which so incapacitated him that he returned

home in 1863, his career in the army ended.
The next landmark
in Sttirtevant's
life is
a course in the Harvard
Medical School from which he received a degree in 1866. But, possessed

of a degree from one of the leading medical colleges in the country, he did
not begin the practice of medicine, and, in fact, never followed the profession.
We may
assume, however, that the training in a medical school txomed

his attention to science, for, possibly, the best science in American insti-
was to be found in a few leading schools of medicine. The

year following the completion of the medical course was spent with his
tutions at this time
brother
Thomas
in Boston.
In 1867, E. Lewis, Joseph N. and Thomas L. Sturtevant purchased

land at South Framingham, Massachusetts. The farm soon became famous,
under the name
"
Waushakum Farm,"
for a series of brilliant experiments
models in experimental acumen and conscientious execution.

Here, almost at once, E. Lewis Sturtevant began
the foundation of a great agricultural and botanical library, one possibly
in agriculttire
which are
not surpassed in these
still
fields
of science
by any other private
was eventually developed, for Prelinnean works

passed by any other American library. Here, too, almost
while, as
it
vant started the studies of cultivated plants recorded in
collection,
it is still
unsur-
at once, Stvirte-
this
volume.

The immediate concern
of the Sturtevant brothers,
however, was
the development of a model dairy farm of Ayrshire cattle. Waushakum

Farm soon became the home of this breed. Several scientific aspects of
this
work with Ayrshires are worth
and
of individual animals, covering
still
Milk records
noting.
of the
herd
milking periods, were kept and

constitute, according to dairymen of our day, a most valuable con-
many
As an outcome of their researches with this breed,

a monograph of 252 pages was published on Ayrshire cattle by the brothers
in 1875.
Out of their work with Ayrshires came the North American
Ayrshire Register published by E. Lewis and Joseph N. Sturtevant in
tribution to dairying.
These books are
annual voltimes.
several
still
in use
by breeders
Ayrshires and are of permanent value as records of the breed.
of
E. Lewis
Sturtevant in particular gave attention to the physiology of milk and

His studies of fat globules in milk of different breeds
milk secretion.
cows attracted much attention in the agricultural press, and he was soon
in great demand as a speaker before agricultural and dairy associations.
of
But even
in these
did not occupy
all
first
days on Waushakiim Farm, the Ayrshires
One
of his time.
is
amazed
in looking through the
and early seventies at the number

Sturtevant
still in his twenties.
These early
agricultural papers of the late sixties

of articles signed
articles
show
scientific
industry.
by E.
L.
originality,
imagination,
These
intense curiosity in regard to everything new,
a mind
first articles
fertile
in fruitful ideas
in the press, too,
and tremendous
show that he
early possessed
which he retained throughout his scientific life. In all of

initiative,
his work it was seldom that he had to seek ideas or suggestions from others,
though he was possessed of a mind which appreciated new trains of
a
trait
thought, and
many
interest in the
work
there were of his
day who
coiild
speak of
his kindly
of others.
Indian corn attracted Sttortevant from the
first.
No
sooner had he
on Waushakum Farm than he began a botanical and cultural study

maize which he continued to the time of his death. The first fruits
his work with corn was the introduction of an improved variety of Yellow
settled
of
of
new
"
Waushakum."
This variety was wonderfvilly productive, yields of 125 bushels of shelled com to the acre being
common. Breeding this new variety was a piece of practical work that
Flint, the
sort being called
brought the head of Waushaktim Farm more prominence in agriculture

"
"
scientific farming
at that time not
than any of his scientific work,
being in high repute with
tillers of
the
soil.
STURTEVANT
Sturtevant wrote
on
its
much on
scientific
many
of its
Indian com, contributing
and
culture on the farm
classification
several long treatises
varieties.
its
botany and the
Perhaps the most notable of the
are in the Bulletin of the
articles
on
many short articles
Torrey Botanical Society for
August, 1894, and Bulletin 57 on Varieties of Corn from the United States
Department of Agriculture. The last-named work is a monograph on
maize which
permanent
is
tide
still
the best authority on this valuable plant
mark, as
it
were, to
show Sturtevant's
ability in
and a
working
Besides setting forth the botany
up the history of cultivated plants.

of com, this bulletin describes 800 varieties,
synonyms and
The varieties are
gives their
establishes a scientific nomenclatiire for Indian com.
placed in groups in accordance with their relationship, thvis giving to

scientist and farmer a classification of this immensely variable plant.
To
given the credit of having bmlt the first lysimeter

This instrument, to measure the percolation of water through
Sttirtevant
in America.
is
a certain depth of soil, was put in on the Waushakum Farm in 1875. It

covered five-thousandths of an acre and meastired water percolations to
the depth of twenty-five inches. Records from the apparatus were kept
a little more than four full
from late in 1875 to the beginning of 1880
The
presented in papers at several scientific meetings, and

freely discussed in the agricultural press, gave him high standing among
agricvdtviral experimenters in America.
years.
results,
In spite of duties that must have claimed much of his time on Waushakum Farm, Sturtevant foimd time to imdertake investigations in many
diverse
fields
of
and more energy
agriculture.
in the
rapidly growing
until finally experimentation
eminence in research
nities to
As the years advanced,

field
of
came to claim most
he
put more
agricultviral
of his attention.
on Waushakum Farm brought him many
speak and write on
agricultural affairs, in
research
which work
His
opportuhis facile
an experimenter.
pen and ready speech greatly enhanced
A natural outcome of his growth in the work he had chosen was that his
services shotild be sought in scientific institutions having to do with agrihis reputation as
culture.
In 1882, the Board of Control of the
Experiment Station, located at Geneva,

of the Station,
New
New York
State Agricialtural
York, selected him Director
an institution just created by the State Legislature, and
asked him to organize the work.

Perhaps Sturtevant was the more ready to give up Waushaktim Farm
and devote his whole time to scientific research for the reason that in 1879,
the trio that had for twelve years made the farm famous was broken by
the death of one of the three brothers, Joseph N. Sturtevant. The association of these
written
by E.
two brothers had been so
L. Stiutevant for the Scientific Farmer,
in this biography.
We
publish
"Joseph N. Sturtevant,
Member
close that the obituary of Joseph,
it
in full:
bom
of the Massachusetts State
record of a short but useful
life.
April
i,
Board
And
died Jan.
1844;
yet this
brief
life,
by ill
of the few well moments, and has made an impress upon
even
1879.
19,
of Agriculture 1873-5.
which struggled with

health from birth, made the most
the difficulties brought about
which
becomes of interest
agricultural thought
the originator be unrecognized and forgotten.

Honest in thought as in action, caring nothing for applause, a true philanshall continue
thropist in
all
if
that constitutes the word, a careful thinker, considerate
towards the opinions of others, and yet possessing a positiveness of character

which came through conviction, his advice was often sought and seldom
Without personal vanity, as
unheeded.
the rights of others, a
mind trained
to goodness for
believed in good because of the good,
the future
life
was
and hated
woman
as
its
own
evil
towards
sake, one
who
because of the
evil,
and there was nothing addibecause he was true religion itself in every
lost sight of in the present,
tional that religion coiold bring,

fibre of
delicate
body and movement
of
mind.
His creed,
What is excellent,
As God lives in permanent.'
And
and creed were as on; and he was one who held familiar converse with self, and was trustful of man's power to do the right as well
his life
and looked upon wrong as the mar which came through

rather than others, and in purity of thought sought that purity
as to think
the
self
of life
"
it,
which distinguished him.
He
has appeared before the public as one of the authors of The

Dairy Cow, Ayrshire, as one of the editors of the North American Ayrshire
In the
Register, and as contributor to our various agricultural papers.
without signature, some

signed J. N. S., others signed Zelco, and a few imder his own name. He
commenced writing for the Country Gentleman in 1868, using the nom de
Scientific
Farmer he has contributed
many
plume of Zelco, and although this was

connection with the Scientific Farmer
articles
paper before the close

arose, yet he wrote occasionally
his favorite
Ploughman, New England Farmer,

Stock Journal, and other papers, but usually upon request.
for the
Massachusetts
National Live
The
series of
STURTEVANT
In and Out Papers,' written under the nom de plume of Alex. B., in the
Scientific Farmer, commencing with the May number for 1876, and con'
tinuing
till
the farewell in the April number for 1878,
when
his health
broke
down, has received marked attention, and showed the possibilities of a

literary career, had only the health which admitted of close and continuous
application been granted.
"
The trio at Waushakum
Farm
now
is
broken.
Three brothers
purchased the farm and formed one life in 1 866, and for twelve years there
and now
have been harmonious thought and action,
and now
a
wearying sense of desolation."
up work in New York was accepted and Dr.

Stvirtevant moved at once to Geneva to become, in his new work in agriThe splendid
cultural research, an explorer in an almost virgin field.
institutions we now have, created by the Hatch Act of Congress, did not
come into existence imtil 1888. But six other States had planned to begin
experimental work in agriculture, four of which had made modest starts, but
The
invitation to take
as yet not
much had been
accomplished.
There were but few models in
the Old World, and these were established in very different environment.
The financial support was meager, and encouragement from those the Station
sought to serve was correspondingly small. The new Director had to deal
with the fundamentals of agrictdtural research at a time when few men
cotild see the
need of such research, and almost no one could be fovmd to
help carry the work forward.
Under many
and discour3,gements. Dr. Sttirtevant began

His plan was more comprehensive than any
difficvilties
to develop the Station.

other yet conceived in America.
All
phases of agricultiire as carried
New York
were to be recognized. Horticulture, live-stock and crop

departments were organized with chemical and botanical departments as
handmaids. A notable group of men was brought to form the new staff
on in
and within a few
years,
gauged by the time and opportimity, the Station
One needs only to name the staff, everymake a high name for himself in his field of endeavor, to
was doing epoch-making work.

one destined to
measvtre the high standard Sturtevant set.
Thus, in the Third Annual
Report of the Station, the Director has as his staff: C. S. Plumb, Assistant to the Director; Emmett S. Goff, Horticulturist; J. C. Arthur, Botanist;
These
S. Moulton Babcock, Chemist; and E. F. Ladd, Assistant Chemist.
men
helped to lay broad and deep the foundation of the Station.

Dr. Sturtevant was Director of the New York Station from July,
not quite five years. Much of his time must have

March, 1887
been taken up with executive work incidental to a new institution. Yet
1882, to
the six reports of the Station show
much
real research material,
and much
extension work, more needed then than now, that speak well for the initiative
and industry of the Director and his small staff. Be it remembered that
in these early days there were no laboratories and but scant equipment,
with only the small

salaries
sum
of $20,000 annually available for maintenance,
The Board
and improvements.
of Control confessedly did not
clear ideas of the function of the Station,
in the press,
One
and even on the farms, who
of the best
measures of the
of the Station as determined
prevailed as to the
work
by
of
man
He saw
and there were many opponents

lost no opportunities to criticise.
can be foimd in the
Dr. Sturtevant.
such institutions.
that the fimction of a Station was to
have
initial policy
Widely divergent opinions

Dr. Sturtevant asserted
"
discover, verify
and disseminate."
from the very first the need of well-established fundamental

in agriculttire and set his staff at the work of discovering principles.
clearly
principles
work on Waushakum Farm had taught him that there were

many possible errors in prevailing experimental work, and he at once set
about determining their source and the best means of minimizing them.
His
scientific
During
his stay at the
New York
Station, in several reports he urged the
importance of learning how to experiment, how to interpret results and

pointed out errors in certain kinds of experimentation. He believed that
management and responsibility for a station should rest with the Director
alone as the only way in which unity and continuity of direction could be
secured.
Those conversant with experiment stations must see how generally
these views of Dr. Sturtevant now prevail and must give him credit for
the
very materially helping to fotmd the splendid system of present-day experi-
ment
stations.
These
five years at
Geneva added
greatly to Dr. Stvirtevant's store
During the time he was Director,

all the varieties of cultivated esctilents that could be obtained were grown
on the grounds of the Station. The early volumes of the reports of this
of knowledge of cultivated plants.
Station are
filled
on the groimds.
with descriptions of varieties of ciiltivated plants grown

Now, it is certain that if additions are to be made to the
knowledge of the origin of cultivated plants, such additions must come

largely from experimental observations of the plants themselves to ascertain
the stages through which they have come from the wild to the cultivated
form.
The remarkable
collection of plants
grown under Dr. Sturtevant's
an unsurpassed opporto study plants in the steps they have taken from first cultivation
direction gave, as this text

tiinity
shows on
many
pages,
to their present forms.

Dr. Sturtevant's opportiinities for research in books during this directorship was hardly less remarkable. The Sturtevant Prelinnean Library,
now in the Missouri Botanical Garden, nimibers over 500 titles in several
These, with most of the more
languages.
him
sources
plants, for
of
many
modem
texts
on plants, gave
then possessed by few other students of

of the rarer books were inaccessible to Americans of Sturteinformation
In this great library, the patience and erudition of Dr. Sturtevant became priceless. Here, he sought historical mention of edible plants;
vant's time.
travelers' descriptions of
them; the names of the
many
esculents used
by
various peoples; their geographical distributions; their various uses; culttiral
treatments the connections of food plants with great migrations of mankind

both in ancient and modem times. He studied selection as affected by the
;
and
likes
dislikes of various peoples,
and gave
partictilar attention to the
studies of archaeologists on the material remains of plants.
In 1887, Dr. Sturtevant gave up his charge of the Station at Geneva

and returned to the old home at South Framingham. But the opportunity for experimental work on Waushakum Farm had passed. The city
had encroached upon the country, and where had been pastvires and farm
fields
were now town
and dwellings. The inclination for research

had animated Sturtevant, now took the turn,
lots
which throughout his life

more than ever, of research in books.
moved with
Near the
old home, into which he
he housed his library in a small building and set

to work. Always diligent with the pen, and his favorite subject the history
of plants, there is no question but that he now determined to put in permanent form the many articles he had printed here and there on the origin,
his family,
and variations in cioltivated plants. His manuscripts, notes and

the articles in American Naturalist indicate such a determination. Had
history
not
health and untimely death intervened,
probable that Stttrtevant

would have put forth the volume which now, a quarter-century later,
comes from the hands of an editor.
ill
The
it is
came to Dr. Sturtevant

work
in fact must have
idea of writing a history of food plants
long before his retirement from active professional

been in his mind from college days. His books were well under
much had been accomplished
way and
as early as 1880, for in April of that year he
wrote to the Country Gentleman asking
its
readers to give
him information

on the introduction
for reports
or curious esculents,
of agricultural Indians, stating the purpose of these

"
questions as follows:
Dielica, or
new
of food plants, for seeds of
on the foods
am
collecting the material for writing a Flora
a history of food plants, with especial reference to the
bution and variation of cultivated plants.
My
inquiries thus far
distri-
embrace
and (including probably some synonyms) 3,087 species of

food plants." Then follow numerous questions, after which he further
1,185 genera,
"
Geographical botany, acclimatization through variations, the

increase of varieties with the increase of knowledge and the spread of
states:
what man has done and what man can hope to do in modifying
is a subject of great interest
vegetable growth to his use and support
as well as importance; and it seems desirable that information which can
civilization,
be obtained now, while our country is not yet wholly occupied, should be
put upon record against the time when the ascertaining of these facts will
be more
difficiilt."
The manuscripts
at the disposal of the editor
to have been an omnivorous reader.
show Dr. Sturtevant
glance at the foot-note citations
to literature in this text shows the remarkable range of his readings in agriculture, botany, science, history, travel
mass
from which
and general
literature.
Besides the
been taken, there is in the possession of the Geneva Station the manuscript of an Encyclopedia of Agriof material
culture
March
and Allied
Subjects,
this text has
work
at which, as the title page says, began
This encyclopedia, imfortunately for all engaged in

Its 1200, closely written,
agriculture, was completed only to the letter M.
3,
1879.
they go, a
large-size pages form, as far as
In addition to the manuscripts

cultural, botanical
and
full
dictionary on agriculture.
left at this Station,
are card notes on agri-
historical matters, while another set,
with but few
duplicates of cards, are in the possession of the Missouri Botanical Garden.
much
the better of the two, was put in shape and presented to

the Missouri Botanical Garden only a few weeks before Dr. Sturtevant's
This
set,
death.
In addition to his experimental and executive work, his Notes on

Edible Plants and the Encyclopedia of Agriculture, Sturtevant found time
to contribute himdreds of articles, long
scientific press.
follows,
Those
of
short, to the agricultural
most note are recorded
but the total output of
gaged as to quantity by a
and
his thirty years of literary
series of
preserved his pen contributions.
in the bibliography
work
is
and
which
better
scrapbooks in which he systematically
There are twelve volumes
of these scrap-
STURTEVANT
lO
with newspaper and magazine articles, the earliest written

being dated November 2, 1867, and the last October 6, 1896. Besides
books
filled
these,
there are
two voltunes containing
pamphlets most of
sixty-fovtr
which are named in the accompanying bibliography. Thtis roughly to

state the qtiantity of a man's work may seem to indicate only the prod-
So to judge Dr. Sturtevant does him a great injustice,

for everything to which he set his pen is thoughtful, lucid and logical even
if not always adorned by grace of expression.
There is often in his writings
igality of his pen.
a happy turn of phrase, and the inevitable word usually turns up at the
right place
The newspapers of the two States in which he lived furnished the

medium through which Dr. Sturtevant reached the general reader, and
for the farmer he had at his command the agricultural press of the whole
Contributions of scientific character were published in American
Naturalist, Botanical Gazette, Garden and Forest, Torrey Botanical Club
coimtry.
Bulletin
and
Science.
The indexes
of the magazines,
dviring the time
of Stiirtevant's active work, furnish sufficient clues to his contributions.
For a
little
more than two
was associated with
years, Dr. Sturtevant
E. H. Libby, as editor of the Scientific Farmer, after which, for nearly a year
and a half, he was sole editor. The joint editorship began in March, 1876,
and ended in May, 1878, the magazine being discontinued in October,
The Scientific Farmer was in all matters pertaining to agriciolture
1879.
abreast of the times
withstanding which
in
it
most matters
was not a
in
advance
of the times
not-
becoming too heavy

The magazine was pub-
financial success, and,
owner's pocket, was discontinued.

lished before the days of experiment station btilletins and contains the
a drain on
its
gist of the agricultural investigations
then being carried on, most of
it
being reported by the investigators themselves. As editor. Dr. Sturtevant asstuned the role of analyst of the scientific work in the agriculture
of the times, using, as all
must
agree, singularly
good judgment and
dis-
crimination in his discussions of the work of others.
One
of the great pleasures of Dr. Sturtevant's life
seems to have been
active participation in the several scientific societies to which he belonged.
He was
long a Fellow in the American Association for the Advancement of

Science; he was one of the founders of the Society foi the Promotion of
Agricultural Science, serving as its
first
secretary
and fourth president;
while in Massachusetts, he was active in the Massachusetts Horticultural

Society;
and during
his directorship of the
New York
Station was one of
New York
the leaders in the Western

too, at various times, a
member
II
He
Horticulttiral Society.
of several general agricultural
was,
and dairy-
men's organizations. He was never a passive member in any of the societies

in which he was interested and to those named, in particular, presented
papers, while the minutes of the meetings record that his voice
many
heard in
all
was
important discussions.
began in 1864 when he married Mary

Elizabeth Mann. To this happy union were born fovir children, two sons
and two daughters, the wife and mother dying in 1875. In 1883, he again
Dr. Sturtevant's wedded
life
married, taking as his wife Hattie
Mann,
sister to the first wife.
By
this
marriage there was one son. Dr. Sturtevant's colleagues at Geneva, to

several of whom the writer is indebted for much information, speak of the
devotion of the husband and father to his family and say that he rarely
sought companionship outside the home circle and that, on their part,
mother and children were devoted to the head
him
of the household
and con-
The eldest daughter,

Grace Sturtevant, talented with pencil and brush, made the drawings
and colored sketches to illustrate her father's writings on peppers and sweet
potatoes, while those of maize, published in the Report of the New York
stantly gave
substantial help in his
Station for 1884, were done
by Mrs.
work.
Stxirtevant.
In 1893, Dr. Sturtevant was a victim of one of the epidemics of grippe

which each returning winter ravaged the coimtry. He never fully recovered
from
this attack
and
his health
began to
that tuberculosis had secured firm hold.
fail tintil
shortly
it
was found
With the hope that the
disease
might be thrown off, three winters were passed in California with temporary
but not permanent relief. July 30, 1898, he passed away. It was a fitting
death he passed qmetly to sleep in the old home on Waushakvim Farm
;
to which his
work had given distinguished name.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF STURTEVANT'S WRITINGS

The
bibliography of Dr. Sturtevant's principal writings discloses a
lasting basis for his high place
among
For
agrictdtural experimenters.
Plumb
this
of the
Ohio
State University, assistant to Dr. Sturtevant while Director of the
New
bibliography the reader
is
indebted to Professor C.
S.
York Experiment Station, an intimate friend, and one who best knew his
work. The bibliography was prepared for the Missouri Botanical Garden
and was printed in the Tenth Annual Report of that institution.
Why
Cow
the Ayrshire
should be the Dairyman's Choice.
Trans. Vermont Dairymen's
Association, 1872, pp. 150-159.
Cost of a Crop of Com to the Massachusetts Fanner.

part
II,
Agriculture of Massachusetts, 1872-73,
pp. 80-89.
Ayrshire Points.
Ohio Agricultural Report, 1872, pp. 261-270.
Mark Lane
Reprinted in
3, 1873; in Farmers' Magazine, London, May, 1873,

the
North
British
and
in
Agriculturist, Edinburgh, Scotland, July 16, 1873.
p. 230;
The Claims of the Ayrshire Cow upon the Dairy Farmer. Trans. N. Y. State Agr. Society,
Express, London, Eng., Feb.
1872-76,
England,
pp.
266-279.
May
3,
Milk:
Physiological
Gazette,
1873, p. 624.
Food, Physiology and Force.

July, 1879, p. 89,
Copied in Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural
H. Agriculture, 1874, p. 157. Also in

and Scientific American Supplement, No. 186.
A^.
and Miscellaneous.
Transactions
Prize Essay.
Scientific
New
Farmer,
York State
Agricultural Society, 1872-76, pp. 91-124, plates III.
Milk:
Some
Considerations
concerning
its
Morphology.
Report
Massachusetts
State
Board of Agriculture, 1873-74, pp. 374-388.

Milk:
Its t>-pal Relations, etc.
Jan. 21, 1874.
lecture before the
Vermont Dairymen's
Printed for the author, 1874, pp. 20,
figs.
3.
Association,
Also in gth Report
American Dairymen's Association.

Physiological Considerations concerning Feeding for Butter and Cheese.
Board of Agriculture, 1874, pp. 67, figs. 4.

American Dairymen's Association Report, 1874,
Report Con-
necticut
Cream.
p.
39.
Also in
New
England
Farmer, Jan. 23, 1875.

Associate Dairying.
The appendix
to Flints' Milch Cows and Dairy Farming.
No name
signed.
The Wild
Cattle of Scotland, or White Forest Breed.
March, 1874, pp. 135-14513
American Naturalist,
vol, VIII,
STURTEVANT
14
The Law
Twenty-second Annual Report
of Inheritance; or the Philosophy of Breeding.
Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, 1875, pp. 48.
Com
Chemical
Trans. Middlesex South Agricultural Society, 1875, pp. 11-32.
Growing.
The Dairy Cow. A Monograph of the Ayrshire Breed of Cattle. By E. Lewis Sttirtevant, M. D., and Joseph N. Sturtevant, of Waushakum Farm, South Framingham,
Mass. With an appendix on Ayrshire.
Dutch Milks;
Jersey and
&
their
Formation and
Cloth, 12 mo., pp. 252.
Co., 1875.
The Dairy Cow
What
she
is
Boston, Mass.
Peculiarities.
A.Williams
Illustrated.
and whence she came.
Report
Maine
State
Board of Agri-
culture, 1875-76, pp. 112-125.
Plant Food and Agriculture:
Report Connecticut Board of Agriculture, 1876, pp.
American Agricultural Literature.
Annual Session National Agr.
Proc. Fifth
14.
Congress,
Philadelphia, Sept. 12-14, 1876, pp. 30-37.
Report Massachusetts State Commissioners
Agriculture.
the
to
Centennial Exhibition at
Philadelphia, 1876, pp. 49-53.
Trans. American Dairymen's Association, 1876, pp. 90.
Philosophy of Dairying.
Report Connecticut State Board of Agriculture, 1877-78, pp. 42.
Inter Cultural Tillage.

vs.
Fertilizer
Laws.
Com
Culture.
1878, pp. 252-256.
Ibid.,
Report Connecticut Board of Agriculture, 1878, pp. 149-187.
Monthly Journal of
Seed Com.
Com
Trans. Vermont Dairymen's Association, 1876, pp. 60.
Agriculture of Pennsylvania, 1877, pp. 108.
Seed Breeding.
Fertility.
Bulls.
Thoroughbred
Dairying
Science, Aug., 1879.
Report Maine
State
Board of Agriculture, 1878-79, pp. 30-47.
Journal American Agricultural Association, vol.
Culture at Waushakimi Farm.
New
Trans.
i.
York State Agricultural
Society, vol.
1872-76, pp. 170-176.
32,
Indian
Reprinted in
Com.
New
Trans.
York State Agricultural
Some Thoughts and Facts concerning the Food
Society, 1872-76, pp. 37-74.
of
Man.
Report Connecticut Board of
Agriculture, 1880, pp. 114-155.
Trans. Mass. Horticultural Society, part
Seedless Fruits.
Deerfoot
Farm
pp. 629-65
Second
Centrifugal Dairy.
,
plates III.
Series, vol.
Thoughts on
Report
I,
1880, pp. 29.
United States Commissioner of Agriculture,
Reprinted in Journal of Royal Agricultural Society of England,
XVIII, 1882, pp. 475-495.
Agrictiltural
Education.
Connecticut State
Report
Board of Agriculture,
1881, pp. 19.
The Growing
of
Com.
Twenty-eighth
Annual Report of
the Massachusetts State
Board of
Agriculture, 1881, pp. 77-130.
Lysimeter Records.
Proc. American Assoc, for Advancement of Science, 1881, pp. 37-39-
Experimental Observations on the Potato.
Trans.
N.
Y.
State
Agricultural Society,
1877-82, pp. 261-265.
The Need
of a Better Seed Supply.
Ibid., pp.
Conditions Necessary to Success in Dairying.

ciation, 1883, pp. 56-60.
286-289.
Report
New
York State Dairymen's
.Asso-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Relations between Seeding and Quality in certain Vegetables and Fruits.
Promotion of Agr. Science,
for the
Different
Modes
vol.
Proc. Society
109-118.
1883, pp.
I,
of Cutting Potatoes for Planting.
Ibid., pp. 77-78.
Proc. Society for the Promotion of Agri. Science, 1883, p.
Agricultural Botany.
Also
7.
Trans: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1883, pp. 293-295, Abstract.
History of Cereal Plants.
An Attempt
Maize:
Sibley's
at
Grain and Farm Seeds Annual, 1883, pp. 5-14.
Classification.
Rochester,
N. Y.,
1884,
pp.
Illustrated.
9.
Printed for private distribution only.
American Naturalist, June, 1884, pp. 573-577, fig. 3.

Trans. N. Y. State Agricultural Society, vol. 33, 1877-82, pp. 208-220.
Hungarian Grass.
Experiment Stations.
The Feeding
Ibid., pp.
235-243.
of Spoiled Brewer's Grains.
Report
New
York State Dairymen's Association,
1884, pp. 46-64.
Influence of Isolation
of Science,
Proc. American Association for the Advancement
upon Vegetation.
1884.
Dairy Interests in General.
Report
New
York State Dairymen's Association, 1884, pp.
102-108.
The Work
Ninth Annual Report
of the Station.
New
York State Dairymen's Association,
1885, pp. 25-29.
List of Edible Fungi.
An
Trans. Mass. Horticultural Society, 1881, pp. 322-348.

Proc. Amer. Assn. for the Advancement of Science, 1885, pp. 287-291.
Germination Studies.
Observation on the Hybridization and Cross Breeding of Plants.

for Adv. of Science, vol. 34, 1885, pp. 283-287.
Germination Studies.
Ibid.,
pp. 287-291.
Lowest Germination of Maize.

Cultivated Food Plants.
Proc. Amer. Assn.
Botanical Gazette, April, 1885, pp. 259-261.
Proc. Society for the Promotion of Agricultural
Science,
1885,
pp. 59-72.
Indian
Com
and the Indian.
American Naturalist, March,
Kitchen Garden Esctolents of American Origin.

pp. 444-457-
n, June,
Horticultviral Botany.
A
A
Study
1885, pp. 542-552-
Proc. Western
of the Dandelion.
American
New
1885, pp. 225-234.
American
Naturalist,
I,
May,
1885,
HI, July, 1885, pp. 658-669.
York Hort. Society for 1886, pp. 25-32.
Naturalist, Jan. 1886, pp. 5-9.
Illustrated.
Study of Garden Lettuce. American Naturalist, March, 1886, pp. 230-233.

History of Celery. American Naturalist, July, 1886, pp. 599-606, figs. 3.
History of Garden Vegetables.
American Naturalist, 1887,
321-333:433-444; 701-712; 826-833; 903-912; 975-985-
The Dandelion and the

3,
Lettuce.
49-59; 125-133;
1888, vol. 22, pp.
pp. 40-44.
Study in Agricultural Botany. Ibid., 1886, vol.

Atavism the Result of Cross Breeding in Lettuce.
History of the Cturant.
420-433;
Proc. Society for Promotion of Agricultural Science,
Seed Germination
21, pp.
1890, vol. 24, pp. 30-48; 143-157; 629-646; 719-744.
802-808; 979-987.
1886, vol.
vol.
Proc. Western
Study.
New
4,
pp. 68-73.
Ibid., 1886, vol. 4, pp. 73-74.
York Hort.
Society, 1887.
Agricultural Science, Feb., 1887.
STURTEVANT'S NOTES ON EDIBLE PLANTS
Capsicum umbilicatum.
Bull.
Torrey Botanical Club, April, 1888.
Capsicum fasiculatum. Ibid., May, 188H.

Notes on the History of the Strawberry.
Trans. Mass. Horticultural Society, 1888, pp.
191-204.
Memoirs Torrey Botanical
Seedless Fruits.
Club, vol.
Ensilage Experiments in 1884-1885 at the

Trans.
Station.
New
York State Agr.
Maize and Sorghum.
Forage Crops:
Ibid., pp.
Edible Plants of the World.
The Tomato.
Society,
part
4,
1890.
State Agricultural Experiment
1889, pp. 116-120.
Ibid., pp. 135-143.
335-338.
Agricultural Science, vol.
3,
no.
7,
1889, pp. 174-178.
Station, 1889, p. 18.
Report Maryland Experiment
Huckleberries and Blueberries.
i,
New York
Trans. Mass. Hort. Society, 1890, pp. 17-38.
Concerning some names for Cucurbitae. Bull. Torrey Botanical Club, October, 1891.
Notes on Maize. Bull. Torrey Botanical Club, vol. 21, 1894, pp. 319-343; 503-523.
Paramount Fertilizers. Report Mass. State Board of Agriculture, 1888, pp. 37-55.
Report of the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, 1882-1887, first
umes. The following are the special topics reported on by Dr. Sturtevant:
six vol-
Experiments with wheat, barley and oats.

with
potatoes.
Forage crops.
Experiments
Botanical notes. Studies on Maize. Station-grown seeds. Weight of
Organization of Station work.
1882.
Studies on Maize.
1883.
Relation of feed to milk.
seeds.
corn.
Experiments with
1884.
Experiments with potatoes.
Experiments with
grasses.
Feeding experiments and milk analysis.
Wheat improvement.
Study
Experiments with
Germination of seeds.
of milk.
Experiments with corn.

Study of maize, including sweet, pop and dent corn.
Starch waste as cattle food. Ensilage and forage crops. Studies on com.
1885.
Tests on germinatien of maize and other seeds. The sweet
Fertilizers on potatoes.
potatoes.
corns.
1886.
Cattle feeding experiments.
influenced
1887.
by
age.
Feeding
Temperature and crops.
Vitality of seeds as
Experiments with cabbage. Studies of Indian corn.

Experiments with potatoes. Seed germinations.
for beef.
NOTES ON EDBLE PLANTS

&
Aberia caffra Harv.
Sond.
kau apple,
kai apple,
Bixineae.
kei apple.
The
South Africa.
They
fresh
a golden- yellow
fruits are of
by
that the Dutch
settlers
Abronia arenaria Menzies.
prepare
them
about the
The Chinook Indians
common
plant
The beauty
The
eat
root
is
stout
and
fusiform, often several
it.'
love pea.
red-bead
and for necklaces, and their nourishing qualities,

The seeds are used in Egypt as a pulse, but Don *
of the seeds, their use as beads

plant.*
says they are the hardest and most indigestible of

is
when
within the tropics in the Old World, principally upon the shores.
have combined to scatter the
root
a small apple.
for their tables, as a pickle, without vinegar.*
Abrus precatorius Linn. Leguminosae.

coral-bead plant,
VINE.
rosary-pea TREE. WILD LICORICE.
size of
Nyctagineae.
Seashore of Oregon and California.

feet long.^
color,
the natives for making a preserve and are so exceedingly acid
are used
a poor substitute
Abutilon esculentum A. St. Hil.
The
Brazil.
all
the pea tribe.
Brandis
says the
for licorice.
Malvaceae.
Brazilians eat the corolla of this native plant cooked as a vegetable.''
A. indicum Sweet
Old World
tropics.
The raw
are eaten in Arabia.'
flowers
The
leaves contain
a large quantity of mucilage.

Acacia Leguminosae.
From
various acacias comes
Dimng
trious article of food.
gum
man
'
Jackson,
'
Brewer and Watson
'
Brown, R.
De CandoUe,
Don, G.
J.
R.
upon
Bol. Col. 2:4.
Gwg.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 139.
Saint Hilaire, A.
'
Forskal
F/.
Fl.
Gum
(A. latifolia)
1855.
1832.
1876.
Bras. Merid. 1:160.
êg. ^ra6. XCIII.
hotirs.
gum
1775.
1825.
{Hibiscus esculeiUus)
17
by some
to be a highly nutri-
harvest in Barbary, the
Moors
claimed that six ounces are sufficient for
1868.
Bo/. 2:769.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:342.
It is
stated
1876.
1880.
Sot. Soc. Edinb. 9:381.
'
it.
during twenty-four
Treas. Bol. 2:1255.
A.
is
the whole time of the
of the desert live almost entirely
the support of a
arable which
arable
is
also used as food
by the
i'8
Hottentots of southern Africa, and Sparmann states that, in the absence of other pro-
Bushmen
manna by the
on
visions, the
live
called
natives, produces
and
this,
for
it
days together.*
Drummond,' forms an important
says
At Swan
a large quantity of
an
acacia,
gum
arabic,
River, Australia,
gum
resembling
article of native food.
The experiment
showed that dogs could not support life on gum, and Dr. Hammond *
from having any value as an alimentary substance, it is positively
of Magendie,' however,
believes that, so far

injiuious.
A. abyssinica Hochst.
Hildebrant mentions that
Abyssinia.
North and central Africa and southwest

quality.'
The
is
collected
gum arabic tree,
babool-bark.
A. arabica Willd.
gum
Asia.
from
this species.'
suntwood.
It furnishes
a gvim arabic of superior

in India,' and
groimd and mixed with flour

sesame, is an article of food with the
bark, in times of scarcity,
the gum, mixed with the seeds of
is
natives.*
The
serves for nourishment, says Himiboldt,' to several African tribes in their passages
gum
through the dessert.
In Barbary, the tree
is
called atteleh.
A. bidwilli Benth.
The
Australia.
roots of
young
catechu,
A. catechu Willd.
trees are roasted for food after peeling.*'
wadalee-gum tree.
khair.
Furnishes catechu, which
East Indies.
is
used for chewing in India as an
chiefly
ingredient of the packet of betel leaf.**
A. concinna
DC.
soap-pod.
The
Tropical Asia.
leaves are acid
as a substitute for tamarinds.
and are used
in cookery
by the natives of India

The beans are about
It is the fei-tsau-tau of the Chinese.
one-half to three-fourths inch in diameter
and are
edible after roasting.**
A. decora Reichb.
The gum
Australia.
A. decuirens Willd.
Australia.
'
'
'
<
W.
Hooker, W.
Stille,
Hist. Veg. King. 557.
1855.
Journ. Bot. 2:359.
1840.
J.
1874.
Ibid.
and Hanbury Pharm.
U. S. Disp.
6.
Forest Fl. 182.
Dutt, U. C.
Smith, F. P.
" Palmer, E.
" Mueller, F.
1879.
1874.
Useful Pis. Ind. 5.
Humboldt, A.
Palmer, E.
234.
1865.
Brandis, D.
Drury, H.
>
green wattle,
Polii.
1858.
New Spain 2:423. 1811.

Soc. New So. Wales 17:93.
1884.
Essay
Journ. Roy.
Mat. Med. Hindus 158.

Contrib. Mat.
1877.
Med. China
Journ. Roy. Soc.

Sel. Pis. 4.
silver wattle.
a gimi not dissimilar to gtmi arabic.**
Therap. Mat. Med. 1:113.
A.
Fltickiger
'
gathered and eaten by Queensland natives.*'
black wattle,
It yields
Rhind,
is
New
1891.
l.
1871.
So, Wales 17:94.
1884.
STURTEVANT
A. ehrenbergiana
Hayne
Desert regions of Libya, Nubia, Dongola.

A. famesiana Willd.
New
It
This species
which
gam
cultivated
is
all
over India and
and Mexico, to Buenos Aires and
Orleans, Texas
exudes a
gum
arabic.^
opopanax.
huisache.
plant,
cassie-oil
It yields
popinac.
sponge
WEST INDIAN BLACKTHORN.
TftEE.
Tropics.
19
DC.
The bark
The
collected in Sind.*
is
indigenous in America from
is
Chile,
and
is
sometimes cultivated.
flowers distil a delicious perfume.
A. ferruginea
India.
palms
steeped in
"
as an intoxicating liquor.
is distilled
"
jaggery water
fresh,
sweet sap from any of several
It is very astringent.'
A. flexicaulis Benth.
Texas.
The
woody pods contain roimd
thick,
and
boiled, are palatable
seeds the size of peas which,
when
nutritious.*
A. glaucophylla Steud.
This species fiunishes
Tropical Africa.
barbary-gum.
A. gummifera Willd.
North
Africa.
gum
It yields
morocco-gum.
arable in northern Africa.'
gum
in Australia.'
dornboom.
cape-gum tree,
A. horrida Willd.
South Africa.
This
and
is
the dornboom plant which exudes a good kind of gum.'
kuteera-gum.
A. leucophloea Willd.
Southern India.
arable^
myall-wood, violet- wood.
A. homalophylla A. Cunn.
This species yields
gum
The bark
largely used in the preparation of spirit
is
also used in times of scarcity,
ground and mixed with
and
palm-juice,
The
pods are used as a vegetable, and the seeds are ground and mixed with
Sydney golden wattle.
A. longifolia Willd.
Australia.
it is
The Tasmanians
roast the pods
and eat the starchy
A. pallida F. Muell.
Australia.
The
'
U. S. Disp. 6.
'
Brandis, D.
Drury, H.
roots of the
yotmg
trees are roasted
1865.
Forest Fl. 180.
Useful Pis. Ind.
1876.
8.
1858
1885.
<Havard,V. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 499
1879.
Flfickiger and Hanbury Pharm. 234.
Mueller, F.
'Baillon, H.
Mueller, F.
Brandis, D.
Sel. Pis. 3.
1876.
Hisl. Pis. 2:51.

Sel. Pis. 7.
1872.
1891.
Forest Fl. 184.
"Baillon. H.
Hist. Pis. 2:52.
" Palmer, E.
Journ. Roy. Soc.
1874.
1872.
New
(A. sophorae)
So. Wales 17:94-
1884.
from sugar
and eaten."
seeds.^"
flotu".'
flour.
20
This species yields
Australia.
mountain hickory.
blackwood.
A. penninervis Sieber.
gum
gonate, or gonatic, in Senegal.'
gum Arabic tree.

Old World tropics. The tree forms
A. Senegal Willd.
by the natives
and furnishes gum
gum arabic tree,
A. seyal Delile
North
It is called
The
vast forests in Senegambia.
It is called nebul
arabic.
thirsty thorn,
whistling-tree
It furnishes the best gum arabic'

Africa, Upper Egypt and Senegambia.
glute by the Arabs of the upper Nile and whistling tree by the natives of Sudan.
holes left
of a gall insect are rendered musical
by the departure
by the
wind.*
'
gum arabic tree.

Southern Nubia and Abyssinia. The gum
A. stenocarpa Hochst.
of this tree
the region between the Blue Nile and the upper Atbara.
is
extensively collected in
It is called taleh, talha or kakul}
A. suaveolens Willd.
The aromatic
Australia.
A.
Hayne
Arabia, Nubia and the
leaves are used in infusions as teas.*
tortilis
desert of Libya
and Dongola.
It furnishes the best of
gum
Middle Island in
New
arabic'
Acaena sanguisorbae Vahl.
The
Australia.
new Zealand
Rosaceae.
leaves are used as a tea
bur.
by the natives
of the
It is the piri-piri of the natives.'
Zealand, according to Lyall.
Acanthorhiza aculeata H. Wendl.
Palmae.
The pulp of the fruit is of a peculiar, delicate, spongy consistence and is

white
and
pure
shining on the outside. The juice has a peculiar, penetrating, sweet flavor,
Mexico.
is
abundant, and
is
The
obviously well suited for making palm-wine.
about one inch in longest diameter.

Acanthosicyos horrida Welw.
Tropics of Africa.
The
naras.
Cttcurbitaceae.
fruit
fruit is oblong,
grown in Trinidad.
It is
grows on a bush from four to
five feet high,
without
and with opposite thorns. It has a coriaceous rind, rough with prickles, is about
15-18 inches aroimd and inside resembles a melon as to seed and pulp. When ripe it has
a luscious sub-acid taste.'" The btxshes grow on little knolls of sand. It is described,
leaves
'
Baillon,
H.
Hist. Pis. 2:50.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 186.
MueUer, P.
Sel. Pis. 12.
Schweinfurth, G.
Fluckiger and
BaiUon, H.
Prestoe,
H.
" Alexander,
1891.
Hanbury Pharm.
Sel. Pis. 1.
Black, A. A.
{A. verek)
Heart Afr. i:<)7,gS.
Hist. Pis. 2: 56.
'MueUer, F.
(A. adstringens)
1872.
1874.
206.
1874.
1872.
1880.
Treas. Bot. 1:5.
1870.
Trinidad Bot. Card. Rpt. 39.

J.
E.
(A. fistula)
1879.
Exped. Disc.
Afr.
2:68.
1880.
1837.
{Chamaerops stauracanlha)
STURTEVANT
however, by Anderson
size of
21
as a creeper which produces a kind of prickly gourd about the
'
a Swede turnip and of
It constitutes for several
delicious flavor.
months
of the
year the chief food of the natives, and the seeds are dried and preserved for winter
consiimption*
Acer dasycarpum Ehrh. Sapindaceae. silver maple, soft maple, white maple.
North America. The sap will make sugar of good quality but less in quantity than
the sugar maple. ^ Sugar is made from this species, says Loudon,' in districts where the
above half that obtained from the sap of the sugar
tree abounds, but the produce is not
maple.
Linn.
A. platanoides
Eiu-ope and the
and
Norway maple.
Orient. From the
sap, sugar
has been
made
in
Norway, Sweden
in Lithuania.''
mock plane,
A. pseudo-platanus Linn,
sycamore maple.
In England, children suck the wings of the growing keys

is upon them.^
In the western High-
Europe and the Orient.
for the sake of obtaining the sweet exudation that
lands and some parts of the Continent, the sap

first
tapped when
just coming into leaf.'
From
is
fermented into wine, the trees being
the sap, sugar
may
be
made but not
in
remunerative quantities.^
A.
swamp maple.
The French Canadians make
red maple,
rubrum Linn,
North America.
plaine, but the product
Maine, sugar
is
often
is
sugar from the sap which they
call
not more than half that obtained from the sugar maple.*
In
made from
rock maple,
A. saccharinum Wangenh.
North America.
plants, as in
some
This
sections
use of the tree to furnish
the sap.
sugar maple.
must be included among cultivated food

of New England groves are protected and transplanted for the
The tree is found from 48 north in Canada, to the
sugar.
handsome
large,
tree
mountains in Georgia and from Nova Scotia to Arkansas and the Rocky Mountains.
The sap from the trees growing in maple orchards may give as an average one pound of
sugar to four gallons of sap, and a single tree may furnish four or five pounds, although
extreme jields have been put as high as thirty-three pounds from a single tree. The
'
manufacttu-e of sugar from the sap of the maple was known to the Indians, for Jefferys,
"
this tree affords great quantities of a cooling and wholesome
1760, saj^ that in Canada
liquor from which they
'
sort of sugar,"
Anderson Lake
Ngarni
Hough, F. B.
Elem. For. 237, 238.
Loudon,
Loudon,
Loudon,
1882.
J.
1854
y.
C.
Arb. Frut. Brit. 1:410.
1854.
J.
C.
Arb. Frut. Brit. 1:41s.
1854.
J.
Jefferys, T.
"Carver,
1856.
Johns, C. A.
Loudon,
16.
C.
Johnson, C. P.
'
make a
J.
Useful Pis. Gt. Brit. 63.

Treas. Bot. 1:8.
C.

Nat. Hist. Amer. 41.
Travs.
1862.
1870.
No. Amer. 496.
1854.
1760.
1778.
and Jonathan Carver,'"
in 1784, says the
STURTEVANT
Nandowessies Indians of the West
"
22
In 1870,
the maple tree."
consume the sugar which they have extracted from

the Winnebagoes and Chippewas are said often to sell to the
Northwest Pur Company fifteen thousand pounds of sugar a year. The sugar season
among the Indians is a sort of carnival, and boiling candy and pouring it out on the snow
to cool
is
the pastime of the children.
Tartarian maple.
A. tataricum Linn.
The Calmucks, after depriving the seeds of their

and afterwards use them for food, mixed with milk and butter.'
Orient.
Achillea
Linn.
millefolitun
Eiu-ope, Asia
hundred-leaved
Compositae.
SANGUINARY.
BLEED.
THOUSAND-SEAL.
wings, boil
grass,
in water
ncse-
milfoil,
YARROW.
In some parts of Sweden, yarrow
and America.
them
as a substitute for hops in the preparation of beer, to which
it is
is
said to be
employed
supposed to add an intoxi-
cating effect.^
Achras sapota Linn. Sapotaceae. naseberry. sapodilla. sapota.

South America. This is a tree found wild in the forests of Venezuela and the
It has for a long time been introduced into the gardens of the
West
Indies
Antilles.
and South
America but has been recently carried to Mauritius, to Java, to the Philippines, and to
the continent of India.' The sapodilla bears a round berry covered with a rough, brown
hard at
coat,
first,
but becoming
soft
when kept a few days
the size of a small apple and has from 6 to 12
cells
to mellow.
The berry
is
about
with several seeds in each, surrounded
by a pulp which in color, consistence, and taste somewhat resembles the pear but is sweeter.*
The fruit, when tree-ripe, is so full of milk that little rills or veins appear quite through
so acerb that the fruit cannot be eaten until it is as rotten as medlars.*
"
a more luscious, cool and agreeable fruit is not to
In India, Firminger ' says of its fruit:
"
"
be met with in any country in the world; and Brandis ' says: one of the most pleasant
the pulp, which
fruits
is
known when completely
The
grown in gardens
in Bengal.
Amarantaceae.
Achyranthes bidentata Bltime.

Tropical Asia.
It is
ripe."
seeds were used as food during a famine in Rajputana, India.
Bread made from the seeds was very good.
This was considered the best of
for the usual cereals.*
Aciphylla glacialis F. Muell.

Australia.
'
Browne, D.
-U
Unger, F.
<
Lnnan,
J.
1846.
U. S. Pat. Off. Rpl. 349.

Hort.
as an alimentary root.*
1865.
Jam. 2:2.
1859.
1814.
Ibid.
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
Umbelliferae.
is utilized
Trees Amer. 73.
J.
S. Disp. 17.
'
This species
Brandis, D.
King
Gard. Ind. 255.
Forest Fl. 288.
Bot. Soc. Edinb. 10:198, 244.
Baillon,
H.
Hisl.
Ph.
y-.ig^.
1874.
1874.
1870.
1881.
(A. aspera)
all
substitutes
STURTEVANT
23
Aconitum lycoctontun Linn. Ranunculaceae. wolfsbane.

Middle and northern Europe. The root is collected in Lapland and boiled
for food.
This species, says Masters in the Treasury of Botany, does not possess such virulent properties as others.
A. napelliis
aconite,
Linn,
MUTCH.
bear's-foot.
MONKSHOOD.
Northern temperate regions.

is
poison, aconite,
Cultivated in gardens for
Aroideae.
myrtle flag,
The rhizomes
and to give a
the rhizomes are sometimes cut into
chewed to sweeten the breath.
and
slices
In France
smell than that of A. calamus.
Acrocomia lasiospatha Mart.

West Indies and Brazil.
This
is
probably the
A. mexicana Karw.
The
Mexico.
it is
is
improve
comers
It is
into a sweetmeat.
of
Palmae.
bitter,
and more pleasant
macaw,
mucuja palm.
an
much esteemed and
apricot, globidar
and of a greenish-
an orange color covering the
eagerly sought after
by
coyoli palm.
Mexico,
is
eaten by the inhabitants but
is
not
much
Acronychia
laurifolia
Tropics of Asia.
are
Blume.
The
Rutaceae.
'
Fluckiger and
Seemann, B.
Masters,
Don, G.
Ibid.
M.
black, juicy, sweetish-acid fruit
Hanbury Pharm.
15.
Pop. Hist. Palms 48.

T.
sweet,
jambol.
salads.
They have the
is
Treas. Bot. 1:14.
1879.
1856.
1870.
1831.
an
esculent.*
smell of cimiin
In Ceylon the berries are called jambol.
'
It is
full of oil.
China the young leaves are put in

unpleasant.^
esteemed.
mucuja palm.
The young leaves of this palm are eaten as a vegetable.
hot-houses.' The fruit is the size of a crab and contains a
The husks
nut,
the natives.2
tree of Wafer.
Tropics of America.
edible kernel.
taste
sometimes cultivated in gardens.
Its fruit is the size of
is
macaw
fruit, in
cultivated in British
tjie flavor
In Europe and America,
said to possess a stronger
coquito habraso.
A- sclerocarpa Mart,
rectifiers to
Boston and are frequently

in cultivation as an ornamental water plant.
street
olive color, with a thin layer of firm, edible pulp of
and, though oily
confectioners as a candy,
and candied or otherwise made
on the
sale
root of this species
and
narcotic
grass-leaved sweet flag.
A. gramineus Soland.
Japan.
by
by
peculiar taste to certain varieties of beer.
These rhizomes are to be seen for
The
flowers.
sweet flag.
are used
perfiuners in the preparation of aromatic vinegar,
of gin
its
given by the Shakers of
is
In Kunawar, however, the tubers are eaten as a tonic'
Acorus calamus Linn.
luckie's
TURK's-CAP.
the product of this species and the plant
America as a medicinal herb.
by
helmet-flower,
friar's-cap.
SOLDIER's-CAP.
{Cyminosma pedunculata)
In Cochin
and are not
24
This vine
Japan and Manchuria.
It is vigorous in
to central Nippon.
greenish berry about one inch

skin thin.
When
&
Northern Japan.
This
is
common
in
all
the valleys of Yesso and extends
growth and fruits abundantly. The fruit is an oblong,

uniform texture, seeds minute and
in length; the pulp is of
possesses a very delicate flavor.'
is
somewhat
less desirable
than A.
callosa, as it fruits less
not so rich in foliage.*
Linn.
digitata
GOURD.
is
Sav.
abundantly and the vine
Adansonia
it
fully ripe
A. polygama Franch.
kokuwa.
Ternstroemiaceae.
Actiiudia callosa Lindl.
cork
baobab,
"Malvaceae,
monkeybread.
tree,
sour
East Indies. This tree has been found in Senegal and Abyssinia, as well as on the
west coast of Africa, extending to Angola and thence across the country to Lake Ngami.
It is cultivated in many of the warm parts of the world.
Mollien,' in his Travels, states
Baobab
is perhaps the most valuable of vegetables.

Its leaves
bark
for
and
and its
thread.
In Senegal, the negroes use
cordage
the pounded bark and the leaves as we do pepper and salt. Hooker* says the leaves
are eaten with other food and are considered cooling and useful in restraining excessive
that to the negroes, the
are used for leaven
The
perspiration.
farinaceous pulp
*
fruit is
full
much used by
which tastes
of seeds,
the natives of Sierra Leone.
like gingerbread
It contains
and has a pleasant acid
flavor.'
used for preparing an acid beverage. Monteiro ' says the leaves are
says
good to eat boiled as a vegetable and the seeds are, in Angola, pounded and made into
meal for food in times of scarcity; the substance in which they are imbedded is also edible
Brandis
it is
but strongly and agreeably acid.
The
earliest description of the
Baobab
is
by Cadamosto,
1454,
who found
whose circumference he estimated at 112
of the Senegal, trunks
at the
mouth
Perrottet says
feet.
he has seen these trees 32 feet in diameter and only 70 to 85 feet high.
A. gregorii F. Muell.
cream of tartar tree, sour gourd.

The pulp of its fruit has an agreeable,
Northern Australia.
of tartar
and
is
peculiarly refreshing in the sultry climates where the tree
Adenanthera abrosperma F. Muell.
The
Australia.
and the kernels are
coral pea.
of the largest trees of tropical eastern Asia.
Penhallow, D. P.
Amer. Nat. 16:120.
Vsejul Pis. Ind. 15.
1882.
The
(A. arguta)
1858.
Ibid.
'Sabine,
Trans Hort. Soc. Land. s:444.
J.
Brandis, D.
'
Montoro,
J. J.
Black, A. A.
Palmer, E.
Forest Fl. 30.
1824.
1874.
Angola, River Congo 1:128.

Treas. Boi. 1:18.
Journ. Roy. Sac.
1875.
1870.
New
found.'
So. Wales 17:94.
eaten.'
red sandalwood.
'Ibid.
Drury, H.
is
Leguminosae.
seeds are roasted in the coals
barbadoes pride,
A. pavonia Linn,
One
acid taste Hke cream
1884.
seeds are eaten
by the common
STURTEVANT
25
has been introduced into the West Indies and various parts of South
It
people.*
America.^
Adenophora communis Fisch. Campanulaceae.

Eastern Europe. The root is thick and esculent.'
Adiantum
capillus-veneris Linn.
hair FERN.
Polypodiaceae.
dudder
capillaire.
maiden-
grass,
VENUS' HAIR.
Northern temperate climates.
In the Isles of Arran,
off
the
Galway
coast of Britain,
the inhabitants collect the fronds of this fern, dry them and use them as a substitute
for tea.*
Orobanchaceae.
Aeginetia indica Linn.
An
Tropics of Asia.
annual, leafless, parasitic herb, growing on the roots of various
and the Indian Archipelago.
grasses in India
Prepared with sugar and nutmeg,
it
is
there eaten as an antiscorbutic'
Aegle marmelos Correa.
ball tree,
Rutaceae.
bela tree,
bengal quince,
golden
APPLE.
The Bengal quince
East Indies.
is
held in great veneration by the Hindus.
sacred to Siva whose worship cannot be accomplished without
on
Hindus to cultivate and cherish
all
down.
The Hindoo who
The
tion.'
Roxburgh observes that the

grant.
Horsfield
says
and
it is
its leaves.
It is
incumbent
sacrilegious to up-root or cut
it
expires under a bela tree expects to obtain immediate salva-
tenacious pulp of the fruit
'
this tree
It is
it is
is
when
fruit
used in India for sherbet and to form a conserve.'

ripe
is
delicious to the taste
and
exquisitely fra-
considered by the Javanese to be very astringent in quality.
grown in some of the gardens of Cairo. The perfvuned pulp within

the ligneous husk makes excellent marmalade. The orange-like fruit is very palatable
and possesses aperient qualities.'
The Bengal quince
is
Umbelliferae.
Aegopodium podagraria Linn.
ground ash. herb GERARD.
ashweed.
bishop's-weed.
goutweed.
'"
Europe and adjoining Asia. Lightfoot says the young leaves are eaten in the spring
In France it is an
It is mentioned by Gerarde."
in Sweden and Switzerland as greens.
inmate of the flower garden, especially a variety with variegated leaves.

Lunan,
'
J.
Hooker,
Hort. Jam. 1:7.
W.
Johns, C. A.
Treas. Bot. i:ig.
Johnson, C. P.
Black, A. A.
'
Treas. Bot. 1:23.
1870.

Forest Fl. 57.
Lightfoot, J.
C. A.
1874.
Mat. Ind. 2:188.
Card. Chron. 746.
John."!,
{A. Uliifolia)
Useful Pis. Ct. Brit. 295.
Dutt, U. C.
W.
1842.
1870.
Brandis, D.
Ainslie,
"
1814.
Journ. Bot. 4:343-
J.
1826.
1875.
Fl. Scot.
1:170.
Treas. Bot.
:23.
1789.
1870.
1877.
1862.
26
Aerva lanata
Amarantaceae.
Juss.
According to Grant,' this plant
Tropical Africa and Arabia.
is
used on the Upper
Nile as a pot-herb.
Aesculus califomica Nutt.
A
made
Sapindaceae.
California horse-chestnut,
low-spreading tree of the Pacific Coast of the United States. The chestnuts are
by the western Indians.'' The Indians of California pulverize
into a gruel or soup
by washing with water and form
the nut, extract the bitterness
the residue into a cake
to be used as food.*
A. hippocastaniun Linn,
horse-chestnut.
Turkey. The common horse-chestnut is cultivated for ornament but never for the
piupose of a food supply. It is now known to be a native of Greece or the Balkan
Mountains.''
it
Pickering* says
was made known
vated in Vienna in 1576; and Emerson,^ that
it
in 1557; Brandis,* that
was introduced
it
was
culti-
into the gardens of France
from Constantinople. John Robinson ' says that it was known in England
about 1580. It was introduced to northeast America, says Pickering,' by Etiropean
The seeds are bitter and in their ordinary condition inedible but have been
colonists.
in 161 5
used, says Balfour/" as a substitute for coffee.
A. indica Coleb.
Himalayas.
times of scarcity,
Himalaya Moimtains called kunour or pangla}^ In

the seeds are used as food, ground and mixed with flour after steeping
lofty tree of the
in water. '^
buckeye.
A. parviflora Walt,
Southern states of America.
The
fruit,
according to Browne,"
may
or roasted as a chestnut.
Afzelia africana
Sm.
Leguminosae.
A portion of the seed is edible."
African tropics.
A. quanzensis Welw.
Upper
makola.
The yoimg
Nile.
Pickering, C.
Chron. Hist. Pis. 465.
1879.
Pickering, C.
1879.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 405.
*
Robinson,
J.
'Pickering, C.
Brandis, D.
'
Pickering, C.
H.
Pickering, C.
"Brandis, D.
" Browne, D.
MBaillon, H.
"Speke,
J.
Trees,
H.
1879.
1876.
Shrubs Mass. 2:546.
1875,
Letter to Dr. Sturlevant Oct. 13, 1881.
Man.
Bot. 459.
Trees
Amer.
1879.
1875.

Forest Fl. 113.
J.
1850.

Forest Fl. lo^.
J.
Balfour, J.
1870.
Agr. Mass. 34.
Emerson, G. B.
Robinson,
"
purple-tinted leaves are eaten as a spinach.''
1879.
{Pavia indica)
1876.
121.
Hist. Pis. 2:161.
1846.
(A. macroslachya)
1872.
Journ. Disc. Source Nile 568.
1864.
be eaten boiled
STURTEVANT
27
Vacciniaceae.
Agapetes saligna Benth. & Hook.
East Indies. The leaves are used as a substitute for tea by the natives of Sikkim.^
Agave americana Linn.
American aloe,
Amaryllideae.
century plant,
maguey.
The first mention of the agave is by Peter Martyr,^ contem"

with
Colvunbus, who, speaking of what is probably now Yucatan, says:
They
porary
s&Y the fyrst inhabitants lyved contented with the roots of Dates and magueans, which
Tropical America.
is
an herbe much lyke unto that which
is
commonly
called
sengrem or orpin."
The
by the natives maguey, grows luxuriantly over the table-lands

Mexico and the neighboring borders and are so useful to the people that Prescott '
species of agave, called

of
the plant the
calls
"
From
miracle of nature."
the leaves, a paper resembling the ancient
papyrus was manufactured by the Aztecs; the tough fibres of the leaf afforded thread
which coarse stuffs and strong cords were made; the leaf, when washed and dried,
the Indians for smoking like tobacco but being sweet and
employed by
the pipe; an extract of the leaves
made
is
gummy
of
is
chokes
into balls which lather with water like soap;
the thorns on the leaf serve for pins and needles; the dried flower-stems constitute a thatch
impervious to water; about Quito, the flower-stem is sweet, subacid, readily ferments and
forms a wine called pulque of which immense quantities are consumed now as in more
ancient times; from this pulque
deleterious spirit
known
distilled
is
an ardent, not disagreeable but singularly
The crown
as vino mescal.
of the flower-stem, charred to black-
ness and mingled with water, forms a black paint which
is used by the Apaches to paint

from
the
roasted
heart
prepared
by the Papajos and Apaches;
the bulbs, or central portion, partly in and partly above the ground are rich in saccharine
matter and are the size of a cabbage or sometimes a bushel basket and when roasted are
their faces; a fine spirit
is
sweet and are used by the Indians as food. Hodge,* writing of Arizona, pronounces the
bulbs delicious. Bartlett * mentions their use by the Apaches, the Pimas, the Coco Maricopas and the Bieguenos Tubis.
The agave was

Spain a
in cultivation in the gardens of Italy in 1586
little after this
time.'
now
It is
and Clusius saw
to be found generally in tropical countries.
it
in
The
variety which furnishes sisal hemp was introduced into Florida in 1838 and in 1855 there
was a plantation of 50 acres at Key West.
A. palmeri Engelm.
central
bud
also distilled
from
The
Arizona.
and a
spirit is
A. pairyi Engelm.
New
'
'
'
J.
ffii/.
Prescott,
D.
Corui.
Himal. Pis.
A.
Newberry Pop.
roasted and eaten
by the Indians
PI.
Geog.
Sci.
XV.
This plant constitutes one of the staple foods

A.
1577.
Mex. 1:137.
1843.
Hodge, H. C. Arizona 245. 1877.

Bartlett, J. R.
Explor. Texas 1:292.
De CandoUe,
'
Illuslr.
Trar. 142.
W. H.
is
mescal.
Mexico and northern Arizona.
Hooker,
Eden
at certain seasons
it.^
JSo/.
2:739.
Month. 32:40.
1854.
1855.
1888.
1855.
'28
When
of the Apaches.
properly prepared,
mildly acid, laxative and
The bulb
Utah and Arizona.

roast
is
saccharine, palatable
and wholesome,
utah aloe.
A. utahensis Engelm.
who
it
antiscorbutic'
and prepare
it
for food
of the root is considered a great delicacy
which
said to be sweet
is
and
by the
Indians,
delicious.^
A. wislizeni Engelm.
The young stems when they shoot out in the spring

eaten with great relish by the Mexicans and Indians.'
Mexico.
and are
Aglaia edulis A. Gray.

Fiji Islands
and
call it
aril is large,
Meliaceae.
The
and the East Indies.
gumi.*
are tender and sweet
The
natives eat the aril which surrounds the seed
having a watery, cooling, pleasant pulp.'
fruit is edible,
The
succulent and edible. '
A. odorata Lour.
China.
Firminger
says this plant never fruits in Bengal.
The
flowers are bright
head and are delightfully fragrant. Fortune ' says

it is the lan-hwa u yu-chu-lan of China and that the flowers are used for scenting tea.
Smith ' says it is the san-yeh-lan of China, that the flowers are used for scenting tea and
yellow, of the size
and form
of a pin
that the tender leaves are eaten as a vegetable.
Agrimonia eupatoria Linn. Rosaceae. agrimony, cocklebur. liverwort, sticklewort.
North temperate
The
regions.
dried leaves are used
by coimtry people as a
sort
of tea but probably only for medicinal qualities.''
Agriophyllum gobicum Bunge.
The
Siberia.
Agropyron repens Beauv.
Temperate
Chenopodiaceae.
seeds are used as food."
This
regions.
states that bread has
Gramineae.
is
quack
grass.
a troublesome weed in
been made from
many
situations yet Withering
'*
roots in times of want.
its
Ailanthus glandulosa Desf. Simarubeae. tree of heaven, varnish tree.

China. Smith " says that the leaves are used to feed silkworms and, in times of
scarcity, are
'
used as a vegetable.
Havard, V.
Case
Bot. Index 19.
Havard, V.
*
Don, G.
'
Royle, J. P.
Proc.
Illustr. Bot.
"
Johnson, C. P.
1839.
1874.
1857.
Mat. Med. China.
6.
Useful Pis. Gl. Brit. 95.
Rigil Card. Chron. 19:472.
(Milnea edulis)
1840.
Card. Ind. 429.
Contrib.
1885.
1831.
Himal. 1:140.
Resid. Chinese 201.
Smith, P. P.
'
U. S. Nat. Mus. 519.
lUustr. Ind. Bot. 1:146.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Portwne, R.
1895.
1880.
Wight, R.
'
Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 123.
871.
1862.
1883.
" Johnson, C. P.
" Smith, P. P. Contrib. Mat. Med. China 6.
1862.
1871.
STURTEVANT
Akebia lobata Decne.
The
Japan.
29
Berberideae.
fruits of the wild vines are regularly
gathered and marketed in season.'
A. quinata Decne.
The
China.
The pulp
inches in diameter.
Alangium lamarckii Thw.
is
an
is
a pleasant sweetish, though somewhat insipid
It has
50 black, oblong seeds.
article of food.
taste.^
Cornaceae.
On
small tree of the tropics of the Old World.
an edible
It affords
somewhat astringent but
is
The
fruit.'
the coast of Malabar, the fruit
fruit in
India
is
mucilaginous, sweet,
eaten.*
Albizzia julibbrissin Durazz.
Leguminosae.
The aromatic leaves are used by the Chinese

The tree is called nemu in Japan.''
Asia and tropical Africa.
The
long and two

a homogeneous, yellowish-green mass containing 40 to
fruit is of variable size biit is usually three or four inches
as food.'
leaves are said to be edible.*
A. lucida Benth.
The
East Indies.
edible, oily seeds taste like
a hazelnut.'
A. monilifera F. Muell.
The pods
Australia.
are roasted
when yoimg and
are eaten
by the
natives.'
A. montana Benth.
Sometimes used as a condiment in Java."
Java.
A. myriophylla Benth.
With bark of
East Indies.
this tree, the
mountaineers make an intoxicating liquor."
A. procera Benth.
Tropical Asia and Australia.
Albuca major Linn.
is
''
Amer. Card. 12:1^0.
1891.
Ibid.
'
Royle,
J.
F.
Himal. 1:215.
Brandis, D.
Bretschneider Bo/. 5iM. 52.
'Don, G.
Baillon,
>
Illustr. Bot.
Smith, F. P.
Forest Fl. 250.
Contrib. Mat.
1882.
(Acacia julibrissin)
Med. China
Hist. Pis. 2: $6.
Useful Pis. Ind. 9.
Palmer, E.
Journ. Roy. Soc.

Hist. Pis. 2:58.
Forest Fl. 176.
" Thunberg, C. P.
2.
1820.
1872.
Drury, H.
"Baillon, H.
" Brandis, D.
1839.
1874.
H.
mixed with
says the succulent stalk, which
chewed by the Hottentots and other
thirst.
is
flour.'*
Liliaceae.
In Kaffraria, Thunberg
South Africa.
mucilaginous,
In times of scarcity, the bark
1871.
(Acacia nemu)
{Acacia lucida)
1858.
New
So. Wales 17:94.
1872.
1874.
Traw. 1:146.
1795.
1884.
travellers
by way
of
is
rather
quenching
STURTEVANT
30
Aletris
farinosa
ague-root,
Haemodoraceae.
Linn.
colic-root,
crow-corn,
star
unicorn-root.
GRASS.
This plant, says Masters,'
North America.
is
one of the most intense bitters known,
but, according to Rafinesque,^ the Indians eat its bulbs.
Aleurites triloba Forst.
candlenut tree,
Euphorhiaceae.
country walnut,
otaheite
walnut.
Tropical Asia and Pacific Islands.
of the
kernels of
is
a large tree
ctaltivated in tropical countries
It is native to the eastern islands of the
for the sake of its nuts.
and
This
Malayan Archipelago
Samoan grbup. In the Hawaiian Islands, it occurs in extensive forests. The
the nut when dried and stuck on a reed are used by the Polynesians as a sub-
stitute for candles
and as an
and
walnut-oil
New
Georgia.
also used as
a dr3ang
food in
article of
a large proportion of pure, palatable
oil,
When
oil
pressed they yield
for paint
and known as
artist 's-oil.'
Alhagi camelorum Fisch.
The Orient and
Legwminosae.
central
camelsthorn.
This indigenous
Asia.
manna-plant.
shrub
furnishes
a manna by
exudation.^
A.
maurorum Medic.
Persian manna-plant.
Near Kandahar and Herat, manna
North Africa to Hindustan.
is
found and
lected on the bushes of this desert plant at flowering time after the spring rains.'
manna is supposed by some
to have been the
marma of Scripture but
others refer the
col-
This
manna
of Scripture to one of the lichens.
Alisma plantago Linn.
mad-dog weed,
Alismaceae.
water-plantain.
North temperate zone and Australia. The solid part of the root contains farinaceous
matter and, when deprived of its acrid properties by drjdng, is eaten by the Calmucks.*
Allium akaka Gmel.
Persia.
of wolag.
and
is
It
Liliaceae.
This plant appears in the bazar in Teheren as a vegetable ' under the name
also grows in the Alps.
The whole of the yovmg plant is considered a delicacy
used as an addition to rice in a pilau.*
great-headed garlic levant garlic wild leek.

and
the Orient. This is a hardy perennial, remarkable for the size of the
Europe
bulbs. The leaves and stems somewhat resemble those of the leek.' The peasants in
A. ampeloprasum Linn,
(y.^''^
,
*,
certain parts of Southern

'
Masters,
M.
T.
Treas. Bot. 1:35.
'Rafinesque, C. S.
'Black, A. A.
Don, G.
>
La. 18.
Forest Fl. 145.
it
1870.
1832.
1876.
Treas. Bol. 1:38.
1870.
Ibid.
'Burr, F.
Field, Card. Veg. 12^.
1882.
this is its only
1870.
U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 356.
" Bon Jard.

414.
raw and
1817.
Treas. Bot. 1:36.
Johns, C. A.
Unger, F.
Fl.
Hisl. Dichl. Pis. 2:310.
Brandis, D.
,'
Europe eat
1863.
1859.
{A. latifoUum)
known
use.'"

A. angulosum Linn,
mouse garlic.
Called on the upper Yenisei mischei-tschesnok, mouse
Siberia.
31
garlic,
and from
early
times collected and salted for winter use.'

A. ascalonicum Linn,
shallot.
The Askolonion krommoon
Cultivated everywhere.
of Theophrastus
and the Cepa
ascolonia of Pliny, are supposed to be our shallot but this

identity can scarcely be claimed
as assured.
It is not established that the shallot occurs in a wild
and De Candolle
state,
is
inclined to believe
nearly
all
Amatus
to
show
a form of A.
the early .botanies, and
Ascalon, a
says that
it is
town in
cepa, the onion.^
many
It is
mentioned and
repeat the statement of Pliny that
it
figiu-ed in
came from
whence the name.
Michaud, in his History oj the Crusades,

gardens owe to the holy wars shallots, which take their name from Ascalon.^
oiir
Syria,
and German names, which go

In England, shallots are said to have been
Lusitanus,* 1554, gives Spanish, Italian, French

its
early cultitre in these coimtries.
but Mcintosh' says they were introduced in 1548; they do not

seem to have been known to Gerarde in 1597. In 1633, Worlidge ^ says " eschalots art
ciiltivated in
1633,*
now from France become an
English condiment."
Shallots are enumerated for Ameri-
'
can gardens in 1806.* Vilmorin mentions one variety with seven subvarieties.
The bulbs are compound, separating into what are called cloves, hke those of
and are
of milder flavor
than other cultivated
seasoner in stews and soups, as also in a
raw
ailiimis.
They
garlic,
are used in cookery as a
state; the cloves, cut into small sections,
form
an ingredient in French salads and are also sprinkled over steaks and chops. They make
an excellent pickle. In China, the shallot is grown but is not valued as highly as is A.
uliginosum.^"
A. canadense Linn,
North America.
tree onion,
There
is
Loudon "
to this wild onion.
wild garlic.
some
hesitation in referring the tree onion of the garden

"
the tree, or bulb-bearing, onion, syn. ^gyp-
refers to it as
tian onion, A. cepa, var. vimparium; the stem produces bulbs instead of flowers
and when
these bulbs are planted they produce underground onions of considerable size and, being
much
stronger flavored than those of
any other variety, they go farther in cookery."

Booth says, the bulb-bearing tree onion was introduced into England from Canada in
1820 and is considered to be a vivaparous variety of the common onion, which it resembles
"
'^
It differs in its flower-stems being
in appearance.
.'
'
Pickering, C.
De
Candolle, A.
Michaud
Hist. Crusades 3:329.
Dioscorides,
'
Miller Card. Dtc/.
'
Worlidge,
Syst. Hart. 193.
J.
McMahon,
B.
VilmorinLei
"Loudon,
J.
C.
"Booth, W.B.
Amer. Card.
1554.
Contrib. Mat.
Horl. 661.
1855.
1683.
Cal. 190.
Pis. Polag. 200.
" Smith, F. P.
287.
1807.
Book Card. 2:27.
Mcintosh, C.
1885.
1853.
Amatus Lusitanus Ed.
'
1879.
Orig. Pis. Cult. 70.
1806.
1883.
Med. China
i860.
Treas. Bol. i-.ô.
1870.
7.
1871.
svirmounted by a cluster of small green
STURTEVant's NOTES ON EDIBLE PLANTS
32
btdbs instead of bearing flowers and seed."
It is
bears a head of bulbs in the place of flowers;
out northern United States and Canada.
Brown
for pickles of superior flavor.
1674,
when Marquette
'
and
a peculiarity of A. canadense that
its flavor is
Mueller
'
very strong;
says
its
often used
the plant in their broths for flavoring.
by some
much sought
Indians.
from Green Bay to the present
Chicago, these onions formed almost the entire source of food.
On
often
found through-
top bulbs are
says its roots are eaten
his party journeyed
it is
it
The Ivmibermen
In
site of
Maine
of
the East Branch of the Penobscot,
and are bulb-producing on their stalks. They grow in

even
with
the scant soil attain a foot in height. In the lack of
the clefts of ledges and
definite information, it may be allowable to suggest that the tree onion may be a hybrid
variety from this wild species, or possibly the wild species improved by cultivation. The
these onions occur in abundance
name, Egyptian onion,

origination in
Canada
of food
against this surmise, while, on the other hand,
its
apparent
is in its favor, as is also the appearance of the growing plants.
onion.
A. cepa Linn,
Persia
is
The onion has been known and
and Beluchistan.
from the
Its native
earliest period of history.
cultivated as an article
country
is
At the
unknown.
no longer foimd growing wild, but all authors ascribe to it an eastern

origin.
Perhaps it is indigenous from Palestine to India, whence it has extended to China,
Cochin China, Japan, Europe, North and South Africa and America. It is mentioned
present time
it is
in the Bible as one of the things for which the Israelites longed in the wilderness
and com-
plained about to Moses. Herodotus says, in his time there was an inscription on the
Great Pyramid stating the simi expended for onions, radishes and garlic, which had been
consumed by the laborers during the progress of its erection, as 1600 talents. A variety
was cultivated, so excellent that it received worship as a divinity, to the great amusement
of the
priests,
to be trusted.
Onions were prohibited to the Egyptian

who abstained from most kinds of pulse, but they were not excluded from the
Romans,
if
Juvenal
altars of the gods.
is
Wilkinson
his hand, or covering
an
says paintings frequently show a priest holding
a bundle of their leaves and
altar with
roots.
them
They were
in
intro-
duced at private as well as public festivals and brought to table. The onions of Egjrpt
were mild and of an excellent flavor and were eaten raw as well as cooked by persons of
all classes.
B.
Hippocrates* says that onions were commonly eaten 430 B. C. Theophrastus,' 322
C, names a number of varieties, the Sardian, Cnidian, Samothracian and Setanison,
all
named from the
places where grown.
Mueller, F.
Brown, R.
'
Sel. Pis.
28 B. 1891.
Card. Chron. 1320.
1868.
Case Bol. Index 34. 1880.

De Candolle, A. Geog. Bot. 828.
Wilkinson, J. G.
Anc. Egypt,
1855.
168.
Hippocrates Opera Comarius Ed. 113.

'
Dioscorides,* 60 A. D., speaks of the onion as
Colimiella,' 42 A. D., speaks of the Marsicam,
long or round, yellow or white.
1854.
1546.
Theophrastus Hist. PI. Bodaeus Ed. 761, 785.

Dioscorides Ruellius Ed. 135.
Columella
lib. 12, c. 10.
1529.
1644.
which
STURTEVANT
the country people
call
the French ognon.
round onion
is
33
unionem, and this word seems to be the origin of our word, onion,
Pliny,i 79 A. D., devotes considerable space to cepa,
and says the
the best, and that red onions are more highly flavored than the white.
Palladius,^ 210 A. D., gives
number
minute directions for culture.
Apicius,' 230 A. D., gives a
of rîpes for the use of the onion in cookery but its uses
are rather as a seasoner than as an edible.

describes the onion but does not include
it
by this epicurean writer

In the thirteenth century, Albertus Magnus *
in his list of garden plants where he speaks of
by which we would infer, what indeed seems to have been the case
with the ancients, that it was in less esteem than these, now minor, vegetables. In the
the leek and gariic,
sixteenth
etables
centiuy,
Amatus Lusitanus^
and occurs in red and white
says the onion
varieties,
strong, and yet others intermediate

as large and small, long, round and
one of the commonest of veg-
and of various
in savor.
flat, red,
is
qualities,
some
sweet, others
In 1570, Matthiolus* refers to varieties

bluish, green
and white.
Laurembergius,'
1632, says onions differ in form, some being round, others, oblong; in color, some white,
others dark red; in
He
size,
says the
some
Roman
large, others small; in their origin, as
German, Danish,
colonies during the time of
Agrippa grew in the gardens

a
sort
which
of the monasteries
Russian
attained sometimes the weight of eight pounds.
Spanish.
He
calls
and
size
the Spanish onion oblong, white and large, excelling
and says
is
it
grown
abundance in Holland.
in large
brings the highest price in the markets
all
other sorts in sweetness
At Rome, the
sort
which
the Caieta; at Amsterdam, the St. Omer.
is
a tradition in the East, as Glasspoole * writes, that when Satan stepped out
of the Garden of Eden after the fall of man, onions sprang up from the spot where he
There
is
placed his right foot and garlic from that where his
Targioni-Tozzetti
left foot
touched.
thinks the onion wiU probably prove identical with A. fistulosum
Linn., a species having a rather extended range in the mountains of South Russia and
whose southwestern limits are as yet unascertained.
of British gardens, says Mcintosh, '" as long as they
"
Wei loved he garleek,
Chaucer," about 1340, mentions them:
The onion has been an inmate

deserve the appellation.
onyons and ek leekes."

Hiunboldt '^ says that the primitive Americans were acquainted with the onion and
that it was called in Mexican xonacatl. Cortez," in speaking of the edibles which they
'
Pliny
lib. 19, c.
Palladius
32.
lib. 3, c.
24.
Apicjus Opson. 1709.
Albertus
Magnus Veg. Jessen Ed. 487.

Amatus Lusitanus Ed. 273.
Dioscorides
Matthiolus Comment 389.

'
1867.
1554.
1570.
Laurembergius Apparat. Plant. 27. 1632.

Ohio State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 29:422.
Glasspoole, H. G.
Targioni-Tozzetti Journ. Hort. Soc. Land. 9: 147.
" Mcintosh,
C. Book Card. 2:31.

" Chaucer Prologue V 634. 1340.
De CandoUe, A.
"Ibid.
Geog. Bo/. 2:829.
1855.
1855.
1874.
1855.
-34
found on the march to Tenochtitlan,
cites onions, leeks
and
garlic.
De
Candolle
'
does
names apply to the species cultivated in Europe. Sloane,' in the

seventeenth century, had seen the onion only in Jamaica in gardens. The word xonacatl
*
is not in Hernandez,' and Acosta
says expressly that the onions and garlics of Peru came
not think that these
from Europe.
originally
by Columbus
Peter Martyr
were among the garden herbs sown
It is probable that onions
at Isabela Island in 1494, although they are not specifically mentioned.

"
"
'
speaks of
onyons in Mexico and this must refer to a period before 1526,
the year of his death, seven years after the discovery of Mexico.
It is possible that onions,
introduced by the Spaniards to the West Indies, had already found admittance to
first
Mexico, a rapidity of adaptation scarcely impossible to that civilized Aztec race, yet
apparently improbable at
first
Onions are mentioned
thought.
Wm.
by
Wood,^ 1629-33, as cultivated in Massachusetts; in

and were grown at Mobile, Ala., in 1775.* In
1648, they were cultivated in Virginia;'
1779, onions were
N. Y.
among
the Indian crops destroyed by Gen. Sullivan
McMahon
In 1806,
*"
mentions six varieties in his
of
list
'
near Geneva,
American
esculents.
1828, the potato onion, A. cepa, var. aggregatum G. Don,
"
is mentioned by Thorbum
Burr ^ describes fourteen varieties.
vegetable of late introduction into our country."

'
Vilmorin
describes sixty varieties,
which are not noted by him.
and there are a number
In form, these
In
" as
may
of varieties
be described as
form, spherical, spherical-flattened, pear-shaped, long.
This
last
grown in France
flat,
flattened, disc-
form seems to attain an
exaggerated length in Japan, where they often equal a foot in length. In 1886, Kizo
"
Otur onions do not have large,
Tamari," a Japanese commissioner to this country, says,
globular bulbs.
are
They
just like celery
grown
and have
long, white, slender stalks."
In addition to the forms mentioned above, are the top onion and the potato onion. The
onion is described in many colors, such as white, dull white, silvery white, pearly white,
yellowish-green,
coppery-yellow,
salmon-yellow,
greenish-yellow,
bright
yellow,
pale
salmon, salmon-pink, coppery-pink, chamois, red, bright red, blood-red, dark red, purplish.
But few of oiir modem forms are noticed in the early botanies. The following
synonymy
includes
of the figures
'
De
all
that are noted, but in establishing
upon which
Candolle, A.
founded are
it is
Geog. Bot. 2:829.
qtiite distinct:
1855.
Ibid.
'
Ibid.
Ibid.
Eden
'
''
Hist. Trav. 1577.
New
Wood, W.
Eng. Prosp. 2:7.
Perf. Desc. Va. 4.
'Romans
">
S.
McMahon, B.
" Thorbum Cat.
1775.
Early Hist. Geneva 47.
Amer. Card.
Col. 582.
1828.
Field, Gard.
" Vilmorin Les
1634.
Force Coll. Tracts 2:1838.
Nat. Hist. Fla. 1:115.
Conover, G.
" Burr, F.
1649.
Veg. 129.
Pis. Potag. 51.
^*Amer. Hort. Sept
lo, 1886.
1863.
1883.
1879.
1806.
it,
it
must be noted that many
35
I.
Btdb
Fuchsius, 430.
Cepa.
at bottom, tapering towards stem.
flat
1542.
Cepa rotunda. Bodaeus, 787, 1644.

Caepe sive Cepa rubra ei alba. Bauhin,
Geani de Rocca.
Vilm. 387.
2: S49.
J.
1651.
1883.
Mammoth Pompeii. American Seedsmen.

Golden Queen. American Seedsmen.
Paris Silverskin. American Seedsmen.
Silver
The
White Etna.
American Seedsmen.
difference at first sight
varieties is great,
between the crude
figure of Fuchsius
but ordinary experience indicates that the changes are no greater than
can be observed under
selection.
II.
Bulb round at bottom, tapering towards stem.

Roeszl. 121.
Zwiblen.
Cepa.
Trag. 737.
1550.
1552.
1586.
Caepa. Cam. Epit. 324.
Blanc hatij de Valence. Vihn. 378. 1883.
Neapolitan Marzajola. American Seedsmen.
Round White
American Seedsmen.
American Seedsmen.
Silverskin.
White Portugal.
III.
Bulb roundish, flattened above and below.

Matth. 276, 1558; Pin. 215. 1561.
Caepa capitata. Matth. 388. 1570.
Cepa.
Cepe.
Loh. Obs. 73.

1576; 7cw. 1:150.
Get. 134.
1597.
1591.
rubra.
Cepa
Cepa rotunda. Dod. 687. 1616.
Rouge gros-plat d'ltalie. Vilm. 387. 1883.
Bermuda. American Seedsmen.
Large Flat Madeira. American Seedsmen.
American Seedsmen.
ether sfield Large Red.
IV.
Bulb rounded below, flattened above.

Cepa.
Pictorius 82.
1581.
Philadelphia Yellow Dutch, or Strasburg.
American Seedsmen.
V.
Bulb
Cepa.
Cepe.
Cepe
spherical, or nearly so.
Trag. 737. 1552. Lauremb. 26.

Lob. Obs. 73. 1576; Icon. 1:150.
alba.
and the modern
Ger. 134.
1597.
Caepa capitata. Matth. 419. 1598.

Juane de Danvers. Vilm. 380. 1883.
Danvers. American Seedsmen.
1632.
1591.
36
VI
Bulb concave on the bottom.
Bodaeus 786. 1644.
American Seedsmen.
Cepa rotunda.
Extra Early Red.
VII.
Bulb oblong.
Cam.
Caepa.
Epit. 324.
1586.
Lob. /com. 1:150.
Cepae Hispanica ohlonga.

Cepa oblonga. Dod. 687.
Vilm. 388.
Piriform.
1591.
1616; Bodaeus 787.
1644.
1883.
VIII.
The top
In 1587, Dalechamp
'
onion.
records with great surprise an onion plant which bore small
bulbs in the place of seed.

A.
cemuum
wild onion.
Roth,
Western
New York
to Wisconsin and southward.
almost the entire source of food for Marquette
Bay
to the present site of Chicago in the
A. fistulosum Linn,
German walsch
Mcintosh
and
is
says
England in
useful for pickling.
It is
fibers.^
has a small,
it
flat,
1629.'
This and A. canadense formed
his party
on
their journey
welsh onion.
The Welsh onion acquired
grown
for its leaves
common
the parent species of the onion.
its
name from
onion but has
which are used in
salads.
brownish-green bulb which ripens early and keeps well
very hardy and, as Targioiy-Tozzetti
It is
from Green
1674.
never forms a bulb like the
It
(foreign).^
and strong
long, tapering roots
fall of
and
two-bladed onion,
ciboul.
Siberia, introduced into
the
It is
mentioned by
McMahon
'
'
thinks, is probably
in 1806 as one of the
American garden esculents; by Randolph in Virginia before 181 8; and was cataloged
sale by Thorburn in 1828, as at the present time.
A. neapolitanum Cjt.
for
daffodil garlic.
According to Heldreich,'
it
yields roots
which are
edible.
A. obliquum Linn.
From
Siberia.
early times the plant has been cultivated on the Tobol as a substitute
for garlic.'"
'
'
Dalechamp, J,
Case Bo/. /nie*
Booth,
W.
B.
(Lugd.) 532.
Treas. Bot. 1:40.
1587.
1870.
1879.
B.
Treas. Bot. 1:40.
1870.
Mcintosh, C.
Book Card. 2:41.
1855.
Booth,
'
PL
1880.
Chron. Hist. Ph. 582.
Pickering, C.
W.
Hist. Gen.
34.
Targioni-Tozzetti Journ. Hort. Soc. Land. 9:147.
McMahon,
B.
MueUer, F.
"Pickering,
Amer. Card.
Set. Pis. 19.
Col. 582.
1806.
1880.
Chron. Hist. Pis.
8i:s.
1879.
1855.
STURTEVANT
A.
odorum
37
fragrant-flowered garlic.
Linn,
This onion
Siberia.
A. oleraceum Linn,
is
eaten as a vegetable in Japan.*
field garlic.
The young leaves are used in Sweden to flavor stews and soups or fried
Evirope.
with other herbs and are sometimes so employed in Britain but are inferior to those of
the cultivated garlic.^
A.
leek.
porrum Linn.
Found growing wild
been cultivated from the
It has
land.
in Algiers but the
Bon
Jardinier
earliest times.
'
says
it is
a native of Switzer-
This vegetable was the prason
porrum of the Romans, who distinguished two kinds, the capiand the sectile, or chives, although Colimiella,* Pliny,' and Palladius,'
of the ancient Greeks, the
tatum, or leek,
same plant brought about through difference of culture, the

form
chive-like
being produced by thick planting. In Europe, the leek was generally
known throughout the Middle Ages, and in the earlier botanies some of the figtires of the
indicate these as forms of the
leek represent the
Townsend
1726,
The
'
two kinds
says that
"
complained to
Israelites
of planting alluded to
writers.
leeks are mightily used in the kitchen for broths
Moses
wanderings in the wilderness.
their
by the Roman
In England,
and sauces."
from the leeks of Egypt during

that in his time the best leeks were
of the deprivation
Pliny
states,
brought from Egypt, and names Aricia in Italy as celebrated
Leeks were brought

into great notice by the fondness for them of the Emperor Nero who used to eat them for
several days in every month to clear his voice, which practice led the people to nickname
for them.
him Porrophagus. The date of its introduction into England is given as 1562, but it certainly was cultivated there earlier, for it has been considered from time immemorial as
who won a
the badge of Welshmen,
victory in the sixth century over the Saxons which
by the order of St. David to distinguish them in the

battle.
It is referred to by Tusser and Gerarde" as if in common use in their day.
The leek may vary considerably by culture and often attain a large size; one with the
they attributed to the leeks they wore
blanched portion a foot long and nine inches in circumference and the leaf fifteen inches
and three feet in length has been recorded."* Vilmorin " described eight varieties
in breadth
in
1883 but
varieties
some
of these are
'
Card. Chron. 25:458.
'
Johnson, C. P.
'
Columella
Pliny
'
1882.
34.
lib. 3, c.
24.
Townsend Seedsman
Mcintosh, C.
Gerarde,
J.
37.
1726.
Book Card. 2:44.

Herb. 139.
'"Card. Chron. 26:599.
1855.
1597.
1886.
" Vilmorin Les Pis. Potag. 416. 1883.

" McMahon, B. Anter. Card. Cat. 581.
" Romans Nat.
Hist. Fla. 1:115.
775-
1806.
In 1806,
McMahon" named
Leeks are mentioned by
1886.
lib. 2, c. 8.
lib. 19, c.
Palladius
esculents.
Useful Pis. of Gt. Brit. 270.
'Bon. Jard. 550.

.*
scarcely distinct.
among American garden
1862.
Romans
'^
three
as grow-
38
ing at Mobile, Ala., in 1775 and as ciiltivated
by Cortez
to leeks
is
is
the part generally eaten, and this
Buist
names
by the Choctaw
noticed under A. cepa, the onion.
The
Indians.
The
reference
lower, or blanched, portion
used in soups or boiled and served as asparagus.'

The blanched stems are much used in French cookery.
six varieties.
is
A. reticulatum Fras.
North America.
A.
roseum Linn,
This
a wild onion whose root
is
eaten by the Indians.'
rosy-flowered garlic.
Mediterranean countries.
A.
is
According to Heldreich,* this plant yields edible
roots.
rotundum Linn.
The
Europe and Asia Minor.
leaves are eaten
by the Greeks
of Crimea.^
A. rubellum Bieb.
The bulbs
Europe, Siberia and the Orient.
are eaten
by the
hill
people of India
and the leaves are dried and preserved as a condiment.*

clown's treacle,
A. sativum Linn,
garlic.
Europe. This plant, well known to the ancients, appears to be native to the plains
of western Tartary ' and at a very early period was transported thence over the whole
and Europe. It is believed to be the skorodon

hemeron of Dioscorides and the allium of Pliny. It was ranked by the Egyptians among
of Asia (excepting Japan), north Africa
The want of garlics was lamented to Moses

Homer' makes garlic a part of the entertainment
Machaon. The Romans are said to have disliked it on
gods in taking an oath, according to Pliny.
by the
Israelites in the wilderness.
which Nestor served to
his guest,
account of the strong scent but fed

soldiers to excite courage.
Tusser
'"
notice
Garlic
it.
was
it
to their laborers to strengthen
them and
to their
'
England prior to 1548 and both Tvimer and
said to have been introduced in China 140-86 B. C." and to
It
is
in use in
be found noticed in various Chinese treatises of the fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth and
centuries.'''
Loureiro " found it under cultivation in Cochin China.
eighteenth
The
fed
on
first
it
mention of
In Peru,
in Mexico.
the roots of Europe."

Burr, p.
,'
Mueller, F.
Pallas, P. S.
'
'
J.
F.
28 B.
1851.
1879.
(A. descendens)
1803.
Himal. 1:393.
1839.
1879.
1870.
Miller Card. Diet. 1807.
"Mcintosh, C.
"
Book Card. 2:29.
Bretschneider, E.
On
the
Study
" Bretschneider, E. Bot. Sin.

" Loureiro i''/. CocWn. 201.
1855.
15.
1870.
59, 78, 83, 85.
1882.
1790.
"Eden
Hist. Trav. 1577.
" Acosta Nat. Mor.
Hist. Ind. 261.
1604.
Hakl.
states that Cortez
the Indians esteem garlike above
1891.
Pickering Chron. Hist. Pis. 145.

Treas. Bot. 1:41.
"
1863.
84.
Trav. Russia 2:449.

Illustr. Bot.
by Peter Martyr," who
says

Sel. Pis.
is
was cultivated by the Choctaw Indians
Fam. Kitch. Card.
Pickering, C.
Royle,
It
Field, Card. Veg. 126.
Buist, R.
'
'
America
Acosta "
garlic in
Soc Ed.
1880.
all
in gardens before
STURTEVANT
'
177s
and
and
39
mentioned among garden escvilents by American writers on gardening in 1806

The plant has the well-known alliaceous odor which is strongly penetrating,
is
since.
especially at
midday.
of Eitrope.
In
It is
many
much used by
not as
northern people as
by those of the south

brown bread with slices of
parts of Europe, the peasantry eat their
which imparts a flavor agreeable to them. In seed catalogs, the sets are
seed is rarely offered. There are two varieties, the common and the pink.
garlic
A. schoenoprasum Linn,
chive,
North temperate zone.
1806, included
plants are included at present
European
give.
This perennial plant seems to be grown in but few American
McMahon,^
gardens, although
listed while
it
in his
list
of
American
esculents.
Chive
the supplies offered in our best seed catalogs.
In
gardens, they are cultivated for the leaves which are used in salads, soups
and
much used
Chives are
for flavoring.
among
in
Scotch
families
and are considered next to
much more used on
indispensable in omelettes and hence are
the Continent of Europe,
In England, chives were described by Gerarde' as
particularly in Catholic countries.
"a
pleasant Sawce and good Pot-herb;" by Worlidge* in 1683; the chive was among
seedsmen's supplies ' in 1726; and it is recorded as formerly in great request but now of
little
by Bryant
regard,
The only
The
in 1783.
indication of variety
and the
cive d'Angleterre
soil.
plant
is
cive
found in Noisette,' who entimerates the
is
civette,
de Portugal but says these are the same, only modified
an humble one and
is
propagated by the bulbs;
for,
although
it
the
by
produces
flowers, these are invariably sterile according to Vilmorin.
rocambole,
A. scorodoprasum Linn,
sand leek.
Spanish garlic.
Europe, Caucasus region and Syria. This species grows wild in the Grecian Islands
and probably elsewhere in the Mediterranean regions.* Loudon says it is a native of
Denmark, formerly cultivated in England

Greek and
same purposes as
not of ancient culture as
It is
paratively neglected.
of the ancient
for the
Roman
it
garlic
but
now com-
cannot be recognized in the plants
authors and finds no mention of garden cultivation
by
Scorodoprasum of Clusius,' 1601, and the Allii genus,

dictum
of
J. Bauhin,^" 1651, but there is no indication of culture
quibusdam,
ophioscorodon
in either case.
Ray," 1688, does not refer to its cultivation in England. In 1726, how"
"
^
"
Townsend
ever,
mightly in request; in 1783, Bryant classes it with edibles.
says it is
It is the
the early botanists.
Romans
McMahon,
Gerarde,
12,^.
Fl. Diet. 92.
Noisette
Man.
De CandoUe,
"Ray,
J.
J.
A.
Bryant
1683.
1726.
1783.
1829.
Geog. Bot. 2 : 83 1
Hii/. P/. 2:559.
Hist. PI. 2:1120.
Fl. Diet. 23.
1601.
" Townsend Seedsman

"
25.
1806.
1597.
Jard. 353.
Clusius Hist. 190.
"Bauhin,
1775.
Cat. 581.
Syst. Hort. 194.
J.
Townsend Seedsman
Bryant
'
Herb.
J.
Worlidge,
'
Amer. Card.
B.
25.
1651.
1688.
1726.
1783.
1 855.
STURTEVANT
40
In France
it
mentioned by Gerarde as a cultivated

bulbs are smaller than those of garlic, milder in taste and are pro-
was grown by Quintyne,

Its
plant in 1596.
It is
1690.
duced at the points of the stem as well as at its base. Rocambole is mentioned among
American garden esculents by McMahon,' 1806, by Gardiner and Hepburn,* i8i8, and
by Bridgeman,'
1832.
A. senescens Linn.
Europe and
This species
Siberia.
eaten as a vegetable in Japan.*
round-headed garlic.
A. sphaerocephalum Linn,
Europe and
Lake Baikal.'
is
From early times this
Siberia.
species has
been eaten by the people about
A. stellatum Eras.
A.
North America.
"
ursinum
bear's
Linn,
Bulb oblong-ovate and eatable."
buckrams,
garlic,
'
gipsy
onion,
hog's
garlic
RAMSONS.
Europe and northern Asia. Gerarde,^ 1597, says the leaves were eaten in Holland.
They were also valued formerly as a pot-herb in England, though very strong.* The
bulbs were also used boiled and in salads.* In Kamchatka this plant is much prized.
The Russians
as well as the natives gather
it
for winter food.'*
crow garlic, field garlic stag's garlic

Europe and now naturalized in northern America near the coast.
A. vineale Linn,
In England, the
leaves are used as are those of garlic."
AUophyllus cobbe Bltmie.
The
Eastern Asia.
Sapindaceae.
berries,
which are red in color and about the
size of peas, are
eaten by the natives.'*

A. zeylanicus Linn.
The
Himalayas.
fruit is eaten."
Alocasia indica Schott.
Aroideae.
pai.
East Indies and south Asia, South Sea Islands and east Australia.
The underground
The
stems constitute a valuable and important vegetable of the native dietary in India.
'
McMahon,
'
Gardiner and Hepburn Amer. Card. 40.
'
Bridgeman Young Card.
B.
Amer. Card.
*Gari. CAron. 25:458.

'
Pickering, C.
Wood, A.
'
Gerarde, J.
"
Asst. 89.
Class
1886.
Book BoL^jw.
Herb. 142.
Useful
Herb. 142.
Glasspoole, H. G.
181 8.
1857.
1879.
1855.
1597.
Ph.
Gt. Brit. 2-71.
1862.
1597.
" Johnson, C. P.
Useful Pis. Gt. Brit.
" Ainslie. W. Mat. Ind.
1826.
2:413.
"
F.
U. S. Pat.
Unger,
1806.
Johnson, C. P.
Gerarde, J.
Cal. 190.
Off. Rpt. 343.
271.
1859.
1874.
1862.
(Scmidelia africana)
STURTEVANT
stems sometimes grow to an immense
size
hence they are of great importance in
For
in the bazar or jail-garden.'

root, it is
the Polynetian islands
its
and
cultivated in Bengal
its large
is
and can be preserved
jail
dietary
when
for a considerable time,
fresh vegetables
and
esculent stems
4I
eaten by people of
become
scarce
small, pendulous tubers of its

all
tuberous roots are eaten.*
ranks in their
curries.
In
Wilkes' says the natives of
The
the Kingsmill group of islands cultivate this species with great care.
root
is
said
to grow to a very large size.
A. macrorhiza Schott.
taro.
ape.
The
Tropics of Asia, Australia and the islands of the Pacific.

after being cooked, but it is inferior to that of A. esculentum.*
America as well as by the people of New Caledonia,

'
of Jamaica and the tayoea of Brazil.'
in tropical
root
is
eaten in India,
The roots are also eaten

who cultivate it.^ It fur-
nishes the roasting eddas
It is
the taro of
Holland, the roots of which, when roasted, afford a staple aliment to the natives.*
states that this plant is the ape of the Tahitians
Aloe
sp.
Liliaceae.
The Banians
and
is
Wilkes
'
cultivated as a vegetable.
aloe.
of the African coast, according to Grant,'" cut the leaves of
into small pieces, soak
them
Alpinia galanga Willd.
them
in lime-juice, put
galangal.
Sdtamineae.
Tropical eastern Asia.
The
root
is
in the sim,
In Cochin China the fresh root
and a
pickle
is
an aloe
thus formed.
galingale.
used in place of ginger in Russia and in some
other countries for flavoring a liquor called nastoika.

tea."
New
is
By
used to season
the Tartars,
fish
and
it is
taken with
for other
economic
purposes.'*
A. globosa Horan.
The large, round China cardamons are supposed to be produced by

The Mongol conquerors of China set great store on this fruit as a spice.'*
China.
species."
amomum.
A. striata Hort.
This
East Indies.
is
cardamom.
probably the antomon of Dioscorides.
Java and other East Indian islands as

of commerce.
far as
1877.
'
EHitt,
U. C.
Seemann, B.
Wilkes, C.
<Ainslie,
'
W.
Fl. Viii. 286.
3/a/. /ni. 2:463.
'
Nat. Hist. Barb. 227.
Hooker, W.J.
Wilkes, C.
Hist. Barb. 587.
1845.
1848.
1845.
>
Chron. Hist. Pis. syo.
(Caladium glycyrrhiza)
1830.
U. S. Explor. Exped. 2:51.
Speke, J. H. Joitrn. Disc. Source Nile 583.

" Fluckiger and Hanbury PAarm. 641. 1879.
Pickering, C.
1799.
1750.
Bot. Misc. 1:25^, 261.
It is
found in Sumatra,
produces the round cardamoms
1826.
LaBillardiê Voy. Recherche Perouse 2:236.
Schomburgkh
Burma and
1865-1873.
U.S. Explor. Exped.%:i.
Hughes, G.
this
1864.
1879.
" Masters, M. T. Treas. Bot. 1:52. 1870. {Amnmum globosum)

"Smith, P.P. Contrib. Mat. Med. China li. iS-t.
STURTEV ant's NOTES ON EDIBLE PLANTS
42
A. uviformis Horan.
The
Tropical Asia.
be
fruit is said to
Alsodeia physiphora Mart.
edible.*
Violarieae.
Used as a spinach in Brazil.^ The green leaves are very mucilaginous, and
Brazil.
the negroes about Rio Janeiro eat them with their food.*
Alsophila lunixlata R. Br.
The yovmg
Viti.
tree fern.
Cyatheaceae.
leaves are eaten in times of scarcity.*
A. spinulosa Hook.
This
who
the pugjik of the Lepchas
is
East Bengal and the peninsula
of India.
Alstroemeria haemantha Ruiz
&
The plant
Chile.
Pav.
eat the soft, watery pith.
herb
lily.
farina is obtained
from
Amaryllideae.
It is
abundant in
its roots.
It is called
ftimishes a farina from its roots.
A. ligtu Linn.
Chile
and the mountains
in Peru lintu, in Chile utat.^
&
A. revoluta Ruiz
of Peru.
Its roots furnish
a palatable starch.'
Pav.
Its roots furnish a farina.'
Chile.
A. versicolor Ruiz
Chile.
&
farina
Pav.
is
obtained from
its roots.*
In France
it is
an inmate
of the flower
garden.
Althaea
Linn.
officinalis
The
plant
is
It is cultivated extensively in
Charlemagne' enjoined
812,
eaten
when
>
'
Masters,
M.
T.
Treas. Bot. 1:534.
Lindley Veg. King. 339.
1846.
Fl.VUi.Z3A-
Mueller, P.
Pickering, C.
{Gonohoria loboloba)
1831.
1865-73.

Stl. Pis. 33.
(Globba uviformis)
1870.
(Conohoria loboloba)
Pickering, C.
1891.
1879.
(A. pallida)
1879.
Ibid.
Fluckiger and
"
leaves
may
In
be
hollyhock.
<Seemann, B.
"
Johnson says*"
its
This species grows wild in China and in the south of Europe. Forskal "
cultivated at Cairo for the sake of its leaves, which are esculent and are used
Don, G.
'
culture in France.
Orient.
it is
says
naturalized in places in America.
for medicinal purposes, acting as a demulcent.
Europe
its
white mallow.
is
boiled.
A. rosea Cav.
The
marshmallow.
Malvaceae,
found wild in Europe and Asia and
Johnson, C. P.
Pickering, C.
Hanbury Pharm.
85.
1879.
1862.

Geog. Dist. Ans.
Pis. 47.
863-1 876.
STURTEVANT
It possesses similar properties to the
in 'Egyptian cookery.
43
marshmallow and
used for
is
similar purposes in Greece.'
Am ara n thus
blitum Linn.
Temperate and
The
tropical zones.
wild elite.
amaranthus.
Amarantaceae.
plant finds use as
pot-herb.''
A. campestris Willd.
This species
East Indies.
one of the pot-herbs of the Hindus.'
is
A. diacanthus Rafin.
North America.
This amaranthus
Tropical zone.
The
in general use in Bengal.
is
The
in that state.*
says the leaves are good to eat as spinach.
amaranthus.
A. gangeticus Linn,
and
Rafinesque
by the natives in endless varieties

pulled up by the root and carried to market
cultivated
is
is
plant
leaves are used as a spinach.'
Roxburgh
'
says there are four leading
common green sort, is most cultivated; Ruber,

much cultivated in Bengal; Giganteus, is five
varieties ctiltivated as pot-herbs: Viridis, the
a beautiful, bright colored variety; Albus,
to eight feet high with a stem as thick as a man's wrist.
and eaten as a
sliced
is
a pot-herb by
This species
ranks of natives.'"
all
boring part of
China and
is
is
ground into
it
their svunmer vegetables."
all
This plant
Orient.
flour.
It is
is
extensively cultivated
very productive.
a pot-herb."
This plant
is
cultivated in India
It has mucilaginous leaves without taste.'*
Masters,
M.
T.
Balfour
Man.
Ainslie,
W.
Treas. Bot. 1:46.
Bol. 562.
Roxburgh,
1870.
1826.
La. 32.
1817.
W.
Fl.
Hort. Beng. 67.
Firminger, T. A. C.
1814.
Card. Ind. 142.
1874.
Ibid.
'Ibid.
Icon. Pis. 2:71:^.
"Livingstone,!.
Mueller, F.
Titford,
"Royle,
Ibid.
W.
J. F.
Med. China
Conlrib. Mat.
Smith, F. P.
"Wight, R.
12.
(A.
187 1.
tristis)
Trans. Hort. Soc. Land. 5:54.
Sel. Pis. 34.

J.
1843.
1824.
tristis)
1891.
Hort. Bot. Amer. VII of Addenda.

Illustr. Bot.
(A.
Himal. 1:321.
1839.
1812.
and
This amaranthus
1875.
Mat. Ind. 2:3^2.
Rafinesque, C. S.
"
says
Titford
''
goose-foot.
Tropical Africa and East Indies.
"
Roxburgh
forms an excellent pot-herb in Jamaica when boiled, exactly resembling spinach.
A, polygamus Linn,
'
as
the neigh-
bear half a pound of floury, nutritious seed on a square yard of ground.
it will
says
which
much esteemed
Macao and
red amaranth.
North America and naturalized in the

in India for its seed
is
is
In China, the plant
It is
cultivated about
the most esteemed of
prince's feather,
A. paniculatus Linn,
all classes.'
succulent stem
soft,
an asparagus.*
salad, or the tops are served as
eaten as a cheap, cooling, spring vegetable by
The
(A. sanguineus)
is
is
used as
common
44
weed everywhere in India and
much used by
is
This species
is considered very wholesome.'
sometimes gathered and used as a green.'
the natives as a pot-herb.*

is
Drury says
the goose-foot of Jamaica, where it
it
is
A. polystach3rus Willd.
leaves but
is tasteless.*
green amaranth, pigweed.

This weed occiurs around dwellings
A. retroflexus Linn,
North America.
States
whence
it
was introduced from
This
Tropical regions.
is
is
It
manured
soil in
the United
an interesting
is
fact that
thorny amaranth.
a weed in cultivated land in Asia, Africa and America.

In Jamaica,
activated sometimes as a spinach.''
It is
in
for its seeds.'
prickly calalue.
A. spinosus Linn,
and
tropical America.'
by the Arizona Indians
cultivated
it is
species is cultivated in India as a pot-herb for its mucilaginous
The
East Indies.
wholesome and agreeable.*
it is
frequently used as a vegetable
seems to be the prickly calalue of Long.'
It
A. viridis Linn.
and
is
by Titford
resemble spinach when boiled
This plant
Tropics.
said to
Ambelania acida Aubl.
Amelanchier
stated
'"
to b3 an excellent pot-herb in Jamaica
Apocynaceae.
The fndt
Guiana.
is
edible."
is
alnifolia Nutt.
western service berry.
Rosaceae.
In Oregon and Washington, the berries are largely employed as

a food by the Indians. i^' " The fruit is much larger than that of the eastern service
in diameter and very
berry; growing in favorable localities, each berry is full half an inch
North America.
good to
eat.
A. canadensis Medic,
grape-pear, juneberry.
This bush or small
North America and eastern Asia.

is
service berry,
tree,
Wight, R.
'Lunan,
*
'
Icon. Pis. 2:719.
Royle,
Hort.
J.
J.
1:3,81.
Man.
Bot. 412.
Brewer and Watson Bot.

'
De CandoUe,
Lunan,
'
'
"
Long
Hort.
J.
W.
Unger, F.
J.
Cat. 2:41.
Jam. 1:143.
1880.
1855.
1814.
1774.
Hort. Bot. Amer. VII of Addenda.
U. S. Pal. Off. Rpt. 351
Man.
1839.
1868.
"
Vasey U. S. D. A. Rpt. 162.
" Case Bot. Index 38. 1881.
" Grav. A.
1814.
Geog. Bot. 2:778.
Jam. 3:771.
Hist.
Titford,
A. P.
{A. polygonoides)
1858.
Himal. 1:321.
Illustr. Bot.
F.
Gray, A.
Jam.
Bot. 162.
Gray
(A. polygonoides)
1843.
Useful Plants Ind. 31.
Drury, H.
1875.
1868.
1859.
1812.
sweet pear.
according to the variety,
a native of the northern portion of America and eastern Asia.
shad,
{A. sanguineus)
" describes
five

For
forms.
45
years a Mr. Smith,' Cambridge, Massachusetts, has cultivated var.
many
and
oblongifolia in his garden
1881 exhibited a plate of very palatable fruit at the
in
Massachusetts Horticultural Society's show. The berries are eaten in large quantities,
by the Indians of the Northwest. The frmt is called by the French in
fresh or dried,
Canada poihs,
natives.
It is
Maine sweet pear ^ and from early times has been dried and eaten by the
called grape-pear in places, and its fruit is of a purplish color and an agreein
The
able, sweet taste.'
pea-sized fruit
is
said to be the finest fruit of the Saskatchewan
country and to be used by the Cree Indians both

A. vulgaris Moench.
Mountains
of
fresh
and
dried.^
amelanchier.
Europe and adjoining portions
of Asia.^
This species has long been
cultivated in England, where its fruit, though not highly palatable,
more
for its flowers
Ammobroma
than
sonorae Torr.
it
scarcely ever
falls,
delicate."
It is
valued
Lennoaceae.
New
Mexico.
Col. Grey, the original discoverer of this
Papago Indians, a barren, sandy waste, where rain

where nature has provided for the sustenance of man one of the
in the country of the

"
but
most nutritious and palatable of vegetables."

ground with mesquit beans and resembles in
the
eatable.
its fruit.'
leafless plant, native of
plant, found
is
very abundant
It is
The
plant
is
roasted upon hot coals and
taste the sweet potato
in the hills; the
"
more
but
is
far
whole plant, except the top,
is
buried in
sand.''
Amomum,
cardamom.
Scitamineae.
The aromatic and stimulant
known
seeds of
many
of the plants of the genus
as cardamoms, as are those of Elettaria.
producing the varioiis kinds
is
in
much
confusion.
The
One
Amomum
are
botanical history of the species

species at least is
named
as under
cultivation.
A. angustifolivim Sonner.
its
great cardamom.
Madagascar. This plant grows on marshy grounds in Madagascar and affords in

seeds the Madagascar, or great cardamoms of commerce. It is called there longouze.^
A. aromaticuin Roxb.
The
East Indies.
fruit is
used as a spice and medicine by the natives and
is
sold
as cardamoms.
A. gramim-paradisi Linn,
African tropics.
'
Smith, B. G.
grains of paradise.
seeds are
Johns, C. A.
Treas. Bot.i:$o.
Don, G.
Hist. Dichl.
Johns, C. A.
Masters,
M.
Pickering, C.
made
use of illegally in England to give a fictitious
Note by Sturtevant.
Pickering, C.
Ph. 2:604.
Treas. Bot. i-.ô.
T.
1879.
{A. botryapium)
1870.
1832.
Pickering, C.
'
The
(A. ovalis)
1879.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 2:1260, 1261.
1879.
1876.
46
The
strength to spirits and beer, but they are not particularly injurious.'
and equal camphor

A.
mnximum Roxb.
Java and other
seeds resemble
warmth and pungency.*
in
Java cardamom
Malay islands. This species
is
said to be cultivated in the mountains
of Nepal.
melegueta pepper.
The seeds are exported from Guiana where the
A. melegueta Rose,
African tropics.
have been brought from Africa,

form a valued spice in
many
is
cultivated
parts of India
A. villosum Lour.
and
plant, supposed to
The hot and peppery
by the negroes.
seeds
Africa.
East Indies and China.
This plant
is
supposed to yield the hairy, round, China
cardamoms.*
A. xanthioides Wall,
Burma.
bastard cardamom.
In China, says Smith,^ the seeds are used as a preserve or condiment and
are used in flavoring spirit.
Amorphophallus campanulatus Blimie. Aroideae. amorphophallus. telinga potato.

Tropical Asia. This plant is much cultivated, especially in the northern Circars,
where it is highly esteemed for the wholesomeness and nourishing quality of its roots.
The
telinga potato
is
is
most overpowering, resembling that
The
the club of the spadix with their eggs.

either roasted or boiled.
fruit is scarce
A. lyratus
and
yam and is also used for pickling.^ When
cooked in the manner of the
in flower, the odor exhaled
root
is
At the Society Islands the
in the Fiji Islands
and flies cover
very acrid in a raw state;

fruit is
highly esteemed for
is
of carrion,
eaten as bread,
its
it is
eaten
when bread-
nutritive properties.'
Kunth.
The roots are eaten by the natives and are thought to be very nutritious.
to be carefully boiled several times and to be dressed in a particular
however,
They require,
manner in order to divest them of a somewhat disagreeable taste.'
East Indies.
Amphicarpaea edgeworthii Benth.
Himalayas.
Leguminosae.
wild, bean-like plant, the
wild bean.
pods of which are gathered while green
and
used for food.*

A. monoica
hog peanut.
Ell.
North America.
delicate vine growing in rich
M.
'
Masters,
Pickering, C.
'
Masters,
Smith, F. P.
'
Drury, H.
'
Seemann, B.
'
Drury, H.
M.
T.
Treas. Bot. 1:52.
Treas. Bot. 1:52.
Contrih. Mat.
Fl.
1879.
Viti. 284.
16.
1871.
1858.
1865-73.
Useful Pis. Ind. 56.
Georgeson Amer. Card. 14:85.
(A. grandiflorum)
1870.
Med. China
fruit.
1870.

T.
woodlands which bears two kinds
and producing
of flowers, the lower ones subterranean
1858.
1893.
{,Arum lyratum Roxb.)
It is
a native of eastern
STURTEVANT
United
Porcher
States.*
a vegetable and
called
is
The nuts
nanum
A.
The nuts
is
cultivated as
hog peanut.
monkey-nut.
Anacardiaceae.
are eaten
and conserves are made
of the fruit.'
are eaten
and conserves are made
of the fruit.*
cashew.
A. occidentale Linn,
This tree
all
47
St. Hil.
Brazil.
in
says that in the South the subterranean pod
Anacarditun humile St. Hil.

Brazil.,
indigenous to the West Indies, Central America, Guiana, Peru and Brazil
is
of which countries
and Indian
sixteenth centiuy to the East Indies
coast of Africa
of
is
more recent
still
the Pacific Ocean possess

possessing an
The
it.'
acrid, caustic
The Portuguese
cultivated.
it is
archipelago.
it
Its existence
shell of
when
delicious
fresh.
on the eastern
the fruit has thin layers, the intermediate one
which
is
destroyed by heat, hence the kernels
are roasted before being eaten; the younger state of the kernel, however,
wholesome and
as early as the
date, while neither China, Japan, or the islands of
called cardol,
oil,
transplanted
Drury
is
pronounced
says the kernels are edible and wholesome,
abounding in sweet, milky juice and are used for imparting a flavor to Madeira wine.
Ground and mixed with cocoa, they make a good chocolate. The juice of the fruit is
when fermented,
expressed, and,
yields a pleasant wine; distilled, a spirit is
the wine making a good punch.
variety of the tree is
grown
but may be chewed raw with impunity.
elsewhere, the pericarp of the nuts of which has no
oil
An
procured from the nuts but
edible
equal to olive
oil
oil
or
almond
oil is
secreted from this tree.
cadju gum,
and
able, acid flavor
A. rhinocarpus
is
DC.
It
gtim, similar to gimi arabic, called
receptacle of the nut has an agree-
wild cashew.
is
is
a noble tree of Columbia and British Guiana, where
called espave, in
arvensis Linn.
Anagallis
fruit.
has pleasant, edible fruits like the cashew.
Seemann, the tree
seldom
edible.'
This
South America.
wild cashew.
it is
The thickened
prepared, the kernels being used as a table

is
drawn from
in Travancore, probably
New Granada
called
In Panama, according to
caracoli.^
pimpernel,
Primulaceae.
it is
poor
man's
weatherglass,
shepherd's clock.
Europe and temperate

the Levant.
close at the
Johnson
Man.
H.
Pimpernel, according to Fraas,'
Bot. 530.
1908.
Hisi. Pis. S-i04-
1869.
1878.
Ibid.
U. S. Pat.
Unger, F.
Drury, H.
'
Masters,
M.
T.
Pickering, C.
" Johnson,
Off.
Rpt. 347
Black, A. A.
C. P.
is
eaten as greens in
The
it forms a part of salads in France and Germany.
bad weather, hence the name, poor man's weatherglass.
Res. So. Fields, Forests 227.
Porcher, F. P.
Baillon,
Asia.
says
approach of
Gray, A.
'
"*
Treas. Bot. 1:58.
Treas. Bot. 2:973.
1859.
1858.
1870.
1870.
(Rhinocarpus)
1879.
1862.
flowers
48
Anamirta paniculata Colebr.
East Indies.
and Malay
sula
in
Menispermaceae.
strong, climbing shrub found in the eastern part of the Indian Penin-
From
Islands.
this plant
is
produced a deleterious drug
illegally
used
England to impart bitterness to beer.'
Ananas sativus
pineapple.
Bromeliaceae.
Schult.
In 1493, the companions of Columbus, at Guadeloupe island,

flavor and fragrance of which astonished and delighted them,
Tropical America.
saw the pineapple, the
first
The
as Peter Martyr records.
been given by Oviedo

tions the finding
first
by Columbus
accurate illustration and description appear to have
New World
Las Casas,^ who reached the
in 1535.
at Porto Bello of the delicious pineapple.
in 1502,
Oviedo,'
men-
who
book three kinds as being then known. Benzoni,*

went to America in 1513, mentions
whose History of the New World was pubUshed in 1568 and who resided in Mexico from
in his
1541 to 1555, says that no fruit on God's earth could be more agreeable, and Andre Thevet,*
a monk, says that in his time, 1555-6, the nanas was often preserved in sugar.
1557, speaks of
" "
"
great pineapples
of a very
Jean de Lery,' 1578, describes
the Antilles.
the hand of a Venus.

is
very pleasant and delightful in
He
taste."
calls
and exceeding good
De
Soto,'
"
taste
in
in his Voyage to Brazil as being of such
and that
should only be gathered by

"
an excellent smell,
Acosta,' 1578, also describes this fruit as of
excellence that the gods might luxuriate
and
it
good smell
the plant ananas.
pinas, the princesse of fruits, that
upon
it
it
taste, it is full of juice,
and
Raleigh,' 1595, speaks of the
grow under the Sun,
of a sweet
"
and sharp
great abundance
of
especially those of Guiana."
Acosta states that the ananas was carried from Santa Cruz in Brazil to the West
and thence
to the East Indies and China, but he does not pretend by this that
were
not
to be found out of Brazil, for he describes an idol in Mexico, Vitzilipineapples
"
in his left hand a white target with the figures of five pineapples, made
putzli, as having
Indies,
Stephens,'" at Tuloom, on the coast of Yucatan, found
of white feathers, set in a crosse."
what seemed intended to represent a pineapple among the stucco ornaments of a ruin.
We do not know what to make of Wilkinson's " statement of one instance of the pineapple
in glazed pottery being
among
the remains from ancient Egypt.
cultivated in tropical America from time immemorial,
Humboldt
*
'^
M. T. Treas. Bot. 1:58. 1870.

W. Columbus 2:324. 1848.
Mcintosh, C.
Book Card.
{A. cocculus)
1855.
2:61^1.
Ibid.
Ibid.
"
De
'
Booth,
it
It
now
has probably been

rarely bears seeds.
mentions pineapples often containing seeds as growing wild in the forests of
Masters,
Irving,
as
Soto Disc. Conq. Fla.
W.
B.
Hakl. Soc. Ed.
1557.
Treas. Bot. 1:60.
Acosta Nat. Mor. Hist. Ind. 1578.

Raleigh Disc. Guiana.
Egypt. 2:36.
" De CandoUe, A. P.
1851.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 1:236.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 73.
"Stephens Trav. Yucatan 2:406.

" Wilkinson Anc.
18.
1870.
1848.
1841.
1854.
Ceog. Bot. 2:927.
1855.
1880.
sturteva.nt's notes
on edible plants
the Orinoco, at Esmeralda; and Schomburgk' found the wild

siderable quantity throughout Guiana.
seeds growing wild in Brazil.
common
it
Piso
'
aifii
Unger'' says, in 1592
Pacific
it
Ocean to China.
In 1594,
it
ten varieties.
Jesuit,
is
It is
was
carried
Ainslie' says
was
ctiltivated in China,
brought thither perhaps from

it
was quite com-
now grown in abundance about Calcutta, and Firminger ' describes

now a common plant in Celebes and the Philippine Islands. The
Boymins,' mentions
Indies, says Unger,'
it
Emperor Akbar by the Portuguese who brought

was naturalized in Java as early as 1599 and was taken
America by way of the Philippines.* An anonymous writer states that

mon in India in 1549 and this is in accord with Acosta's statement.
The pineapple
many
known and very
in the reign of the
the seed from Malacca; that
thence to Evu-ope.
bearing seeds, in con-
also mentions a pineapple having
probably from Peru by way of the
was introduced
fruit,
says this deHcious fniit is well
in Jamaica, where there are several sorts.
to Bengal
that
Titford
49
in his Flora Sinensis of 1636.
it
which has run
wild,
still
contains seed in
white kind in the- East
its fruit.
In 1777, Captain
Cook planted pineapples in various of the Pacific Isles, as at Tongatabu, Friendly Islands,
and Society Islands. Afzelius '" says pineapples grow wild in Sierra Leone and are cultivated by the natives.
Don "
states that they are so
passage and that they bear fruit abundantly.^^
Montiero," and the pineapple

of the pineapples as existing
origin.
In Italy, the
first
is
abundant
in the
woods as to obstruct
In Angola, wild pines are mentioned by

"
by Krapf. R. Brown speaks
noticed in East Africa
upon the west coast
of Africa but he admits its
attempts at growing pineapples were
made
American
in 1616 but failed.
At Leyden, a Dutch gardener was successful in growing them in 1686. The fruit, a:s
imported, was known in England in the time of Cromwell and is again noticed in 1661
and in 1688 from Barbados. The first plants introduced into England came from Holland
in 1690, but the first success at culture dates
Anaphalis margaritacea Benth.
&
Hook.
from
17 12.
Compositae.
pearly everlasting.
North America. Josselyn,'^ prior to 1670, remarks of this plant that "the fishermen
when they want tobacco, take this herb: being cut and dryed." In France, it is an inmate
of the flower garden.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 74.
'
Raleigh Disc. Guiana.
De CandoUe, A. P. Geog. Bot. 2:927.

Hort. Bot. Amer. 54.
Titford, W. J.
Unger, F.
'Ainslie,
W.
Mat. Ini.
1:^,15.
1848.
1855.
1812.
1859.
(Bromelia ananas)
1826.
Ibid.
'
'
"
1874.
Firminger, T. A. C, Card. Ind. 174.
Boston Daily Advertiser Aug. 10, 1880.
Unger, F.
Sabine, J.
Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. 5:461.
"
Ibid.
"
Ibid.
1859.
" Montiero, J. J. Angola, River Congo 2:2()?i.

" De CandoUe, A. Geog. Bot. 2:927. 1855.
"Josselyn,
J.
Voy. 78.
1663.
(Bromelia ananas)
1824.
1875.
{Bromelia ananas)
50
Anchomanes hookeri
Aroideae.
Schott.
The
Eastern equatorial Africa.
Anchusa
Linn.
officinalis
'
Johnson
Europe.
boiled
and
eaten.'
bugloss.
and
in
some parts
of
Germany, where
leaves are eaten as a green vegetable.
Mann &
Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum G.
The stems
African tropics.
anchu.
Boragineae.
is
says, in the south of France
common, the young
it is
large biilb
H. Wendl.
Palmae.
cut into short lengths and are carried
are
by the
natives upon long journeys, the soft central parts being eaten after they have been properly
roasted.*
Andropogon schoenanthus Linn.
Gramineae.
camel's hay.
geranium grass,
lemon
OIL-PLANT.
GRASS.
and
This species is commonly cultivated for the

fine fragrance of the leaves which are often used for flavoring custard.*
When fresh and
the
are
used
in
of
the
for tea and the
leaves
as
a
substitute
young,
many parts
country
Asia, African tropics
subtropics.
white center of the succulent leaf-ciilms
made
of this grass
is
used to impart a flavor to
is
curries.*
considered a wholesome and refreshing beverage,
The
tea
says Wallich,*
and her Royal Majesty was supplied with the plant from the Royal Gardens, Kew,
England.
Aneilema
loureirii
Hance.
The plant
China.
is
Commelinaceae.
cultivated
and
its
tubers are eaten
by the
Chinese.''
They
are
also eaten in India.'
Angelica sylvestris Linn.
Umbelliferae.
ground ash.
holy ghost,
wild angelica.
Europe and the adjoining portions of Asia. On the lower Volga, the young stems
are eaten raw by the natives.
Don ^ says it is used as archangelica, but the flavor is
more
bitter
and
less grateful.
Angiopteris evecta Hoffm.
Filices.
and Polynesian Islands. The caudex, as also the thick

a mealy and mucilaginous nature and is eaten by the natives in
fern of India, the Asiastic
part of the stipes,
is
of
times of scarcity.'"
*
Pickering, C.
Johnson, C. P.
Useful Pis. Gt. Brit. iSi.
'
Williams, B. S.
Choice Stove, Greenhouse Pis. 33.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Drury, H.
Gard. Ind. 334.
Vsejul Pis. of Ind. 37.
Wallich Pis. Asiat. 3:48

'Royle,
J. F.
Henfrey, A.
Don, G.
"Smith,
J.
PI. 280.
Dom.
1858.
Bot. 171.
1882.
1876.
{Calamus secondiflorus)
(A. citralus Hort.)

-
1832.
1870.
1862.
1874.
Himal. 1:403.
Illustr. Bat.
Bo<. 380.
1879.
1834.
1839.

Angraeciim fragrans Thou.
The
bourbon
Orchideae.
leaves of this orchid are very fragrant
51
faham tea.
tea.
and are used
in
Bourbon as
tea.
It
has
been introduced into France. ^

Anisophyllefe laurina R. Br.
The
African tropics.
April and May;
It is of
Africa.
it is
fruit is sold in the
Good Hope.
&
A. montana Eckl.
any other which is tasted in

red on the sunned side, yellow on the
et Schlecht.
The
root
is
anyswortel.
Umbelliferae.
eaten.'
Zeyh.
The
South Africa.
Anona
markets of Sierra Leone in the months of
as being superior to
the size and shape of a pigeon's egg,
Annesorhiza capensis Cham,

of
by Don
described
being something between that of the nectarine and a plum."
other, its flavor
Cape
monkey apple.
Rhizophoreae.
plant has an edible root.*
AnoncKeae.
asiatica Linn.
Ceylon and cultivated in Cochin China. The oblong-conical fruit, red on the outside,
with a whitish, .eatable pulp but is inferior in flavor to that of A. squamosa.
is filled
American
Originally from Peru,
tropics.
in the mountains of Port Royal in Jamaica.

it
only as a plant of cultivation.
The cherimoya
Guinea.*
1867 but
is
It has
custard apple.
seems to be naturalized only
this species
New Granada and
Venezuela,
Brazil
know
been carried to the Cape Verde Islands and to
not mentioned
is
cherimoyer.
cherimoya.
cherimalla.
A. cherimolia Mill,
among the
fruits of Florida
included in the American Pomological Society's
list
for 1879.*
by Atwood
in
In 1870, speci-
mens were growing at the United States Conservatory in Washington. The fruit is
esteemed by the Peruvians as not inferior to any fruit of the world. Humboldt speaks
Herndon ' says Huanuco is par excellence the cotmtry of the
of it in terms of praise.
celebrated cherimoya,
seen in
Lima and
and that he has seen
of the
most
probably justified
A. cinerea Dunal.
West
Indies.
A. muricata Linn,
sugar apple,
This species
is
placed by Unger
>
Carruthers,
W.
Mueller, F.
'
Unger, F.
Treas. Bot. I'.eS.
Sel. Pis. 225.
U. S. Pat.
Off.
XLIV.
Herndon, W.
and Gibbon, L.
Unger, F.
L.,
soursop.
1824.
1876.
Cat.
T.
edible fruit-bearing plants.
1870.
Rpt. 350.
Amer. Pom. Soc.
M.
among
1876.
Sabine, J.
Masters,
'
This tree grows wild in Barbados and Jamaica but in Surinam
'
sweetsop.
prickly custard apple,
corossol.
Treas. Bat. 1:67.
J.
generally
Masters says,* however, that Europeans
of the
anon,
Tropical America.
'Lindley,
delicious flavor.
it is
cherimoya to superiority among fruits, and the verdict

by the scant mention by travellers and the hmited diffusion.
do not confirm the claims

is
there quite twice as large as
it
1859.
1879.
Explor. Vail.
Treas. Bat. 1:70.
1870.
1859.
Amaz. 1:117.
1854.
52
has only escaped from gardens.
In Jamaica, the
fruit is
and
The
negroes.
plant has quite recently been

fruits of Florida
included in the American Pomological Society's
is
taste of the fruit, flowers
The pulp
by
mentioned among the
It is not
carried to Sierra Leone.^

in 1867 but
odtivated in the whole of Brazil, Peru and Mexico.
It is
sought after only
by Atwood^
The smell
for 1879.
list
and whole plant resemble much those of the black currant.

and of a sweetish taste, intermixed with
of the fruit, says Lunan,' is soft, white
oblong, dark colored seeds, and, according to Sloane, the unripe fruit dressed like turnips
tastes like them.
Morelet
says the rind of the fruit
is thin,
covering a white, tmctuous
pulp of a peculiar, but delicious, taste, which leaves on the palate a flavor of perfimied
cream. It has a peculiarly agreeable flavor although coupled with a biting wild taste.
Church' says
its
leaves form corossol tea.
A. paludosa Aubl.
Guiana, growing upon marshy meadows.
The
species bears elongated, yellow berries,
the size of a hen's egg, which have a juicy flesh.'
American and African

as large as a bean,
cork-wood,
alligator apple,
A. palustris Linn,
lie
in
and
thing of the smell
The
tropics.
employ
it for
apple,
pond apple.
fist.
The
seeds,
an orange-colored pulp of an unsavory taste but which has somean orange.'' The fruit is considered narcotic and even
relish of
we
poisonous in Jamaica but of the latter

of the tree is so soft
monkey
plant bears fruit the size of the
have, says Lunan,* no certain proof.
and compressible that the people
of
call it
Jamaica
The wood
corkwood and
stoppers.
A. punctata Aubl.
The
Guiana.
with
It
seeds.
plant bears a brown, oval, smooth fruit about three inches in diameter
reticulations
little
on
its surface.
has a good flavor and
anon,
A. reticulata Linn.
Tropical America.
The
flesh is reddish, gritty"
eaten with pleasure.'
is
bullock's heart,
It is the
corazon.
and
filled
with
little
pinaou of Guiana.
corossol.
custard apple.
Cultivated in Peru, Brazil, in Malabar and the East Indies.
produced in Florida in excellent perfection as far north as St. Augus*"

tine; it is easily propagated from seed. Masters
says its yellowish pulp is not so much
or
Lunan "
in
the fruit is much
relished as that of the
This delicious
fruit is
sotuôp
esteemed by some people.

>
S.
D.A.
Lunan,
J.
Unger
Rpt. 144.
Hort.
Church, A. H.
Jam. 2:180.
Food 203.

Nat. Hist. Jam. 2:169.
'
Lunan,
'
" Lunan,
M.
J.
Unger, F.
Jam. i:ii.
1859.
1725.
T.
Hort.
Treas. Bot. 1:70.
Jam. 1:256.
(A.aquatica)
1814.
Lindley, J.
Masters,
1859.
87 1.
Sloane, H.
1870.
1814.
1859.
Jamaica,
highly prized but he
1887.
Unger, F.
">
says,
1814.
'
Hort.
it is
1867.
Morelet Trav. Cent. Amer. 21.
J.
says
Unger, F.
'U.
cherimoyer.
1824.
calls
the fruit brown,
STURTEVANT
the size of the
Lunan says
when ripe.
bi'own, shining, of a yellow or orange color, with a
while
fist,
reddishness on one side
53
A. senegalensis Pers.
African tropics and Guiana.

its flavor is said,
fruit is
Savine, to be superior to
by
anon,
A. squamosa Linn.
sugar apple,
not
most
much
sweetsop.
Amazon.
of the
larger than a pigeon's egg but
of the other fruits of this genus.'
whether the native land of this tree
It is uncertain
on the plains along the mouth

groves in Para.
The
It is cultivated in tropical
is
to be looked for in Mexico, or
Von Martins ^ found
it
forming forest
America and the West Indies and was early

and India. The fruit is conical
transported to China, Cochin China, the Philippines
or pear-shaped with a greenish, imbricated, scaly shell.
The
flesh is white, full of long,
very aromatic and of an agreeable strawberry-like, piquant taste.'

*
the
Rhind says
pulp is delicious, having the odor of rose water and tasting like clotted
cream mixed with sugar. Masters * says the fruit is highly relished by the Creoles but is
brown
granules,
esteemed by Europeans. Lunan * says it is much esteemed by those who are fond
'
of fruit in which sweet prevails.
Drury says the fruit is delicious to the taste and on
little
occasions of famine in India has literally proved the staff of
Anthemis
nobilis Linn.
ptuposes in France,
an
Germany and
This plant
It
Italy.
is
largely cultivated for medicinal
has long been cultivated in kitchen gardens,
infusion of its flowers serving as a domestic remedy.
The
used in the manufacture of bitter beer and, with wormwood,
substitute for hops.
In France
it is
It
to the natives.
camomile^
Compositae.
Natiu-alized in Delaware.
Europe.
life
flowers are occasionally
make
to a certain extent
has been an inmate of American gardens from an early period.
grown in flower-gardens.*
Anthericiun hispidum Linn.
Liliaceae.
Bernard's lily.
st.
South Africa. The sprouts are eaten as a substitute for asparagus. They are by
no means unpalatable, says Carmichael,' though a certain clamminess which they possess,
that induces the sensation as of pulling hairs from between one's lips, renders them at first
unpleasant.
Anthistiria imberbis Retz.
and
Gramineae.
This grass grows in great luxuriance in the Upper Nile region,
Africa.
in famines furnishes the natives with a graip.'"

'
Pickering, C.
>
Unger, P.
U. S. Pat.
Off.
1879.
Rpl. 350.
1859.
Ibid.
Rhind,
'
Lunan,
'
W. Hist. Veg. King. 375.

M. T. Treas. Bol. 1:70.
Masters,
Hort.
J.
Drury, H.
Vilmorin
Hooker,
"Speke,
J.
Jam. 2:180.
W.
H.
J.
1870.
1814.
Fl. PI. Ter. 103.
1855.
I870.
Bot. Misc. 2:264.
1858.
3rd Ed.
1831.
1864.
(A. ciliata)
5'
south,
STURTEVANT
54
Anthocephalus morindaefolius Korth. Rubiaceae.

East Indies and Sumatra. This large tree is cultivated in Bengal, North India and
The
elsewhere.
small orange,
flowers are offered
The
eaten.'
is
plant
Anthriscus cerefolium Hoffm.
on Hindu
fruit,
the size of a
chervil.
Umbelliferae.
This
Chervil
appears in garden catalogs.
The yellow
a native of the Siamese countries.*
is
Europe, Orient and north Asia.
shrines.
is
an old fashioned pot-herb, an annual, which

Europe and was cultivated
is
said to be a native of
"
*
it is sown in gardens to serve as

England by Gerarde' in 1597. Parkinson says
mentions
its
use
the
Syrians, who cultivated it as a food, and
by
Pliny'
'
Booth says the French and Dutch have scarcely a soup
ate it both boiled and raw.
in
salad herb."
or a salad in which chervil does not form a part

to parsley.
It
seems
'
Brazil in 1647
still
and
as a seasoner
its
by many
preferred
Chervil was cultivated in
to find occasional use in England,
but there are no references to
is
early use in America.
The
earlier writers
on American gardening mention it, however, from McMahon in 1806. The leaves,
when young, are the parts used to impart a warm, aromatic flavor to soups, stews and
*
salads.
Gerarde
speaks of the roots as being edible.
Antidesma bunius Spreng.
A
and
tree of Nepal,
varieties
Euphorhiaceae.
Amboina and Malabar.
In Java, the
palatable.!"
There are curled-leaved
Its shining,
fruits are used, principally
deep red,
fruits are
by Europeans,
subacid
for preserving."
A. diandrum Spreng.
The
East Indies.
made
berries are eaten
by the
natives."
The
leaves are acid
and are
into preserve."
A. ghesaembilla Gaertn.
East Indies, Malay, Australia and African

when ripe, with pulp agreeably acid, are eaten."
Apios tuberosa Moench.
of the Indians
'
The
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 261.
Herb. 1040.
J.
Booth,
'
1879.
SS^^-
Book Card. 2:171.
W. B.
Co.
McMahon,
B.
Treas. Bot. 1:74.
1855.
1870.
Amer. Card.
1806.
Cal. 191.
1633 or 1636.
Wight, R. Icon. Pis. 3: PI. 819.

"Black, A. A. Treas. Bot. 1:75. 1870.
"Black, A. A.
"Brandis, D.
Treas. Bot. 1:76.

Forest Fl. ^4.7.
1870.
1874.
" Ibid.
"Kalm,
P.
Trav. No.
Kalm '*
roots; that the
Nauclea cadamba)
(Chaerophyllum sativum)
1732.
Foy. 2:132.
Herb. 1040.
Gerarde, J.
Amer. 1:400.
1772.
small drupes, dark purple
wild bean.
1633 or 1636.
Ibid.
'Churchill
The
1876.
Chron. Hist. Pis.
Mcintosh, C.
'
tubers are used as food.
on the Delaware, who ate the
'Pickering, C.
'Gerarde,
groundnut,
Leguminosae.
Northeast America.
tropics.
says this
is
the hopniss
Swedes ate them
for
want
STURTEVANT
of bread,
and that
some
in 1749
of the English ate
says that the Pilgrims, ditring their
first
"
winter,
them instead
55
Winslow
of potatoes.
were enforced to
live
'
on ground nuts."
At Port Royal, in 1613, Biencourt ^ and his followers used to scatter about the woods
and shores digging ground nuts. In France, the plant is grown in the flower garden.'
Linn.
Apium graveolens
ache,
Umbelliferae.
celery,
smallage.
marshy places whose habitat extends from Sweden southward to Algeria,

Egypt, Abyssinia and in Asia even to the Caucasus, Baluchistan and the mountains of
British India * and has been found in Tierra del Fuego,^' ^ in California ' and in New
plant of
Zealand.
Celery
is
supposed to be the selinon of the Odyssey, the selinon heleion of Hippo-
Theophrastus and Dioscorides and the helioselinon of Pliny

does not seem to have been cultivated, although by some commen-
crates, the eleioselinon of
and
Palladius.
It
known
tators the plant
and a cultivated
as smallage has a wild
was used as
clear statement that this smallage
distinguished from growing wild,
food, for sativus
and we may suppose that
meant, was planted for medicinal
use.
Targioni-Tozzetti
Nor
sort.
is
there one
means simply planted as

Apium, if smallage was
this
says this
Apium was
con-
the ancients rather as a fimereal or ill-omened plant than as an article of food,
sidered
by
and that by
early
modem
writers
mentioned only as a medicinal
it is
true, for Fuchsius, 1542, does not
speak of its being cultivated
plant.
This seems
and implies a medicinal
use alone, as did Walafridus Strabo in the ninth century; Tragus, 1552; Pinaeus, 1561;
Pena and Lobel,
i^yo,
and Rtiellitis'
Dioscorides, 1529.
1586, says planted also in gardens;
and Dodonaeus,
Camerarius' Epitome of Matthiolus,

in his Pemptades, 1616, speaks of
the wild plant being transferred to gardens but distinctly says not for food use.
Accord-
ing to Targioni-Tozzetti,' Alamanni, in the sixteenth century, speaks of it, but at the
same time praises Alexanders for its sweet roots as an article of food. Bauhin's names,
Apium
1623,
and
J.
and Apium
paltistre
Bauhin's name,
Apium
officinarum, indicate medicinal rather
vulgare ingratus, does not promise
much
than food
use,
satisfaction in the
According to Bretschneider,'" celery, probably smallage, can be identified in the

Chinese work of Kia Sz'mu, the fifth century A. D., and is described as a cultivated plant
eating.
We have
mention of a cultivated variety in France

by Olivier de Serres, 1623," and in England the seed was sold in 1726 for planting for the
use of the plant in soups and broths;'^ and Miller i' says, 1722, that smallage is one of the
in the
'
Nung Cheng Ts'nan
Young, A.
Chron.Pilgr.32g.
Parkman, F.
Vilmorin
J.
C.
A.
1870.
1894.
3rd Ed.
Orig. Cult. Pis. 71.
1885.
Voy. Antarct. Reg. 2: 2()8.
Cook Foy. 3:198.

'
1841.
Pion. France ioi.
Fl. PI. Ter. 105.
De CandoUe,
Ross,
Shu, 1640.
1847.
Nuttall Jour. Acad. Phila. 1:183.
New
ser.
Targioni-Tozzetti Journ. Horl. Soc. Lond. 9: 144.

Ibid.
Bretschneider, E.
" Heuze
Bot. Sin. 78.
Pis. Aliment. 1:5.
Townsend Seedsman
"
Miller Bot.
Offic.
{A. antarticum)
1773.
37.
1722.
1873.
1726.
1882.
1855.
56
Cultivated smallage
herbs eaten to purify the blood.
name
Celeri d couper, differing but little
is
now grown in France under the

The number of names that
from the wild form.
are given to smallage indicate antiquity.
The prevalence
Vilmorin
cultivated variety.
celery,
German
name
of a
derived from one root indicates a recent dispersion of the

gives the following synonyms:
Flanders Selderij,
Selleree,
The
'
Denmark
Selleri,
French
Celeri,
English
Italy Sedano, Spain apio,
mention of the word celery seems to be in Walafridus Strabo's

poem entitled Hortulus, where he gives the medicinal uses of Apium and in line 335 uses
the word as follows: "Passio turn celeri cedit devicla medelae." "The disease then to
Portugal Aipo.
first
by the remedy," as it may be literally construed, yet the word

celeri here may be translated quick-acting and this suggests that our word celery was
derived from the medicinal uses. Strabo wrote in the ninth century; he was born A. D.
806 or 807, and died in France in 849.
celery yields, conquered
Targioni-Tozzetti
There
for the table in Tuscany.
certain that in the sixteenth century celery
it is
says,
no mention
is
was grown
of celery in Fuchsius, 1542; Tragus, 1552;
Matthiolus' Commentaries, 1558; Camerarius' Epitome, 1558; Pinaeus, 1561; Pena and
Lobel, 1570; Gerarde, 1597; Clusius, 1601; Dodonaeus, 1616; or in Bauhin's Pinax, 1623;
Parkinson's Paradisus, 1629, mentions Sellery as a rarity and names
Ray, in his Historia Plantarum, 1686,
says,
Apium
it
dulce.
"smallage transferred to culture becomes
milder and less ungrateful, whence in Italy and France the leaves and stalks are esteemed
as delicacies, eaten with
The French
and pepper." The Italians call this variety Sceleri or Celeri.

and the name. Ray adds that in English gardens
oil
also use the vegetable
the cultivated form often degenerates into smallage.
who wrote'
Quintjme,
prior to
1697, the year in which the third edition of his Complete Gardener was published, say^,
"
in France
we know but one sort of it." Celeri is mentioned, however, as Apium dulce,
Celeri Italorum
by Toumefort,
1665.^
In 1778,
Mawe and
of celery in England, one with the stalks hollow
Abercrombie note two sorts
and the other with the stalks

"
In 1726, Townsend' distinguished the celeries as smallage and

selery
"
he says should be planted for Winter Sallads, because it is very hot."
celery
is
common among
In 1806,
use.
can use.
and
the richer classes in Sweden and
McMahon
'
It is curious that
is
no
plant but that
if
planted at
speaks of celery in
all it
was
by
1629, and Ray
Vilmorin Les Pis. Potag. 72.
'
Quintyne Comp. Card.
Toumefort
'
Townsend Seedsman.
Inst. 305.
Tinburg Hort. CuJin.
McMahon,
B.
says
preserved in cellars for winter
Amsterdam
in
644.
was grown by the ancients as a food

medicinal use. The first mention of its ctdtiva-
for
Olivier de Serres,
is
Lond. 9:144.
1704.
1726.
1764.
Amer. Card.
who
called
indicates the cultivation as
17 19.
25.
1623,
1883.
'Ta.Tff.oni-Tozzet,ti Journ. Hort. Soc.
'
Tinburg
solid.
latter
clear evidence, then, that smallage
tion as a food plant
'
and the
mentions four sorts in his list of garden esculents for Amerino mention of a plant that can suggest celery occurs in Bodaeus
Scaliger's edition of Theophrastus, published at
There
is
"
Cat. 581.
1806.
1855.
it
ache, while
commencing
Parkinson
in Italy
and
STURTEVANT
extending to France and England.
Targioni-Tozzetti states, however, as a certainty
that celery was grown in Tuscany in the sixteenth century.
by Mawe
'
57
to have been the original kind
and
is
claimed
The hollow
by
Cobbett,''
celery is stated
even as
late as
182 1, as being the best.
The
fint celeries
grown seem to have
differed
but
little
from the wild
plant,
and the
words celery and (cultivated) smallage were apparently nearly synonymous at one time,
as we find cultivated ache spoken of in 1623 in France and at later dates petit celeri or
celeri
4 couper, a variety with hollow
and
of the foliage in soups
broths.
stalks, cultivated
Among
low-stalked, stalks sometimes hollow,
and
solid-stalked forms; at the present time the
hollow-stalked forms have been discarded.
and worthy
even at the present time for use

we find mention of hol-
the earlier varieties
Vilmorin' describes twelve sorts as distinct
of culttire in addition to the celeri
d.
couper but in
all
there
is this
to be noted,
but one type.

In Italy and the Levant, where celery is much grown, but not blanched, the green
leaves and stalks are used as an ingredient in soups. In England and America, the stalks
are always blanched and used raw as a salad or dressed as a dinner vegetable. The seeds
there
is
In France, celery is said by Robinson * never to be as well

grown as in England or America. By cultivation, celery, from a suspicious if not poisonous
plant, has become transformed into the sweet, crisp, wholesome and most agreeable cultiare also used for flavoring.
vated vegetable.
DC.
A. graveolens rapaceum
turnip-rooted celery.
celeriac.
Europe, Orient, India and California.
This variety of celery forms a stout tuber,
irregularly rounded, frequently exceeding the size of one's
turnip-rooted celery.
In France,
generally eaten cooked,
is
is
it
sometimes
commonly grown
sliced
and used in
fist,
in
hence
two
salads.
it is
varieties.
often termed
The
In Germany,
tuber,
it is
com-
monly used as a vegetable, cooked in soups or cooked and sliced for salads. In England,
celeriac is seldom grown.
In this country, it is grown only to a limited extent and is used
only by our French and
solid, tender and delicate.
German
population.
When
well grown, these bulbs should be
In 1536, Ruellius,' in treating of the ache, or unoiltivated smallage as would appear

from the context, says the root is eaten, both raw and cooked. Rauwolf,^ who travelled
in the East, 1573-75, speaks of Eppich, whose roots are eaten as delicacies, with salt and
pepper, at Tripoli and Aleppo; and
Buselini specient, as
ttiberosutn, sive
mention
ordinary
'
J.
Bauhin,'
named
Mawe and
Abercrombie Univ. Card. Bot.
Cobbett,
Vilmorin
Us
Amer. Card. 129.

PI. Potag. 74.
Robinson, W.
1883.
1536.
Gronovius
joS.
Fl. Orient. 35.
1778.
1846.
Parks, Card. Paris 496.
Ruellius Nat. Slirp.
J.
first
possibly refer to the root of the
quoted may
although probably not, for at this date the true celery had scarcely been
W.
'Bauhin,
died in 1613, mentions a Selinum
in Honorius Bellus, which seems to be the
of celeriac, as the earlier references

sort,
who
1878.
755.
Hist. PI. 2: pt. 3, loi.
1651.
^8
In 1729, Switzer describes the plant in a book devoted to this

and other novelties but adds that he had never seen it; this indicates that celeriac was
'
sufficiently developed.
known
little
in
at this date, for
England
again named in England in 1752,*

even at the present time. In 1806,
esculents, as does
two
interesting, as
is
we seem
modern
not approached in
1592
is
in rich land,
grown
Except
Villae,
respects, except in its root,
round
like
published at Frankfurt
"There
in the gardens of St. Agatha,
is
another kind of
Theano and other
and unseen and unnamed by the
ancients.
Its
very sweet, odorous and gratefrom the common apium in no
It is
degenerates, until it differs
it
particularly
introduction and of a size at that time
nearly of the size of a man's head.
is spherical,
is
culture.
places in Apulia, granted from nature
bulb
history of celeriac
a Neapolitan, writes thus in his
celery called Capitatvim, which
ful.
first
American garden
Biur describes two varieties, and
this in his list of
chap. 21), the translation being liberal:
10,
(lib.
The
our seed catalogs.
to have a record of its
Jo. Baptista Porta,
in
McMahon * includes
for Virginia before 1818.
Randolph
varieties are oflered in
which
he adds that the gentleman, who had long been
him with a supply from Alexandria. Celeriac is

1765,' and by succeeding writers but is little known
of curious seeds, furnished
an importer
a head."
Australian celery.
A. prostratum Labill.
Australian and Antarctic regions.
Mueller
'
says this plant can be utilized as a
culinary vegetable.
Apocjraum reticulatum Linn. Apocynaceae. dogbane.

East Indies. According to linger,* this plant furnishes a food.
Aponogeton distachyum Thunb. Naiadaceae. cape asparagus, cape pond-weed.

South Africa. This plant has become naturalized in a stream near Montpelier,
France.
Its flowering spikes,
as a pickle
and
known
as water untjie, are in South Africa in high repute
a spinach.*
also afford
In Kaffraria, the roasted roots are reckoned a
great delicacy.'
A. fenestrale Hook,
Ellis
Madagascar.
water- yam.
lattice-leaf,
'"
says this plant
valuable to the natives who,

of food, the fleshy root,
at
is
not only extremely curious but also very
certain seasons of the
when cooked,
year, gather
yam.
Switzer, S.
Raising Veg.
1729.
9.
Miller Card. Did. 1752, from Miller Card. Diet.
Stevenson Card. Kal. y).
McMahon,
B.
U. S. Pat.
Unger, F.
'
Hooker,
W.
Mueller, F.
J.
'"Ellis,
W.
Cal. 5%l.
1806.
189 1.
Off. Rpt. 359.
Bot. Misc. 2:265.
5e/. P/i. 45.
Thunberg, C. P.
1807.
1765.
Amer. Gard.
5^. P/i. 44.
'Mueller, F.
1859.
183 1.
1891.
Trar. 1:156.
1795.
Three Visits Madagas. 5^.
it
as an article
yielding a farinaceous substance resembling the
1859.
(Ouvirandra fenestralis)

A. monostachyon Linn.
59
f.
The
natives relish the small tubers as an article of diet
they
are said to be as good as potatoes, and are esteemed a great deUcacy.'
Aporosa lindleyana Baill. Euphorbiaceae.

East Indies. The small, berry-Hke fruit
Aquilegia canadensis Linn.
North America.
The
Arachis hypogaea Linn.
Tropical America.
wild columbine.
Ranunculaceae.
roots are eaten
by some
Leguminosae.
earth nut.
GROUND NUT.
NUT.
is edible.^
PEANUT.
This plant
is
Indians, according to R. Brown.'
earth almond,
now under
cultivation in
seeds which are largely eaten as nuts,
and from which an
a substitute
equal in quality.
which
for olive oil to
it is
esculents.
a native of
the
oil is
grass
warm
climates for the
extracted to be used as
Although now only under
McMahon * included this
cultivation in America, yet, in 1806,
goober,
PINDAR.
plant
among
field
kitchen-garden
For a long time, writers on botany were uncertain whether the peanut was
Africa or of America, but, since Squier ^ has found this seed in jars taken from
mummy
graves of Peru, the question of
its
American
origin
seems
who notes it, is Oviedo in his Cronica de las Indias, who says "
very much the fruit mani." Before this, the French colonists, sent in
coast, became acquainted with it tmder the name of mandobi.^
The peanut was figured by Laet, 1625,'' and by Marcgravius,
writer
mani
settled.
The
first
the Indians cultivate

1555 to the Brazilian
1648,* as the anchic
seems to be mentioned by Garcilasso

de la Vega,' 1609, as being raised by the Indians under the name, ynchic. The Spaniards
call it mani but all the names, he observes, which the Spaniards give to the fruits and
of the Peruvians, the
of the Spaniards.
It
The fruit is raised undervegetables of Peru belong to the language of the Antilles.
"
is very like marrow and has the taste of almonds."
Marcgravius,'"
grotmd, he says, and
and
1648, andPiso," 1658, describe
mon and
indigenous in Brazil.
century, as having found
it
in
They
Archer Bot. Soc. Edinb. 8:163.
Brown, R.
Card. Chron. i$20.
'McMahon,
A mer.
B.
Peru
Squier, E. G.
1858.
1868.
De CandoUe,
"
De
A.
Geog. Bot. 2:963.
1855.
Roy. Comment. Hakl. Soc. Ed. 2:360.
la.
Candolle, A.
Geog. Bot. 2:963.
1855.
Geog. Bot. 2:962.
i855-
Ibid.
" De Candolle, A.
'
1879.
Ibid.
Vega, G. de
'
1806.
1877.
Fluckiger and Hanbtiry Pharm. 186.

'
Monardes,'^ an author late in the sixteenth
1866.
Card. Col. 581.
81.
cite
under the name of mandubi, as com-
Peru with a different name,
Useful Ph. Ind. 43.
Drury, H.
figure the plant,
Ibid.
"Churchill
Coll.
Voy. 1:563.
1744.
1871.
anchic.^^
Father Merolla,"
-6o
"
under the name of mandois, describes a vegetable of Congo which grows three or
four together like vetches but underground and are about the bigness of an ordinary
1682,
From
olive.
these milk
is
extracted like to that drawn from almonds."
This
may
be
In China, especially in Kwangtung, peanuts are grown in large quantities

and their consiunption by the people is very great. The peanut was included among
the peanut.
McMahon,
garden plants by
speaks of
its
culture in Virginia in 1781.
Its culture
and the peanut was described among pot-herbs by

Aralia cordata Thunb.
Japan.
They
Jefferson
was introduced into France
in 1802,'
Noisette,^ 1829.
udo.
Araliaceae.
The young
and
1806; Burr, 1863, describes three varieties;
shoots of this species provide an excellent culinary vegetable.'
are used in soups in Japan.^
According to Siebold,' this plant is universally culIt is valued for its root which is eaten like scor-
tivated in Japan, in fields and gardens.

zonera, but the
young
&
A. quinquefolia Decne
ginseng.
Planch,
The
North America.
a deUcious vegetable.'
stalks are likewise
root
is
collected in large quantities in the hilly regions of Ohio,
western Virginia, Minnesota and other parts of eastern America for export to China where
Some
valued as a medicine.
it is
having acquired a
root,
that
it is
persons in this country are in the habit of chewing the
relish for its taste,
and
it is
chiefly to supply the
wants of these
kept in the shops.'
Araucaria bidwillii Hook.
bunya-bunya.
Coniferae.
The cones fxomish an edible seed which

is roasted.
Each tribe of the natives has its own set of trees and each family its own
allotment among them. These are handed down from generation to generation with the
Australia; the bunya-bunya of the natives.
and are believed to be the only hereditary personal property possessed
greatest exactness
by the
aborigines.
Brazilian pine.
A. brasiliana A. Rich.
Brazil.
The
seeds are very large
and are
eatable.*
They
are sold as an article of
food in the streets of Rio de Janeiro.
Southern
for a
The
Chili.
and from them
is distilled
man's sustenance
>
Bon
'
Noisette
Mueller, F.
all
seeds are eaten
Indians, either fresh, boUed or roasted,
Eighteen good-sized trees
the year round.'*
Jard. 329.
Sel. Pis. 45.
1829.
1891.
1 88 1.
Pickering, C.
Chron. Hist. Pis. 4x8.- 1879.
Hanbury, D.
Set.
Papers 261.
'
U. S. Disp. 636.
'
Gordon, G.
Pinelum
ij.
1875.
Gordon, G.
Pinetum 41.
1875.
Pickering, C.
by the
a spirituous liquor.'
Bird Unheal. Tracks Jap. 1:2^.
">
puzzle.
1882.
Jard. 685.
Man.
monkey
Chilian pine,
A. imbricata Pav.
1865.
{A. edulis)
1876.
(Panax quinquefolium)
1879.
will yield
enough

Arbutus andrachne Linn.
strawberry tree.
Ericaceae,
East Mediterranean countries.'
6i
Its fruit
was eaten during the Golden Age.'
Don
says the fruit seems to be used in Greece.
Duham.
The
A. canariensis
Islands.
Canary
berries are
ripe they are quite ornamental
A. unedo Linn,
berries resemble
said sometimes to be eaten.
strawberry tree.
Theophrastus says the tree produces an edible fruit; PHny,'

Sir J. E. Smith * describes the frtiit as uneatable in Ireland,
says he can testify from repeated experience that the ripe fruit
In Spain, a sugar and a sherbet are obtained from
very palatable.
When
Morello cherries.
not worth eating.
W. Wilson
but
and are
cane apples,
arbute.
it is
The
Coast of North America.
Pacific
into a sweetmeat.*
madrona.
A. menziesii Pursh.
that
made
is
really
it.
great angelica, masterwort.

Umbelliferae.
Archangelica atropurpurea Hoffm.
North America. This plant is found from New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,
and northward.
tic
Stille
'"
says the stems are sometimes candied.
The
root
is
used in domes-
medicines as an aromatic and stimulant.
A. gmelini
DC.
angelica.
Northwest Asia.
chatka."
tonic
and
The
root,
This species
dug
possesses the taste
A. officinalis Hoffm.
used for culinary purposes by the Russians in
is
autumn of the first year,

and smell of the seeds.
in the
angelica,
archangel,
Europe, Siberia and Himalayan regions.
is
Kam-
used in medicine as an aromatic
wild parsnip.
This plant
is
a native of the north of Europe
found in the high, mountainous regions in south Europe, as in Switzerland and

among the Pyrenees, it is also found in Alaska. Angelica is cultivated in various parts
The whole plant has a fraof Europe and is occasionally grown in American gardens.
and
is
grant odor and aromatic properties.
where the natives
strip the
skin has been pulled

are distilled
Pickering, C.
'
spirit is
Andrews
Ph. 3:834.
Bot. Reposil. 10: PI. 664.

Pacific R. R. Rpt. 6:23,
W.
J.
Journ. Bot. 1:315.
" Don, G.
1879.
1834.
1797.
fig.
1857.
1834-
Therap. Mat. Med. 1:491, 492.

" Journ. Agr. 2:174.
1831-
soft, internal part, after
hke an apple or turnip.'^
Ibid.
"Stille, A.
held in great estimation in Lapland,
and the
Daubeny, C. Trees, Shrubs Arte. 50. 1865.

Bostock and Riley Nat. Hist. Pliny 4:516. 1855.
Hooker,
is
made from them, and on the
Hisl. Dichl.
Newberry
'
leaves,
Ibid.
Don, G.
<
stem of
eaten raw
off, is
and a kind of
Angelica
1834.
1874.
the outer
In Kamchatka, the roots

islands of Alaska, where
"62
abundant and
it is
called wild parsnip,
stated
it is
The
been in cultivation in England since 1568.
The
eaten like celery.
plant
is
sweetmeat with the tender stems,
stalks,
The
seeds enter into the composition of
many
and
stalks are
Angelica has
were formerly blanched and

who make an excel-
and
ribs of the leaves candied with sugar.
In the north of Europe, the leaves
liquors.
still
The medicinal properties

Pomet,* we read that the seed
must
leaf-stalks
to be edible.
in request for the use of confectioners,
lent
for medicine.
by Dall
'
Bryant
deems
of the root were highly prized in the

is
much used
to
make
Middle Ages.
angelica comfits as well as the root
the best aromatic that Europe produces.
it
no references to
be a native of northern Europe, for there are
In
it
This plant
in the ancient authors
and Rome, nor is it mentioned by Albertus Magnus in the thirteenth centiuy.

By Fuchsius, 1542, and succeeding authors it receives proper attention. The German
name, Heilige Geist Wurz, implies the estimation in which it was held and offers a clue
of Greece
to the origin of the
word Angelica, or angel plant, which occurs in so many languages,

and Italian, becoming Angilique and Archangilique in
as in English, Spanish, Portugese,
French, and Angelickwurz in German.
Other names of like import are the

wurz in Germany, Engelkruid in Flanders and Engelwortel in Holland.
The
various figures given
by
herbalists
show the same type of

Pena and Lobel,^
differences to be noted being in the size of the root.
variety as cultivated in England, Belgitim,
and France, and Gesner
arius' as having seen roots of three pounds weight.
modem
Engel-
plant, the principal
1570. note a smaller
is
quoted by Camer-
Bauhin,' 1623, says the roots vary,
Bohemia smaller and blacker.

Garden angelica is noticed amongst American garden medicinal herbs by McMahon,'
1806, and the seed is still sold by our seedsmen.
the Swiss-grown being thick, those of
Arctium majus Bernh.
Compositae.
beggar's buttons,
burdock,
Europe and Asia and occurring as a weed in the United

said to be cultivated as a vegetable.
come
the burres
cuckold.
HARLOCK.
GOBO.
is
clotbur.
forth, the rinde peelld
in the broth of fat meate,
is
off,
"
"
says
States.
In Japan, burdock
the stalke of the clot-burre before
being eaten raw with salt and pepper, or boyled
pleasant to be eaten."
N. Y., says:
writing of Ticonderoga,
Gerarde
Kalm,' in
and the governor
told
his Travels in North America,
me
that
its
tender shoots are
eaten in spring as radishes, after the exterior part is taken off." In Japan, says Johns, the
tender stalks are eaten as an asparagus, and its roots are said to be edible. Penhallow "
'
'
Dall,
W. H.
Pomet
Bryant
'
Alaska 448.
Hist.
Drugs 42.
Ft. Diet. 53.
1897.
1748.
1783.
Pena and Lobel Advers. 311. 1 570.

Camerarius /for/. Med. 16. 1588.
'
Bauhin, C.
'
McMahon,
'Gerarde,
J.
Kalm, P.
" Penhallow,
Pinax
B.
155.
1623.
Anter. Card. Cat. sS^.
Herb. Si
Trav. No.
D. P.
/I
i.
1636.
1806.
2nd Ed.
Amer. 2:202.
1772.
mer. iVa/. 16:120.
1882.
{Lappa major)

says the Japanese cultivate the root, but as an article of food
63
hard and
it is tasteless,
fibrous.
Arctostaphylos alpina Spreng.

Arctic regions
alpine bearberry.
Ericaceae,
and mountain svunmits
farther south.
land but are a mawkish food, according to Linnaeus.^

varieties, that
native fruits,
The
berries are eaten in
Richardson
"
Lap-
says there are two
both are eaten in the autumn and, though not equal to some of the other
are not unpleasant.
They are called amprick by the Russians at the mouth
of the Obi.
manzanita.
A. glauca Lindl.
The
grows in clusters, is first white, then red and

regarded as eatable but is dry and of little flavor.'
CaHfornia.
This berry
is
fruit
manzanita
A. tomentosa Lindl.
The red
Southern California.
to
make
berries are used
The
a cooling, subacid drink.
Dried and
made
finally black.
into bread
and baked in the sun, the
bearberry.
A. uva-ursi Spreng.
fruit is
by the Spanish inhabitants of Texas

used when not quite ripe as a tart apple.
bear's grape,
fruit is relished
brawlins.
by the
creashak.
Indians.*
mountain
BOX.
North America and Arctic
The Chinook Indians mix
regions.
its
dried leaves with
same piupose by the Crees who call it tchakoshe-pukk; by the

tobacco.
Chippewaians, who name it kleh; and by the Eskimos north of Churchill, by whom it is
It is used for the
It is the iss-salth of the Chinooks.^
termed at-tung-a-wi-at.
is
Its dry, farinaceous berry
utterly inedible.'
Ardisia coriacea Sw.
West
a pleasant
beef-wood.
Myrsineae.
According to Sloane,' the drupes are eaten in Jamaica
Indies.
and are accounted
dessert.
A. esculenta Pav.
South America.
The
Palmae.
Areca catechu Linn.
and the west
names areca
>
Don, G.
'
Richardson,
when
betel nut
*U.S. D.A.Rpt.\\2,.
'
the nut
1834.
Arctic Explor. 2:303.
Newberry PaciJU R. R. Rpt. 6:22.

'
1851.
1857.
1870.
W.
J.
Fl.
Bor. Amer. 2:37.
1840.
Richardson,
J.
1851.
No. Amer. Sylva 2: 134.
1865.
Hooker,
Nuttall, T.
Don, G.
betel nut.
catechu,
pinang.
cultivated throughout the Indian Archipelago,
is
about the
which
size of
is
known under the
a nutmeg.
These nuts
dry, in great quantity, a small portion being separated, put into a

J.
is
side of India for the sake of its seed
pinang and
nut,
are consumed,
areca nut.
This handsome palm
East Indies.
in Ceylon
berries are esculent.'
Hist. Dichl. Pis. ^-.v).
1838.
'64
which a
leaf of piper-betle over
little
and
It tinges the saliva red
gether.*
universally in use
among
quick-lime
then rolled up and chewed
is laid,
Whole shiploads
stains the teeth.
alto-
of this nut, so
the Eastern natives, are exported annually from Simiatra, Malacca,
Siam and Cochin China. The heart of the leaves, according to Seemann,
salad and has not a bad flavor as Blanco writes.*
is
eaten as a
Lam.
A. glandiformis
In Cochin China the leaves are chewed with the betel nut.'
Moluccas.
A. laxa Buch.-Ham.
Andaman
The nuts
Islands.
convicts confined on
Andaman
Arenaria peploides Linn.
of this plant are
Islands.*
sea chickweed.
Caryophylleae.
North temperate and Arctic
used instead of the betel nut by the
In Iceland, the plant
regions.
state used as food, like sauerkraut; the plant also forms
boiled
and
is
used for a pickle.'
Arenga saccharifera
^
areng palm.
Palmae.
Labill.
This palm has been called the most useful of

Griffith
fermented and in that
is
a wholesome vegetable when
all
palms.
says, the young albumen preserved in sugar forms one of the well-known pre-
serves of the Straits.
and the cut
Brandis
says, the heart of the
stem contains large quantities of
which sugar and palm-wine are made.

sago,
'
Graham says, at Bombay this palm affords tolerably good sago and the sap, palm-wine
and sugar. Seemann'" says, the bud, or cabbage, is eaten. The sap, of which some three
flower-stalks yield a sugary sap of
quarts a day are collected, furnishes toddy and from this toddy, jaggery sugar
The
from
seed, freed
its
noxious covering,
the pith, a species of sago
is
From
lighting.
When
made
into a sweetmeat
Sapotaceae.
argan tree,
the seeds, the natives extract an
ripe,
the
by
is
prepared.
the Chinese.
From
prepared which, however, has a peculiar flavor.
Argania sideroxylon Roem. et Schult.
Morocco.
is
fruit,
which
is
oil
that
an egg-shaped drupe,
is
morocco iron-wood.
used for cooking and
falls
from the
trees
the goats then enter into competition with their masters for a share in the harvest.
and
The
goats, however, swallow the fruit only for the sake of the subacid rind and, being vmable
to digest the hard seeds, eject them during the process of rumination,
ered and added to the general store for

'
Ainslie,
W.
Mai. Ind. 2:270.
Loureiro CocAin. 1:568.

'Griffith,
'
W.
Balfour, J.
'Griffith,
H.
W.
Brandis, D.
">
Palms
Johnson, C. P.
1856.
1790.
Brit. Ind.
ng.
1850.
Man.
Palms
Bol. 445.
1875.
Brit. Ind. 164.
Forest Fl. 551.
(Honkeneja peploides)
1874.
Seemann, B.
Pop. Hist. Palms 64, 67.

1878.
1862.
1850.
Pickering, C.
" Pharm. Joum., Trans.
making."
1826.
Seemann, B.
oil
1879.
1856.
when they
are gath-

Arisaema atrorubens Blume.
dragon root,
Aroideae.
65
Indian
jack-in-the-pulpit.
TURNIP.
North America.
Cutler
'
shredded roots and berries are said to have been
says, the
^
Bigelow says, the starfch of the root is deHcate
and nutritious. It must, however, be obtained from the root by boiHng in order that
the heat may destroy the acrimonious principle.
boiled
by the Indians with their venison.
A. costatum Mart.
This
Himalayas.
is
said
is
by
Ellis
frequently planted in dry ground.
'
to be a large aroid, called ape in Tahiti, which
It is considered inferior to taro.
A. curvatum Kunth.
Himalayas. The Lepchas of India prepare a food called long from the tuberous root.
The roots are bvuied in masses imtil acetous fermentation sets in and are then dug, washed
and cooked, by which means
their poisonous properties are in part dispersed,
sometimes follows a hearty meal of
entirely, as violent illness
but not
tong.*
A. tortuosum Schott.
The
Himalayas.
root
considered esculent
is
by the mountaineers
of Nepal.^
Arisarum vulgare Targ. Aroideae.

Mediterranean regions. In north Africa, the roots are much used in seasons
The
city.
makes
it
which
root,
not as large as
Aristotelia
residue
is
This
however, removed by repeated
mountain currant.
Tiliaceae.
The
large shrub called in Chile, maqui.
and are
is,
innoxious and nutritive."
macqui L'Herit.
taste of bilberries
of scar-
ordinary walnut, contains an acid jmce, which
ovir
quite uneatable in the natural state.
washings and the
is
berries,
though small, have the pleasant
largely consimied in Chile.'
A. racemosa Hook.
New
Zealand.
The
natives eat the berries.*
Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancr.
Umbelliferae.
arracacha.
Peruvian carrot.
This plant has been cultivated and used as a food from

where the
early times in the cooler mountainous districts of northern South America,
The root is not unlike a parsnip in shape but
roots form a staple diet of the inhabitants.
Northern South America.
more 'blunt;
it is
tender
when
and a roasted chestnut.

'
Pickering, C.
'Bigelow,
'Ellis,
'Wallich
Treai. Bo/. 2:1347.
P/j.
Hooker and
'Mueller,?.
Black, A. A.
1879.
1833.
1876.
>lo/. 2:10, Tab. 114.
1830-32.
Ball Marocco, Gt. Alias 342.

Sel. Pis. 49.
1891.
Treas. Bot. 1:92.
(Arum
1817.
Polyn. Research. 1:4s.
Moore, T.
nutritious, with
a flavor between the parsnip
fecula, analogous to arrowroot, is obtained
Med. Bol. 1:58.
J.
W.
and
boiled
1870.
1878.
triphyllum)
from
it
by
rasp-
66
Arracacha
ing in water.
plant
is
according to Boussingault,' about i6 tons per acre.
yields,
The
mountain regions of Central America. The roots are nutritious

yellow, purple and pale varieties.^ Attempts to naturalize
It was introduced into
culture in Europe have been unsuccessful.
also found in the
and palatable and there are

this plant in
Europe
field
in 1829
unsuccessful
'
in obtaining eatable roots.
Baltimore in 1828 or 1829
now
it is
in 1846, but trials in England, France
and again
It
fairly established there
New York
was grown near
but was found to be worthless.
and Morris
considers
and Switzerland were

in 1825
and at
Lately introduced into India,

it
a most valuable plant-food,
'
becoming more palatable and desirable the longer it is used. It is generally cultivated
in Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador, and in the temperate regions of these coun-
tries,
Arracacha
is-
The
preferred to the potato.
first
account which reached Europe
concerning this plant was published in the Annals of Botany in 1805.
It was, however,
mentioned in a few words by Alcedo,* 1789.

Artemisia abrotanum Linn.

some continental beers.
A. absinthium Linn,
Compositae.
Asia.
absinthe,
old man.
southernwood.
This artemisia forms an ingredient, says Lindley, in
wormwood.
Cultivated in Europe and in England in cottage gardens on a large scale. Bridgeman,' 1832, is the first writer on American gardening who mentions absinthe but now
its
seeds are cataloged for sale
by
all
our larger dealers.
It is classed
among
medicinal
herbs but is largely used in France to flavor the cordial, absinthe, and in America in compounding bitters. The seed is used by the rectifiers of spirits and the plant is largely
cultivated in
some
districts of
an ingredient of sauces
England
for this purpose.
It is said occasionally to
form
in cookery.
tarragon.
A. dracunculus Linn,
Tarragon was brought to Italy,

in
The first mention on record
from
the
shores
of
the
times.
Black
recent
Sea,
probably
is by Simon Seth, in the middle of the twelfth century, but it appears to have been scarcely
East Europe, the Orient and Himalayan regions.
known
as a condiment until the sixteenth centtiry.*"
It
was brought to England
in or
about 1548." The flowers, as Vilmorin says, are always barren, so that the plant can
be propagated only by division. Tarragon cultttre is mentioned by the botanists of the
sixteenth century and in England by Gerarde," 1597, and by succeeding authors on gar'
Morton
Cyc. Agr. i:io8.
'
Mueller
Sel. Pis. 50.
'
Heuze
Pis. Aliment. 2:509.
*New Eng. Farm.

'
ODuper Farm.
Libr. 94.
De CandoUe, A.
Don, G.
["
1873.
1847.
1886.
{A. esculenta)
Bridgeman Young Gard.

'"
{A. esculenta)
July 22, 1825.
'Card. Chron. 26:50.

'
1869.
1891.
Asst. 108.
1885.
1834.
1857.
Targioni-Tozzetti Journ. Hort. Soc. Land. 148.
Mcintosh, C.
" Gerarde,
J.
Book Gard. 2:167.

Herb.
11)3.
1597.
i855-
1854.
STURTEV ant's
Rauwolf,* 1573-75, found
dening.
tioned
by McMahon,^
IvfOTES
it
in the gardens of Tripoli.
now
Its roots are
1806.
ON EDIBLE PLANTS
Wkh
Together
In Persia,
fish sauce.
the young
tips,
The
is
is
plant
in request
much
Tarragon
esteemed.
is
a bitter tonic and aromatic.
used on the continent in the preparation of
amongst
It
was
The
plant
is
used on the continent in the preparation of
Eau
d'absinthe.
mugwort.
Mugwort was employed,
for flavoring beer before the introduction of the hop.
home-made beer
d'absinthe,
epicures.^
fellon-herb.
A. vulgaris Linn,
Eau
wormwood.
spiked
A. spicata Wulf.
the
by
alpine wormwood.
Vill.
Europe.
greatly esteemed
the leaves are put in salads, in pickles and in vinegar for
Caucasian region, Siberia and Europe. It

formerly used to make a conserve with sugar.''
is
men-
worm-seed.
A. maritima Linn,
which
it is
are also eaten with beefsteaks, served with horseradish.
They
Europe.
it is
has long been customary to use the leaves to create an appetite.
it
vinegar, says Mcintosh,'
A. mutellina
In America,
included in our leading seed catalogs.
Tarragon has a fragrant smell and an aromatic taste for which

the French.
67
On
of the cottagers.
says Johnson," to a great extent
It is
the continent,
still
used in England to flavor
it is
occasionally employed as
an aromatic, cuUnary herb.

Artocarpus brasiliensis Gomez.
Brazil.
Professor Hartt
'
Urticaceae.
says the jack
Matheus and
to the north, at Sao
jack.
is
cultivated in the province of Bahia
and
The
occasionally as far south as Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
being sometimes a foot and a half in the longer diameter. The

In some parts, a kind of farina
seeds are largely used as food and the pulp is nutritious.
is prepared from the seeds, but this use is by no means general.
fruit is of
A. hirsuta
immense
size,
Lam.
a large orange. The pulpy substance

almost
as
relished by the natives, being
good as the fruit of the jack.^
The
East Indies.
A. incisa Linn.
fruit is the size of
breadfruit.
f.
This most useful tree

in
warm
It
Islands, 1595.
Gronovius
McMahon,
>
nowhere found growing wild but is now extensively cultivated

described by the writer of Mendana's Voyage to the Marquesas
has been distributed from the Moluccas, by
Guinea, throughout
'
is
It is first
regions.
all
Amer. Card.
1755.
Cat. 511.
Book Card. 2:167.
Mcintosh, C.
Johnson, C. P.
Balfour, J. H.
Johnson, C. P.
1806.
iSSS-
Man.
way
of Celebes
the islands of the Pacific Ocean to Tahiti.
Fl. Orient. 106.
B.
much
is
Bat. 521.
'Hartt, C.F.
Geog. Braz. 245.
Drury, H.
1862.
1875.
1870.
1858.
1862.
and
Breadfnut
is
New
also
"68
naturalized in the Isle of France, in tropical America

It is
more
especially
and Society
Philippines
Islands.
by Sonnerat.
and bears
fruit in
Ceylon and Burma.*
and cultivation in the Marquesas and the Friendly

was conveyed to the Isle of France from Luzon in the
In 1792, from Tahiti and Timor, Capt. Bligh, who was com-
an object
The
'
of care
tree
missioned by the British Government for this purpose, took a store of plants and in 1793
landed 333 breadfruit trees at St. Vincent and 347 at Port Royal, Jamaica.' In the
almost always abortive, leaving their places empty *

This seedlessness does
cultivation goes back to a remote antiqiuty.
ctiltivated breadfruit, the seeds are
which shows that
its
not hold true, however, of
which there are many.
all varieties, of
Chamisso
'
describes
a variety in the Mariana Islands with small fruit contaimng seeds which are frequently
Sonnerat foimd in the Philippines a breadfnut, which he considered as wild,
perfect.
which bears ripe seeds of a considerable size.' In Tahiti, there are eight varieties without
and one variety with seeds which is inferior to the others.^ Nine varieties are
credited by Wilkes ' to the Fiji Islands and twenty to the Samoan.' Captain Cook,'"
at Tahiti, in 1769, describes the fruit as about the size and shape of a child's head, with
seeds
the surface reticulated not
much
unlike a
truffle,
covered with a thin skin and having
core about as big as the handle of a small knife.
The
eatable part of breadfruit
snow and somewhat
between the skin and the core and
lies
of the consistence of
new
bread.
It
is
as white as
must be roasted before
it is
eaten.
Its taste is insipid, with a slight sweetness, somewhat resembling that of the crumb of
wheaten bread mixed with a Jerusalem artichoke. Wilkes " says the best varieties when
baked or roasted are not unlike a good custard pudding. If the breadfruit is to be pre-
served,
it
it is
scraped from the rind and buried in a pit where
subsides into a
mass somewhat
opened emit a nauseous,

In this state
it is
It is said that
it
of the consistency of
will
keep several years
and
is
forms an agreeable and nutritious food.
Unger, P.
Forest Fl. 426.
Enc.BnV. 5:301.
Lunan,
J.
1859.
1874.
8th Ed.
Feg. Organ. 2:174.
Ans. Pis. Domest. 2:256,
Darwin, C.
Obs. 179.
Hort.
1778.
Jam. 1:11$.
1840.
1893.
Note.
1814.
Wilkes, C.
1845.
Wilkes, C.
1845.
"Cook
"
"
1844.
Candolle, A. P.
Forster, J. R.
'
aeiore}^
Brandis, D.
'
Hawaii
Voyage y.207.
1773.
Wilkes, C.
Peschel, O.
Races
Pickering, C.
Man
156.
1845.
1876.
1879.
These
pits
a greenish-yellow.
which several kinds are distinguished.
.According to Foster,!^ twenty-seven bread-
which would cover an English acre with their shade, are
called in Tahiti maiore, in
is
cooked with cocoanut milk, in which state
of from ten to twelve people during the eight
De
cheese.
when
when
This tree affords one of the most generous
sources of nutriment that the world possesses

fruit trees,
new
allowed to ferment,
fetid, sour odor, and the color of the contents
called mandraiuta, or native bread, of
it
it is
months
svifiicient for
of fruit-bearing.
the support
Breadfruit
is

A. integrifolia Linn.
f.
On
East Indies.
69
jack.
account of
its excellent fruit, this tree is
a special object of
vation on the two Indian peninsulas, in Cochin China and southern China.
ctdti-
has only
been
introduced
into
the
islands
of
the
Pacific
as
well
as
the
island
Ocean,
recently
upon
of Mauritiift, the Antilles and the west coast of Africa.
It is scarcely to be doubted that
It
and there growing wild and that perhaps Ceylon and the peninsula of Further
India may be looked upon as its original native land.^ The jack seems to be the Indian
fruit described by Pliny, who gives the name of the tree as pala, of the fruit, ariena; and to
it
occurs here
be the chagui of Friar Jordanus,* about 1330, whose
"
such
size that one is enough

one of the largest
about
Firminger
perhaps
in existence and is an ill-shapen, imattractive-looking object. The interior is of a soft,
fibrous consistency with the edible portions scattered here and there, of about the size
'
for five persons."
and
color of a small orange.
fruit is of
says the fruit of this tree
considered delicious
It is
is
by those who can manage,
to eat
melon to such a powerful degree

it,
as to be qtiite unbearable to persons of a weak stomach, or to those not accustomed to it.
There are two varieties in India. Lunan * says the thick, gelatinous covering which envelbut
it
possesses the rich, spicy scent
and
flavor of the
opes the seeds, eaten either raw or fried, is delicious. The roimd seeds, about half an
inch in diameter, eaten roasted, have a very mealy and agreeable taste. The fruit, says
Brandis,'
tree has
is an important article of food in Burma, southern India and Ceylon.

a very strong and disagreeable smell.
The
A. lakoocha Roxb.
Malay and East

taste, is
it,
fruit,
the size of an orange and of an austere
Firminger says also that he has met with those who said
a fact which he could otherwise have hardly credited. Brandis ^ says the
'
sometimes eaten.
they liked
male flower-heads are
Arum
The iU-shapen
Indies.
pickled.
Aroideae.
The
several species of
arum
possess a combination of extremely acrid properties,
with the presence of a large quantity of farina, which can be separated from the poisonous
The arums form
ingredient by heat or water and in some instances by merely drying.
the most important plants of the tropics. In a single Polynesian Island, Tahiti, the
natives have names for 33 arums. Taro, the general name, is grown in vast quantities
in the Fiji group on the margins of streams under a system of irrigation. When the root
the greater part is cut off from the leaves and the portion which is left attached
is
ripe,
to
them
is
at once replanted.
pounded into a
of tare
kind of flour,
are also stored in pits where
Unger, F.
'
Jordanus, Fr.
Lunan,
J.
Brandis, D.
Hort.
Brandis, D.
Card. Ind. 185.
Jam. 1:^88.
Forest Fl. 426.
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
it
1874.
1814.
1874.
Card. Ind. 188.
Forest Fl. 427.
1874.
becomes
1859.
Wonders East Hakl. Soc. Ed.
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
These roots are prepared for use by boUing and are then
is preserved imtil wanted for use.
Large quantities
which
1874.
13.
1863.
solid
and
is
afterwards used by the
70
In former times, the
natives as mandrai.
English during the periods of scarcity.
It
common
spotted
arum
fvimished food to the
seems impossible to determine in
all
cases to
which species of arum travelers refer in recording the use of this genera of plants. The
information given under the heading of the species will show the generality of their use
and
their importance.
&
A. dioscoridis Sibth.
Sm.
East Mediterranean countries.
Theophrastus mentions that the roots and leaves
The
of this plant, steeped in vinegar, were eaten in ancient Greece.
remarks,^ are cooked
and eaten
Italian arum.
A. italicum Mill.
This arum
is
eaten either raw or cooked.
is
described
by
Dioscorides,
Westward, the cooked root
Dioscorides as mixed with honey
is
the Balearic islanders and
by
A.
its
who
root
sa3rs its
further mentioned
made
plant was in cultivation for seven years in Guernsey for the purpose of
from
roots, as Pickering
in the Levant.
into cakes.'
by
This
making arrow-root
corms.'
maculatum Linn,
adam-and-eve.
WAKE
STARCH-ROOT.
The
Europe.
thick
its injurious qualities
bobbins,
in Albania,
are destroyed, and in the
and
in Slavonia
by
Pallas
it is
&
isle of
but by heat
Portland the plant was extensively
According to Sprengel,* its roots are cooked

made into a kind of bread. The leaves, even
"
Dioscorides
by the Greeks of Crimea.
be eaten and that they must be eaten after
to be eaten
showeth that the leaves also are prescribed to

*
they be dried and boyled."
Arundinaria japonica Sieb.
lords-and-ladies.
root, while fresh, is extremely acrid,
used in the preparation of an arrow-root.
and eaten
pint.
ROBIN.
and tuberous
of this acrid plant, are said
cuckoo
Zucc.
Gramineae.
cane.
Northern Japan. When the young shoots appear in early svmimer, they are carefully
gathered and, under the name of take-no-ko, are used for food as we would employ young
asparagus; though
by no means
A. macrosperma Michx.
North America.
is
much
the species of cane which forms cane brakes in Virginia,
Flint,* in his Western States, says:
crop of seed with heads very

said to be not
broom com.
like those of
inferior to wheat, for
settlers substituted it."
Pickering, C.
1879.
Pickering, C.
1879.
'Seemann, B.
Journ. Bol. 1:2$.
Pickering, C.
'
Pallas, P. S.
'
Gerarde. J.
'
Penhallow, D. P.
Flint, T.
Chron. Hist. Pis.
1863.
j,\^.
Trav. Russia 2:449.
Herb. 835.
desirable dish.'
large cane.
This
Kentucky and southward.
make a very
so tender as the latter, they
1879.
1803.
1633 or 1636.
Amer. Nat. 16:121.
West. Slates 1:80, Si.
1828.
1882.
The
"
It
produces an abundant
seeds are farinaceous
and are
which the Indians and occasionally the
first

Asaruin canadense Linn.
North America.
Barton
'
wild ginger.
snakeroot.
Aristolochiaceae.
says the dried, piilverized root
parts of our country as a substitute for ginger,
71
is
commonly used
and Balfour ^ say^
in
many
used as a spice in
it is
Canada.
Asclepias syriaca Linn.
weed
milkweed,
Asclepiadeae.
Kalm
North America.
in spring, preparing
'
says the French in
them
and that they
like asparagus,
flowers; a very good, brown, palatable sugar.
silkweed.
Canada use the tender shoots
Fremont
also
make a
"
which sprouts
like
What they
sugar of the
found the Sioux Indians of the
upper Platte eating the young pods, boiling them with the meat of the
in his Natural History of Canada, says:
of milk-
call
buffalo.
Jefferys,^
here the cotton-tree
asparagus to the height of about three feet and
is
is
a plant
crowned with several
shaken early in the morning before the dew is off of them when
from them with the dew a kind of honey, which is reduced into sugar by boiling;
tufts of flowers; these are
there
falls
the seed
is
contained in a pod which encloses also a very fine sort of cotton."

*
Gen. Dearborn
of Massachusetts
and Dewey
as asparagus,
'
recommended
In 1835,
the use of the young shoots of milkweed
says the young plant
is
thus eaten.
In France the plant
is
grown as an ornament.
butterfly weed,
A. tuberosa Linn,
tuber-root.
pleurisyroot.
Northeastern America. The tubers are boiled and used by the Indians. The Sioux
of the upper Platte prepare from the flowers a crude sugar and also eat the young seed-pods.
Some
of the Indians of
Asimina triloba Dun.
Canada use the tender shoots
when
All parts of the tree
reUshed by few except negroes.'
ripe has a
"
rich, luscious taste.
Vasey says the
The pulp
egg-custard in consistence and appearance.
and unites the
taste of eggs, cream, sugar
for the relish of
Asparagus acerosus Roxb.
W.
Barton,
'
'
P. C.
Med.
Man.
Dodge
U. S.
Don, G.
"Flint, E.
"
D.A.
resembles
and a great resource to the savages."
This species was foimd by
1818.
Bot. 2:89.
Bot. 576.
1875.
Apr. 10, 1835.
Rpt. 405.
West. States 1:72.
1840,
1870.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. i:gi.
Pickering, C.
"
It is a natural custard, too lucious
spice.
fruit is nutritious
Rpt. Herb. Flow. Pis. Mass. 145.
Dewey, C.
and the
has the same creamy feeUng in the mouth
Kalm, P. Trav. No. Amer. 2:202. 1772.

Fremont Explor. Exped. 16. 1845.
Nat. Hist. Amer. 42.
1760.
Jefferys, T.
Dearborn Me. Farm.
'
and
fruit,
smell,
about four inches long,
of the fruit," says Flint,'"
garden asparagvis.
Balfour, J. H.
It
have a rank
Liliaceae.
East Indies and Burma.

for ovu-
The
most people.
an asparagus.'
papaw.
Anonaceae.
Middle and southern United States.

fruit is
as
1831.
1828.
(Annona
1879.
triloba)
Mason "
to be a passable substitute
STURTEVANT
72
asparagus.
A. acutifolius Linn,
The young
Mediterranean regions.
by
the Greeks in
Sicily.^'
They
shoots are eaten in Italy, Spain, Portugal and
are thin, bitter
and often
stringy.
A. adscendens Roxb.
made, according to Modeen Sheriff,

the genuine sufed mush, called in the Deccan shakakul-hindi and used as a substitute for
From
Himalayas and Afghanistan.
this plant is
salep.'
garden-hedge.
A. albus Linn,
Western Mediterranean region. The yoting heads are cut from wild plants and
brought to table in Sicily, but they form but a poor substitute for cultivated asparagiis.*
A. aphyllus Linn.
Mediterranean region.
The young
shoots are collected and eaten in Greece.'
A. laricinus Burch.
shrubby species of South Africa.
excellent tenderness
A. officinalis Linn,
and aromatic
Dr. Pappe
'
says that
it
produces shoots of
taste.
asparagus.
Europe, Caucasian regions and Siberia. This plant, so much esteemed in its cultivated state, is a plant of the seashore and river bants of southern Eiirope and the Crimea.
now
In the southern parts of Russia and

'
Poland, the waste steppes are covered with this plant. Unger says it is not found either
*
wild or ciiltivated in Greece, but Daubeny says at the present time it is known under
It is
the
name
natiu-alized in
of asparaggia,
many
parts of the world.
and Booth
'
says
it is
common.
Probably the mythological men-
tion of the asparagus thickets which concealed Perigyne, beloved of Theseus,

in consequence, being protected
the plant,
by law among the lonians inhabiting Caria
referred
to another species.
Cultivated asparagus seems to have been
Theophrastus and
wild plant of another species.

it well,
unknown
to the Greeks of the time of
Disocorides, and the word asparagos seems to have been used
and Cato's
The Romans
directions for culture
of the time of Cato, about 200 B.
would answer
for the
C, knew
fairly well for the gardeners of
today, except that he recommends starting with the seed of the wild plant, and this seems
good evidence that the wild and the cultivated forms were then of the same type as they
are today.
Columella," in the first century, recommends transplanting the young roots
from a seed-bed and devotes some space to their after-treatment. He offers choice of
W.
>
Hooker,
Mueller, P.
'
Kckering, C.
Hooker,
'
J.
'
Sel. Pis. 55.
Unger, F.
'
Daubeny, C.
U. S. Pat.
W.B.
Columella
Journ. Bot. 1:211.
1879.
1834.
Pickering, C.
'
1834.
1891.
W. J.
Mueller,?.
Booth.
Journ. Bot. 1:211.
Sel. Pis. 54.
Off.
1879.
1891.
1859.
Rpt. 358.
Trees, Shrubs, Anc. 127.
Treas. Bot. 1:101.
lib. 9, c. 3.
1865.
1870.
73
activated seed or that from the wild plant, without indicating preference. Pliny,' who
also wrote in the first century, says that asparagus, of all the plants of the garden, receives
the most praiseworthy care and also praises the good quality of the kind that grows wild
in the island of Nesida near the coast of Campania.
In his praise of gardens,* he says:
"
Nature has made the asparagus wild, so that any one may gather as found. Behold,
'
'
the highly-manured asparagus may be seen at Ravenna weighing three pounds.

Palladius,'
an author cf the third century, rather praises the sweetness of the wild form found growing
among
the rocks and recommends transplanting
it
to such places otherwise worthless
but he also gives full directions for garden culture with as much care as
Gesner ^ quotes Pomponius, who lived in the second century, as saying that
for agriculture,
did Cato.
there are two kinds, the garden and the wild asparagus, and that the wild asparagus
the
us
more pleasant
how
to eat.
Emperor Augustus was
partial the
A. racemosus Willd.
is
Suetonius,* about the beginning of the second century, informs
to asparagus,
and Erasmus
'
mentions
also
it.
racemose asparagus.
East Indies, African tropics and Australia. In India, the tubers are candied as
a sweetmeat. This preparation, however, as Dutt states,' has scarcely any other taste
or flavor besides that of the sugar.
blanched shoots
is
Firminger
says the preserve prepared from the
very agreeable.
A. sannentosus Linn.
East Indies.
The
long, fleshy, whitish root is used as food
and, in the candied state,
by the people
of
Ceylon
is
often brought to India from China.'
A. verticillatus Linn.
South
The young
Russia.
shoots,
according to
Chaubard,'"
are eaten in
the
Peloponesus.
Asperula odorata Linn.
woodroof.
Rubiaceae.
Europe and the adjoining portions

herbage
is
not fragrant when
new hay and
the perfvune of
used for imparting a flavor
of Asia.
The
flowers are sweet-scented.
fresh but, after being gathered for

retains this property for years.
to some
of the
Rhine wines.
a short time,
it
The
gives out
In Germany, woodroof
In England,
it
is
is
ctiltivated
Its seed is advertised

occasionally as a garden herb, being used for flavoring cooling drinks.
most
trees and grows
in
the
shade
of
thrive
will
Woodroof
in American garden catalogs.
in
all
'
'
'
kinds of garden
Bostock and Riley.
Pliny
soil.
Nat. Hist. Pliny 4: 188.
Palladius
lib. 3, c.
Script. Rei Rust.
'Mcintosh, C.
24; lib. 4,
c. 9.
1788, Lexicon, art. Asparagus.
Book Card. 2:177.
1855.
Ibid.
'
Dutt, U. C.
1877.
Card. Ind. 121.
1874.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Ainslie,
'
1856.
c. 19.
W.
Pickering, C.
Mat. Ind. 2:409.
1826.
1879.
74
Asphodeline lutea Reichb.
Region
and the Caucasus.
This plant
and as being abundant
large tracts of land in Apulia
king's spear.
asphodel. Jacob's rod.
Liliaceae.
of the Mediterranean
in Sicily.
is
mentioned as covering
It
was fabled
to
grow
and hence the ancient Greeks were wont to place asphodel on the
The root is mentioned as an esculent by Pythagoras.' Pliny ^
friends.
in the Elysian fields,
tombs
of their
says the roots of asphodel were generally roasted vmder embers and then eaten with salt
and
oil
were thought a most excellent dish. Phillips,' exer"Asphodel was to the ancient Greeks and Romans what
and when mashed with
figs
some imagination, says:

the potato now is to us, a bread
cising
It
has long since given
to
way
plant, the value of
which cannot be too highly estimated.
successors in favor."
its
aster.
Aster tripolium Linn.- Compositae.
Northern Africa, Asia, the Orient and Europe. The somewhat fleshy leaves of this
make a kind of pickle.*
aster are occasionally gathered to
Astragalus aboriginorum Richards.
The
Arctic North America.
Leguminosae.
roots are eaten
astragalus.
by the Cree and Stone Indians
of the
Rocky Mountains.^
A. adscendens Boiss.
The
Persia.
&
Haussk.
plant affords
an abundance
of
gum and
also a
manna.*
Swedish coffee.
A. boeticus Linn.
In certain parts of Germany and Hungary, this plant is

seeds, which are roasted, ground and used as a substitute for coffee.
cultivated for its
same as that
Its culture is the
Swedish
would indicate that
coffee,
common pea
of the
it is
also
A. caryocarpus Ker-Gawl.
ground plum.
Mississippi region of
North America.
or tare.
The name
applied to the seeds,
grown in Scandinavia.
The unripe
fruits are edible
and are eaten
raw or cooked.
A. christianus Linn.
In Taxirus, the roots of the great, yellow milk-vetch are
Asia Minor and Syria.

sought as an article of food.'
A. creticus
Lam.
This plant yields tragacanth
Greece.
A. fiorulentus Boiss.
Persia.
&
Haussk.
plant yields a manna.'
The
Chron. Hist. Ph. lo6.
Pickering, C.
1879.
Bostock and Riley Nat. Hist. Pliny 4:360.
'
PhiUips, H.
Masters,
Comp. Kitch. Card. 1:35.
M. T.
'Brown, R.
Treas. Bot. 3:1173.
Bot. Soc. Edinb. 9:381.
'
Fluckiger and Hanbury Pharm.
'
Fraser, J. B.
BaiUon, H.
Mesopotamia
2,5^-
Hist. Pis. 2:378.
Fluckiger and
Hanbury PAorm.
174.
1870.
1868.
1879.
1842.
1872.
415.
1856.
1831.
1879.
(Phaca aboriginorum)
75
A. gummifer Labill.
This
Syria.
A.
another species suppljang a source of tragacanth.^
is
hamosus Linn.
The
Mediterranean region to India.

singularity of its fruits which, before
is
plant
grown particularly on account
maturity, resemble certain worms.
They
of the
are of
a mediocre taste but are employed in salads chiefly to cause an innocent surprise.^
A. kurdicus Boiss.
The plant
Kurdistan and Syria.
affords tragacanth.'
A. leioclados Boiss.
Persia.
Tragacanth
Open
plains
produced by this
plant.*
DC.
A. mexicanus A.
are edible
is
and
prairies
from
Illinois
and are eaten raw or cooked by
westward and southward.
Astrocaryum acaule Mart. Palmae.

This is a palm of the Rio Negro.
Brazil.
A.
murumura Mart,
A
flavor
The
fniit is edible.*
The
fruit,
according to Kunth, has an agreeable
a scent resembling musk but afterwards that of a melon.

and is eatable.'
first
fruits
murumura.
of the Brazilian forest.
palm
and at
The unripe
travelers.'
Wallace
states that the fleshy covering of the fruit is rather juicy
A.
tucuma Mart.
Upper Amazon and Rio Negro.
The
by the Indians.*
tree of the Moluccas.
Athamanta
fleshy part of the fruit is esteemed for food
Its subacid leaves are
DC. Umbelliferae.
The root is said to be
cervariaefolia
Tenerifle Islands.
by the
cooked as a sauce for
spignel.
eaten."
candy carrot.
A. cretensis Linn,
Southern Europe.
An
agreeable liquor
is
made from
A. matthioli Wulf.
Southeastern Europe.
>
Treas. Bol. 106.
The
Vilmorin Veg. Card. 510, 511.
'
Fluckiger and
<
Ibid.
'
Bot. 132.
Pop. Hist.
174.
1879.
1868.
Palms
74.
1856.
Pop. Hist. Palms y^.
1856.
Ibid.
Seemann, B.
Bates, H. W.
" Syrae,
J. T.
"Baillon, H.
"
1885.
Hanbury Pharm.
Man.
Seemann, B.
plant has an edible root.'^
1870.
'
Gray, A.
Ibid.
natives.'
Melastomaceae.
Astronia papetaria Bliune.
The
yellowish, fibrous pulp is eaten
Nat.
Amaz. 647.
Treas. Bot. 1:106.

Hist. Pis. 7:192.
1879.
1870.
1881.
Humboldt
Libr. Set.
the seeds.
fish.'"
76
Atherosperma moschatum
Its aromatic bark has been used as a substitute for
Australia.
Atriplex halimus Liim.
tea.'
sea orach.
Chenopodiaceae.
and the Mediterranean countries and
plant of the seashores of Europe
salines as
one of the few indigenous plants of Egypt that affords sustenance

^
It is mentioned by Antipharues as esculent by Dioscorides as cooked and eaten
Sea orach
far as Siberia.
to
tasmanian sassafras tree.
Monimiaceae.
Labill.
man.
is
by Toumefort as eaten
The men
in Greece.
of the
Euphrates expedition often used this
species as a culinary vegetable.
mountain spinach,
butter leaves,
A. hortensis Linn,
orach.
Cosmopolitan. Orach has long been used as a kitchen vegetable in Europe. It was
known to the ancient Greeks under the name of atraphaxis and Dioscorides writes that it
was eaten
boiled.
was known to the Romans under the name
It
introduced into English gardens in 1548 and was
and the green
to correct the acidity
Bauhin
'
Ray
grown
The
Honduras.
many
countries
in three varieties.'
in
In 1806, three kinds are
named
cohune palm.
Palmae.
tree bears
resembling a bunch of grapes.

far
in
Orach was
as in American gardens.
Attalea cohune Mart.
is
It is
mentions the red, the white and the dark green.
by McMahon
but
color of sorrel.
of atriplex.
it still is,
England in 1538, who calls it areche, or red oreche.

mentions the white and red, as mentioned by Gerarde * in 1597. In 1623,
Orach was known to Turner

In 1686,
long used, as
fruit,
The
more oleaginous and the
about the
size of
kernel tastes
a large egg, growing in clusters
somewhat
like that of the
cocoanut
oil is superior.'
A. compta Mart.
The
Brazil.
seed-vessels are eaten as a deUcacy.'"
urucuri palm.
A. excelsa Mart,
Amazon
Bates " says the
region.
The
has a pleasantly flavored, juicy pulp.

its
fruit is similar in size
and shape to the date and
Indians did not eat
it
but he
did,
although
wholesomeness was questionable.
Avena brevis Roth.

Europe.
Dom.
'
Smith,
'
Pickering, C.
J.
Turner
Bot. 248.
'
Bauhin, C.
McMahon,
Temple, R.
{A. orache)
1686.
Herb. 256.
Pmax
B.
1879.
1842.
1538.
^Ra.y Hist. PI. 191.

J.
short oat.
a native plant and say that
1871.
Mesopotamia 35g.
Libellus.
Gerarde,
fly's leg.
call this species
'Fraser, J. B.
*
Gramineae.
The Germans
119.
1597.
1623.
Amer. Card.
Cal. 321.
Journ. Sac. Arts 2:500.
1806.
No.
81.
M. T. Tre'as. Bot. 1:110. 1870.

H. W. Nat. Amaz. 719. 1879. Humboldt Libr.
Masters,
"
Bate.s,
Set.
it
grows wild

among
It is cultivated in
grain.
mountainous
77
Europe, as in those of Auvergne
districts of
and Forez, because

or
fly's leg,
accovmt of
it ripens quickly, where the

country people call it piedo de mouche,
because of the appearance of the dark awns.' In some parts of France, on
its excellence for fodder, it is called avoine
A. fatua Linn,
drake,
flayer,
This
the
is
have been introduced by the Spaniards but
The
miles from the coast.
a bread com.
and
in 1851
is
grain
In 1852, Professor
had
Tartarean oat.
potato oat.
Europe, the Orient and Asia.
it is
a fourrage.
wild oat.
common wild oat of California. It may

now spread over the whole country many
gathered by the Indians of California and
Buckman ^ sowed a
plat of
is
used as
ground with seeds collected
for the
produce poor, but true, samples of what are known

as the potato and Tartarean oat. In i860, the produce was good white Tartarean and
in 1856
potato oats.
A.
naked
nuda Linn,
peel corn,
oat.
This
Southern Europe.
is
are said to cultivate a variety of
according to Turner, in 1538.
pillcorn.
probably an oat produced by cultivation. The Chinese

it with a broad, flat rachis.
It was growing in England,
now, and has been for some time, among the seeds
It is
of our seedsmen.
Tartarean oat.
Siberian oat.
A. orientalis Schreb.
Southern Europe and the Orient. Although the name leads to the supposition that
oat had its origin in the dry table-lands of Asia, yet we are not aware, says Lindley,'
this
We
that any evidence exists to show that
it is so.
Phillips* says the Siberian oat reached
England in
only
1777,
know
it
as a cultivated plant.
and Unger' says
it
was brought
from the East to Europe at the end of the preceding century.

A. sativa Linn.
ha.ver.
The native land
oat.
of the
common
oat
is
given as Abyssinia by Pickering.'
linger^
unknown, although the region along the Danube may pass as such.
The oat is probably a domesticated variety of some wild species and may be A. strigosa
Professor Buckman believed
Schreb., fovmd wild in grain fields throughout Europe.
says the native land
A. fatua
is
Linn., to be the original species, as in eight years of cultivation he
plant into good cultivated varieties.
Unger
changed
as can be ascertained, cultivated this oat 2000 years ago, and
it
seems to have been
tributed from Europe into the temperate and cold regions of the whole world.
known
'
'
to the Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks and Romans.
Bon
Jard. 655.
Buckman, J.
Morton Cyc. Agr. 1:171. 1869.
Comp. Kitch. Card.
Phillips, H.
Unger, F.
V. S. Pat.
Unger, F.
1870.
2:12,.
Off. Rpt. 302.
1831.
1859.
1879.
1859.
Pickering, C.
'
1882.
Treas. Bot. i: 11.
Ibid.
De CandoUe,
A.
Geog. Bot. 2:939.
1855-
this
says the Celts and the Germans, as far
De
It
dis-
was
CandoUe,' however, writes
78
that the oat was not cultivated
the
not
by the Hebrews, the Egyptians, the ancient Greeks or

as an object of curiosity.' The oat is
Romans and is now cultivated in Greece only

cultivated for human food in India.'
This grain
Egypt or
that
The
Syria.'
Romans knew
that the
plant
is
was known.
culture
its
not mentioned in Scripture and hence would seem to be unknown to
is
mans used oatmeal
noticed
Pliny
'
Virgil* in his Georgics with the implication
by
mentions the plant.
It
the oat principally as a forage crop.

^
Dioscorides
porridge as food.
is,
hence, qtiite probable

'
says that the Ger-
make
similar statements,
Pliny
and Galen
but the latter adds that although it is fitter food for beasts than men yet in times of famine
it is used by the latter.
From an investigation of the lacustrine remains of Switzerland,
Hear
'
finds that during the
smaller than that produced
Bronze age oats were known, the oat-grain being somewhat

i"
by our existing varieties. Turner observes, in 1568, that
the naked oat grew in Sussex, England. The bearded oat was brought from Barbary
and was cultivated in Britain about 1640; the brittle oat came from the south of Europe
Spanish oat was introduced in 1770; the Siberian, in 1777; the Pennsylvafrom Switzerland in 1791." In Scotland, the oat has long
in 1796; the
nian, in 1785; the fan-leaved,
been a bread grain and, about 1850, Peter Lawson '^ gives 40 varieties as cultivated. This
cereal was sown by Gosnold " on the Elizabeth Islands, Massachusetts, in 1602; is recorded
Newfoundland"
as cultivated in
was introduced
into
1880, 36
Netherland
named kinds were grown
Sweden as
Italy,
New
The Egyptian,
previous to 1648.
and
far north as 64
Europe.
De
Ibid.
'
or winter oat,
but
is
scarcely
Pickering
Candolle, A.
says this plant
Geog. Bot. 2:939.
is
known
meagre
of the
1855.
Ibid.
Ibid.
H.
'Phillips,
Stille,
'
Comp. Kitch. Card.
2:<).
A.
1831.
1874.
Ibid.
'
Ibid.
"
Card. Chron.
Phillips,
io(,&.
H.
1866.
Comp. Kitch.Gard. 2:ii.
1831.
" Ibid.
" Lawson, P. Prize

Essays Highland Soc. 4:312.
" U. S. Pat.
Off. Rpl. 159.
1853.
" Ibid.
"Wood, W.
" U.
New Eng.
Prosp. 81.
S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 159.
" Ibid.
" Kansas
Bd. Agr. Rpt.
"Pickering, C.
19.
1634.
1853.
1880.
Chron. Hisl. Pis. 1031.
1879.
in the
The
South in 1800.
oat grows in
In
Norway and
in the south of France, Spain or
not attempted.
is
bristle-pointed oat.
''
was known
in the state of Kansas.'*
to 65
in tropical countries its culture
A. strigosa Schreb.
'
was growing at Lynn, Mass.,'^ in 1629-33. It

'^
prior to 1626 and was cultivated in Virginia
in 1622;
1 851.
oat.
Tauro-Caspian countries;
it
was
first

observed in
ing
'
Germany
in Britain.
The smaUness
places,
Lindley
it is
says
Sweden
in
in 1779;
and the same year by Wither-
found wild in abundance in grain
where nothing better
may be
The
bilimbi.
cucumber tree.
blimbing.
form and
fruit is of the
size of
pale green, translucent rind like that of a ripe grape.
and has somewhat the
soft as butter
except
when
over Europe.
on poor, mountainous
The Germans, however, have much improved it
had.
Geraniaceae.

thin,
fields all
of the grain renders this oat unfit for cultivation

except
Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.
A. carambola Linn,
made
its skin is thin,
When
ripe,
the flesh
is
as
an unripe gooseberry, too acid to be eaten

as pickled or preserved in sugar, and Smith ^
flavor of
speaks of
it
caramba.
country gooseberry.
carambola.
This plant has been cultivated for
The form
India.
a gherkin, with a smooth,
into conserves.
blimbing.
and subtropical
'
Brandis
cooked.^
writes that the flowers are
ical
by Retz
in 1771;'
79
its fruit for
of the fruit is oblong, with five
ages in trop-
prominent angles;
and yellowish afterwards; the flesh is soft and exceedingly

In Hindustan and Ceylon, the fruit is
juicy like a plum, with a gratefvil, acid flavor.
sometimes as big as the two fists. In Stmiatra, there are two sorts which are used chiefly
green at
In Bengal, there are two
in cookery.*
as also in Burma.'"
to be
made
Avicennia
first
The
fruit is
one with
varieties,
acid, the other
with sweet
fruit,'
used as a pickle by Europeans and the flowers are said
into a conserve.
officinalis Linn.
Region
This plant transudes a
The
land esteem as a food."
Aydendron firmulum Nees.
new Zealand mangrove.
Verbenaceae.
of the Caspian.
grnn.
which the natives
of
New
Zea-
kernels are bitter but edible.'^
pichurim bean,
Laurineae.
toda specie.
Brazil.
The Portugese of the Rio Negro, a branch of the Amazon, gather the aromatic seeds, known in trade by the names of the pichurim bean and toda specie. The
seed
is
grated like nutmeg.
Babiana
Ker-Gawl.
plicata
The
South Africa
'
Pickering, C.
'
Ibid.
root
baboon-root.
Irideae.
is
sometimes boiled and eaten by the colonists at the Cape."
Chron. Hist. Pis. 103 1.
1879.
Ibid.
*
Morton
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
Cyc. Agr. 172.
Brandis, D.
'
'
Smith,
1874.
1874.
1882.
Lindley, J.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 46.
Nuttall, T.
Drury, H.
"
Forest Fl. 46.
Diet. Econ. Pis. 54.
J.
" Pickering,
"
1869.
Card. Ind. 236.
C.
Chron. Hist. Pis.
(x)0.
No. Amer. Sylva 2:144.

Thunberg, C. P.
1824.
1874.
Trav. 1:285.
1858.
1795-
1879.
1865.
(^4.
resinifera)
(^. iomenlosa)
{Gladiolus
plici.tu's'\
8o
Baccaurea dulcis Muell.
Euphorhiaceae.
where
it
fruits of this species are rather
a cherry, nearly round and of a yellowish color. The pulp is luscious and
greatly eaten in Sumatra, where the tree is called choopah and in Malacca,
larger than
sweet and
The
cultivated in China.'
Malayan Archipelago;
is
goes
by the i\ame
of rambeh.^
B. sapida Muell.
East Indies and Malay.

Hindus call it lutqua?
This plant
is
for
cultivated
its
agreeable fruits.
The
B. sp.?
Royle^ says the plant yields the tampui, a

and flavor along with the lausch.
India.
Bactris gasipaes
H. B.
On
Venezuela.
&
K.
fruit
ranking in point of taste
peach palm.
Palmae.
the Amazon, says Bates, ^ this plant does not grow wild but has been
from time immemorial by the Indians. The fruit is dry and mealy and may
be compared in taste to a mixtvire of chestnuts and cheese. Bunches of sterile or seedless
cultivated
sometimes occur at Ega and at Para.
fruit
Ega when
in season
and
is
It is
one
and eaten with
boiled
of the principal articles of food at
treacle
and
salt.
Spencer
'
compares
when cooked, to a mixture of potato and chestnut but

^
says it is superior to either. Seemann says in most instances the seed is abortive, the
whole fridt being a farinaceous mass. Humboldt says every cluster contains from 5
the taste of the mealy pericarp,
to 80 fruits, yellow like apples but purpling as they ripen,
two or three inches
in diameter,
and generally without a kernel; the farinaceous portion is as yellow as the yolk of an egg,
He found it cultivated in abundance
slightly saccharine and exceedingly nutritious.
along the upper Orinoco.
two crops a
The
In Trinidad, the peach palm
year, at one season the fruit
seedless fruits are highly appreciated
The fruit is
wine may be made. The nut
under the name of cocorotes.^
Indies.
B. maraja Mart,
is
and another season bearing
all
seedless
by
natives of
the size of an egg with a succulent, purple coat from which

is large,
with an oblong kernel and
fruit of
Royle,
J. F.
Smith, A.
Illustr. Bol.
Himal.
Treas. Bot. 2:887.
i: 136.
Illustr. Bot.
Himal.
Royle, J. F.
Illustr. Bot.
Himal.
i: 138.
W.
Mueller, F.
Nai. Amaz. 728.

Sel. Pis. 63.
'Seemann, B.
W.
"Seemann,
J.
B.
1839.
136.
1879.
1839.
Humboldt
Libr. Set.
1891.
Prestoe Trinidad Bot. Card. Rpt. 39.

Titford,
1839.
1870.
Royle, J. F.
Bates, H.
is
sold in the markets
a pleasant, acid flavor from which a vinous beverage
prepared."*
'
seeds.
all classes.*
maraja palm.
This palm has a
Brazil.
said to be very prolific, bearing
prickly palm.
B. major Jacq.
West
is
1856.
1880.
Pop^ Hist. Palms 98.
1812.
1
85-).
{Guilielma speciosa)

B. minor Jacq.
prickly pole,
The
Jamaica.
fruit is
which Jacquin says
is
dark
made
The
Gviiana.
the size of a cherry and contains an acid juice
piirple,
The
fruit is edible
but not
pleasant.''
Urticaceae.
tree bears
Balanites aegyptica Delile.
tobago cane.
into a sort of wine.
Bagassa guiaoensis Aubl.
8i
an orange-shaped
edible fruit.'
zachun-oil tree.
Simaruheae.
A shrubby, thorny bush of the southern

border of the Sahara from the Atlantic to Hindustan.'' It is called in equatorial Africa
Northern Africa, Arabia and Palestine.
m'choonchoo; the edible drupe tastes like an intensely bitter date.^
Balsamorhiza hookeri Nutt.
balsam-root.
Compositae.
The thick roots of this species are eaten raw by

when cooked, a sweet and rather agreeable taste.'
Northwestern America.
Perc6 Indians and have,
the
Nez
oregon sunflower.
B. sagittata Nutt.
The
roots are eaten
by the Nez Perc^ Indians
in Oregon,
cooked on hot stones.
They have a sweet and rather agreeable taste.'

*
Wilkes mentions the Orgeon simflower of which the seeds, poimded into a meal called
mielito, are eaten by the Indians of Puget Sound.
after being
Bambusa.
Gramineae.
In India, the Bambusa flowers so frequently that in Mysore and Orissa the seeds
rice.'
The farina of the seeds is eaten in China.'"
are mixed with honey and eaten like
In Amboina, in the East Indies, the young bamboo shoots, cut in
slices
and
pickled, are
used as a pro-vdsion for long voyages and are sold in the markets as a culinary vegetable.''
In the Himalayas, the young shoots are eaten as a vegetable, and the seeds of a variety
called praong in Sikkim are boiled and made into cakes or into beer.'^ Williams " says:
"
In China the tender shoots are cultivated for food and are, when four or five inches
high, boiled, pickled,
'
W.
Titford,
Lunan,
Smith,
'
M.
'
J.
T.
S.
1870.
Williams, S.
1870.
Views Nature 3$$.
W.
1864.
(B. helianthoides)
1845.
1850.
Billardi&re Voy. Recherche Perouse 1:395.
"Hooker,
J.
Himal. Journ. 1:313.
D.
Williams, S.
"Fortune, R.
W.
(Cocos guineensis)
{B.incana)
Treas. Bot. 1:120.
i860.
1799-
1854.
U. S. Pal. Off. Rpt. 475.
Resid. Chinese 190.
1857.
In China the yoimg shoots are
in large quantities."
1870-
Humboldt, A.
"
says:
1871.
Black, A. A.
" La
1814.
'*
1814.
Treas. Bot. 1:117.
D. A. Rpt. 406.
Wilkes, C.
'
Jam. 2:94.
ZJoOT. 5o/. 455.
Speke, J. H.
'U.
J.
Hort.
J.
Masters,
Fortune
and are taken to market
cultivated for food
'
and comfited."
i860.
82
bamboo.
B. arundlnacea Willd.
East
lives of
and
The
Indies.
in 1866
'
The
Malda.
in
by the poorer
seeds are eaten
The
In Bengal, the tender yoiong shoots are eaten as pickles
Barton
Barbarea arcuata Reichb.
B. praecox R. Br.
name scurvy
New
England as a substitute
grass
plant serves as a bitter cress.
B. vulgaris R. Br.
and
its
becoming spontaneous farther south. It is grown in gardens

used in winter and spring salads. In Germany, it is generally
n regular cultivation and
it is
England
now banished from
an
early salad
and
also in Scotland,
cultivation yet appears in gardens as a weed.
In
Rocket
tot.
New
is
in
'
Brandis, D.
Drury, H.
'
Roxburgh, W. ffor/. Seng. 2:193. 1814.

Don, G. Hist. Dichl. Pis. 1:635. 1831.
1818.
Barton, W. P. C. Med. Bot. 2:61.
Forest PI. 566.
list
of
1862.
2nd Ed.
1831.
Cat. 581.
1806.
(Erysimum barbarea)
'
but
herb,
In Sweden,
used by the natives as a
American garden esculents

a salad in spring
cress is used as
1858.
1633 or 1636.
Amer. Card.
is
1874.
Herb. 243.
The whole
some degree mucilaginous.
Zealand, the plant
included in the
is
'
where the
In early times, rocket was held in some repute
by some.*
by McMahon,' in 1806. In 1832, Bridgeman says winter

and autumn and fcy some boiled as a spinage.
B.
as early winter cress.
This herb of northern climates has been cultivated
for a long time as
the leaves are boiled as a kale.
Johnson, C. P.
known
yellow rocket.
winter cress,
says Don,* has a nauseous, bitter taste and
food under the name,
is
seeds are offered in seed catalogs.
rocket,
bitter leaves are eaten
Don, G.
land
is
is
Europe and temperate Asia.
McMahon,
early winter cress,
belle isle cress,
occasionally cultivated for salad in the Middle States under
is
In the Mauritius,
In the United States,
Gerarde, J.
for asparagus.
bitter cress.
American cress,
England as a cress and
'
wild indigo.
says the young shoots of this plant, which resemble
Cruciferae.
The
This cress
in gardens in
horse-fly weed,
SCURVY GRASS.
CRESS.
Europe.
'
have been used in
asparagus in appearance,
Europe and Asia.
Malpighiaceae.
Leguminosae.
Northeastern America.
'
and Drury ' says these
eaten in Brazil.*
fruit is
Baptisia tinctoria R. Br.
is
rice,
natives.'
Brazil.
liked.
often saved the
classes.
Banisteria crotonifolia A. Juss.
in
Bambusa have
plant bears whitish seed, like
and Burma.
East Indies
the
species of
bamboo.
B. tulda Roxb.
by the
and other
seeds of this
thousands in times of scarcity in India, as in Orissa in 1812, in Kanara in 1864

Barringtonia alba Blume.
The yoimg
Moluccas.
83
bottle-brush tree.
Myrtaceae.
leaves are eaten raw.'
B. butonica Forst.
Islands of the Pacific.
This plant has oleaginoiis seeds and fruits which are eaten
green as vegetables.'
B. careya F. Muell.
The
Australia.
with an adherent calyx and
fruit is large,
is edible.'
B. edulis Seem.
The
Fiji Islands.
rather insipid fruit
eaten either raw or cooked by the natives.*
is
B. excelsa Bltime.
India,
Cochin China and the Moluccas.
and
are eaten cooked
The
fruit is edible
and the young leaves
in salad.'
Basella rubra Linn.
malabar nightshade.
Chenopodiaceae.
Tropical regions. This twining, herbaceous plant is cultivated in all parts of India,
and the succulent stems and leaves are used by the natives as a pot-herb in the way of
spinach.*
In Burma, the species
and eaten by the

India,
where
and was grown

table garden.
natives.'
It
is,
and
in the Philippines is seemingly wild
Mauritius
'
and
in every part of
in 1688
'^
but these references can hardly apply to the vegehowever, recorded in French gardens in 1824 and 1829.'' It is grown
England in
in
cultivated
Malabar nightshade was introduced to Europe
occurs wild.'"
it
is
It is also cultivated in the
1691,'^
a vegetable,'* a superior variety having been introduced from China in 1839.'*

According to Livingstone, it is cultivated as a pot-herb in India.'* It is a spinach plant
which has somewhat the odor of Ocimum basilicum.^'' The species is cultivated in almost
in France as
every part of India as a spinach, and an infusion of the leaves in used as

called Malabar nightshade by Europeans of India."
'
Baillon,
H.
Hist. Pis. 6:350.
Baillon,
H.
Hist. Pis. 6:350.
Palmer, E.
Journ. Roy. Soc.
Seemann, B.
Fl. Viti. 82.
'Baillon, H.
'Pickering, C.
'
(B. alba)
1879.
(B. alba)
1837.
Drury, H.
F.
" Drury, H.
" Ibid.
1858.
(B. alba)
1843.
i860.
Miller's Card. Diet.
1807.
1824.
Jard. 432.
" Mueller,
{B. coccinea)
1874.
Pirolle L'Hort Franc.
" Bon
1880.
" Robinson, W.
18
1865-73.
"Wight, R. Icon. Pis. 896.

" Noisette Man. Jard. 559.
"
(B. speciosa)
So. Wales 17:94.
Card. Ind. 145.
Boier Horl. Maurit. 270.
" Martyn
1880.
New
Hist. Pis. 6:350.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Drury, H.
1880.
1878.
1882.

Sel. Pis. 66.
1858.
(B. alba)
1858.
(B. alba)
1891.
tea.''
It is
84
Bassia butyracea Roxb.
The pulp of the fruit is eatable. The juice is extracted from the flowers
by the natives. It is sold in the Calcutta bazaar and has all the
East Indies.
and made
into sugar
appearance of date sugar, to which
and the
extracted from the seeds,
which
is
phoolwa-oil plant.
indian-butter.
Sapotaceae.
called chooris
B. latifolia Roxb.
and
The
East Indies.
equal
if
eaten
is
not superior in quality.'
as also
is
An
oil
is
the pure vegetable butter
sold at a cheap rate.'
is
mahoua.
k?ie.
is
it
cake
oil
yallah-oil plant.
sucailent flowers
fall
by night
from the
in large qiuntities
tree,
are gathered early in the morning, dried in the sun and sold in the bazaars as an important
They have a
article of food.
The
ripe
and imripe
East
sweet taste and smell and are eaten raw or cooked.
and from the
illupie-oil plant,
B. longifolia Linn,
The
Indies.
sickish,
fruit is also eaten,
or boiled to a jelly.'
flowers are eaten
The
fruit is expressed
by the
is
to the
common
people of India
Jamaica samphire, saltwort.

is used as a pickle.^
This low, erect, succulent plant
Jamaica.
Bauhinia esculenta Burch.
Leguminosae.
The root
is
sweet and nutritious.*
This species
is
used as a vegetable.'
South Africa.
B. lingua
oil.'*
natives of Mysore, either dried, roasted,
oil
Batideae.
edible
ilpa.
pressed from the fruits

a substitute for ghee and cocoanut oil in their curries.*
Batis maritima Linn.
an
DC.
Moluccas.
B. malabarica Roxb.
The
East Indies and Biuma.
acid leaves are eaten.^'
B. purpurea Linn.
The
East Indies, Burma and China.
flower-buds
are
pickled
and eaten as a
vegetable."
B. tomentosa Linn.
st.
thomas' tree.
The
seeds are eaten in the Punjab,^' and the leaves are
eaten by natives of the Philippines as a substitute for vinegar.

Drury, H.
1858.
'
Brandis, D.
'
Pickering, C.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 290.
1874.
'
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 291.
1874.
Don, G.
'Smith,
'
Forest Fl. 290.
1874.
J.
Dom.Bot. 237.
1879.
1831.
1871.
Unger, F.
U. S. Pat.
Rpt. 328.
1859.
Unger, P.
1859.
" Brandis, D.
Off.
Forest Fl. 159.
" Brandis, D. Forest Fl. 160.

"
Usefid Pis. Ind.
Drury, H.
1874.
1874.
74.
1873.
& Am. maloo
B. vahlii Wigh,t
The pods
East Indies.
ripe, like the
creeper.
and the seeds are
are roasted
eaten.
Its seeds taste,
when
cashew-nut.
mountain ebony.
B. variegata Linn,
East
85
Burma and
liidies,
There are two
China.
The
other with whitish flowers.
varieties,
one with purplish, the
and flower-buds are eaten as a vegetable and
leaves
the flower-buds are often pickled in India.'
Beckmannia erucaefonnis Host.
Gramineae.
Europe, temperate Asia and North America.

are collected for food by the
Utah
Begonia barbata Wall. Begoniaceae. begonia.

East Indies and Burma. The leaves, called
Hooker
pot-herb.'
says the stems of
B. cucullata Willd.
The
Brazil.
tengoor, are eaten
by the natives
species are eaten in the Himalayas,
are
made
as a
when
into a sauce in Sikkim.
begonia.
leaves are used as cooling salads.
B. malabarica Lam.
East Indies.
begonia.
Henfrey
says the plants are eaten as pot-herbs.
begonia.
B. picta Stn.
The
Himalayas.
leaves have
Bellis perennis Linn.
is
many
The stems
cooked, being pleasantly acid.
According to Engelmann,^ the seeds
Indians.
an acid taste and are used as
Compositae.
food.
English daisy.
^
says the taste of the leaves
Etirope and the adjoining portions of Asia. Lightfoot
somewhat acid, and, in scarcity of garden-stuff, they have been used in some covmtries
as a pot-herb
Bellucia aubletii Naud.
Melastomaceae.
A tree of Guiana which has an edible,
Guiana.
yellow
fruit.''
B. brasiliensis Naud.
The
Brazil.
fruit is edible.*
Benincasa cerifera Savi.
Asia and African tropics.
handsome, egg-shaped gourd.

'Brandis, D.
'
Royle,
J.
Hooker,
F.
J.
D.
Henfrey, A.
Lightfoot, J.
'
Forest Fl. 161.
Brewer and Watson
Syme,
J.
Baillon,
T.
H.
lUtistr. Bot.
1874.
1880.
Himal. 1:313.
Himal. Pis.
Bot. 282.
1870.
Fl. Scot.
1:487.
1789.
Treas. Bot. 147.
1870.
Hist. Pis. 7:34.
white gourd,
white pumpkin.
This annual plant is cultivated in India for its very large,

The gourd is covered with a pale greenish-white, waxen
Bot. Cal. 2:264.
Illustr.
wax gourd,
Cucurbitaceae.
1881.
PI.
1839.
XIIL
1855.
(Blakea quinquenervia)
86
consumed by the natives ' in an unripe state in

cultivated throughout Asia and its islands and in France as a
bloom.
is
This goxird
their curries.'
It is
vegetable.*
as delicate, quite like the cucumber and preferred by many.*
It is described
The bloom
of the fruit
forms peetha wax and occurs in sufficient quantity to be collected and made into candles.
This cucurbit has been lately introduced into European gardens. According to Bretschneider,'
can be identified in a Chinese book of the
it
cultivated
as
fifth century and is mentioned

Chinese writings of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In
in
1503-08, Ludovico di Varthema

langa.
In 1859, Naudin
and that the

the ease of
says
it is
size of its fruit, its excellent
its
in southern Asia, partictilarly in China,
keeping qualities, the excellence of
culture shovild long since have brought
it
tural
and
He had
and one specimen twenty-
eight to ten inches in diameter, from Algiers; the other, an ovoid fruit,
by
New York AgriculThe fruit is oblong-cylindrical,

a watermelon when, imripe but when ripe covered with a heavy
The
from China.
shorter, yet large,
its flesh
into garden culture.
seen two varieties: one, the cylindrical, ten to sixteen inches long
four inches long
name como-
describes this gourd in India imder the
much esteemed
long variety was grown at the
Experiment Station in 1884 from seed from France.
resembling very closely
glaucous bloom.
This plant
New
in
recorded in herbariums as from the Philippine Islands,
is
Caledonia, Fiji Islands, Tahiti,
New
New
Holland and southern China and as
Guinea,
ctiltivated
Japan and in China.'

This species
Riunphius Amb.
is
the Cumbulant of Rheede Hort. Mai.,
5,
395,
143; the Cucurbita
t.
Berberis angulosa Wall.
Pepo
8, p.
5, t.
3; the
Camolenga of
of Loureiro Cochinch. 593.
barberry.
Berberideae.
a rare Himalayan species with the largest flowers and fruit of any
In Sikkim, it is a shrub four or more feet
of the thirteen species found on that range.
India.
This
is
from 11,000 to 13,000 feet, where it forms a striking

auttmm from the rich golden and red coloring of its foliage. The fruit is edible
an elevation
in height, growing at
object in
and
than that of the
less acid
Western North America.

It
is
common
mahonia.
B. aquifolium Pursh.
of
species.'
mountain grape.
This shrub
is
Oregon grape.
not rare in cultivation as an ornamental.
has deep blue berries in clusters somewhat resembling the frost grape and the flavor
strongly acid. The berries are used as food, and the juice when fermented makes, on
the addition of sugar, a palatable and wholesome wine.

as a fruit.
It is
common
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
MueUer, F.
'
Robinson,
Bon
Sel.
W.
'
67.
It is said not to
1874.
1878.
1882.
A.
&
Card, and For. 443.
1882.
Bot. Sin. 59, 78, 83, 85.
Trav. Varthema 1503-08.
C.
Set. Nat.
Monog. 3:513.
1889.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 161.
4th
Ser.,
1881.
t.
have much value
being highly prized for
1891.
Naudin Revue Cucurbit Ann.
De CandoUe,
its fruit is eaten,
Card. Ind. 126.
PL
Bretschneider, E.
W.
Utah and
Jard. 432.
Jones, J.
in
12, p. 10.
1863.
its
medicinal

The acid berry
name mountain grape.
properties.'
the
B. aristata
DC.
made
is
into confections
and eaten as an
87
antiscorbutic,
under
nepal barberry.
East Indies. The Nepal barberry produces purple fruits covered with a fine bloom,
which in India are dried in the sim like raisins and used like them at the dessert.^ It is
native to the moxintains of Hindustan and
is
called in Arabic aarghees}
The
plants are
quite hardy and fruit abundantly in English gardens.

Downing cultivated it in America
but it gave him no fruit.'' In Nepal, the berries are dried by the Hill People and are sent
down
as raisins to the plains.^
B. asiatica Roxb.
Asiatic barberry.
of Himalayas.
Region
According to Lindley, the
fruit is round,
covered with a
bloom and has the appearance of the finest raisins. The berries are eaten
The plants are quite hardy and fruit abundantly in English gardens.
thick
B. buxifolia
in India.*
Magellan barberry.
Lam.
This evergreen shrub
is
found native from Chile to the Strait of Magellan.
Accord-
the best of the South American species; the berries are quite large,
ing to Dr. Philippi,
it is
black, hardly acid
and but
slightly astringent.
The
fruit,
says Sweet,
land both green and ripe as are gooseberries, for making pies and
Chiloe, provinces of Chile, they are frequently consumed.
burgh, and Mr. Cvmningham

and equally good to eat. It
'
enthusiastically says
it is
It
tarts.
is
fruit at
Edin-
Hamburg
grape
has ripened
as large as the
used in Eng-
In Valdivia and
grown in the gardens of the Horticultural Society,

to
have
been distributed. Under the name Black Sweet
cions
from
which
London,
appear
Magellan, it is noticed as a variety in Downing. It was introduced into England about
is also
1828.
B. canadensis Pursh.
American barberry.
North America; a species found in the Alleghenies of Virginia and southward but
not in Canada.' The berries are red and of an agreeable acidity.'"
darwin's barberry.
B. daiîmiii Hook,
Chile and Patagonia.
when
ripe,
and a party
In Devonshire, England, the cottagers preserve the berries
clear the bushes of every berry as eagerly as
>
Case Bot. Index
Downing, A.
10.
Pickering, C.
Amer. 244.
Chron. Hist: Pis. 708.
Downing, A. J. Fr. Fr. Trees Amer. 244.

'Wight, R. Illustr. Ind. Bot. 1:23. 1840.
1874.
Brandis, D. Forest Fl. 12.
Sweet, R.
Loudon,
J.
Gray, A.
"
Pursh, F.
Brit. Flow. Card. 1:100.
C.
Hort. 580.
Man.
Fl.
Bot. $z.
i860.
1882.
1857.
(B. cristata)
1831.
(B. didcis)
1868.
Amer. Septent. 1:219.
^'^Gard. Chron. 28:21.
1857.
1879.
'
if
1881.
Fr. Fr. Trees
J.
where there are plants in

they were black currants."
of school children admitted to
1814.
fruit will
88
fuegian barberry.
Lam.
B. empetrifolia
Region of Magellan
is edible.'
DC.
B. glauca
New
The berry
Strait.
The berry
Granada.
is edible.*
indian barberry.
B. lycium Royle.
Himalayan region. In China, the fruit is preserved as in Europe, and the young
shoots and leaves are made use of as a vegetable or for infusion as a tea.'
mahonia.
B. nepalensis Sprang,
An
down
The
evergreen of the Himalayas.
fruits are dried as raisins in the
sun and sent
to the plains ofTndia for sale.^
Oregon grape.
B. nervosa Pursh.
Northwestern America; pine forests of Oregon.
The
fruit
resembles in size and taste
that of B. aquifolium.^
blue barberry.
B. pinnata Lag.
Mexico; a beautiful, blue-berried barberry very

called
by the Mexicans
The
lena amorilla.
common
in
New
Mexico.
It is
berries are very pleasant to the taste, being
saccharine with a slight acidity.'
Siberian barberry.
B. sibirica Pall.
The
Siberia.
berry
is edible.'
B. sinensis Desf.
China.
The
berry
&
B. tomentosa Ruiz
Chile.
The
berry
is
edible.'
hairy barberry.
Pav.
is edible.'
B. trifoliolata Moric.
The
Western Texas.
than those of B.
bright red, acid berries are used for tarts and are less acid
vulgaris.^''
barberry,
B. vulgaris Linn,
jaundice berry,
piprage.
Europe and temperate Asia. This barberry is sometimes planted in gardens in

England for its fruit. It was early introduced into the gardens of New England and
increased so rapidly that in 1754 the Province of Massachusetts passed an act to prevent
'Baillon,
H.
Hist. Pis. 3:68.
1874.
Note.
Ibid.
Contrib. Mat.
Smith, F. P.
Royle, J. F.
Case So/.
lUustr. Bol.
/n<iejc 37.
Bigelow. J.
'Baillon, H.
M.
Med. China 37.
Himal.
:64.
1871.
1839.
1881.
Pacific R. R. Rpt. 4:7.
Hist. Pis. y.68.
1856.
1874.
Ibid.
Ibid.
"
Torrey,
J.
Bol.
U. S. Mex. Bound. Sun: 31.
1858.

The
its spreading.*
by some.
and are esteemed
berries are preserved in sugar, in syrup, or candied
are also occasionally pickled in vinegar, or used for flavoring.
They
are varieties with yellow, white, purple,
and black
from a stoneless variety at Rouen, France.
meat
89
The
fruits.
The
celebrated preserve
There
is
made
leaves were formerly used to season
from Afghanistan into India under the name

of currant.
A black variety was found by Tournefort ' on the bank of the Euphrates,
the fruit of which is said to be of delicious flavor.
in Engfend.^
Bertholletia
It furnishes
This
&
Humb.
excelsa
AMAZON.
Brazil.
berries are imported
Bonpl.
is
Myrtaceae.
BUTTERNUT.
BRAZIL NUT.
Amazon nut.
CREAMNUT.
almonds of the
PARA NUT.
NIGGERTOE.
one of the most majestic trees of Guiana, Venezuela and Brazil.
the triangular nuts of commerce everjrwhere used as a food.
An
described in 1808.*
expressed from the kernels and the bark
oil is
is
It
was
first
used in caulking
ships.
Besleria violacea Aubl.
The
Guiana.
Beta
vulgaris
BEET.
purple berry
Linn.
MANGEL.
Gesneraceae.
is edible.^
beet,
Chenopodiaceae.
MANGEL WURZEL.
MANGOLD.
SPINACH BEET.
SICILIAN BEET.
chard.
Chilian beet,
ROMAN KALE.
SUGAR BEET.
SEA BEET.
leaf-beet.
SEA-KALE
SWISS CHARD.
a modern vegetable.
It is not noted by either Aristotle
or Theophrastus,^ and, although the root of the chard
Neither
is referred to by Dioscorides and Galen,* yet the context indicates medicinal use.
Europe and north
Africa.
The
beet of the garden
is
essentially
'
Colimiella, Pliny nor Palladius mentions its culture, but Apicius,' in the third century,
and Athenaeus,*" in the second or third century,

quotes Diphilus of Siphnos as saying that the beet-root was grateful to the taste and a
better food than the cabbage. It is not mentioned by Albertus Magnus " in the thirteenth
century, but the word bete occurs in English recipes for cooking in 1390.
gives recipes for cooking the root of Beta,
Barbarus,^
who
died in 1493, speaks of the beet as having a single, long, straight,
sweet root, grateful when eaten, and Ruellius,'' in France, appropriates the same
" in
1542; the latter figures the root as described
description in 1536, as does also Fuchsius
fleshy,
'
Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. 30.
Gerarde,
J.
Herb. 1326.
1880.
1633 or 1636.
Tournefort Foy. Lctoji/ 2:168.
Humboldt, A.
'
Don, G.
Theophrastus Hist.
Apicius Opson.
Turre, I>ryo(/>
1838.
1566.
PL Bodaeus Ed.
Fuchsius Hist. Stirp. 807.
">
1850.
5ca/iger Aristotle 29.

'
1718.
Views Nat. IT).
778.
1542.
lib. 3, c. 2, p. 2.
443.
1685.
" Albertus Magnus Veg. Jessen Ed. 1867.

" Dioscorides Ruellius Ed. 124. 1529.
Ruellius Nat. Stirp. 481.
" Fuchsius
Hist. Stirp. 807.
1536.
1543.
1644.
-90
by Barbaras, having several branches and small fibres. In 1558, Matthiolus' says the
white and black chards are common in Italian gardens but that in Germany they have
a red beet with a swollen, turnip-like root which is eaten. In 1570, Pena and LobeP
'
speak of the same plant but apparently as then rare, and, in 1576, Lobel figures this
beet, and this figiuê shows the first indication of an improved form, the root portion being
swollen in excess over the portion
by the
This beet
collar.
type of the long, red varieties. In 1586, Camerarius* figures

the prototype of our half-long blood beets. This same type
and
1587,
also a
new
tj^DC,
a recent acquisition.
beets.
the Beta Romana, which
may be
It
is
Vilmorin, as figured,
is figtu-ed
by Daleschamp,'
said in Lyte's Dodoens, 1586,' to be
considered as the prototype of our turnip or globular

^
Another form
is
be considered the protoa shorter and thicker form,
may
the flat-bottomed red, of which the Egyptian and the Bassano of
may
be taken as the type.
The Bassano was
to be found in
markets of Italy in 1841,' and the Egyptian was a new sort about Boston in 1869.*
all
the
Noth-
known concerning the history of this type.

The first appearance of the improved beet is recorded in Germany about 1558 and
in England about 1576, but the name used, Roman beet, implies introduction from Italy,
where the half-long type was known in 1584. We may believe Ruellius's reference in
ing
is
1536 to be for France.
In 1631, this beet was in French gardens tmder the name. Beta
rubra pastinaca,^ and the cultvire of
Gerarde
1612.
land, only the
noticed
'"
mentions the
"
Red Roman was
"
betteraves
Romaine beete
listed
by Townsend,'^ a seedsman,
by
"
"
Lovell,"
in 1726,
was described
but gives no
in
Le Jardinier
figure.
Solitaire,
In 1665, in Eng-
and the Red beet was the only kind
and a second
sort,
the
common Long
Red,

is mentioned in addition by Mawe," 1778, and by Bryant," 1783.
'*
the Red beet, but in 1828 four kinds
one kind only was in McMahon's catalog of 1806
are offered for sale
by Thorbum.'*
At
and names and partly describes many

'
Matthiolus Comment. 249.
'
Pena and Lobel Advers.
'
Lobel Obs. 124.
present, Vilmorin
others.
1558.
1570.
93.
1576.
Camerarius Epil. 255.
1586.
Dalechamp Hist. Gen. PI. (Lugd.) 532.

Dodoens Herb. 54. 1586. Lyte Ed.
^
Card. Chron. 183.
1841.
Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc. 70.
Laurembergius Hor<. 191.

'"Gerarde,
J.
Herb. 251.
" Lovell Herb. 40.

1665.
" Townsend Seedsman 22.
"
Mawe
1869.
1632.
1597.
1726.
and Abercrombie Univ. Card.
" Bryant Ft. Diet. 26. 1783.

" McMahon, B. Amer. Card.
w Thorbum
I'
1587.
Col. 580.
Cat. 1828.
Bot.
1883.
1778.
1806.
'^
describes seventeen varieties
91
Chard.
Chard was the

by
Aristotle
Sicula,
and
beta of the ancients
about 350 B. C.
and the 'black
Middle Ages. Red chard was noticed

the white, called
knew two kinds
of the
Theophrastus
dark green), the most esteemed.
(or
Dioscorides' also records
two kinds.
Eudemus, quoted by Athenaeus,* in the second century, names four; the

the
sessile,
white, the common and the dark, or swarthy.
Among the Romans, chard
finds frequent mention, as by Colimiella,* Pliny,* Palladius' and Apicius.'
In China
is
was noticed in writings
centuries;' in Europe,
Chard has no
Romans,
by
selg;
The
ancient Greeks called the species teutlion; the
the Nabateans,
silq.^"
name
teenth century, uses the word acelga, the present
The wild form
found in the Canary
is
and seventeenth
the ancient herbalists.
Sanscrit name.
the Arabs,
beta;
of the seventh, eighth, fourteenth, sixteenth
all
Isles,
Albertus Magnus," in the thirin Portugal
and Spain.
the whole of the Mediterranean region
as far as the Caspian, Persia and Babylon, perhaps even in western India, as also about
the sea-coasts of Britain.*^
the red
has been sparingly introduced into kitchen-gardens for
red, white,
by Aristotle,
Bauhin " describes
1596,
It
and yellow forms are named from quite early times;

the white and dark green by Theophrastus and Disocorides.
In
The
use as a chard."
dark, red, white, yellow, chards with a broad stalk
and the
sea-
These forms, while the types can be recognized, yet have changed their appearin
our cultivated plants, a greater compactness and development being noted as
ance
arising from the selection and cultivation which has been so generally accorded in recent
beet.
times.
and
Among
the varieties Vilmorin describes are the White, Swiss, Silver, Curled Swiss,
Chilian.
Sea Beet.
The
leaves of the sea beet form an excellent chard
and
in Ireland are collected
from
the wild plant and used for food;'Mn England the plant is sometimes cultivated in
gardens." This form has been ennobled by careful culture, continued tmtil a mangold
was obtained."
Scaliger Aristotle 69.
1566.
Theophrastus Hist. PI. Bodaeus Ed. 778.

Matthiolus Comment. 248. 1558.
Turre Dryadum 442.

Columella
Pliny
'
1685.
lib. 10, c.
251; Hb. 11,
c. 3, etc.
lib. 19, c. 40.
Palladius
lib. 3, c. 24.
Apicius Opson.
lib. 3, c. 2, p. 2.
Bretschneider, E.
De CandoUe,
A.
" Albertus Magnus Veg. Jessen Ed.
" Bauhin, C.
Phytopinax 190.
Johnson, C. P.
" Morton
78.
1885.
1867.
1879.
147.
1854.
1596.
Cyc. Agr. 1:234.
Gazette 218.
1882.
Bot. Sin. 53, 59, 79, 83.

" Morton Cyc. Agr. 1:234. 1869.

" Targioni-Tozzetti Trans. Hort. Soc. Land.
" Agr.
1644.
1869.
1862.
STURTEVANT
,92
Swiss Chard.
deemed by Ray to have been known to Gerarde, 1597, for Gerarde,

indicates the sportive character of the seed as to color and mentions a height
Swiss chard
in his Herball,
is
He
"
another sort hereof that was brought

unto me from beyond the seas," and particularly notices the great breadth of the stalk;
but the color particularly noticed is the red sort. Ray gives as a synonym Beta italica
which
is
attained only by this plant.
Parkinson.
Swiss chard
is
says of
it,
quite variable in the stalks, according to the culture received.
Silver-Leaf Beet.
The
h carde blanche Vilm. 1883)
siiver-leaf beet {Poirê blonde
of Swiss chard, as described
by Vilmorin, but with
shorter
by
form
lighter green
and much broader
seems to be a variety within the changes which can be effected
and perhaps can be
is
selection
stalk.
It
and culture
referred to the Chilean type.
Chilean Beet.
The
Chilean beet is a form usually
grown
for
The
ornamental purposes.
stalks
are often very broad and twisted and the colors very clear and distinct, the leaf puckered
and
"
blistered as in the Curled Swiss.
In the Gardeners' Chronicle,^ 1844,
these ornamental plants were introduced to Belgium
It is yellow or red
and varies
said that
it is
some ten or twelve years previously."

two colors. In 1651, J. Bauhin'
in all the shades of these
speaks of two kinds of chard as novelties: the one, white, with broad ribs; the other, red.
He
also speaks of a yellow form, differing
1655, Lobel
'
from the kind with a boxwood-yellow
their
In
The forms now
describes a chard with yellowish stems, varied with red.
found are described by
root.
names: Crimson-veined Brazilian, Golden- veined Brazilian,
Scarlet-ribbed Chilean, Scarlet-veined Brazilian, Yellow-ribbed Chilean
and Red-stalked
Chilean.
The modern chards
are the broad-leaved ones
and
all
must be considered as
variables
This type may be considered as the one referred to by Gerarde in 1597,

"
whose seedes taken from that plant which was altogether of one colour and sowen, doth
within a type.
bring foorth plants of
many and
variable colours."
Our present
varieties
now come
true
to color in most instances but some seeds furnish an experience such as that which Gerarde
records.
Mangold.
Mangolt was the old German name for chard, or rather for the beet species, but in
recent times the mangold is a large-growing root of the beet kind used for forage purposes.
In the selections, size and the perfection of the root above ground have been important
and hence we have a large number of very

about two-thirds above ground; the olive-shaped,
or oval; the globe; and the flat-bottomed Yellow d'Obendorf. The colors to be noted
elements, as well as the desire for novelty,
distinct -appearing sorts: the long red,
are red, yellow
'
Card. Chron. 5gi.
'
Bauhin,
J.
Lobel Stirp.
The
and white.
Hist.
1844.
PL
(B. brasiliensis)
2:^61.
lllustr. 84.
size
1655.
1651.
often obtained in single specimens
is
enormous,
STURTEVANT
a weight
of 135
93
has been claimed in CaUfomia, and Gasparin in France vouches
pounds
for a root weighing 132 poxinds.
Very
Uttle can
modem
are of
be ascertained concerning the history of mangolds. They certainly

Olivier de Serres,^ in France, 1629, describes a red beet
introduction.
which was citUivated for cattle-feeding and speaks of it as a recent acquisition from Italy.
In England, it is said to have arrived from Metz ' in 1786; but there is a book advertised
of which the following is the title: Culture and Use of the Mangel Wurzel, a Root of Scarcity,
Abbe de Commerell, by
translated from the French of the

plates, third edition, 1787,*
by which
records the mangold as in American culture in 1806.
and mentions many
J.
C. Lettson, with colored
would appear that it was known
it
earlier.
McMahon ^
Vilmorin describes sixteen kinds
others.
Sugar Beet.
The sugar beet
is
in
common
beet and scarcely deserves a sepa-
by Vilmorin are all of the type of the half-long red,

being mostly underground and in being very or quite scaly about the collar.
Varieties figured
rate classification.
and agree
a selected form from the
The sugar beet has been developed through selection of the roots of high sugar content
The sugar beet industry was bom in France in 181 1, and in 1826
for the seedbearers.
of
the
the product
crop was 1,500 tons of sugar. The use of the sugar beet could not,
have preceded 181 1; yet in 1824 five varieties, the grosse rouge, petite rouge, rouge
'
ronde, jaune and blanche are noted and the French Sugar, or Amber, reached American
then,
gardens before 1828.'

Vilmorin's
The
from 16 to 18 per cent
richness of
memoir read before the
in a
partial
synonymy
of sugar is
now claimed
credited to
is
Berlin
Academy
MargrafE in 1747, having been

of Sciences.
of Beta vulgaris is as follows:
Red Beets.
I.
Lob. 124.
Beta rubra.
1576; /com. 1:248.

Dod. 620. 1616.
B. rubra Romana.
Common Long Red.
Mawe.
Thorb.
Long Blood.
1591; Matth. 371.
1598.
1778.
Vilm. 38.
Better ave rouge grosse.
1883.
1828, 1886.
II.
Cam.
Beta rubra.
1586; Lugd. 535.
Epit. 256.
'
Dure.
Betiola rossa.
71.
Pineapple
De CandoUe,
Sinclair,
G.
1883.
beet.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 597.
'
1617.
Vilm. 37.
Betterave rouge naine.
A.
1866.
Ceog. Bot. 2:831.
1885.
Hort. Gram. Woburn. 410.
Wesley Nat. Hist. Book Cir. No. 71.
'McMahon,
B.
Amer. Card.
'PiroWeL' Hort. Franc.

'
Fessenden
New Amer.
Cat. 187.
Card. 40.
51.
1828
1883.
1824.
1886.
1824.
Vilmorin Les Pis. Potag.
for
Sugar.*
discovery of sugar in the beet
announced
new Improved White
1806.
1587; Pancov. n. 607.
1673.
STURTEVANT
-54
III.
Beta erythorrhizos Dodo. Lugd. 533.

1587.
Beta rubra radice crassa, alia species. Bauh. J. 2:961.
B. rubra
Chabr. 303. 1677.
russa; Beta-rapa.
.
1651.
Mawe.
Turnip-pointed red.
Turnip-rooted
red.
Bryant
1778.
26.
Thorb.
Early Blood Turnip.
1783.
1828, 1886.
Yellow Beets.
IV.
Caesalp. 1603 from Mill. Diet.
Beta quarta radice buxea.

Yellow-rooted.
Mill. Diet.
Vilm. 41.
Betterave jaune grosse.
1807.
1807.
1883.
V.
Chabr. 305.
Beta rubra, lutea; Beta-rapa.
Turnip-pointed yellow. Mawe.

1828.
Yellow Turnip. Thorb.
Betterave jaune ronde Sucre.
1677.
1778.
Vihn. 41.
1883.
Sea Beet.
VI.
Beta syhestris Spontanea marina. Lob. 06s. 125.

1576.
B. sylvestris maritima. 'Qaxih. Phytopin. igi.
1596.
Sea
1686.
"Ray Hist. 1:204.
Beet.
White Beet.
VII.
Beta alba lactucaeand rumicis

B. alba
vel pallescens,
quam
folio, etc.
Cicla
officin.
Advers. 93.
1570.
Baxih. Pin. 118.
White Beet. Ray 204. 1686.

Beta cicla. Linn. Sp. 322. 1774.
Common
White-Leaved.
White-leaved.
Mawe.
McMahon
187.
1778.
1806.
Loudon, i860.
Spinach-Beet.
air 6e blonde ou comntfine.
Vihn. 421.
1883.
Swiss Chard.
VIII.
Gerarde 251. 1597.

The Sicilian Broad-Leaved Beet. Ray 205.
White Beet. Townsend. 1726.
Chard, or Great White Swiss Beet. Mawe.
Mill. Diet. 1807.
Suiiss, or Chard Beet.
Beta alba?
3.
Buist.
185 1.
Burr 292. 1863.

Silver-Leaf Beet.
Poirie d carde blanche.
Vihn. 421.
1883.
Svuiss Chard, or Silver Beet.
1686.
1778.
1623.
STURTEVANT
95
Silver-Leaf Beet.
IX.
Poiree blonde
Vilm. 1883.
carde blanche.
d.
Curled Swiss Chard.
s.
X.
Curled-Leaf Beet. Burr 291.
1863.
Beck's Seakale Beet. Card. Chron. 1865.
Poiree a blanche frisee.
Betula alba Linn.
Vilm. 1883.
lady birch,
canoe birch,
CupuUferae.
white
paper birch,
BIRCH.
The
Europe, northern Asia and North America.
by
bark, reduced to powder,
is
eaten
the inhabitants of Kamchatka, beaten up with the ova of the sturgeon,' and the inner
'
grotmd into a meal and eaten in Lapland in times of dearth.^ Church says sawdust of birchwood is boiled, baked and then mixed with flour to form bread in Sweden
bark
is
and Norway.
In Alaska, says Dall,^ the
From
tobacco by the economical Indian.
soft,
new wood
the sap, a wine
is
is
cut fine and mingled with
made
in Derbyshire, England,
Hamburg intoxicated themselves with this ferin

northern
leaves
are
used
The
Europe as a substitute for tea,^ and the
sap.
Indians of Maine make from the leaves of the American variety a tea which is relished.
At certain seasons, the sap contains sugar. In Maine, the sap is sometimes collected in
the spring and made into vinegar.
and, in 1814, the Russian soldiers near
mented
B. lenta Linn,
North America.
B. nigra Linn,
The
sap, in
red birch,
From Massachusetts
mahogany birch,
cherry birch,
black birch,
Maine,
is
sweet birch.
occasionally converted into vinegar.
river birch.
to Virginia.
The sap
contains sugar in the spring, according
to Henfrey.*
Billardiera mutabilis Salisb.
Australia.
Pittosporeae.
This species
Bixa orellana Linn.
said
is
Bixineae.
South America.
apple-berry.
by Backhouse
'
to have pleasant, subacid fruit.
annatto.
This shrub furnishes in the reddish pulp surrounding the seeds
the annatto of commerce, imported from South America and used extensively for coloring
cheese and butter.
The
culture of this plant
Cayenne, where the product

'
Royle,
J.
F.
Illustr. Bot.
'Johnson, C. P.
DaU,
W. H.
'Syme,
J.
T.
Himal. 1:345.
as roucou.
1839.
1868.
Bot. 356.
1862.
1887.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 176.
Johnson, C. P.
Henfrey, A.
known
Food 71.
Church, A. H.
is
1870.
Treas. Bot. 1:144.
1870.
is chiefly
1862.
It is
Guadeloupe and
grown also in the Deccan and
carried on in
96
Other parts of India and the Eastern Archipelago, in the Pacific Islands, Brazil, Peru,
and Zanzibar, as Sinunonds
Northwestern India, Nubia and tropical Arabia.
Persia,
Kon.
Blighia sapida
in 1793.
is
in the
West Indies
of a red color tinged with yellow, about three inches long
When
sided form.
ripe, it splits
This
down
the eatable part.
aril is
as a fruit.
by two
The
in width
fruit is fleshy,
and
in
a white, spongy substance called the
Fruits ripened in the hothouses of England have not
been pronoxmced very desirable. Unger * says, however, the seeds have a
when cooked and roasted with the fleshy aril.
Boerhaavia repens Linn.
Cosmopolitan
Graham
says in the Deccan
and made
Bomarea
According to Ainslie,' the leaves are eaten in India,

it is
sometimes eaten by the natives as greens.
The young
of India.
leaves are eaten
by
It is
and
common
the natives as greens
into curries.*
edulis Herb.
and
light
sold under the
roots are round
delicate food.
from which cream
farinaceous or mealy substance
made, wholesome and very agreeable to the
is
name
white Jerusalem artichoke.

and succulent. and when boiled are
Amaryllideae.
The
Tropical America.
be a
fine flavor
hog-weed.
Nyctagineae.
tropics.
and troublesome weed
of a three-
the middle of each side, disclosing three shining,
upon and partly immersed
jet-black seeds, seated

aril.
leaves are eaten crude.*
a native of Guinea and was carried to Jamaica by Captain
much esteemed
It is
The
akee fruit.
Sapindaceae.
This small tree
Guinea.
Bligh
writes.
Acanihaceae.
Blepharis edulis Pers.
'
'
is
also
taste.
made
The
said to
of them,
roots are
of white Jerusalem artichoke.'
B. glaucescens Baker.
The
Ecimdor.
fruit is
sought after by children on account of a sweet, gelatinous
pulp, resembling that of the pomegranate, in
which the seeds are imbedded.*
B. salsilla Mirb.
The
Chile.
Bombax
Malvaceae,
ceiba Linn.
silk-cotton tree.
and are boiled as greens by the negroes
"
Simmonds,
'
Pickering, C.
'
Rhind,
<
Unger, F.
'
god-tree,
food.'
The leaves and buds, when young and
South America.
like okra,
human
tubers are available for
Ainslie,
P. L.
W.
V. S. Pat.
W.
Wight, R.
Icon.
Ph. 874.
J.
J.
1855.
1859.
1826.
1840-1853.
1797.
Bot. Misc. 2:198, 238.
Hort.
1889.
1879.
Rpt. 315.
Bot. Reposit. 10:649.
Card. Chron. 17:76.
""Lunan,
Off.
Mat. Ind. 2:205.
'Andrews, C.
'Hooker, W.
Trop. Agr. 387, 388.
tender, are very mucilaginous,
of Jamaica.'"
1882.
Jam. 1:243.
1814.
(Alslroemeria edulis)
1831.
(Alslroemeria dulcis)
The
fleshy petals of the
STURTEVANT
flowers are sometimes prepared as food
West
the
Indies,
B. malabarictim
where
DC.
it is
The
Chinese. '
by the
97
tree is called god-tree in
native.
cotton tree.
The calyx
East Indies, Malay and China.
of the flower-bud is eaten as
a vegetable.^
B. septenatum Jacq.
The
Tropical America.
plant furnishes a green vegetable.'
Bongardia rauwolfii C. A. Mey. Berberideae.

Greece and the Orient. This plant was noticed as early as 1573 by Rauwolf, who
spoke of
it
for
Persians roast or boil the tubers
food, while the leaves are eaten as are those of sorrel.^
Boottia cord'ata Wall.
The
as the true chrysogomum of Dioscorides.
and use them as
Hydrocharideae.
water plant of Burma.
All the green parts are eaten
by the Burmese
as pot-herbs,
which purpose they are collected in great quantity and carried to the market at Ava.^
Boquila trifoliata Decne.
The
Chile.
berries,
Berberideae.
about the
size of
a pea, are eaten in Chile. ^
It is
commonly
called in Chile, baquil-blianca.

officinalis Linn.
Borago
talewort.
cool-tankard,
borage,
Boragineae.
Europe, North Africa and Asia Minor. This plant has been distributed throughout
the whole of southern and middle Etirope even in the humblest gardens and is now culti-
vated likewise in India, North America and Chile.

the ancient Greeks and
for,
when put
Romans
in a cup of wine, it
Its leaves
for cool tankards.
made
those
and
The Greeks
who drank
it
flowers were used

called
merry.
It
it
by
euphrosynon,
has been used in
England since the days of Parkinson. In Queen Elizabeth's time, both the leaves and
It is at present cultivated for use in cooling drinks and is
flowers were eaten in salads.
for
used by some as a- substitute
spinach. The leaves contain so much nitre that when dry
bum
they
In India,
Borage
by
and
it is
is
match
like
The
paper.'
leaves also serve as a garnish

for use in
cultivated
eniimerated
by Europeans
by Peter MartjT
the companions of Columbus.

is
mentioned by almost
'
Williams, S.
'
Brandis, D.
'
Unger, F.
<
Black, A. A.
W.
Black, A. A.
Mcintosh, C.
Ainslie,
'Eden
W.
Treas. Bot. 1:156.
PL
Asiat. i:$2.
1848.
1859.
Tab. 65.
1870.
Book Card. 2:234.

Mat. Ind. 2:145.
1577.
all of
1870.
Treas. Bot. 1:157.
Hist. Trav. 18.
among
1874.
'Wallich, N.
'
by nearly
Mid. King. 1:284.
Forest Ft. 21.
as
1855.
1826.
1830.
it
likewise pickled.
a pleasant flavor.'
the plants cultivated at Isabela Island
appears in the catalogs of our
It
of the earlier writers of gardening.
all
of borage are noted or figiu-ed
and are
country beer to give
the ancient herbalists.
American seedsmen
The
flowering parts
08
Borassus
doub palm,
Palmae.
Linn.
flabellifer
palmyra palm,
wine
tala palm,
PALM.
A common
The
Asia.
a large part of Africa south of the Sahara and of tropical eastern

but still more the young seedlings, which are raised on a large scale
tree in
fruits,
important as an
for that purpose, are
arotmd the large nuts
article of food.'
Livingstone
a sweet, fruity taste and
is of
is
eaten.
'
says the fibrous pulp
The
natives bury the
nuts imtil the kernels begin to sprout; when dug up and broken, the inside resembles
coarse potatoes
months
and
wine, or sura,
a pleasant drink,
standing a few hoiors,
is
is
called
prized in times of scarcity as nutritious food.
is
of the year,
palm
somewhat
it
During several
obtained in large qtoantities and
is
when
fresh
like champagne, and not at all intoxicating, though, after

becomes highly so. Grant ' says on the Upper Nile the doub palm
by the negroes m'voomo, and the
boiled roots are eaten in famines
by the
Wanyamwezi.
The Palmyra palm is cultivated in India. The pulp of the fruit is eaten raw or roasted,
and a preserve is made of it in Ceylon. The unripe seeds and particularly the young
plant two or three months old are an important article of food. But the most valuable
product of the tree
is
the sweet sap which runs from the pedimcles, cut before flowering, and
bamboo tubes or in earthem pots tied to the cut peduncle. Nearly all of
made in Burma and a large proportion of that made in south India is the produce
*
palm. The sap is also fermented into toddy and distilled.^ Drury says the fnait
is collected in
the sugar
of this
and fusiform roots are used as food by the poorer
Northern
classes in the
Circars.
Firminger says the insipid, gelatinous, pellucid pulp of the fruit is eaten by the natives
but is not relished by Europeans. A good preserve may, however, be made from it and is
often used for pickling.
Borbonia cordata Lirm.
Leguminosae.
At the Cape
South Africa.
of
Good Hope,
in 1772,
Thunberg
'
found the country
people making tea of the leaves.
Boscia senegalensis Lam.

Africaji tropics.
The
Capparideae.
seeds are eaten
Boswellia frereana Birdw.
by the negroes
of the Senegal.'
Burseraceae.
Though growing wild, the trees are carefully watched and even
The resin is used in the East for chewing as is that of the mastic
Tropics of Africa.
sometimes propagated.
tree.'
>
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 545.
Livingstone, D. and C.
'
Pickering, C.
Brandis, D.
Drury, H.

Forest Fl. 544.
1879.
1874.
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
1874.
Exped. Zambesi 112.
1858.
Card. Ind. 172.
Thunberg, C. P. Tror. 1:128.

Hist. Pis. 3 : 1 69Baillon, H.
1874.
1795.
1
874.
153.
1879.
1866.
(B. aethiopium)
(B. aethiopium)
STURTEVANT
In times of famine, the Khnoods and Woodias
India.
99
frankincense tree.
B. serrata Roxb.
the fruit
live
on a soup made from
this tree.^
of-
Botrychium virginianum Swartz. Ophioglassaceae. rattlesnake fern.

This large, succulent fern is boiled and eaten in the Himalayas as well as in
New
Zealand.
Boucerosia incamata N. E. Br.
and
Asclepiadeae.
The Hottentots
South Africa.
eat
it,
says Thunberg,* after peeling off the edges
prickles.
Bouea burmanica
Griff.
Anacardiaceae.
The fruit is eaten,
Burma.
that of one variety being intensely sour, of another insipidly
sweet.'
Bourreria succulenta Jacq.
West
The
Indies.
piilpy, sweet, succulent
Brabejum
currant tree.
Boragineae.
berries are the size of
and
a pea, shining, saffron or orange-colored,
eatable.^
stellatifolium Liim.
Proteaceae.
wild chestnut.
'
Thunberg says the Hottentots eat the fruit of this shrub and that
sometimes used by the coimtry people instead of coffee, the outside rind being taken
and the fruit steeped in water to deprive it of its bitterness; it is then boiled, roasted
South Africa.
it is
off
and ground
like coffee.
&
Brachistus solanaceus Benth.
Hook.
This perennial merits
Nicaragua.
Brachystegia appendiculata Benth.
The
Tropical Africa.
Brachystelma sp. ?
South Africa.
f.
trial
Solanaceae.
culture
on account
of its large, edible tubers.^
Leguminosae.
seeds are eaten.'
Asclepiadeae.
This genus furnishes edible roots in South Africa and those of some
species are esteemed as a preserve by the Dutch inhabitants.^
Brahea dulcis Mart.
This Mexican palm, called palma duke and soyale, has a fruit which is a succulent
Peru.
drupe
of
a yellow color and
'
Dmry, H.
Thunberg, C. P.
'
Pickering, C.
*Lunan,
'
Palmae.
J.
Hort.
Mueller, F.
Jam. 1:255.
Trav. 1:129.
Sel. Pis. 521.
W.
Seemann, B.
and
edible.'
1873.
1796.
{Slapeliaincmnata)
1879.
(B. oppositifolia)
1814.
1795.
(Witheringia solanacea)
1891.
Treas. Bot. 2:1271.
J.
Carruthers,
Trav. 2:1^0.
Thunberg, C. P.
'Britten,
cherry-size, sweet
1876.
Treas. Bot. 1:16^.
1870.
1856.
STURTEVANT
100
saw palmetto.
B. semilata H. Wendl.
Southern United States.
fecula
was formerly prepared from the pith by the Florida
Indians.
Brasenia schreberi
F. Gmel.
J.
India, Japan, Australia, Tropical Africa
shield.
The tuberous
and North America.
root-
by the California Indians for food.*
stocks are collected

Brassica.
water
Nymphaeaceae.
borecole,
Cruciferae.
flower.
CHARLOCK.
CHINESE CABBAGE.
PORTUGAL CABBAGE.
mustard.
CABBAGE.
cabbage,
Brussels sprouts,
broccoli.
KALE.
COLLARDS.
RED CABBAGE.
RAPE.
cauli-
KOHL-RABI.
RUTABAGA.
SAVOY
protean forms.
In the
TURNIPS.
This genus, in
cultivated species
its
and
varieties, assimies
cabbage section we have the borecoles and kales, which come nearest to the wild form;
green and red cabbage with great, single heads; the savoys with their blistered and wrinkled
leaves; brussels sprouts with nvimerous little heads; broccolis
an aborted condition and borne
their flowers in
and the
cauliflowers with
a dense corymb; the stalked cabbage
in
of Jersey, which sometimes attains a height of i6 feet; the Portuguese couve tronchuda
with the ribs of

referred
leaves greatly thickened
its
by Darwin
and
The
to B. oleracea Linn.
descended, according to the view adopted
kohl-rabi.
All of these vegetables are
other cultivated forms of the genus are
by some, from two
species,
B. napus Linn, and
B. rapa Linn.; but, according to other botanists, from three species; while others again
strongly suspect that
The
single species.
all
these forms, both wild
genus, as established
and
cultivated,
by Bentham,
ought to be ranked as a
also includes the mustards.
white mustard.
B. alba Boiss.
Europe and the adjoining portions of Asia. The cultivated plant appears to have
been brought from central Asia to China, where the herbage is pickled in winter or used
In 1542, Fuchsius,^ a German writer, says it is planted everywhere
in spring as a pot-herb.'
In 1597, in England, Gerarde^ says it is not common but that he has disin gardens.
tributed the seed so that he thinks
The young
gardens in 1806.
it is
reasonably well known.
mentioned in American
leaves, cut close to the
ground before the formation

an esteemed salad.
second series or rough leaves appear, form

B. campestris Linn,
It is
turnip,
of the
rutabaga.
rape,
Turnip.
The
turnip, says Unger,' is
in Russia
1
and
Siberia as well as
Brewer and Watson
'Gerarde,
JiTti/. 5Vi>/>.
J.
'
McMahon,
'
Unger, F.
Bot. Cal. 1:16.
1880.
Med. China
Contrib. Mat.
Smith, F. P.
Fuchsius
on the Scandinavian peninsula.

(5. peltata)
Ans. Pis. Domest. 1:341, 342.
Darwin, C.
'
derived from a species growing wild at the present day
537.
Herb. igo.
B.
1542.
197.
1871.
{Sinapsis alba)
1597.
Amer. Card.
1893,
Cal. 582.
1806.
1859.
From
this, in
course
STURTEVANT
of cultivation, a race has been produced as B. campestris Linn.,

Linn., our white turnip, with
many
varieties.
in the region between the Baltic Sea
The
lOI
and a second as B. rapa
cultivation of this plant, indigenous
and the Caucasus, was probably
attempted by
Germans when they were driven to make use of nutritious roots. Buckman
was inclinedô the belief that B. campestris and B. napus are but agrarian forms derived
first
the Celts and
from B.
Nowhere, he asserted, are the
oleracea.
two
first
varieties truly wild but both
track cultivation throughout Europe, Asia and America.
Lindley says this plant, B.

has
been
found
in
campestris,
apparently wild
Lapland, Spain, the Crimea and Great
Britain but it is difficvilt to say whether or not it is truly wild.
When little changed by
cultivation,
the colsa, colza, or
is
it
plant of great
This
value.
and Switzerland but not

linger
'
is
the chou
colsat,
is
Belgium,
now
DC.
or B. colza
the French, an oil-reed
the east of France,
other districts, in which
of
states that this plant, growing wild
the B. campestris oleifera
oleifbre of
the colsa of Belgium,
the
name
is
Germany
applied to rape.
from the Baltic Sea to the Caucasus,
Lam. and that
its
culture,
De CandoUe ^
extensively carried on in Holstein.
first
is
starting in
supposes the Swedish
a variety, analogous to the kohl-rabi among cabbages, but with the root swollen
turnip
In its original wild condition, it is a flatfish, globular root, with a
instead of the stem.
is
very fine
tail,
and common
a narrow neck and a hard, deep yellow flesh. Buckman,' by seeding rape
turnips in mixed rows, secured, through hybridization, a small percentage
malformed swedes, which were greatly improved by careful

was correct in classing B. napus with B. campestris, the result
of
does not carry the rutabaga outside of B. campestris for
rutabaga as B. campestris Linn. var.
The
is of
turnip
oleifera,
man and
and the latter is the larger and
which
beast, especially in
may be the round turnip,
and says that there are
Boeoticum and the Green.
The
Don^
classifies
the
He
greener.
as being especially
between the napus and the rapa was not always

generically
Buckman's experiment
its origin.
and the rapa

France the former does not have
a swollen but a slender

gongylis,
Bentham
sub. var. rutabaga.
are both grown for the use of
Mursian
of
If
Columella,^ A. D. 42, says the napus
ancient culture.
root,
cultivation.
held, as Pliny
five kinds, the Corinthian,
'
fine.
also speaks of the
The distinction
word napus
uses the
Cleonaeum, Liothasium,
Corinthian, the largest, with an almost bare root, grows
The Liothasiimi, also called Thracium,

not, as do the rest, vmder the soil.
The Boeoticum is sweet, of a notable roundness and not very long as
At Rome, the Amitemian is in most esteem, next the Nursian, and
is the Cleonaeum.
third our own kind (the green?).
In another place, under rapa, he mentions the broadbottom (flat?), the globular, and as the most esteemed, those of Nursia. The napus of
on the surface and
is
the hardest.
Amiternum,
of
a nature quite similar to the rapa, succeeds best in a cool place.

This weight
that the rapa sometimes attains a weight of forty poimds.

Unger, F.
'
De CandoUe,
'
Buckman,
J.
Don, G.
'Columella
Pliny
A. P.
Treas. Bot. 1:165.
lib. 2, c.
lib. 19, c.
1859.
Trans. Hort. Soc. Land. $-.25.

1870.
1831.
10, etc.; 10, c. 421.
25; lib. 18,
c.
34, 35.
1824.
He mentions
has, however,
taa
modem
been exceeded in
times.
a hundred pounds and speaks
Amatus
pounds.
In England,
Matthiolus,> 1558,
of having seen long
Martyn
says the greatest weight that he
'
In California, about 1850, a turnip
poimds.
In the fifteenth century, Booth
and formed one
of turnips that
sorts that
Lusitanus," 1524, speaks of turnips weighing fifty
in 1792,
six
had heard
and purple
is
is
The
of their principal crops.
weighed thirty
and
sixty pounds.
acquainted with
is
thirty-
recorded of one hundred pounds weight.*
says the turnip had become
weighed
first
known
to the Flemings
turnips that were introduced into
England, he says, are believed to have come from Holland in 1550. In the time of Henry
VIII (1509-1547) according to Mcintosh,* turnips were used baked or roasted in the ashes
and the young shoots were used as a salad and as a spinach. Gerarde ' describes them
in a number of varieties, but the first notice of their field culture is by Weston in 1645.
Worlidge, 1668, mentions the turnip fly as an enemy of turnips and Houghton speaks
In 1686, Ray says they are sown everywhere in
In
and gardens.
1681, Worlidge says they are chiefly grown in gardens but are
The turnip was brought to America at a very early
also grown to some extent in fields.
*
In
sowed
Cartier
turnip seed in Canada, during his third voyage. They
1540,
period.
of turnips as food for sheep in 1684.
fields
were also cultivated in Virginia

son in
are said
They
78 1.
in 1609;
are mentioned again in 1648;
*"
and by
Jeffer-
"
by Francis Higginson to be in cultivation in Massachusetts
and are again mentioned by William Wood, 1629-33.^^ They were plentiful about
Philadelphia in 1707. Jared Sparks'' planted them in Connecticut in 1747. In 1775,
in 1629
Romans
fields at
mentions them.
in his Natural History of Florida
the present Geneva,
The common
flat
They are
also
mentioned in
In 1779, General Sullivan destroyed the turnips in the Indian
South Carolina in 1779.
New York,
in the course of his invasion of the Indian country.
turnip was raised as a
field
crop in Massachusetts and
New York
as
early as 181 7.
Navet, or French Turnip.

napus esculenta DC.)
{B.
This turnip
leaves.
differs
from the Brassica rapa oblonga DC. by its smooth and glaucous
by the sweetness of its flavor and furnishes white, yellow
It surpasses other turnips
and black
varieties.
It is
known

Dioscorides.
'
Martyn
<
Williams, A.
W.
U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt.
4.
851.
Treas. Bot. 1:167.
1870.
Mcintosh, C.
Book Card. 2:183.
1855.
'
Gerarde, J.
'
Pinkerton CoW. Voy. 12:667.
True Decl. Va.
//eri. 177, 178.
1$.
i'Perf. Desc. of Va. 4.
J.
New
1597.
1812.

New
Eng. Prosp.
Eng. Plant.
11.
Essays Husb. (ly^y)
" De CandoUe, A. P.
(B. rapa)
1610.
Higginson, Rev. Francis.
" Wood, W.
" Sparks,
1554.
247.
Fl. Rust. 1792.
B.
Booth,
This was apparently
1558.
'
"
as the Navet, or French turnip."
17,.
1st
1634.
181
Mass. Hist. Soc.

Ed.
1.
Trans. Hart. Soc. Land. 5:26, 30.
1824.
Coll. 1:118.
1806.
STURTEVANT
IO3
This ttimip was certainly known to the early botanists, yet its
to be traced from the figures. However, the following are correct:
the napa of Columella.^
sjmonymy
js difficiilt
Napus. Trag. 730. 1552; Matth. 240. 1664; Pin.

1616; Fischer 1646.
1586; Dod. 674.
Bunias sive napus. hoh. Icon. 1:200. 1591.
Bunias silvestris lobelii. Gar. 181. 1597.
Napi. Dur. C. 304. 161 7.
Bunias. Bodaeus 733.
1644.
Napus dulcis. Blackw. t. 410. 1765.
Navet
petit
de Berlin.
Teltow turnip.
The navets
Vilm. 360.
Vilm. 580.
144.
1561;
Cam.
Epit.
222.
1883.
1885.
are mentioned as under cultivation in England by Worlidge,^ 1683; as the
French turnip by Wheeler,' 1763, and in Miller's Dictionary, 1807. Gasparin^ says the
navet de Berlin, which often acquires a great size, is much grown in Alsace and in Germany.
It is
in China, according to Bretschneider.*
grown
This turnip was known in the
fifth
century.
The Common Flat Turnip.

(B. rapa depressa
DC.)
This turnip has a large root expanding under the origin of the stem into a think, round,
It has white, yellow, black, red or purple
fleshy tuber, flattened at the top and bottom.
and green varieties. It seems to have been known from ancient times and
and figured by the earlier botanists. The synonymy is as follows:
A. Flattened both above and below.
Rapum. Matth. 240. 1554; Cam. Epit. 218. 1586.
Rapum
sive rapa.
Pin. 143.
is
described
1561.
Rapa. Dur. C. 386. 1617.

Navet turnip. Vilm. 583. 1883.
B. Flattened, but pointed below.
Orbiculatum seu turbinatum rapum.
Rapum.
Rapum
Lob. /cow. 1:197.
'^TQi-
Porta, Phytognom. 120.

1591.
Dod. 673. 1616.
vulgare.
Rave d'Auvergne
tardive.
Vilm.
C. Globtdar.
Rapum. Trag. 728. 1552.

Rapa, La Rave. Toum. 113.
1719.
Navet jaune d'Hollande. Vilm. 370.

Yellow Dutch. Vilm. 588. 1885.
1883.
The Long Turnip.

{B. rapa oblonga
DC.)
This race of turnip differs from the preceding in having a long or oblong tuber tapering
to the radicle. It seems an ancient form, perhaps the Cleonaeum of Pliny.
'
Columella
lib. 2, c. 10, etc.; 10, c.
421.
Ibid.
Worlidge,
*
J.
Sysi. Hort. 181.
1683.
Gasparin Cours Agr. 4:116.

Bretschneider, E.
Bot. Sin. 78.
1882.
104
Vulgare rapum alterum.
Rapum
Rapum
Rapum
Rapum
Cam.
longum.
Trag. 729.
1532.
1586.
Epit. 2ig.
Lob. /com. i: 197.
rotunda, oblongaqtie radici.

Dod. 673. 161 6.
oblongius.
tereti,
sativum rotundum
Rapa, La
et
Navet de Briollay.
Bauh.
oblongum.
Tourn. 113.
Rave.
J.
2:838.
iS9i'
1651.
1719.
Vilm. 372.
1883.
This account by no means embraces all the tiimips now known, as it deals with form
only and not with color and habits. In 1828, 13 kinds were in Thorbum's American Seed
and
Catalog
by
In France, 12 kinds were named by Pirolle in 1824 and
in 1887, 33 kinds.
Petit in 1826.
In 1887, Vilmorin's Wholesale Seed-list enumerates 31 kinds.

S
Rape.
Bentham
it
classes rape with B. campestris Linn,
'
as an agrarian form
"
and others are disposed to include

Linn., in which he places
Darwin ^ says B. napus
B. oleracea Linn.
of
given rise to two large groups, namely Swedish turnips (by some believed to be
"
It can be believed quite rationally
of hybrid origin) and colzas, the seeds of which yield oil.
that the Swedish turnip may have originated in its varieties from B. campestris and from
rape,
h.as
To
hybridization with B. napus.
this species, Lindley refers
some
of the rapes, or coles,
the navette, navette d'hiver, or rabette of the French, and the repo, ruben or winter reps of
while the
the Germans,
plant but
is inferior
summer rapes he
It is also
to colza.
refers to B. praecox.
Rape
is
used as an
used in a young state as a salad plant.
Of
oil
this
Tetlow turnip, or navet de Berlin petit of

the French, the root long and spindle-shaped, somewhat resembling a carrot. Its culture
in England dates from 1790 but it was well known in 167 1 and is noticed by Caspar Bauhin
species there
is
in his Pinax.
also a fleshy-rooted variety, the
It is
and Germany,
this
much more
Tetlow turnip
delicate in flavor
is
than our
extensively cultivated.
common turnip. In France

To what extent our common
turnips are indebted to the rapes, seems impossible to say, for Metzger,
verted the biennial, or winter rape, into the annual, or
The Bon
Lindley believes to be specifically distinct.
summer
Jardinier
'
by
culture, con-
rape, varieties
which
says, in general, the early
turnips of round form and growing above ground belong to B. napus and names the Yellow
Malta, Yellow Finland and Montmaquy of our catalogs.
Summer
France,
it is
rape
is
by Lindley
to B. praecox Waldst.
called navette d'ete, or navette de
botanists refer
Rape
referred
is
summer rape
&
Kit.
In the east of
mai and by the Germans sommer
reps.
Some
to B. campestris Linn, and winter rape to B. napus Linn.
also referred to B. rapa Linn.
The
evidence
is
unusually
clear,
says Dar%vin,*
that rape and the turnip belong to the same species, for the turnip has been observed
by Koch and Godron to

are sown together they
Summer
'
lose its thick roots in uncultivated soil
and when rape and turnips
cross to such a degree that scarcely a single plant comes true.
rape seems to be grown to a far less extent than winter rape.
Loudon,
J.
'Darwin, C.
'
Bon
Darwin, C.
C.
Hort. 627.
Ans.
i860.
Pis. Domest. 1:344.
Jard. 534, 535.
1893.
1882.
Ans. Pis. Domest. 1:344.
1893.
105
Rutabaga.
The rutabaga
of the Swedes, the navet de Suede, or chou de

Suede, or chou rutabaga,
or chou navet jaune, of the French was introduced into
somewhere about the
end
England
of the eighteenth century.
In the Maine Farmer of
May
John
Burstoti, states that the rutabaga, Swedish turnip, or
these
names was
it
known
of the present century.
was introduced to
Six or
more
15,
1835/ a correspondent,
this country since
varieties are
named
for
Lapland turnip
by all
the commencement
in all seed catalogs
and
B-urr
describes 11 kinds.
The rutabagas of our gardens include two forms, one with white flesh, the other with
The French call these two classes chou-navets and rutabagas respectively. The
yellow.
chou-navet, or Brassica napo-brassica communis DC, has either purple or white roots;
the rutabaga, or B. napo-brassica Ruta-baga A. P. DC, has a more regular root, round
or oval, yellow both without and within.' In English nomenclature, while now the two
forms are called by a common name, yet formerly the first constituted the
turnip-rooted
cabbage. In 1806, the distinction was retained in the United States, McMahon ^
describing the turnip-rooted cabbage
of convenience
The
we
and the Swedish
shall describe these
two
classes separately.
description of the white-rooted form
first
As a matter
turnip, or Rutabaga.
is
by Bauhin
'
in his Prodromus, 1620,
named again in his Pinax,^ 1623, and is called napo-brassica. In 1686, Ray '
apparently did not know it in England, as he quotes Bauhin's name and description, which
and
it is
states that
among
ctiltivated in
it is
Bohemia and
the plants in the royal gardens.
Brassica radice napiformi, or chou-navet.
eaten, but Morison,* in 1669, catalogs
is
In France,
In
1.778,
it is
this
named by
was
it
Tournefort,' in 1700,
called in
England turnip-
cabbage with the turnip underground and in the United States, in 1806, turnip-rooted
"
under the
cabbage, as noted above. There are three varieties described by Vilmorin
names
chou-navet, chou turnip,
and chou de Lapland, one
named
apparently these same varieties are

collared were
named by
Pirolle,'^ in 1824.
of
which
"
by Noisette in 1829.
This
class,
as
Don "
is
purple at the collar;
The white and the
says in 183 1,
is
Httle
red-
known
though not uncommon in French horticulture.

The rutabaga is said by Sinclair, in the account of the system of husbandry in Scotland, to have been introduced into Scotland about 178 1-2, and a quotation in the Garin English gardens,
'
Me. Farm.
De
May
15, 1835.
Field, Card.
Burr, F.
McMahon
Amer. Card.
'Bauhin, C.
Prodromus
Bauhin, C.
T
Ray
">
"
Cat. 309.
1806.
1671.
54.
1686.
Hist. PI. 797.
Bles. 31.
Inst. 219.
Man.
1669.
7 1 9.
Vilmorin Le5 Pis. Polag. 142.

Noisette
1863.
Pin. 3:1623.
Morison Hort. Reg.

Tournefort
Veg. 86.
Candolle, A. P.
Jard. 349.
1883.
1829.
'^VkoWe L'Hort. Franc. 1S24.

Don, G.
1831.
1824.
io6
was introduced into England in 1790. It is mentioned in 1806

and in 1817 there is a record of an acre of this crop
deners' Chronicle^ says it
by McMahon
as in American gardens,
The
in Illinois.'
vernacular names
all
indicate an origin in
Sweden
or northern Eiu"ope.
Swedish turnip or Roota-baga by McMahon, 1806, by Miller's Dictionary,

De Candolle, 1821,
1807, by Cobbett, 1821, and by other authors to the present time.
It is called
calls it navet jaune, navet
de Sudde, chou de Laponie, and chou de Subde; Pirolle, in 1824,
Ruta-baga or chou navet de Sukde, as does Noisette in 1829.
In 182 1
Thorbum
calls it
and a newspaper writer in 1835 ' calls it Ruta-baga, Swedish

The foreign names given by Don in 1831 include many of the
Ruta-baga, or Russian turnip,
turnip and Lapland turnip.

above named and the Italian navone di Laponia. Vilmorin * in his Les Plantes Potageres,
1883,- describes three. varieties: one with a green collar, one with a purple collar and a
third which
is early.
B. carinata A. Braun.
it
This plant is said by Unger * to be found wild and cultivated in Abyssinia although
furnishes a very poor cabbage, not to be compared with ours.
Chinese cabbage.
B. chinensis Linn.
The
an annual, apparently intermediate between cabbage

and the turnip but with much thinner leaves than the former. It is of much more rapid
growth than any of the varieties of the European cabbage, so much so, that when sown
at midsummer it will ripen seed the same season.
Introduced from China in 1837,* it
pe-tsai of the Chinese
is
has been cultivated and used as greens by a few persons about Paris but
Hkely to become a general favorite.'
It is allied to the kales.
it
does not appear
Its seeds are
ground into
a mustard.
But
little
appears to be recorded concerning the varieties of this cabbage of which
the Pak-choi and the Pe-tsai only have reached European culture.
long under cultivation in China, as
however, been
can be identified in Chinese works on agriculture
it
It has,
and eighteenth centuries.^ Loureiro, 1790,' says it

is also cultivated in Cochin China and varieties are named with white and
yellow flowers.
The Pak-choi has more resemblance to a chard than to a cabbage, having oblong or oval,
of the fifth, sixteenth, seventeenth
dark shining-green leaves upon long, very white and swollen stalks. The Pe-tsai, however, rather resembles a cos lettuce, forming an elongated head, rather full and compact
and the leaves are a

however, a
'
2
'
common
little
wrinkled and undulate at the borders.'"
aspect and are annuals.
Card. Chron. 346.
1853.
Me. Farm.
May
1854.
15, 1835.
Vilmorin Lei Pis. Potag. 142.
Unger, F.
Bon
'
Jard. 533.
Loudon,
J.
C.
'
Loureiro
1859.
1882.
Hort. 627.
Bretschneider, E.
'
1883.
i860.
Bot. Sin. 59, 78, 83, 85.
Fl. Cochin.
397.
1790.
1883.
1882.
Both
varieties have,
STURTEVANT
Considering that the round-headed cabbage
the only sort figured
is
lO'J
by the
herbalists,
that the pointed-headed early cabbages appeared only at a comparatively recent date,
and
certain resemblances between Pe-tsai
and the long-headed cabbages,
it. is
not an
impossible suggestion that these cabbage-forms appeared as the effect of cross-fertilization
with the Clfeiese cabbage. But, until the cabbage family has received more study in its
varieties, and the results of hybridization are better vmderstood, no certain conclusion
can be reached. It is, however, certain that occasional rare sports, or variables, from
the seed of our early, long-headed cabbages show the heavy veining and the limb of the
leaf extending down the stalk, suggesting strongly the Chinese type.
At present, however, views as to the origin of various types of
cabbage must be considered as largely
speculative.
B. cretica Lam.
The young
Chinese mustard,
B. jimcea Coss.
in
The
warm
is
plant
indian mustard.
and generally
extensively cultivated throughout India, central Africa

It is largely
countries.
the Caspian Sea.
shoots were formerly used in Greece. '
in south Russia
grown
and
in the steppes northeast of
In 1871-72, British India exported 1418 tons of seed.
in Russia in the place of olive
The powdered
oil.
The
used
oil is
and culinary
seeds furnish a medicinal
mustard.*
black mustard.
B. nigra Koch,
This
the mustard of the ancients and
is
Holland and England. The plant

naturalized in the United States.
introduced from Egypt and was
is
According to the belief of the ancients,
made known
medicine, and Ceres the goddess of seeds.
was employed
in medicine
The
without sowing.
cultivated in Alsace, Bohemia, Italy,
is
found wild in most parts of Europe and has become

it
was
first
mankind by Aesculapius, the god of

Mustard is mentioned by Pythagoras and
to
by Hippocrates, 480 B. C.
Pliny says the plant grew in Italy
ancients ate the young plants as' a spinach
and used the seeds
for
supplying mustard.
Black mustard
century and
grown
is
is
described as a garden plant
by Albertus Magnus
'
in the thirteenth
mentioned by the botanists of the sixteenth century. It is, however, more

its seed, from which the mustard of commerce is derived, yet finds
as a field crop for
place also as a salad plant.
and the Large-seeded
Black.*
Two
varieties are described, the
The young plants are now eaten as a salad, the same

now furnish the greater portion of our mustard.
B. oleracea acephala
The
DC.
Black Mustard of
This mustard was in American gardens in 1806 or
borecole,
cole,
as are those of B. alba
colewort.
Sicily
earlier.
and the seeds
kale.
chief characteristics of this species of Brassica are that the plants are open, not
heading like the cabbages, nor producing eatable flowers like the cauliflowers and broccoli.
Unger, F.
U. S. Pat. Of. Rpt. 353.
'
Fluckiger and
Albertus
VUmorin Les
Hanbury Pharm.
Magnus
Veg. 568.
Pis. Potag. 356.
64.
1867.
1883.
1859.
1879.
Jessen Ed.
fo8
The
species has every appearance of being one of the early
species
also
and
is
some distinguishing
removes from the
original
known as kale, greens, sprouts, curlico, with

many
Some are grown as ornaprefixes as Buda kale, German greens.
cultivated in
varieties
mental plants, being variously curled, laciniated and of beautiful colors. In 1661, Ray
"
they use much pottage made of
journeyed into Scotland and says of the people that
It is probable that this
coal-wort which they call keal."
was the form
of
cabbage known
to the ancients.
The
kales represent
an extremely variable
class of vegetable
and have been imder
What the varieties of cabbage were that were

seems impossible to determine in all cases, but we can
hardly question but that some of them belonged to the kales. Many varieties were known
to the Romans.
Cato,* who lived about 201 B. C, describes the Brassica as: the levis,
cultivation
from a most remote
known to the
ancient Greeks
period.
it
large broad-leaves, large-stalked; the crispa or apiacan; the lenis, small-stalked, tender,
but rather sharp-tasting. Pliny ,^ in the first century, describes the Cumana, with sessile
leaf and open head; the Aricinum, not excelled in height, the leaves numerous and thick;
the Pompeianum,
the stalk thin at the base, thickening along the leaves; the hrutiana,
tall,
with very large leaves, thin

leaves,
stalk,
whose thickness exceeds that
sharp savored; the
admired
for its curled
head roimd, the leaves fleshy; the Tritianom, often

The first American mention of coleworts is
large headed, innumerable leaves, the
a foot in diameter and
sahellica,
of the stalk, of very sweet savor; the Lacuturres, very
late in going to seed.
is probably the one men'

in
in
In
McMahon^
recommends for
as
Benzoni
1806,
growing
Hayti
1565.
by
American gardens the green and the brown Aypres and mentions the Red and Thick-
by
Sprigley, 1669, for Virginia but this class of the cabbage tribe
tioned
leaved Curled, the Siberian, the Scotch and especially recommends Jerusalem kale.
The form of kale known in France as the chevalier seems to have been the longest '
known and we may surmise that its names of chou caulier and caulet have reference to the
period when the word caulis, a stalk, had a generic meaning applying to the cabbage race
We may
in general.
manner as
like
This word
B. C.;
hence surmise that this was the
coles or coleworts in
coles or caulis is
may
According to
the following
is
De
by Cato, 200 years

the third; by Vegetius in the
illustration,
first century A. D. by Palladius in

and Albertus Magnus in the thirteenth.
;
be quite reasonably supposed to be the
levis of
This race of chevaliers
Cato, sometimes called caulodes.
Candolle, this race of chevaliers has five principal sub-races, of which
an incomplete synonymy
I.
Brassica
laevis.
Cam.
Br. vulgaris saliva.

Cavalier branchu.
'
Script.
Pliny
Rei Rust. 1:75.
lib. 19, c.
41;
in ancient times, in
times imply the cultivation of kales.
used in the generic sense, for
Colimiella the
by
fourth century A. D.
modem
more
common form
Epit. 248.
Ger. 244.
1586; Matth. Op. 366.
1597.
DeCand. Mem.
9.
182 1.
1787.
lib. 20, c. 33.
New World
'
Benzoni Hist.
McMahon, B. Amer. Card. Cal. 308, 309.

De Candolle, A. P. Trans. Hort. Soc. Land.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 91.
1857.
1806.
5:7.
1824.
1598.
STURTEVANT
Thousand-headed. Burr 236.

1863.
Chou branchu du Poitou. Vilm. 135.
Chou mille tetes. Vilm. 1. c.
lOQ
1883.
a. viridis.
11.
Kol.
Roeszl. 87.
1550.
Brassica.
Trag. 720.
1552.
Brassica alba vulgaris.
Baiih. J. 2:829.
commun. Decand. Mem.

Cow Cabbage. Btur 232. 1863.
Chou cavalier. Vilm. 134. 1883.
Chou
vert
9.
Chabr. 290.
Brassica vulgaris alba.
1677.
primum
Fuch. 413.
genus.
rubra.
b.
II.
Brassica
1651.
182 1.
1542.
Br. rubra prima species.

Dalechamp 523.
Br. rubra. Ger. 244.
1597.
Bauh.
Br. rubra vulgaris.
Red
J.
De Cand. Mem.
cavalier.
Flanders kale.
Burr 233.
Caulet de Flander.
1587.
2:831.
1651; Chabr. 270.
182 1.
9.
1877.
1863.
Vilm. 134.
1883.
III.
Brassica vulgaris sativa. Lob. O65. 122.

1576; Jcow. 1:243.
Br. alba vulgaris.
Dalechamp 520. 1587.
Dur. C.
Brassica.
181 7.
76.
Chou
hfeuilles de Chene.
Buda
kale.
Vilm. 141.
De Cand. Mem.
182 1.
10.
1885.
IV.
a.
Fuch. 414. 1542.

Lob. O65. 124.
1576; /com. 247.
Br.fimbriata.
Br. sativa crispa. Ger. 244.
1597.
Dod. 622. 1616.
Br. crispa.
Brassica secundum genus.
Bauh.
Br. crispa lacinosa.
Chou
vert
frise.
De Cand.
Tall Green Curled.
Chou frise
J.
2:832.
M^wi.
Burr 236.
vert grand.
10.
1591.
1651.
182 1.
1863.
Vilm. 131.
1883.
IV.
b.
Brassica crispa, seu apiana. Trag. 721.

1552.
Br. crispa Tragi.
1587.
Dalechamp 524.
Loh. Icon. 1:246. 1591.
Br. tenuijolia laciniata.
Br. selenoides.
Dod. 622.
Br. tenuissima laciniata.
Br. selenoides.
Ger. 248.
Chou plume ou Chou
16 16.
Bauh.
J.
2:832.
1651.
1597-
aigrette.
De
Cand.
Mew.
11.
1821.
Ornamental kales of our gardens.

V.
Brassica tophosa. Ger. 246.
Br. tophosa Tabernemontano.
Chou
palmier.
1547; Bauh.
J.
Chabr. 270.
De Cand. Mew.
11.
182
1;
2:830.
1651.
1677.
Vilm. 133.
1883.
1591; Dod. 621.
1616.
STURTEVANT
.no
These forms occur in
many
varieties, differing in degree only,
In addition to the above
even variegated.
The
also occur in several varieties.
we may mention
following
synonyms
and
of various colors,
the proliferous kales, which
refer to proliferation only, as
the plants in other respects are not similar:

Brassica asparagoides Dalechampii.
Dalechamp 522.
Ger. 245.
Brassica proUfera.
1597Brassica proUfera crispa. Ger. 245.
1597.
Burr
Cockscomb
kale.
Chou frise
proUfbre.
1587.
1863.
232.
Vikn. 133.
1883.
The Dwarf Kales.
De
Candolle does not bring these into his classification as offering true types, and
in this perhaps he is right.
are but few varieties.
Yet, olericulturally considered, they are quite distinct.
The
marked
best
is
There
the Dwarf Curled, the leaves falling over in
a gracefxd curve and reaching to the groimd. This kale can be traced through variations
and varieties to our first class, and hence it has probably been derived in recent times
through a process of selection, or through the preservation of a natural variation. There
is
an intermediate type between the Dwarf Curled and the Tall Curled forms in the
intermediate
Moss Curled.
The Portugal Kales.
Two
cabbage.
kales have the extensive rib system
These are the chou
brocoli
and the general aspect
and the chou
bear the same relation to Portugal cabbage that
of the Portugal
frise de mosbach of Vilmorin.
common
These
kale bears to the heading
cabbages.
B. oleracea botaTtis cymosa
The
DC.
broccoli.
between the most highly improved varieties of the broccoli and the
Hence two
cauliflower are very slight; in the less changed forms they become great.
races can be defined, the sprouting broccolis and the cauliflower broccolis. The growth
differences
more prolonged than that of the cauliflower, and in the European

heads the year following that in which it is sown. It is this circiunstance that leads us to suspect that the Romans knew the plant and described it under
of the broccoli is far
countries
the
it
bears
its
name cyma
"Cyma a prima
sectione praestat
proximo
vere."
"Ex omnibus
brassicae
cyma," says Pliny.* He also uses the word cyma for the seed
from
the
stalk which rises
heading cabbage. These excerpts indicate the sprouting broccoli, and the addition of the word cyma then, as exists in Italy now, with the word broccoli
generibiis suavissima est
is
used for a secondary meaning, for the tender shoots which at the close of winter are
emitted by various kinds
of'
cabbages and turnips preparing to flower.^
very curious that the early botanists did not describe or figure broccoli.
It is certainly
only explainable under the supposition that it was confounded with the
cauliflower, just a Linnaeus brought the cauliflower and the broccoli into one botanical
The omission
variety.
'
'
Pliny
The
is
first
lib. 19, c.
notice of broccoli is quoted from Miller's Dictionary, edition of 1724,
41;
lib. 20, c. 35.
1883.
STURTEVANT
in
which he says
was a stranger
it
in
England
1 1 1
until within these five years
and was
called
"sprout colli -flower," or Italian asparagus.' In 1729, Switzer^ says there are several
"
kinds that he has had growing in his garden near London these two years:
that with
small, whitish-yellow flowers like the cauliflower; others like the common sprouts and
flowers of a'i:olewort; a third with purple flowers; all of which
of
them being as yet
names the Early

1806,
of)
ever sav'd separate."
together, none
In 1778, Mawe,'
Purple, Late Purple, White or Cauliflower-broccoli and the Black.
McMahon*
and the Black.
know
(at least that I
come mixed
mentions the
In 1821,
Roman
In
or Purple, the Neapolitan or White, the Green
Thorbum^ names
the Cape, the White and the Purple, and,
list, mentions the Early White, Early Purple, the Large Purple Cape
and the White Cape or Cauliflower-broccoli.
The first and third kind of Switzer, 1729, are doubtless the heading broccoli, while
the second is probably the sprouting form. These came from Italy and as the seed came
in 1828, in his seed
mixed,
we may assume
that hence
that varietal distinctions had not as yet become recognized, and
the types of the broccoli
all
now grown have
originated from Italy.
It is
interesting to note, however, that at the Cirencester Agricultural College, about i860,
sorts of broccoU were produced, with other variables, from the seed of wild cabbage.*
"
The sprouting or asparagus broccoli, represents the first form
Vilmorin says:^
exhibited
by the new vegetable when
it
ceased to be the earliest cabbage and was grown
with an especial view to its shoots; after this, by continued selection and successive
improvements, varieties were obtained which produced a compact, white head, and some
of these varieties were
still
further improved into kinds which are sufficiently early to
commence and complete their entire growth

named kinds are now known as cauliflowers."
B. oleracea bullata gemmifera
DC.
in the course of the
same year; these
last
Brussels sprouts.
This vegetable, in this country, grown only in the gardens of amateurs, yet deserving
more esteem, has for a type-form a cabbage with an elongated stalk, bearing groups of
Sometimes occurring as a monstrosity, branches
leaf-buds in the axils of the leaves.
Quite frequently an early cabbage, after the true head
instead of heads are developed.

is
removed,
will
develop small cabbages in the leaf-axils, and thus
formed the Brassica
Dalechamp,^ 1587, which he himself describes as a certain unused
capitata polycephalos of
and rare
is
kind.
have stated that brussels sprouts have been grown from time immemorial
about Brussels, in Belgium; but, if this be so, it is strange that they escaped the notice of the
Authors
'
Miller Card. Did. 1807.
'
Martyn
'
Switzer Raising Veg.
Mawe and
B.
Amer. Card.
Cat.
182 1.
'Agr.Caz. 217.
1879.
'
'
Dalechamp
Booth,
Preface.
1729.
McMahon,
Thorburn
2.
Hist. Gen.
W.B.
PL
Cal. 310.
1778.
1806.
1883.
(Lugd.) 521.
Treas. Bot. 1:167.
1874.
1587.
112
who would have
early botanists,
ance and have given a
certainly noticed a
cominon plant of such
Bauhin,' indeed, 1623, gives the
figure.
name
striking appear-
Brassica ex capitibus
and adds that some plants bear 50 heads the size of an egg, but his
reference to Dalechamp would lead us to infer that the plant known to him was of the
same character as that figiu-ed by Dalechamp above noted. Lobel,^.i6ss, refers to a
pluribus conglohata,
cabbage like a Brassica polycephalos, but, as he had not seen it, he says he will affirm nothing.
Ray,' 1686, refers to a like cabbage.
A. P.
gium and
De
Candolle,^ 1821, describes brussels sprouts as

its
implies
1854 that
has been generally
it
known
in England.
But two
The
in these classes.
having
less
'
only since about
of the Gardeners'
it is
mentioned in 1806
by
and
Europe.
tall
and the dwarf, and but a few minor variations

and leaf from the dwarf, the former
tall is quite distinct in habit
crowded sprouts and a more open character

As, however, there
blistered or puckered.
is
of plant, with leaves scarcely
considerable variation to be noted in seed-
connecting links, the two forms
lings, furnishing
says
it is
correspondent
In American gardens,
known, the
classes are
sorts as generally preferred to the dwarf
Chronicle, 1850, however, refers to the tall
the market gardeners about London.

this implies its general use in
cultivated in Bel-
commonly
general use in French gardens, but Booth
may
legitimately be considered as one,
the difference being no greater than would be explained by the observed power of selection
and of the influence for modification which might arise from the influence of cabbage
This fact of their being of but one type, even if with several variables, would
pollen.
seem to indicate a probabiUty that the origin is to be sought for in a sport, and that our
present forms have been derived from a suddenly observed variable of the Savoy cabbage
type and, as the lack of early mention and the recent nature of modem mention presupposes, at
some time
scarcely preceding the last century.
Allied to this class
the Tree cabbage, or Jersey cabbage, which attains an extreme
is
bearing a comparatively small, open cabbage on the summit, the Thousand-headed cabbage, the Poiton cabbage, and the Marrow cabbage, the stems of which
height of 16
feet,
last are succulent
sprouts, but
enough to be boiled
he does not include them in
were not at that time
headed cabbage but
in
it
In 1806,
very general use.
offers its
Pinax
Lobel Stirp.
3.
1655.
Ray Hist. PL 794. 1686.

De Candolle, A. P. Trans. Horl.
Treas. Bot. 1:167.
Booth, W. B.
'Card. Chron. 117.
'McMahon,
McMahon,
Fessenden
" Thorburn
Soc. Land. $-.15.
1874.
1850.
B.
Amer. Card.
Col. 580.
1806.
B.
Amer. Card.
Col. 309.
1806.
New Amer.
Cat. 1828.
Card. 59.
1828.
describes brussels
known
to
him
personally.
Thor-
and
in 1881,
seed for sale, but one variety only,
1623.
Illustr. 82.
'
American garden esculents so they

Fessenden,^ 1828, mentions the Thousand-
varieties.
Bauhin, C.
McMahon
his list of
does not seem to have been
bum,'" in his catalog for 1828,
two
for food.
1824.
STURTEVANT
DC.
B. oleracea biillata major
13
savoy cabbage.
This race of cabbage is distinguished by the blistered surface of its leaves and by the
formation of a loose or little compacted head. Probably the heading cabbages of the ancient
Romans
belong to this
head, and at &
class, as, in their descriptions,
later period this
form
is
named
as
there are no indications of a firm
Roman.
Thus, Ruellius,*
under the name romanos a loose-heading sort of cabbage but does not
This sort probably is the Brassica italica tenerrima
particularly as a Savoy.
if
distinctly
1536, describes
describe
it
flore albo figured
ghmerosa
ascribed to Italy;
it
is
by
J.
Bauhin,^ 165 1,
with the additional names of Chou

elsewhere, this
its origin,
judging from the name, being
by Chabraeus,' 1677, under the same
also figured
name and
and Chou de Savoys. In the Adversaria * and

kind is' described as tender and as not extending to northern climates. This
d'ltalie
form, so carefully pictured as existing under culture, has doubtless been superseded
better varieties.
McMahon
has been cultivated in English gardens for three centuries.*
It
mentions three savoys for American gardens.

In 1828, Thorbum
and in 1881 offers seed of but three.
'
by
In 1806,
offers in
his catalog seeds of five varieties
DC.
B. oleracea capita
Few
cabbage.
plants exhibit so
many forms
in its variations
No kitchen garden in Europe or America is without it
from the
and
it is
original type as cabbage.
distributed over the greater
part of Asia and, in fact, over most of the world. The original plant occurs wild at the
present day on the steep, chalk rocks of the sea province of England, on the coast of
Denmark and northwestern France and, Lindley says, from Greece to Great
nimierous localities. At Dover, England, wild cabbage varies considerably in
and general appearance and
excellent flavor.'
used as a culinary vegetable and is of

undoubtedly the original of ovir cultivated varie-
in its wild state
This wild cabbage
is
is
as experiments at the garden of the Royal Agricultural College
ties,
Britain in
its foliage
resulted in the production of sorts of broccoli, cabbages
ered from rocks overhanging the sea in Wales.'
and
at Cirencester
and greens from wild plants gath-
Lindley groups the leading variations
If the race is vigorous, long jointed and has little tendency to turn its leaves
forms
what are called open cabbages (the kales) if the growth is stunted, the
inwards,
becomes the heart cabbages; if
joints short and the leaves inclined to turn inwards, it
as follows:
it
both these tendencies give way to a preternatural formation of flowers, the cauliflowers
If the stems sweU out into a globular form, we have the turnip-rooted
are the result.
Other species of Brassica, very nearly
cabbages.
B. insularis
B. halearica Richl.,
nean
flora
Bauhin,
'
J.
Slirp. 477.
Chabraeus Icon. Sciag. 269.

Pena and Lobel Advers. 91.
Booth,
W.
McMahon,
''Card.
'
PL
Hist. PI. 2:827.
B.
B.
Amer. Card.
Mag. 8:54.
Agr.Caz. 217.
1536.
1651.
1677.
1570.
Treas. Bot. 1:166.
1879.
to B. oleracea
Linn., such
as
Moris, and B. cretica Lam., belong to the Mediterra-
and some botanists suggest that some
Ruellius Nat.
allied
1870.
Cat. 580.
1806.
of these species, likewise
introduced
STURTEVANTS NOTES ON EDIBLE PLANTS
114
and
into the gardens
and thus have
may have mixed with each other

many races cultivated at the present
established as cultivated plants,
assisted in giving rise to
some
of the
day.
ancient Greeks held cabbage in high esteem and their fables deduce its origin
The
of their gods; for, they inform us that Jupiter, laboring to explain
from the father
two
oracles which contradicted each other, perspired and from this divine perspiration the
colewort sprung.' Dioscorides^ mentions two kinds of coleworts, the cultivated and
'
Theophrastus names the curled cole, the swath cole and the wild cole. The
Egyptians are said to have worshipped cabbage, and the Greeks and Romans ascribed
*
to it the happy quality of preserving from drunkenness.^ PUny mentions it. Cato
the wild.
describes one kind as smooth, great, broadleaved, with a big stalk, the second ruffed,
the third with
by the ancient
cultivated
into
art
It
much
biting.
Regnier
'
says cabbages were
Celts.
one of the most generally cultivated of the vegetables of temperate cligrows in Sweden as far north as 67 to 68. The introduction of cabbage
is
Cabbage
mates.
tender and very
little stalks,
European gardens is usually ascribed to the Romans, but Olivier de Serres says the
Disraeli ' says
of making them head was unknown in France in the ninth centvuy.
Anthony Ashley of Dorsetshire first planted cabbages in England, and a cabbage

at his feet appears on his monument; before his time they were brought from Holland.
Cabbage is said to have been scarcely known in Scotland until the time of the Commonthat Sir
it was carried there by some of Cromwell's soldiers.'"

Cabbage was
"
in
his
third
In
Cartier
America
an
at
introduced into
1540,
voyage to
early period.
"
as growing in Hayti
Canada, sowed cabbages. Cabbages are mentioned by Benzoni
when
wealth, 1649,
in 1556;
in
78
Shrigley," in Virginia in 1669; but are not mentioned especially
by
1.
Romans foimd them
in Florida in 1775
They were seen by NieuhofI in Brazil

among the Indian crops about Geneva, New York, destroyed by Gen.
Indians.
tioned
In 1806,
his expedition of reprisal."
early
>
and
H.
Phillips,
'
Ibid.
Soyer, A.
c.
Thorbum
Comp. KiUh. Card. 1:92.

Herb. 311.
1833
'^
Pm6. Ce. 438.
con.
Pantroph. 6i.
2nd Ed.
1818.
1853.
Disraeli Curios. Lit. 2:329.
1859.
"Booth, W.B.
Treas. Bot. 1:166.
" Pinkerton
Foy. 12:667.
Co/Z.
Benzoni Hist.
New
World.
1870.
1812.
Hak.
Soc. Ed. 91.
"
1857.
Shrigley True Pel. Va. Md. Force Coll. Tracts 3:5.

" Conover, G. S. Early Hist. Geneva 47. 1879.
'
McMahon, B. Amer.
Thorbum Co(. 1821.
Card. Cal. 580.
1806.
Sullivan in
offered 18 varieties in his seed catalog
1831.
on 836.
Jefferson
mentions for American gardens seven
157, 75.
Regnier
Soyer, A.
'
McMahon "
Pantroph. 60. 1853.

Bostock and Riley Nat. Hist. Pliny
Cato
'
In 1828,
six late sorts.
Gerarde, J.
'
by
and even cultivated by the Choctaw

In i779. cabbages are menin 1647.
1844.
and
II5
In 1869, Gregory tested 60 named varieties in his experimental garden and
in 1881, 19.
in 187s Landreth tested 51.
The headed cabbage
in its perfection of growth
and
its
multitude of varieties, bears
It does not appear, however, to
every evidence of being of ancient origin.
have been
known
to I>t.oscorides, or to Theophrastus or Cato, but a few centuries later the presence

'
cabbage is indicated by Columella and Pliny,^ who, of his variety, speaks of the head
being sometimes a foot in diameter and going to seed the latest of all the sorts known to
of
The
him.
headed
descriptions are, however, obsciore,
varieties
Olivier de Serres^ says:
mention.
of
now known had been

"
making them head was vmknown
who
seen in
and we may well believe that if the hardat this time they would have received
Rome
White cabbages came from the north, and the

in the time of Charlemagne."
art
Albertus Magnus,*
lived in the twelfth century, seems to refer to a headed cabbage in his Caputium,
but there
who
1536,
no
is
The
description.
first
them capucos coles, or cabutos and

even a foot and a half in diameter.
calls
very large,
used in England in the fourteenth
coles. ^
distinguished from
and this name and
warm
unmistakable reference to cabbage
centurj-,
Ruellius,
and
often
Yet the word cabaches and caboches,

indicates cabbage was then known and was
when we
description,
consider the difficulty
and
Roman
perhaps of the
Our present cabbages are divided by De Candolle

headed, the round-headed, the egg-shaped, the
many
by
form called romanos,

of heading cabbages in a
Ruellius, also, describes a loose-headed
solid-heading type but loose-headed
class are
is
describes the head as globular
would lead us to believe that the
climate,
'
varieties
savoy
'
were not our present
class.
into five types or races: the flat-
and the
elliptic
conical.
Within each
In Viknorin's Les Plantes Poiagkres, 1883, 57 kinds are
sub-varieties.
In the Report of
New
York AgriculIn
tural Experiment Station for 1886, 70 varieties are described, excluding synonyms.
class
and
are
not
included.
The
as
a
the
are
treated
cases
histories
both
separate
savoys
of De Candolle's forms are as follows:
described, and others are mentioned by name.
the
Flat-Headed Cabbage.
The
Type, Quintal.
A Common
No. 612.
the Flat-topped
remarkably
flat
is
first
Flatwinter, probably this form,
described
and
appearance of this form
by Mawe,'
1778.
The
is
is
in Pancovius
Herbarium, 1673,
mentioned by Wheeler,* 1763;

now esteemed are
varieties that are
solid.
Round Cabbage.
Type, Early Dutch Drumhead. This appears to be the earliest form, as it is the
only kind figured in early botanies and was hence presumably the only, or, perhaps, the
'
Columella
Pliny
'Soyer, A.
*
'
lib. 10, c. i, p.
lib. 19, c.
Albertus
138.
41, p. 187.
Pantroph. 61.
Magnus
Veg.
1853.
lib. 7, c.
90.
1867.
1536.
The Forme of Cury 1390
Warner Antiq.
De
Candolle, A. P.
Wheeler
Mawe
in
Jessen Ed.
Culin.
Bot., Card. Diet. 79.
1763.
Bot.
1778.
1791.
1824.
-1 1
known during
principal sort
several centuries.
The
following
synonymy
taken from
is
drawings only and hence there can be no mistake in regard to the type:
Brassicae quartum genus. Fuch. 416.
1542.
1550.
Kappiskraut. Roeszl. 87.
Caulis capitulatis. Trag. 717.
1552.
Matth. 247.
Brassica capitata.
Kol oder Kabiskraut. Pict. 90.
Brassica alba
sessilis glomerata,
1558; Pin. 163.
1561;
Cam.
Epit. 250.
1586.
1581.
aut capitata Lactucae habitu.
Lobel Icon,
243.
1591.
Brassica capitata albida.

Dalechamp 1:521. 1587; Dod. P^wj/'^ 623. 1616.
Dur. C. 78. 1617.
Brassica capuccia.
Brassica capitata alba. Bod. 777.
1644; Bauh. J. 1:826.
1651; Chabr. 269.
1677.
The
descriptive
synonymy
includes the losed cabbage, a great roimd cabbage of Lyte's
Dodoens, 1586; the White Cabbage Cole of Gerarde, 1597; the White Cabbage of Ray,
1686; the chou pomnte blanc of Toumefort, 1719; the English of Townsend,
Common White
of Wheeler, 1763; the English or Late, of Stevenson, 1765; the
Roimd White
Mawe,
of
1726; {he
Common
1778.
Egg-Shaped Cabbage.
'
remarks of this variety, the Sugar-loaf, that,
Type, the Sugar-loaf. Vilmorin
although a very old variety and well known in every country in Europe, it does not appear
to be extensively grown anywhere. It is called chou chicon in France ^ and bundee kobee
in India.'
son,'
It is
mentioned by name by Townsend,* 1726; by Wheeler,' 1763; by Steven'

1778.
Perhaps the Large-sided cabbage of Worlidge and the
1765; and by Mawe,'
Long-sided cabbage of Quintyne
'
belong to this division.
Elliptic Cabbage.
Type, Early York.

it
as a well-known sort.
are
now many
This
is first
mentioned by Stevenson,*" 1765, and he refers to

it came originally from Flanders.
There
According to Burr,
varieties of this class.
Conical Cabbage.
Type, Filderkraut. This race is described by Lamarck," 1783, and, if there is any
constancy between the name and the variety during long periods, is found in the Battersea,
named by Townsend
in 1726
and by a whole
line of succeeding writers.
one of these races of cabbage received the

notice of the older botanists (excepting the one flat-topped given by Chabraeus, 1677),
It
is
certainly very singular that but
'
Vilmorin Veg. Card. no.
1885.
'
Vilmorin Veg. Card. 109.
1885.
Speede Ind. Handb. Card. 112. 1842.

Townsend Seedsman 26. 1726.
'
Wheeler Bot. Card.
Diet. 79.
"Stevenson Card. Kal. 26, 119.

'
Mawe and
Worlidge,
1765.
1765.
J.
Syst. Hort. 202.
1778.
1683.
Quintyne Com^. Card. 189. 1693. Evelyn Ed.

"Stevenson Card. Kal. 26. 119, 1765.
"Don, G.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. 1:22s.
1831.
STURTEVANT
11 J
as their characteristics are extremely well marked and form extreme contrasts between
the conical, or pointed, and the spherical-headed.
either originated or
came
We
into use in a recent period.
must, hence, believe that they
How
they came and whence they
came, must be decided from a special study, in which the
become a
From
f&iture.
suggestion
may be
effect of hybridization
may
the study of sports that occasionally appear in the garden, the
offered that at least
some
have been derived from
of these races
cross-
ings with some form of the Chinese cabbage, whereby form has become transferred while
the other characteristics of the Chinese species have disappeared. On the other hand,
the savoy
believed to have origin from the
class,
same source as the cabbage, has oval or
oblong heads, which have been noted by the herbalists.
very remarkable, says Unger, that the European and Asiatic names used for
different species of cabbage may all be referred to four roots.
The names kopf kohl (GerIt is
man), cabus (French), cabbage (English), kappes, kraut, kapost, kaposta, kapsta (Tartar),
kopee (Beng.), kopi (Hindu), have a manifest relation to the Celto-Slavic root cap or
means head. Brassica of Pliny is

The Celto-Germanico-Greek root caul may be
kap, which in Celtic
derived from the Celtic, bresic
cabbage.
detected in the word kaol, the
Grecian kaulion of Theophrastus, the Latin caulis; also in the words caulx,
cavolo, coan,
kohl, kale, kaal (Norwegian), kohl (Swedish), col (Spanish), kelum (Persian); finally, the
Greco-Germanic root cramb, krambe, passes into krumb, karumb of the Arabians. The
want of a Sanscrit name shows that the cabbage tribe first found its way at a later period
to India and China.
This tribe
DC.
B. oleracea capitata rubra
This
and
is
is
not mentioned as in Japan by Thunberg, 1775.
red cabbage.
a very distinct and probably a very ancient kind of a peculiar purple color
It is cultivated in a number of varieties and in 1854 the seed of
solid heading.
Red Savoy was
distributed from the United States Patent Office.
One
variety
is
men-
tioned for American gardens by McMahon,' 1806, and one variety only by Thorbum,^
1828 and 1881, but several distinct sorts can now be obtained from seedsmen. Bvirr,*
to be called black.
1863, describes three reds and one so deeply colored as
The
first
certain mention of this cabbage
and figures are given

Bauhin, 1651.*
by Gerarde,
is
in 1570, in
1597,^ Matthiolus,
Pena and Lobel's
1598,^
Dodonaeus, 1616,' and
figures are all of the spherical-headed type.
These
Adversaria,^
In 1638,'
Ray
J.
notices
the variability in the colors upon which a number of our seedsmen's varieties are founded.
The oblong or the pointed-headed types which now occur cannot be traced. The solidity
of the
head and the perfectness
McMahon, B. Amer.
'ThoThum Cat. 1828.
Card. Cal. 580.
Field, Card. Veg. 266, 267.
Burr, F.
*Pena and Lobel ^dêri.

Gerarde, J.
'Dodonaeus Pempt.
J.
91.
Herb. 246.
Matthiolus Opera 367.
Bauhin,
of the
Hist.
Ra.y Hist. PI. 79$-
1597.
1598.
621.
PL
1570.
1616.
2:832.
'686.
1651.
form in
1806.
1863.
this class of
cabbage indicate long
ctilture
'ii8
and a remote
In England, they have never attained
origin.
use,' and, as in this coimtry, are principally
much
standing for general
for pickling.
grown
COLLARDS OR COLEWORT.
United States, coUards, or colewort, are sowings of an early variety
of cabbage in rows about one foot apart to be cut for use as a spinach when about six or
Other directions for culture are to sow seeds as for cabbage in June,
eight inches high.
old in rows a foot apart
July and August for succession, transplant when one month
As grown
in the
The
each way, and hoe frequently.
collard plants are kept for sale
than the cabbage seed under this

grown and used for greens and after frost the flavor
commimis DC.
B. oleracea caulo-rapa
This
is
There
The
esteemed deHcious.
kohl-rabi.
no
is
certain identification of this race in ancient writings.
gorgylis of
Theophrastus
'
and Galen ^ seems
Galen says the root contained within the earth
saw
in the gardens of Tripoli
it
is
it is
also to
The
between a radish and

be the rutabaga, for
In 1554, Matthio-
hard unless cooked.
come
lus' speaks of the kohl-rabi as having lately
Rauwolf
is
seems rather to be the rutabaga, as he says
bunidia of Pliny
rather
a dwarf-growing plant with the stem swelled out so as to resemble a timiip
above ground.
a rape.
by seedsmen,
In the Southern States, coUards are extensively
name.
into Italy.
and Aleppo.
Between 1573 and
1575,
Lobel,' 1570, Camerarius,* 1586,
Dalechamp,^ 1587, and other of the older botanists figure or describe
it
as vmder European
culture.
some
writers, is
convey
this idea.
Kohl-rabi, in the view of

of the
names applied
the plant in
to
it
a cross between cabbage and rape, and many

This view is probably a mistaken one, as
sportings under cultiu-e tends to the form of the
its
Marrow cabbage, from
two kohl-rabi plants were growing
in pots in
In 1884,
probably a
the greenhouse at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station; one of these extended
itself until it became a Marrow cabbage and when planted out in the spring attained its
which
derivation.
it is
growth as a Marrow cabbage.
This idea of
its origin finds
covintenance in the figures of
the older botanists; thus, Camerarius, 1586, figures a plant as a kohl-rabi which in all
essential points resembles a Marrow cabbage, tapering from a small stem into a long
Marrow cabbage. The figures given by Lobel,'" 1591,

Dodonaeus," i6i6,andBodaeus,2 ^^^^^ ^ên compared with Camerarius' figure, suggest
a
kohl-rabi, with
Worlidge,
'
Pliny
lib.
J.
flat
531s/.
Theophrastus
GsX&n Aliment.
lib. 7,
c. 4.
/7. Orieni 81.
1554.
1755.
92.
Camerarius
1586.
Dalechamp
" Lobel
1683.
1547.
Matthiolus Comment 248.
Gronovius
'
Hort. 203.
20, c. 2.
'
'
top like the
^t(.
251.
Hist. Gen.
Icon. 246.
PL
(Lugd.) 522.
1587.
1591.
" Dodonaeus Pempt. 625.
" Theophrastus
1570.
Hist. PI.
1616.
Bodaeus Ed. 777.
1644.

Marrow
the
II9
improved form, not now under cultiu-e, is figured

Bauliin,^ 1651, and Chabraeus,' 1677, and the modern form is given
cabbage.
long, highly
by Gerarde.i 1597, J.
by Gerarde and by Matthiolus,''
the other figures,
very unimproved form, out of harmony with

given by Dalechamp,^ 1587, and Castor Durante,^ 1617.
The
is
synonymy can be tabulated
1598.
as below:
I.
Caulorapum.
Cap. Epit. 251.
1586.
II.
Rapa
Br. peregrine, caule
Br. caule
Rapa
rapum
Bodaus
brassica.
rapum
Lob. Icon. 246.
gerens.
Dod. Pempt. 625.
gerens.
1591.
i6r6.
1644.
777.
III.
Caulo rapum longum.
Ger. 250.
1597.
Baiih. J. 2:830.
Br. caulorapa.
1651.
Br. caulorapa sive Rapo caulis.
Chabr. 270.
1677.
IV.
Caulorapum rotundum. Ger. 250. 1597.

Brassica gongylodes. Matth. Opera 367.
1598.
V.
Brassica raposa.
Dalechamp
Dur. C.
Bradica raposa.
we have
1587.
522.
161 7.
app.
came
Germany from Italy; Pena

and Lobel say it came from Greece; Gerarde, that it grows in Italy, Spain and Germany,
whence he received seeds. This plant was an inmate of the Old Physic Garden in
Matthiolus, as
stated, says the plant
into
Edinburgh before 1683. In 1734, it was first brought into field culture in Ireland; in
Scotland in 1805; and in England in 1837. In the United States, it was mentioned by
McMahon,' 1806. Fessenden,' 1828, names two varieties, one the above-ground and
the other the below-ground turnip-rooted.
Darwin
ground
like
a turnip.
leaves being cut

ration
and
Two
frizzled,
confectioners.
by
and the Marrow cabbage
and the artichoke-leaved
Herb. 250.
Gerarde, J.
Hut.
J.
are very sensitive to cold.
1597.
PI. 2:%iO.
1651.
1677.
1598.
Hist. Gen. PI. (Lugd.)
Dalechamp
1587.
Durante, C.
Herb.&pp. 1617.
McMahon, B. Amer. Card. Cal. 309.
Fessenden
Darwin, C.
variety, is greatly prized for deco-
These excerpts indicate a southern
'
beneath the
varieties are used in France in ornamental gardening, the
synonymy,
proved forms are given by more southern writers.
'Bauhin,
lies
new
The more
origin,
for this vegetable
highly improved forms, as
are in authors of northern or central Europe, while the unim-
figured in our
'
speaks of the recently formed
already including nine subvarieties, in which the enlarged part
race,
'
'
New Amer.
Card. 59.
1806.
1828.
Ans. and Pis. Domest. 1:342.
1893.
This indicates that the present kohl-
STURTEVANT
120

The
rabi received its development in northern countries.
White and Purple, in early and
varieties
now grown
are the
NeapoUtan, and the
late forms, the Curled-leaf, or
Arti-
choke-leaved.
B. olearacea costata oblonga
This cabbage
veins of the
leaf,
DC.
Portugal cabbage.
is
easily recognizable through the great expansion of the midribs
in
some cases forming quite
half of
the
identity in the multitude of radiating, branching veins.
winged
clear to the base.
all
it
its
In some plants the petioles are
the names applied to this form indicate
Nearly
in late years, from Portugal, whence
tion, at least
leaf,
and
the midrib losing
its distribu-
reached English gardens about
and American gardens, tmder the name of Portugal Cabbage, about 1850.^ It
should be remarked, however, that a chou d la grosse cdte was in French gardens in 161 2 *
and in three varieties in 1824.
1821
'
This cabbage varies in a direction
parallel to that of the
common
cabbage, or has
forms which can be classed with the kales and the heading cabbages of at least two
types.
The
peculiarity of the ribs or veins occasionally appears
the seed of the
As
inferred.
among the
variables
from
common
cabbage, hence atavism as the result of a cross can be reasonably

to the origin of this form, opinion, at the present stage of studies, must be
largely speculative
but we
may
reasonably believe that
or a different set of hybridizations than did the
common
it
originated from a different form
cabbage.
The synonymy appears
to be:
Choux d. la grosse cdte. Jard. Solit.

Chou blond aux grosses cotes. Bosc.
16 12.
Diet. 4, 43.
1789.
Brassica oleracea aceppala costata. DC. Sysi. 2:584.

1821.
B. oleracea costata. DC. Trans. Hort. Soc. Land. M. 5:12.
1824.
Chou aux grosses cotes. Vilm. 1883.
charlock,
B, sinapistnun Boiss.
field mustard.
an European plant now occurring as a weed in cultivated fields

In seasons of scarcity, in the Hebrides, the soft stems and leaves are boiled
This
eaten.
is
It is so
in
employed
Sweden and
Ireland.
Its seeds
in America.
in milk
form a good substitute
and
for
mustard.
Bridelia retusa Spreng.
Euphorbiaceae.
A tree of eastern Asia.
The
fruit is sweetish
and
eatable.*
Brodiaea grandiflora Sm. Liliaceae. californian hyacinth.

Northwestern America. Its fruit is eaten by the Indians.^
in the flower garden.^
De CandoUe,
'
Jard. Solit. 158.
Brandis, D.
'
A. P.
Pickering, C.
Vilmorin
Fam. Kitch.Gard.
'Buist, R.
1851.
Preface.
1612.
Forest Fl. 449.
1876.
Fl. PI. Ter. 174.
1870.
1879.
3rd Ed.
1821.
In France,
it is
grown

Bromelia Sp. Bromeliaceae.
In the Malay Archipelago, Wallace
"
who
island near Ceram,
'
left
two men
121
a month, by accident, on an
flower-stalks of a species of
for
and tender
subsisted on the roots
Bromelia, on shell fish and on a few turtle's eggs."
Brosium alicastnun Sw.

American
alicastrum snakewood.
Urticaceae.
The
tropics.
breadnut.
boiled with salt-fish, pork, beef or pickle, has frequently
fruit,
been the support of the negro and poorer sorts of white people in times of scarcity and
has proved a wholesome and not impleasant food.^
B. galactodendron D. Don.
cow-tree,
milk-tree.
Humboldt'
Gtiiana; the palo de vaca, arbol de leche, or cow-tree of Venezuela.
"
On
the barren flank of a rock grows a tree with coriaceous and dry leaves.
woody
For several months
roots can scarcely penetrate into the stone.
says:
Its large,
of the year not
a single shower moistens its foliage. Its branches appear dead and dried; but when the
trunk is pierced there flows from it a sweet and nourishing milk. It is at the rising of
the sun that this vegetable fountain
then seen hastening from
by Laet* in 1633,
home
most abundant.
The negroes and
natives are
quarters, furnished with large bowls to receive the milk which
all
grows yellow and thickens at

others carry the juice
is
its surface.
Some empty
to their children."
in the province of
Camana.
their
bowls under the tree
itself,
This tree seems to have been noticed
The
plant, according to Desvaux,
is
first
one
South America. From incisions in the bark, milky

drunk by the inhabitants as a milk. Its use is accompanied by
astringency in the lips and palate. This cow-tree is grown in Ceylon and
of the palo de vaca or cow-trees of
sap
is
procured, which
a sensation of
India, for Brandis
that
it is
is
says
it
yields large quantities of thick, gluey milk without
drunk extensively, and that
it is
bark which
compotmd
is
used
and
Bruguiera g3minorrhiza Lam.
Muddy
tapa-cloth tree.
is
cultivated for the inner
making a paper as well as textile fabrics.'
fruit is saccharine
The
fleshy part of the
edible.'
Rhizophoreae.
tropical shores from Hindustan to the
Samoan
Islands.
Its fruit, leaves
bark are eaten by the natives in the Malayan Archipelago.*
white bryony.
Bryonia alba Linn. Cucurbitaceae.

West Mediterranean cotmtries.
'
Wallace, A. R.
Browne U.
<
S.
Mday Arch.
526.
D. A. Rpl. 198.
Trav. 2:48, 49.
Humboldt, A.
Trav. 2:^8.
Forest Fl. 427.
Mueller, P.
Sel. Pis. 78.
'Hanbury, D.
Pickering, C.
Set.
Loudon says the young shoots

1869.
1870.
Humboldt, A.
Brandis, D.
acridity,
very wholesome and nourishing.
Urticaceae.
paper mulberry,
Broussonetia papyrifera Vent.
A tree of the islands of the Pacific, China and Japan. It
for
any
1889.
1889.
1876.
1891.
Papers 231.
1876.
Chron. Hist. Pis. ôo.
1879.
are edible.
and
122
red bryony,
B. dioica Jacq.
Masters
wild hop.
Loudon says the young shoots of red bryony are edible.

says that the plant has a fetid odor and possesses acrid, emetic and pungent
Europe and adjoining

'
Asia.
properties.
Buchanania
Roxb.
lancifolia
Anacardiaceae.
The
cheerojee-oil plant.
by the natives
tender, unripe fruit is eaten
in their
curries.'
B. latifolia Roxb.
The
Tropical India and Burma.
kernel of
meats.
and
says Brandis,* has a pleasant, sweetish, sub-
fruit,
an important article of food of the hill tribes

the seed tastes somewhat like the pistachio nut and is used
acid flavor
is
Drury
of central India.
largely in native sweet-
says these kernels are a general substitute for almonds
and are much esteemed
in confectionery or are roasted
The
among
the natives
and eaten with milk.
Bumelia lanuginosa Pers. Sapotaceae. false buckthorn.

North America. This is a low bush of southern United States which, according* to
Nuttall,^ bears an edible fruit as large as a small date.
western buckthorn.
B. reclinata Vent,
Southwestern United States.

edible
and nearly three-quarters
In California, Torrey
an inch
of
Bunias erucago Linn. Cruciferae.

Mediterranean coimtries. In
Italy,
'
says the fruit
is
sweet and
long.
Unger
'
says this species serves rs a salad for
the poor.
B. orientalis Linn,
Turkish rocket.
hill mustard.
Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. This plant is called dikaia retka on the Lower
Volga. Its stems are eaten raw. This rocket was cultivated in 1739 by Philip Miller
in the Botanic
Garden
as a forage plant,
by
and was
of Chelsea
Arthiir
first
introduced into
The young
Yovmg.
leaves are
field ciolture in
England,
recommended by Vilmorin
'
either as a salad or boiled.
Bupleurum falcatum Linn.
Umbelliferae.
Europe, Orient, Northern Asia

in
China
'
'
Masters,
M.
'Brandis, D.
Drury, H.
Nuttall, T.
'
region.
and Japan."
Drury, H.
*
hare's ear.
and Himalayan
Torrey, J.
T.
Treas. Bot. 1:176.
Useful
Ph. Ind.
Forest PI. 127.
89.
1858.
1874,
1858.

Bot.
1865.
{B. macrocarpa)
U. S., Mex. Bound. Surv. 2:iog.

'Unger, P.
' Vilmorin Lj
P/i. Po/og. 54.
1883.
Bretschneider, E.
1870
Bot. Sin. 51.
"Georgeson Amer. Card. 13:7.
1859.
1882.
1892.
Fig. p, 9.
1859.
The
leaves are used for food
STURTEVANT
23
B. octoradiatum Biinge.
Northern China.
In China, the tender shoots of this apparently foreign plant are
edible. 1
thorough wax.
B. rotxindifolium Linn,
Europe, Caucasus region and Persia.

for salads
and potherbs."
"
commended
Hippocrates hath
it
in
meats
DC. Menispermaceac.
This plant has edible fruit.'
Burasaia madagascariensis
Madagascar.
Bursera gummifera Linn.
American
tropics.
American gum tree,
Burseraceae.
An
indian birch.
infusion of the leaves is occasionally used as a domestic sub-
stitute for tea.*
B. icicariba Baill.
The
Brazil.
tree is
have
said to
edible,
aromatic
It yields
fruit.
the elemi of
Brazil.^
B. javanica Baill.
This plant
Java.
is
the tingulong of the Javanese,
Butomus umbellatus Linn.
AUsmaceae.
who
flowering rush,
eat the leaves
and
grassy rush,
fruit.'
water
GLADIOLUS.
Europe and adjoining Asia. Unger says, in Norway, the rhizomes serve as material
'
'
for a bread.
Johns says, in the north of Asia, the root is roasted and eaten. Lindley
says the rhizomes are acrid and bitter, as well as the seeds but are eaten among the savages.
''
In France,
grown
it is
Butyrospermum
in flower gardens as
parkii Kotschy.
an
aquatic.'"
butter tree,
Sapotaceae.
Tropical west Africa. Shea, or galam, butter

and serves the natives as a substitute for butter.
Park."
The
tree is called
meepampa
Contrib. Mat.
Smith, F. P.
Herb. 608.
Gerarde, J.
Baillon,
H.
Med. China 45.
Hist. Pis. 3:70.
"BaiUon, H.
This butter
In France
1871.
1874.
1884.
Hist. Pis. 5:297.
1878.
Ibid.
'
Unger, F.
'Johns, C. A.
Lindley, J.
" Vilmorin
" Don, G.
"
Fl.
Treas. Bot. iii&i.

Veg. King. 208.
PL
Ter. 185.
Hist. Dich. Pis. 4:36.
Pickering, C.
1859.
1870.
1846.
1870.
3rd Ed.
1838.
is
highly
commended by
box.
and Ed.
1633 or 1636.
Sargent U. S. Census 9:32.
shea tree.
obtained from the kernel of the fruit
in equatorial Africa.'^
Buxus sempervirens Linn. Euphorbiaceae.

Europe, Orient and temperate Asia.
1
is
1879.
(Bassia parkii)
and some other parts
of
the
STURTEVANT
124
box have been used as a substitute
continent, the leaves of the
Johnson
'
&
K.
hops in beer, but
Malpighiaceae.
New Granada and
small tree of
Panama.
The
small, acid berries are eaten.*
shoemaker's tree.
B. spicata Rich,
The
Tropical America.
Cadaba farinosa Forsk.
for
says they cannot be wholesome and would probably prove very injurious.
Bjrrsonima crassifolia H. B.
yellow, acid berries are
astringent.'
Capparideae.
shrub of tropical Africa and Arabia.
Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw.
Cosmopolitan
good eating but
tropics.
made from
is
peacock flower,
Leguminosae.
The green
Spinach
seeds are eaten
the leaves.*
pride of Barbados.
raw and have the
Cajanus indicus Spreng. Leguminosae. angola pea.

grandue. no-eye pea. pigeon pea. toor.
catjang.
taste of peas.*
congo pea.
dahl.
urhur.
The pigeon pea is a perennial shrub, though treated generally as an

cultivation.
It is now naturalized in the West Indies, in tropical America
The variety Bicolor grows from three to six feet high and is called the
East Indies.
annual when in
and
in Africa.
in Jamaica.
Congo pea
The
variety Flavus grows from five to ten feet high
and
is
called
Jamaica no-eye pea, pigeon pea and Angola pea.* Dr. MacFayden ^ says there are few
Lunan ' says the pea when young and properly cooked is
tropical plants so valuable.
very little inferior as a green vegetable to English peas and when old is an excellent ingredient
in
in soups.
Berlanger
'
says at Martinique there are several varieties greatly used, and that
the seeds both fresh and dried are delicious.
In Egypt, on the richest
soil, says Mueller,'"

4000 pounds of peas have been produced to the acre, and the plant lasts for three years,
growing 15 feet tall. This variety is said by Pickering " to be native of equatorial Africa.
In India, the seeds of the two varieties are

their leguminous seeds. '^
Elliott
"
amongst
esteem and forms the most generally used
much esteemed,
says the pulse
article of diet
ranking, with the natives, third
when
split is in great
among
all classes
and general
in India.
At
It is both cultivated and wild all over

Zanzibar, the seeds are a principal article of diet.
India as well as in all parts of tropical Africa. It certainly is one of the oldest cultivated
'
Johnson, C. P.
'
Smith, A.
Useful
Ph.
Gr. Brit. 228.
Treas. Bot. 1:185.
1862.
{B. cumingiana)
1870.
Ibid.
*
Speke, J. H.
'
Proc.
Smith, A.
'
'
Journ. Disc. Source
Amer. Acad. Art.
Sci. 425.
Treas. Bot. \:i&<).
NUe
561.
1864.
1886.
1870.
Macfayden Jam. 1:296. 1837.

Lunan, J. Hort. Jam. 2:64. 1814.
Berlanger Trcms. N. Y. Agr. Soc. 568.
1858.
">MueUer, F. Sel.Pls.&2. 1891.

"
Chron. Hist. Pis. ^ZPickering, C.
1879.
"
Drury, H.
Useful Pis. Ind. 95,
1858.
"Elliott,
W.
Bol. Soc. Edinb. 7:294.
1863.
(C. flavus)

plants in the world, a fact attested
that
by
its
presence in ancient tombs.
Schweinfurth states
Egyptian tombs of the twelfth dynasty (2200-2400 B. C.)
foiind in
it is
125
'
Cakile maritima Scop.
sea rocket.
Cruciferae.
Europe, Korthem
Africa and North America.
a root in Canada which
is
Kakn ^
says the sea rocket furnishes
pounded, mixed with flour and eaten, when there
is
a scarcity
of bread.
Caladium
bicolor Vent.
Aroideae.
The corms are eaten

the West Indies.*
South America.
as a vegetable, in
Calamus rotang Linn.

East Indies.
When
Thtinberg
saw the
fruit
of the rattan exposed for sale in Batavia.
ripe this fruit is roundish, as large as a hazelnut
scales, laid like shingles,
are eaten, boiled
rattan cane.
Palmae.
*
The leaves
roasted or boiled.'
The
one upon the other.
and
is
covered with small, shining
natives generally suck out the subacid
pulp which surrounds the kernel by way of quenching their thirst. Sometimes the
pickled with salt and eaten at tea-time. This palm furnishes rattan canes.
fruit
is
Calathea allouia Lindl.
Scitantineae.
This species
Guiana.
cultivated in the
is
West Indies and, according to Lindley,'
furnishes one of the arrowroots of commerce.
Calendula
officinalis Linn.
Compositae.
goldins golds,
pot marigold.
This marigold was cultivated in England prior to 1573. The

petals of the flowers are occasionally 'used in broths and soups in Britain and Holland
and are also used for coloring butter.' In 1806, it was included in McMahon's ' Hst of
Southern Europe.
aromatic, pot and sweet herbs of American gardens.

varieties,
and the
species
described in nearly
all of
is
to be found in
many
the early herbals and
is
There are a number
of our country gardens.
of
ornamental
The
plant
is
mentioned by Albertus Magnus in the
thirteenth century.
Calla palustris Linn.
water arum,
Aroideae.
Europe, Northern Asia and North America.

starch,
water dragon.
The rootstocks of
properties are dissipated.'
^Nature 19:315.
'Kalm,
Masters,
M.
Lindley, J.
Loudon,
J.
^mer. 2:345.
Bo/. 371.
T.
Thunberg, C. P.
'
1884.
Trav. TVo.
P.
Henfrey, A.
*
this plant yield eatable
prepared by drying and grinding them and then heating the powder
{Bunias
1870.
{C. sagittaefoUum)
Treas. Bot. i:igo.
Trav. 2:277.
Veg. King. 169.
C.
1772.
cakile)
1870.
(Maranta
1846.
Enc. Pis. 741.
'McMahon, B. Amer. Card.

Treas. Bot.
Masters, M. T.
1796.
1855.
Cal. 583.
1:194.
1806.
1870.
allouia)
until the acrid
126
CalUcarpa lanata Linn.
Verbenaceae.
The bark has a
East Indies.
peculiar, subaromatic
chewed by the Cinghalese when they cannot obtain

Calligonum pallasia L'Herit.
and
and
slightly bitter taste
is
betel leaves.'
Polygonaceae.
Siberia.
The roots when pounded are said to furnish
a mucilaginous, edible substance resembling gtmi tragacanth.*
Caspian region, Russia and
C. polygonoides Linn.
The
Armenia, Persia and northwestern India.
the south Pimjab and sometimes in Sind, swept up,
are, in
numbers,
or cooked with ghee
and
eaten.'
an inmate
Malvaceae,
The
in great
fall
made
into bread,
Callirhoe involucrata A. Gray.
It is
abortive flowers, which
poppy mallow.
large, tapering root of this plant is said to
be
edible.*
of the flower garden in France.'
C. pedata A. Gray,
pimple mallow.
The
are used as food
by the Indians
roots of this species resemble those of a parsnip
of
Nebraska and Idaho.
In France
it is
grown
and
in flower
gardens.''
Calluna vulgaris Salisb.
heath.
Ericaceae,
The
Europe and North America.
Celtic tribes
had a method
of preparing
an
intoxi-
cating drink from a decoction of heath.
common
This beverage, mixed with wild honey, was their

In the Hebrides, says Johnson,' a kind of beer is formed by
drink at feasts.^
fermenting a mixttire of two parts of heath tops and one of malt.

of preparing beer or wine from the flowers of the heath.
The
Picts
had a
mode
Calochortus elegans Pursh.
The root
Pacific northwest of America.
BUTTERFLY TULIP.
C. luteUS Dougl.
Western United States.

very palatable and
of food."
star tulip.
Liliaceae.
of this plant
is
eaten by the Indians.'"
SEGO LILY.
This plant has a small, bulbous root about the size of a walnut,
and much used by the Indian tribes of Utah as an article
nutritious
The Mormons during
their first years in
Utah consimied the
quantities.
Mat. Ind. 2:180.
Ainslie, V7.
Syme,
J.
Brandis, D.
Forest. Fl. $72.
<Stansbury, H.
Vilmorin
Fl.
U.S.D.A.
.'
Vilmorin
'Hog)?,
W.
1826.
Treas. Bot. 2:937.
T.
Rpl. Gt. Salt Lake 384.
PL
Ter. 199.
Rpt. 406.
1870.
1870.
Journ. Agr. 6:^$.
Johnson, C. P.
1853.
3rd Ed.
1870.
F;. /*/. Ter. 199.
"
Pickering, C.
"
Stansbury, H.
(Pterocouus aphyllus)
1870.
1874.
3rd Ed.
1836.
1862.
1879.
Rpt. Salt iMhe 160, 208, 397.
1853.
(Erica vulgaris)
root in large
127
Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. Guttiferae. Alexandrian laurel, poonay-oil plant.

Old world tropics. The fruit when ripe is red and sweet and is eaten by the natives.
An
oil is
expressed from
Calotropis gigantea Ait.
East India.
and
it
used in lamps.'
is
Asclepiadeae.
bow-string hemp.
According to Twemlow,^ an intoxicating liquor called bar is obtained

Hill People about Mahableshwur.
According to Royle,^ it yields
from the plant by the

a kind of manna.
Caltha palustris Linn.
Of northern
marsh marigold,
cowslip,
Ranunculaceae.
meadow
bright.
This well-known plant, says Gray/ is used as a potherb in

In the Southern States, the
spring when coming into flower, under the name of cowslip.
climates.
flower-buds are pickled for use as a substitute for capers.*
Calycanthus fioridus Linn.
The aromatic bark
North America.
Brazil.
be used as a substitute
for
cinnamon.'
Mueller^ says the flower-buds can be used as cloves; the
berries, as
Calyptranthes aromatica St. Hil.
South
Carolina allspice.
Calycanthaceae.
is
said to
Myrtaceae.
allspice.
DC.
The
C. obscura
Brazil.
fruit is sold in
&
C. paniculata Ruiz
The
Peru.
Rio Janeiro as an aromatic and astringent.
Pav.
fruit is
used as a substitute for cloves.
C. schiediana Berg.
In Mexico, the fruit
Mexico.
Calystegia sepiimi R. Br.
is
used as cloves.
Convolvulaceae.
bindweed.
which are eaten by the Hindus." The

and eaten by the Chinese, who manage, says Smith,'" to cook"
almost every root or tuber in spite of the warnings of botanists and chemists.
Temperate
climates.
It has edible stalks
'
roots are said to be boiled
and
digest
C. soldanella R. Br.
sea bindweed.
The
Temperate
climates.
'Drury, H.
Useful Pis. Ind.
tender stalks of the sea bindweed are pickled."
{C. spurium)
1858.
Pickering, C.
1879.
(Asclepias gigantea)
Ibid.
Man.
Gray, A.
Porcher, F. P.
Black, A. A.
'MueUer, F.
Royle,
J.
Ainslie,
">
F.
W.
Smith, F. P.
'Don, G.
Bot. 404.
1908.

Treas. Bot. 1:203.
Sel. Pis. 85.
1891.
Illustr. Bot.
Himal.
Mat. Ind. 2:220.

Contrib. Mat.
1869.
1870.
:3o8.
1839.
1826.
Med. China 47.
1838.
1871,
The
128
young
of
were gathered formerly by the people on the southern coasts
shoots, says Johnson,'
England and pickled as a substitute
Camassia esculenta Lindl.
for samphire.
common camass.
Liliaceae.
The
kamosh.
quamash.
root forms the greater part of the vegetable food of the
Indians on the northwest coast of America and Vancouver Island and
This bvilbous root
or quamash.
^
but Lewis
says
it
is
said to be of delicious flavor
causes bowel complaints
if
eaten in quantity.
occasions
and highly
The
is
by various
In France,
tribes of Indians.
Camelina sativa Crantz.
false flax,
Cruciferae.
it is
called
kamosh
nutritious,
This plant covers
dug by the women and stored for eating, roasted or boiled.

plains
boiled in water, yield a very good molasses, which is much prized and
and
is
an inmate
is
bulbs,
many
when
used on festival
of the flower garden.'
gold-of-pleasure.
oil-seed plant.
SIBERIAN OIL-SEED.
Europe and temperate Asia. This plant occurs in northeastern America as a noxious
weed in flax fields, having been introduced from Europe. It was regularly cviltivated in
*
Germany and Russia and
the mediaeval ages in
now
is
ctdtivated in Flanders.
The
The
seeds
but the stalks seem to be used only in broom making.
stem yields a fiber,

yield an oil which is used for
ciilinary
and other purposes.*
were distributed from the United States Patent Office.
In 1854, the seeds of this plant

It
was
called in Britain gold-of-
The seeds are sometimes imported into England

but they have no relation to the true dodder which is a far
pleasure even in the time of Gerarde.
Tmder the
name dodder
seed,
different plant.
Camellia sasanqua Thunb.
yields a nut
Ternstroemiaceae.
from which an
oil is
expressed in China, equal,
the dried leaves are mixed with tea to give

C. thea Link.
China.
tea-oil plant.
This plant was introduced from China to England in 181 1.
Japan and China.
it
it is
said, to olive oil.
It
In Japan
a grateful odor.*
tea.
This
is
the species to which the cultivated varieties of tea are
now found
all referred.
China and Japan, in the mountains that separate

China from the Burmese territories, especially in upper Assam, in Nepal, in the islands
of Bourbon, Java, St. Helena and Madeira, in Brazil and experimentally in the United
In
its
various forms
The
it is
in
seems to have been by Giovanni Pietro Maffei in his

Historiae Indicae, 1589, from which it appears that it was then called by the Chinese ckia.
Giovanni Botero in his Delia Cause della grandezza.
.della citta, 1589, says the Chinese
States.
first
mention
of tea
have an herb from which they extract a delicate juice, which they use instead of wine.
In 1615, an Englishman in Japan, in the employment of the East India Company,
'Johnson, C. P.
'Pursh, F.
Fi.
Useful Pis. Gt.Brit. 181.
Amer.
Seplent. 1:226, 227.
Vilmorin W. P/. Ter. 204.
1870.
'
1862.
1814.
3rd Ed.
Pickering, C.
'
Don, G.
1831.
Don, G.
1879.
83 1.
{Convolvulus soldanella)
{Phalangium bulbosum)

Macao
sent to a brother ofBcial at
"
pot of the best chaw," and this
known mention by an EngUshman.
the eariiest
and says
in Persia in 1633,
well
for a
known in most
his
Adam
book
Japan and about
visited
is
supposed to be
'
describes the use of tea

"
this herb is now so
being published in 1647
Olearius
parts of Eiirope, where many persons of quality use
In 1638, Maiwielslo
129
this time
wrote of the
it
with good success."
tsia or
tea of Japan.
was occasionally sold in England at prices ranging from $30 to

"
In
a
tea
1661, Mr. Pepys, secretary of the British Admiralty, speaks of
$50
pound.
(a China drink) of which I had never drank before," and in 1664, the Dutch India Company
presented two poiinds and two oimces to the King of England as a rare and valuable offering
and in 1667 this company imported 100 pounds. In 1725, there were imported into EngPrior to 1657, tea
land 370,323 pounds; in 1775, the quantity had increased to 5,648,188 pounds.
upwards
for
home
In 1863,
pounds were imported of which 85,206,779 pounds were entered

In 1863, the United States received 29,761,037 potmds-and
constmiption.
of 136,000,000
72,077,951 pounds in 1880.
In 18 10, the
first
tea plants were carried to Rio Janeiro, together with several hundred
its culture.
The government trials do not seem to have resulted
but
the
business
later,
being taken up by individuals, its culture seems to be
favorably
meeting with success and the tea of Brazil, called by its Chinese name of cha, enters quite
Chinese experienced in
In 1848, Junius Smith,^ of South Carolina, imported

a ntmiber of shrubs and planted them at Greenville. At about the same time some 32,000
plants were imported from China and distributed through the agency of the Patent Office.
largely into domestic consumption.
In 1878, the Department of Agriculture distributed 69,000 plants.
a plantation of tea shrubs, three to four hundred in number,
Campanula
edulis Forsk.
The
Arabia.
root
sapid and
said to have existed.
bellflower.
Campanulaceae.
is thick,
is
In Louisiana, in 1870,
is
eaten
by
children.^
peach bells.
C. persicifolia Liim.
since fallen into disuse.'
This plant has been used as food in England but has long
In France it is called cloche and is grown as a flowering plant.'
C. rapunculoides Linn,
creeping bellflower.
Europe and north
Asia.

It
^
This plant may be substituted in cultivation for rampion.
has long since fallen into disuse.'
C. rapunculus Linn,
rampion.
This biennial plant was formerly

Europe, Orient, north Africa and northern Asia.
Loudon says the latter are
its
leaves.
much cultivated in gardens for its roots as well as
excellent, eaten
I
raw as a salad or boiled as a spinach, and the
Enc. Brit. 1:88.

Enc. Brit. 21:89.
U. S. Pat.
Don, G.
Off.
8th Ed.
8th Ed.
i860.
Rpt. 7.
1859.
'Johnson, C. P.
Vilmorin
i860.
1834.
Fl. PI. Ter. 217.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 1:208.

1874.
'Johns, C. A.
Johnson, C. P.
1862.
3rd Ed.
1862.
root,
which has the flavor
I30
of walnuts,
also eaten
is
much
It is
cold.
Rampion
raw
Townsend' says
much
a radish or mixed with salads, either raw or boiled and
and
Italy, says Johns.'
recorded in gardens by Pena and Lobel,* 157. and
is
1552, Lobel,* 1576, as well as
it is
like
cultivated in France
by
to be found in only few English gardens;
it is
is
figured
cultivated in France but in England
As
American gardens in 1806, 1819 and 1821.

is a desirable addition to winter salads.'
is
now
little
late as 1877,
and Bryant,'
It is
regarded.
gaiava strawberry, JDecause the flavor of

berry.*
&
Ruiz
Canarina campanulata Linn.
Canary
The
Islands.
C.
and used as
commime
pulp reminds one of the Pine straw-
an almond.
fresh is
An
said to be edible."
canarium
Anam and
The
the Philippines.
is
is
cultivated for the sake of its fruit which, in taste,
expressed from the seed which in Java
food.
Bread
called wild
is
also
made from
its
is
eaten.
its fruit is
This
much
is
the safu of the island of
esteemed.
In taste, the fruit
St.
Thomas
is bitter
and
in the Gulf of Guinea,
astringent;
C. pimela Kon.
Cochin China, China and Java.

Treas. Bot. 1:208.
Pena and Lobel
^dtieri. 91.
The black
fruit is
sometimes pickled, i*
1874.
1570.
Tragus 5ir/). 725. 1552.

Lobel Obs. 178. 1576.
'
Townsend Seedsman
Bryant
'
'
'
Fl. Diet. 27.
23.
1726.
1783.
Hobday, E. Cottage Card. 1 13. 1877.

Berlanger r/ai. N. Y. Agr. Soc. 677.
Unger, F.
1864.
1859.
Ibid.
"
used in
nuts in the island
almond by Europeans and
roasted.
'
is
f.
Tropical Africa.
'Johns, C. A.
fruit is
wild almond.
java almond,
oil is
mixed with
In Ceylon, the nut
C. edule Hook.
and young shoots are
olives.'^
This fine-looking tree
like
lamps and when
where
Burseraceae.
Chinese olive,
Linn.
something
of Celebes.
called
Campanulaceae.
China and Cochin China,
tree native of
Moluccas.
is
is
fruit.*"
fleshy capsule, roots
Canarium album Raeusch.
pickled
it
Pav.
This species furnishes edible
Peru.
1783, says
recorded in
fruit is edible.'
C. lineatifolia
its delicate
In 1726,
an English writer says rampion
Campomanesia aromatica Griseb. Myrtaceae. guava strawberry.

Guiana and Cayenne. At Martinique, where this shrub is cultivated,
The
by Tragus,'
other writers of this period, as an improved root.
Syme, J. T. Treas. Bot. 1:212. 1870.

"Don, G. Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:8s. 18^2.
" Ibid.
{Psidium aromaticum)
(Psidium aromaticum)
it is
usually
STURTEVANT
I3I
C. sylvestre Gaertn.
The
Amboina.
plant bears nuts with edible kernels.^
DC.
Canavalia ensiformis
Leguminosae.
This climbing plant
Tropicjkl Africa.
half-grown pods are eaten.^
horse bean,
is
cultivated about
commonly
young pods are eaten;
its
The plant is common in woods in the East Indies,

West Indies. It is called overlook by the negroes
only in a cultivated state and
it is
sword bean.
The
Bombay.
It is cultivated in the Peninsula for its esculent pods;
Biorma to a small extent, where
says
overlook,
is
and
Elliott
probably the domesticated form of C.
a native vegetable of India, the pod
large, flat,
in
also in the Philippines.*
tropical Africa, Mexico, Brazil

of Jamaica.'
'
'
says
virosa.
and the
it is
found
Firminger
sword-shaped, fully nine inches
and more than an inch and a quarter wide. Though rather coarse-looking, yet
and boiled, is exceedingly tender and little, if any, inferior to the Frenclj bean.
when
'
Roxbvu"gh describes three varieties: flowers and seeds red; flowers white and seeds red;
long,
sliced
and
flowers
This
large seed white.
last variety is considered
the best and
is
used on the
1*
by the natives of Sylhet where it is indigenous. Drury
hedges and thickets and in cultivation. It is called in India
tables of Europeans as well as

it is
says
common
plant in
tnukhun 5eeK."
Canella alba Mvirr.
West
wild cinnamon.
Canellaceae.
The bark
Indies.
is
employed by the negroes as a condiment and has some
reputation as an antiscorbutic.^^
Canna achiras
This plant
South Africa.
canna.
Scitamineae.
Gill.
is
said to furnish tubers used as food in Peru
one of the species cultivated in the West Indies for the manufacture
known as tous les mois according to Balfour."
It is
of the
is
said
by Mueller
>*
and
Indies.
'Don, G.
Pickering, C.
Ibid.
This plant
Indies.
West
1832.
1879.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Smith, A.
Elliott,
W.
Treas. Bot. 1:212.
{C. gladiata)
1870.
Firminger, T. A. C.
1863.
Card. Ind. 148.
1874.
Ibid.
Useful
Drury, H.
" Firminger, T. A. C.
"U.
S. Disp. 198.
" Lindley,
"
J.
Balfour, J.
"MueUer,
F.
Chile. 1*
of the arrowroot
indian shot.
C. coccinea Mill,
East
and
Pis. Ind. 105.
1874.
1865.
Med. Econ.
H.
1858.
Card. Ind. 148.
Bot.
Bot. 50.
Man.
Set. Pis.?,?,.
boy.
1891.
1849.
1875.
(C. gladiata)
Balfoiu- to yield the tous les
mois
STURTEVANT
132
C. edulis Ker-Gawl.
American
and probably
furnish,
It is
This plant
tropics.
elsewhere.
by washing and
is cviltivated
in the islands of St. Christopher, Trinidad
when rasped to a pulp

of
of
known
as tons les mois.^' *
one
the
classes
arrowroot
straining,
The
tubers are said to be quite large and
one of the hardiest of arrowroot plants.
It is the adeira
'
or achiras
of Peru.
C. glauca Linn.
Mexico and West
This
Indies.
Cannabis sativa Linn.
callow grass,
and northwestern Himalayas.
north of India and in Siberia.

Its native
north of China.
fimble.
Urticaceae.
Caspian, central Asia
one of the West Indian arrowroot cannas.^
is
It
hemp.
Hemp
is
spontaneous in the
has also been foimd wild in the Caucasus and in the

is
country
probably the region of the Caspian.
Hemp was
The Scythians, according to Herodotus,' cultivated it. The

by the Celts.
Hebrews and the ancient Egyptians did not know it, for no mention is made of it in the
sacred books and it does not appear in the envelopes of the mummies. Its culture is ancient
^
cultivated
throughout the southern provinces of India as a textile plant and for the stimulating properDioscorides ^ alludes to the strength of the ropes
ties of the leaves, flowers and seeds.'
made from its fibre and the use of the seeds in

It was known in China as early as A. D. 220.^"
Wm. Wood "
before 1639, as
Hempseed was served
mentions
medicine.
It
refers to it medicinally.
was introduced
into the United States
it.
fried for dessert
^^
In
by the ancients.
boring countries, the peasants are extremely fond of parched
Russia, Poland and neigh-
hempseed and
it is
eaten even
is much used as food during the time

is
The
cultivated
Volga region.
plant
by the Hottentots for the purpose
smoking and it is used in like manner by the negroes of Brazil." In the East, hemp
by the
The
nobility.
expressed from the seed
oil
^^
of the fasts in the
of
Galen
grown largely for the sake of the churras, or resin, which possesses intoxicating properties.
The Arabs smoke the sun-dried leaf mixed with tobacco in huge pipes, '^ while the Africans
is
smoke the hemp alone. For

Russia and North America.
Mueller, F.
Sel.
Balfour, J. H.
Mueller, F.
*
Sel.
De CandoUe,
'
8S.
Man.
Ph.
88.
purposes and for seed, the plant
1891.
607.
1875.
1891.
Chron. Hht. Ph. 717.
Pickering, C.
'Mueller, F.
Ph.
Bot.
fibre
Sel.
Ph.
A.
Gwg.
88.
1879.
1891.
Bo/. 2:835.
i855-
Ibid.
Ibid.
'
Targioni-Tozzetti Journ. Hort. Soc. Lend. 9: 149.
"Stille, A.
"
Pickering, C.
Soyer, A.
" Loudon,
"Stille, A.
Pantroph. 48.
J.
C.
T.
1879.
1853.
Enc. Agr. 107.
1866.
" Masters, M.
1874.
Treas. Bot. 1:214.
1874.
'^-o.
1855.
is
largely
grown
in
STURTEVANT
Capparis aphylla Roth.
Capparideae.
Northern Africa, Arabia and East

as a potherb, and the fruit
is
formed into a
fruit is
pickle.^
is
caper,
kureel.
Indies.
In India, the bud of this plant is eaten

^
natives, both green and ripe and
consumed by the
largely
Both the
ripe
The African
and unripe
an important
small quantity of
C. horrida Linn.
prepared into a bitter-tasting
described by Barth
species is
characteristic featiores in the vegetation of Africa
berries constituting
fruit,
Its fruit, before ripening, is
pickle, is exported into Hindustan.'

Arabia.''
33
In Sind, the flower-buds are used as a pickle, and the unripe
cooked and eaten.
Banians of
cooked and eaten by the

^
as forming one of the
from the desert to the Niger, the dried

when burned yield no
article of food, while the roots
salt.
caper.
f.
Tropical Asia and Malays.
In the southern Punjab and Sind, the fruit
is
pickled.
caper.
C. spinosa Linn,
Mediterranean regions. East Indies and Orient. This species furnishes buds which
are substituted for the capers of commerce.' It is used as a caper.'' The preserved buds
have received wide distribution as a vegetable. The caper was known to the ancient
Greeks, and the renowned Phryne, at the first period of her residence in Athens, was a
The Greeks
of the
Crimea, according to Pallas,^ eat the sprouts,

which resemble those of asparagus, as well as the bud, shoot, and, in short, every eatable
'"
states that the fruit of the Egyptian caper, or lussef,
part of the shrub. Wilkinson
dealer in capers.*
is
very large, like a small cucvimber, about two and a half inches long and is eaten by the
According to Ruellius," Aristotle and Theophrastus describe the plant as not
Arabs.
cultivated in gardens, but in his time, 1536,
and the Punjab, the
fruit is pickled
and
eaten.
it
was
It is
in the gardens of France.
now
In Sind
cultivated in the south of
Europe
which furnish the capers of commerce. About 1755, capers were
imported into South Carolina by Henry Laurens.'^ They were raised successfully for two
years in Louisiana, before 1854, but the plants afterwards perished by frost."
for the flower -buds,
Lam.
C. tomentosa
This
its
kowangee.
the kowangee of tropical Africa.
is
In famines at Madi, spinach
leaves."
'
'
Drury, H.
Royle,
Useful Pis. Ind. 3.
>
Brandis, D.
<
Forskal
'
Illuslr. Bot.
F.
J.
Fl.
Forest Fl. 14.
Aeg. Arab. 82.
Masters,
M.
T.
Pickering, C.
'
1873.
Himal. 1:73.
1775.
Treai. Bo/. 1:217.
1870.
Unger, F.
1839.
1874.
(C. sodada)
1879.
1859.
Ibid.
'
'
Pallas, P. S.
Wilkinson,
J.
Trav. Russia 2:449.
G.
" Ruellius Nat. Stirp. 561.
"
1803.
Anc. Egypt. 2:2^.
Hist. Mass. Horl. Soc. 29.
1854.
1536
1880.
" Bry, H. M.
" Speke,
J.
H.
1854.
1864.
is
made from
STURTEVANT
134
Linn.
biflora
Capraria
Scrophularineae.
WEST INDIA tea.

Tropical America. Lunan
make an
goat-weed.
smart weed.
Jamaica tea.
says the leaves not only resemble those of tea but

Titford
equally agreeable decoction.
'
says an infusion of them
is
a very good
beverage.
Capsella bursa-pastoris Medic.
Temperate
Europeans in
till
by
the
soil.
One
regions.
Johns
"
cultivation,
'
commonest
of the
it is
"
In China,
it is
has accompanied
wherever they have settled to
DarUngton,* the botanist,
its
collected
intruder from Europe," and
little
culture
is
we
who
lived near Phil-
are disposed to believe
one of the errors which are copied from book to book-
by the poor and largely eaten as food.'
Solanaceae.
Capsicum.
Tropical America.
The
itself
it
a worthless
that the statement of
shepherd's purse.
was formerly used as a potherb. Johnson * says, as improved

used in America as a green vegetable, being largely raised about
says
Philadelphia for sale in the markets."

adelphia, calls it
heart,
of weeds, this plant
and estabhshed
their navigations
all
mother's
Cruciferae.
Ancient Sanscrit or Chinese names for the genus are not known.
on record
'
by Peter Martyr in his epistle dated Sept. 1493,

"
when he says Columbus brought home with him pepper more pungent than that from
"
There are innumerable Kyndes of
Caucasus." In his Decades of the Ocean he says:
Ages, the varietie whereof, is known by theyr leaves and flowers. One kind of these,
mention that
first
is
is
Another named guaraguei

is of violet
colour without and white within. Squi are whyte within and without.
Tunna is altogether of violet colours. Hobos is yelowe both of skynne and inner substance.
guanagtmx, this
is called
There
is
an other named
is
white both within and without.
atibunicix, the
Aniguamar hath
stance white.
his
skynne of
this is of violet coloiu-e
also of violet coloure
skynne
Guaccaracca hath a white skynne and the substance of violet

other,
and
coloiu".
This variability indicates
which are not yet brought to us."
is
and the subwhite within.
There are many

an antiquity of
cultivation.
Veytia
says the Ohnecs raised chilis before the time of
the Toltecs.
Sahagun
mentions capsium more frequently than any other herb among the edible dishes of
Acosta '" says it is the principal sauce and the only spice of the Indians.
"
Bancroft
says it was eaten by the Nahuathan natives both green and dry, whole and
the Aztecs.
'
Lunan,
Titford,
J.
Horl.
W.
'
Johnson, C. P.
DarUngton,
Smith, F. P.
'
Irving,
>
W.
1814.
Treoi. Bo;. 1:218.
'Johns, C. A.
*
Jam. 2:217.
Hort. Bot. Amer. yg.
J.
Useful
W.
Weeds,
Ph.
181
Gt. Brit. 49.
Useful Pis. 50.
Contrib. Mat.
Med. China
Columbus y. ^25.
1.
1870.
1862.
i860.
196.
Bancroft, H. H.
Native Races
2:2,^:!,.
1882.
Bancroft, H. H.
Native Races 2:175.
1882.
Bancroft, H. H.
Native Races 2:355.
1882.
" Ibid.
1871.
1849.
Note.
STURTEVANT
Garcilasso de la
ground.
variety was
Vega
'
speaks of
it
as an ancient vegetable in Peru,
The
especially valued by royalty.
1 35
earliest reference to this
and one
genus seems to
be by Chanca,^ physician to the fleet of Columbus, in his second voyage, and occurs in
a letter written in 1494 to the Chapter of Seville. Capsicum and its uses are more
particularly described by Oviedo,' who reached tropical America from Spain in 15 14.
Hans
of
two
Stade,* about 1550, mentions the capsicum of the continent of America as being
"
kinds:
The one yellow, the other red, both, however, grow in like manner. When
haws that grow on hawthorns.
a small shrub, about half

it is fiill of peppers which bum the mouth."
Lignon
"
in his History of the Barbadoes, 1647 to 1653, describes two sorts in Barbados:
The one
so like a child's corall, as not to be discerned at the distance of two paces, a crimson and
it is
green
as large as the
It is
a fathom high and has small leaves;
about three inches long and shines more than the best poUisht
same coloiir and glistening as much but shaped like a large
scarlet mixt; the fruit

corall.
The
other, of the
button of a cloak; both of one and the same quality; both violently strong and growing
on a little shrub no bigger than a gooseberry bush." Long^ says there are about 15
capsicum in Jamaica, which are found in most parts of the island. Those
which are most commonly noticed are the Bell, Goat, Bonnett, Bird, Olive, Hen, Barbary,
Finger and Cherry. Of these the Bell is esteemed most proper for pickling. Wafer,'
varieties of
"
1699, speaking of the Isthmus, says:
They have two
sorts of pepper, the
Bell-pepper, the other Bird-pepper, each sort growing on a
The Bird-pepper has the
weed or shrubby bush about
most esteemed by the Indians."

'
Garcilasso de la Vega in his Royal Commentaries, 1609, says the most common pepper
Peru is thick, somewhat long, and without a point. This is called rocot uchu, or thick
a yard high.
in
and
one called
pepper, to distingioish
it
smaller leaf
from the next kind.
They
is
eat
it
green and before
it
assumes
There are others yellow and others brown, though in Spain

only the red kind has been seen. There is another kind the length of a geme, a little more
or less, and the thickness of the little finger. These were considered a nobler kind and
its ripe color,
which
red.
is
Another kind of pepper is small and round,

uchu and it bears far more than
were reserved for the use of the royal family.

exactly like
the others.
Molina
'
in Chili,
a cherry with
It is
says
grown
They
in small quantities
and
for that reason is the
others the annual pimento which
and the pimento with a subligenous
by
call it chinchi
species of the pimento, called
many
among
its stalk.
stalk."
by the Indians
is
more highly esteemed.

"
thapi,
are cultivated
there perennial, the berry pimento,
Capsicums were eaten in large quantities

and the natives of Guiana now eat the
the ancient inhabitants of tropical America,
fruit in
such abundance as would not be credited by an European unless he were to see
In Sonora and
it.
'
'
New
Mexico, at the present time, they are imiversally grown, and
Hak. Soc. Ed. 2:365.

Vega Hoy. Comment.
1879.
Fliickiger and Hanbury Pharm. 406.
1871.
Ibid.
*
'
Captiv.
Hans
Stade.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 166.
1 774.
Long Hist. Jam. 3 72 1
Wafer Voy. Isthmus Amer. 100.
:
'Vega Roy. Comment.

Molina
Hist. Chili
1874.
1699.

:95.
1808.
1871.
.136
the pods while green are eaten with various substances, under the
while the dishes prepared with the red pods are called chille color om}
name
of chille verde,
Capsicum was brought to Spain by Columbus^ in 1493. It is mentioned in England

in 1548 and was seen by Clusius* in Moravia in 1585. Clusius asserts that the plant
was brought to India by the Portuguese. Gerarde * says these plants are brought from
foreign countries, as Guinea, India
and those
parts, into Spain
and
Italy,
whence we have
There are many peppers, some of which
received seed for ojir English gardens.
it is
more
convenient to describe as species

C.
annuum
cayenne pepper,
Linn,
Booth
Tropical regions.
Spaniards and that
was cultivated
it
guinea pepper,
chillies,
England in 1548.
in
The
being yellow, others red and. others black.

or short, round or cherry-shaped.
The
Booth
Tropical regions.
Indies
and has been grown
some
warm
now very
largely cul-
It is cultivated in India,'
coiuitries.
birds-eye pepper.
bird pepper,
*
fruits are variable,
In lower Hungary, the variety
in America, and, indeed, almost everywhere in
baccatum Linn,
red pepper.
pods, according to Loudon,' are long
tivated for commercial purposes, has a spherical, scarlet fruit.
C.
pimento,
says this species was introduced into Europe by the
'
says this species
is
indigenous to both the East
since 1731.
in
The pods
and West
are erect, roundish, egg-
England
was probably early introduced into India as shown by the
It is used like other red peppers by the Mexicans who call it
It
shaped, very pungent.

belief that it is native.
chipatane.^
cherry pepper.
C. cerasiforme Mill,
Its
Tropics.
stem
is
12 to 15 inches high; fniit erect, of a deep, rich, glossy scarlet
when
ripe; of intense piquancy.
pods,
and there
variety occurs with larger,
more
conical
and pendent
also a variety with yellow fruit.'"
is
C. frutescens Linn.
chili pepper,
age.
goat pepper,
spur pepper.
This plant is considered by some botanists as a native of India,

as it has constantly been found in a wild state in the Eastern Islands, but Rimiphius "
argues its American origin from its being so constantly called Chile. It is the aji or uchu
Tropical America.
seen by Cieza de Leon
'^
in 1532-50, during his travels in
This pepper
condiment with the Peruvian Indians.

>
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 425.
Irving,
W.
Gerarde,
1848.
'Booth,
W.B.
Loudon,
'
J.
Treas. Bot. 1:219.
C.
Hort. 607.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Booth,
W.
Torrey,
"Burr, F.
" Ainslie,
B.
i860.
Card. Ind. 153.
W.
Mat. Ind.
306.
1874.
1870.
U. S. Mex. Bound.
" Markham, C. R.
2nd Ed.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 1:219.
Bot.
J.
1879.
1633 or 1636.
Herb. 365.
J.
Sitrv.
152.
1859.
(C. microphyllum)
1863.
1
826.
Trav. Cieza de Leon 1532-50.
is
a favorite
cultivated in every part of India,
1870.
Co/wm. 1:238.
Fluckiger and Hanbiiry Pharm. 406.

*
is
Peru and even now
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 232.
1864.
Note.
STURTEVANT
in
two
varieties, the red
and the
yellow,^
and
in Cochin China.^
37
In Ceylon there are three
a yellow and a black.' It has been in English gardens since 1656. Its
obtuse
long,
pods are very pungent and in their green and ripe state are used for pickling,
for making Chile vinegar; the ripe berries are used for making cayenne pepper.
Burr'
varieties, a red,
describes the fruit as quite small, cone-shaped, coral-red
but says
C.
minimum Roxb.
This
pepper
coast of Guinea
It is intensely
and
said to be the cayenne pepper of India.^'

is
not preferred.
It
"
Wight
grows
also
'
says
on the
recognized as a source of capsicum by the British Pharmacopoeia.'
is
pungent.
bonnet pepper,
C. tetragonum Mill,
lunan pepper,
paprika.
Turkish pepper.
'
by Booth to be the bonnet pepper of Jamaica.
and have a depressed form like a Scotch bonnet. In lower
This species
Tropical regions.
The
is
eaten by the natives of India but
is
and intensely acrid
cayenne pepper.
Phihppine Islands.
this
ripe,
not succeed in open culture in the north.
will
it
when
fruits are
is
said
very fleshy
the name paprika, the cultivation gives employment to some 2500 families.
under
Hungary,
The fruit is red, some three and a half to five inches long, and three-quarters of an inch
to an inch in diameter.
McMahon, 1806,*' says capsicums are in much estimation for culinary purposes and
mentions the Large Heart-shaped as the best. He names also the Cherry, Bell and Long
In 1826,
Podded.
Thorbum"
offers in his catalog five varieties, the
Long
or Cayenne,
the Tomato-shaped or Squash, the Bell or Ox-heart, the Cherry and the Bird or West
In 1881 he offers ten varieties.
Indian.
In the varieties
Groups of Capsicum.
under present cultivation, we have
of several of the groups
and
distinct characters in the calyx
in the fruit being pendulous or erect.
that the pendulous varieties have a pendulous bloom as well as
have
Some heavy
erect bloom.
Another
have a
fruits are erect, while
like calyx,
W.
'
Ainslie,
'
Ibid.
'
Moon
Burr, F.
'
Drury, H.
is
more apparent than
Mat. Ind. 1:^06.
real
and comes from a suppression or
a similar type.
1826.
Indig. Exol. Pis. Ceylon 1824.

Field, Card.
Hanbury Pharm.
Firminger, T. A. C.
S. Disp. 207.
Booth,
W.
1863.
Veg. 619.
Useful Pis. Ind. iii.
Fluckiger and
'
erect varieties
light fruits are pendulous.
like color.
tion of growth, all really being of
">
and the
While again there may seem at first to be considerable

even on the same plant, yet a more careful examination shows
and a
that this variability
'U.
fruit,
worthy of note
distinct character is the flavor of the fruit, as for instance all the sweet peppers
variability in the fruits
'
some
It is
B.
McMahon, B.
" Thorbum Cat.
1879.
Card. Ind. 153.
1874.
1865.
{C.
fasUgatum)
Treas. Bot. 1:219.
Amer. Card.
1828.
1873.
406.
1870.
Cal. 31^.
1806.
{C. fastigiatum)
distor-
138
is
This history of the botany of the groups can best be seen by the synonymy, which
founded upon figures given with the descriptions.
I.
The Calyx Embracing The
Fruit.
(a) Fruits pendulous.
This form seems to have been the
pungency and
is
first
introduced and presents fruits of extreme
undoubtedly that described as brought to Evu-ope by Coliunbus. It

and recurved fruit and the fruit when ripe is often much
presents varieties with straight
contorted and wrinkled.
DC. from Fingerhuth.
Capsicum longum.
Langer Indianischer
Siliquastrum terttum.
Fuch.
Siliquastrum minus.
1.
c.
pfefler.
Fuch. 733.
1542.
732.
Indianischer pfeffer. Saliquastrum.

Roeszl. 214.
1550.
Indianischer pfeffer. Trag. 928.
1552.
Piper indicum. Cam.
07. 347.
1586.
Capsicum oblongius Dodonaei. Dalechamp 632. 1587.
Piper indicum minus recurvis siliquis. Hort. Eyst. 1613,1713.
Piper iffdicum
Capsicum
maximum
longum.
recurvis siliquis.
sive
Piper Calecuticum,
Dod.
Capsicum
Siliquastrum, Ind. pfeffer.
Hort. Eyst.
161 6.
716.
Bauh.
oblongius.
Pancov.
1613,1713.
n. 296.
J.
2:943.
1650.
1673.
Chabr. 297. 1677.

Piment de Cayenne. Vilm. 151. 1885.
Long Red Cayenne. Ferry.
Mexican Indian, four varieties, one of the exact variety of Fuch.
Piper Capsicum.
Siliquastrum ma jus. Fuch. 732.

Long Yellow Cayenne. Hend.
Capsicum longum luteum.
1542.
1542.
Fingerhuth.
(b) Fruits erect.
Capsicum annuum acuminatum.

Piper ind.
minimum
Piper ind. medium
Fingerhuth.
Hort. Eyst.
1613,1713.
longum erectum. Hort. Eyst. 1613,1713.
erectum.
Piper longum minus siliquis recurvis. Jonston Dendrog.

Pigment du Chili. Vilm. 410. 1883.
Vilm. 151.
Chili pepper.
Red
Cluster.
56.
1662.
1885.
Vilm.
Yellow Chili.
Hend.
II.
Calyx Pateriform, not Covering the Flattened Base of the Fruit.

(a) Fruits long, tapering, pendent.
Piper indicum
sive siliquastrum.
actuarii.
Pin. 12.
1561.
Lob. O65. 172, 1576; /cow. 1:316.
Capsicum
Capsicum majus. Dalechamp 632. 1587.
Capsicum longioribus siliquis. Ger. 292. 1597.
Piper indicum. Matth. Op. 434. 1598.
Capsicum oblongiqribus siliquis. Dod. 716. 1616.
Pepe
d'India.
Dtu". C. 344.
1617.
1591.
STURTEVANT
Figures 13 and
Piso
14.
De
Ind. 226.
or Guinea.
39
1658.
Guinea pepper or garden coral. Pomet 125. 1748.

Piper indicum bicolor. Blackw. Herb. n. 129, f. 2.
Piment rouge long. Vilm. 409. 1883.
Long Red capsicum
Vilm. 150.
1754.
1885.
(b) Fruits short, rounding, pendent.
Siliquastrum quartutn. Fuch. 734.

1542.
Siliquasirum cordatum. Cam. Epit. 348.
1586.
Fig. 2
and
6.
Piso 225.
Piper cordatum.
Capsicum cordiforme.
Mill.
1662.
56.
Fingerhuth.
Thorb.
Oxheart.
New
1658.
Jonston Dendrog.
Thorb.
Oxheart.
III.
Calyx Funnel-form, not Embracing Base of Fruit.

(a)
Fruit pendent, long.
Hort Eyst
Piper indicum medium
1613, 1713.
Hort.
Piper siliquis flavis.
Eyst.
1613,1713.
Piper indicum aureum latum. Hort. Eyst. 1613,1713.
Nova Hisp. i7,-j. 1651.
Fig. in Hernandez.
Piper indicum longioribus siliquis rubi. Sweert. t. 35, f.
.
Jonston
Piper vulgatissime.
t.
Piper ohlongum recurvis siliquis. Jonston t. 56. 1662.

Capsicum fructu conico albicante, per maturitaken minato.
Piment jaune long. Vilm. 409. 1883.
Long Yellow Capsicum.
1654.
3.
1662.
56.
Vilm. 151.
Dill,
t."
60.
1774.
1885.
(b) Fruits pendent, round.
Siliquastrum rotundum.
Cam.
Epit. 348.
Piper rotundum majus surrectum.
1586.
Jonston
t.
56.
1662.
1658.
Figure 5. Piso 225.
Cherry Red, of some seedsmen.
(c)
Fruits
erect,
Piper minimum
round.
siliquis rotundis.
Hort. Eyst.
Capsicum cersasiforme. Fingerhuth.

Piment cerise. Vilm. 411. -1883.
1863; Vilm.
Cherry Pepper. Burr 621.
152.
1613,1713.
1885.
IV.
Calyx Funnel-form, as Large as Base; Fruit More or Less Irregularly Swollen,

NOT Pointed, Pendent.
Capsicum luteum.
Lam.
Fingeiliuth.
t. 8.
Prince of Wales, of some seedsmen (yellow).

Dalechamp 632.
(Perhaps) Capsicum latum Dodanaei.
Capsicum
Capsicum
latis siliquis.
siliquis latiore
Piper capsicum
Dod. 717. 1616.

and rotundiore. Bauh.
siliqui laliori et rotundiore.
J.
1587.
2:943.
Chabr. 297.
1651.
1677.
STURTEVANT
140

V.
Calyx Set
in
Concavity of Fruit.
This character perhaps results only from the swollen condition of the fruit as produced by selection and culture. As, however, it appears constant in our seedsmen's varieties, it may answer our purpose here.
(a)
much
Fruit very
flattened.
1613, 1713.
Piper indicum rotundum maximum. Hort. Eyst.
Solanum mordeus, etc., Bonnet Pepper. Pluk. Phyt. t. 227, p. i.
Capsicum tetragonum. Fingerhuth t. 10.

Piment tomato. Vilm. 413. 1886.
Red Tomato capsicum or American bonnet.
(b) Fruit, squarish, angular, very
Vilm. 154.
much
1691.
1885.
swollen, large.
This group includes the Bell, Sweet Mountain, Monstrous, and Spanish Mammoth of
Vilmorin; the Giant Emperor, Golden Dawn, etc. of American seedsmen. The varieties
seem referable to Capsicum annuum rugulosum Fing., C. grossum pomiforme

and
C.
Fing.
angulosum Fing. but these have not yet been su.Ticiently studied.
Group V embraces the sweet peppers and none other. A sweet kind is noted by
Acosta,' 1604, and it is perhaps the rocot uchu of Peru, as mentioned by Garcilasso de la
of this class
Vega.2
Sweet peppers are also referred to by
Occasionally Capsicum baccatum Linn,

general use in the North.
Its
Piso,* 1648.
grown, but the species
siliquis.
Lob. Ofo. 172.
Piso
De
Ind. 225.
The
Baluchistan.
Chabr. 297.
1677.
4.
Briggs Seed Cat. 1874.
Stocks.
Caragana ambigua
1591.
1673.
1658.
Peperis capsicivarietas, siliqua parva, etc.

Capsicum baccatum Linn. Fingerhuth t.
Small Red Cayenne.
too southern for
1576; /com. 1:317.
Capsicum brasilianum. Dalechamp 633. 1587; Pancov. n. 297.

Capsicum minimis siliquis. Ger. 292. 1597; Dod. 717. 1616.
Fig. 8.
is
follows:
synonymy
Capsicum, Piper indicum brevioribus
is
Leguminosae.
flowers are eaten
by the Brahmans
in Baluchistan,
where
it
is
called shinalak.*
C. arborescens
Siberia.
Lam.
The
Siberian pea tree.
seeds are of cuUnary value but are used particularly for feeding
poultry.*
Cardamine amara Linn.

Europe and northern
'
Cruciferae.
Asia.
Lightfoot
'Vega Roy. Comment. Hakl.

'
Piso Hist. Rerum Nat. Bras.
Brandis, D.
Mueller, P.
Lightfcwt, J.
1604.
108.
1648.
1876.
1891.
Fl. Scot. 1:350.
1789.
says the young leaves are acrid and bitter
Grimestone Ed.
Soc. Ed. 2:365.
Forest Ft. 134.

Set. Pis. go.
bitter cress.
1871.
STURTEVANT
but do not taste amiss in
salads.
Wood,
says the leaves are often employed
pungent and
people in salads, their caste, although

C. diphylla
Johnson
I4I
bitter, is
by cotmtry
not unpleasant.
pepper-root.
The
North America.
long, crisp rootstocks taste like water cress.*
are of a pungent, mustard-like taste and are used
DC. scurvy grass.

Cook
found this scurvy plant
Capt.
places and used it as an antiscorbutic.
by the
Pursh says they
natives as mustard.
C. glacialis
hairy cress,
C. hirsuta Linn,
Fuego;
Lightfoot
Ross
regions.
'
damp
scurvy grass.
lamb's cress,
Temperate and subtropical

it is edible.
in plenty about the Strait of Magellan in
calls this the
scurvy grass of Tierra del
says the yotmg leaves, in Scotland,
make a good
salad,
Johns* says the leaves and flowers form an agreeable salad. In the United
*
and Dewey ' both say the common bitter cress is used as a salad.
and
States,
Elliott
C. nasturtioides Bert.
Chile.
The
plant
eaten as a cress.*
is
cuckoo flower,
C. pratensis Linn,
lady's smock.
Mayflower,
meadow
cress.
Temperate zone. This is an insignificant and nearly worthless salad plant, native
to the whole of Europe, northern Asia and Arctic America, extending to Vermont and
has a piquant savor and is used as water cress. It is recorded as cultivated in the vegetable garden in France by Noisette,^ 1829, and by Vilmorin,'" 1883, yet,
as Decaisne and Naudin " remark, but rarely. There is no record of its cultivation in
Wisconsin.
It
England, but in America
it is
described by Burr
and as having become naturalized

vation.
^"
in four varieties, differing in the flowers,
to a limited extent, a fact which implies a certain culti-
Its seed is not offered in our catalogs.
round-leaved cuckoo flowers,
C. rotundifolia Michx.
Northern America.
The
"
leaves, says Gray,'*
have
water-cress.
just the taste of the English
water-cress."
C. sarmentosa Forst.
f.
Johnson, C. P.
Man.
Gray, A.
*
<
Bot. 65.
1868.
is
Fl. Scot. i:3A9-
Johns, C. A.
Treas. Bot. 1:221.
1862.
17891
870.
Bot. So. Car., Ga. 2:144.
1824.
Dewey, C.
Unger, F.
Noisette
Man.
Jard. 356.
1859.
1883.
" Decaisne and Naudin Man. Jard. 4:227.

"Burr, F.
Field, Card. Veg. 2,44-
"Gray, A. Man. Bot. (A.

"Seemann, B. Fl. Viti. 5.
{.
1863.
1868.
1865-73.
pennsylvanicum)
1840.
1829.
Pi5. Potog. 198.
New
1847.
Lightfoot, J.
" Vilmorin Li
eaten as a cress in
{Dentaria diphylla)
Ross Voy. Antarct. Reg. 2:300.
Elliott, S.
'
This plant
1866.
(C. pensylvanica)
Caledonia."
STURTEVANT
142
Cardiopteris lobata Wall.
East Indies.
Olacineae.
has oleraceous leaves, edible but almost
It
Cardiospennum halicacabum Linn.
Sapindaceae.
insipid.'
balloon vine,
heart pea.
winter
CHERRY.
This climbing vine, ornamental on account of
Tropics.
by Pickering
'
In Burma, according to Mason,*
Africa,
it
In the Moluccas, as Drury
a vegetable.
common and
is
it is
grown
'
into spinach
to occur in all
in great quantities as
states, the leaves are cooked.
made
the leaves are
observed.
inflated pods, is said
North America and by Black
to be native of subtropical
tropical countries.
its
In equatorial
by the natives as Grant
Careya arborea Roxb.
slow-match tree.
Myrtaceae.
The
East India.
fruit is eaten.'
Carica citriformis Jacq.
f.
Passifloreae.
This plant bears a
African Tropics.
fruit
the size of an orange, eatable but insipid.*
C. microcarpa Jacq.
South America.
The
plant bears fruit the size of a cherry.'
melon tree, papaya, papaw.

American tropics. The papaw tree is indigenous
C. papaya Linn,
in Brazil, Surinam and the West

and from these places has been taken to the Congo. Its transfer to the East Indies
may have occurred soon after the discovery of America, for, as early as 1626, seeds were
brought from the East Indies to Nepal. Its further distribution to China, Japan and the
Indies
Linschoten " says, it

came from the East Indies to the Philippines and was taken thence to Goa. In east
islands of the Pacific
Florida,
it
grows
Ocean took place only
well.
Of the
in the last century.^"
Wm.
fruit,
S.
Allen of Florida, writes that
as large as a melon, yet the best varieties for eating
The
no larger than a very large pear.

for
making tough meat
tender.
the leaves or the green fruit of
In a few minutes, the meat will
The
fruit is
H.
Hist. Pis. 5:207.
'
Black, A. A.
Treas. Bot. 1:222.
Pickering, C.
'Lindley,
1879.
1873.
Chron. Hist. Pis. z^y.

7eg. Xiwg. 755.
1879.
1870.
J.
1879.
1846.
Don, G.
1834.
Don, G.
1834.
" Unger,
F.
" Nuttall, T.
Academy
{C. rumphii)
1878.
Pickering, C.
are
made
by putting a few of
the pawpaw tree into the pot with the meat and boiling.
cleave from the bones and be as tender as one could wish.
Pickering, C.
'Drury, H.
often
it
used extensively in south Florida and Cuba
toughest meat
Dr. Morris read before the Maryland
iBaillon,
is
those having the best flavor
1859.
No. Amer. Sylva 2:115, "fi-
1865.
is
tender
of Science a paper
by Mr. Lugger
in
STURTEVANT
which the
fruit is said to attain a
weight of 15 pounds,
melons are with longitudinally-colored stripes. The

The ripe fruit is eaten with sugar or salt and pepper.
flavored
up
and used as a
'
Brandis
in them, fender.
The
spice.
impregnated with the rnilky
melon-shaped, and marked as
is
be
may
fruit
The
by suspending the joint under the
says, the Chinese are acquainted with this property
pickled.
making meat wrapped
meat becomes tender by washing
also says,
and
sliced
seeds are egg-shaped, strong-
leaves have the property of
juice, or
I43
and make use
of
it
it
tree.
with water
Williams
sometimes to soften
the flesh of ancient hens and cocks by hanging the newly-killed birds in the tree, or
feeding
them upon the
on the mountains
says,
full
is
eaten and
is
by
Hemdon '
common muskmelon,
with a
very sweet and of a delicate
flavor.
says the maniao, a species of Carica in Brazil, furnishes a large and savory fruit
Brandis*
of seeds.
tuiripe fruit
calls
the ripe fruit in India sweet and pleasant, and says the
eaten as a vegetable and preserved.
is
natives of Fiji,
The
also eat the leaves.
of Peru, the fruit is of the size of
green skin and yellow pulp, which
Hartt
The Chinese
beforehand.
fruit
and Gray
'
says the fruit
tree bears in a year or 18
Wilkes
says,
it is
prized
by the
a favorite esculent of the Sandwich Islanders.
is
months from seed and
is
cultivated in tropical climates.
C. posopora Linn.
Peru and Chile.
This species bears yellow, pear-shaped, edible
fruit.'
DC. Apocynaceae. amatungula. caraunda. natal plum.

The flavor is subacid and agreeable and the fruit is much prized
Carissa grandiflora, A.
South
Africa.
in
Natal for preserving.'

Carlina acanthifolia All.
acanthus-leaved thistle.
Compositae.
The
receptacle of the flowers
may
be used
like that of
an
artichoke.
carline thistle.
C. vulgaris Linn,
The
Europe and northern Asia.
Family unknown.
Carlotea fonnosissimum Arruda.
The tuberous
Pernambuco.
receptacles of the flowers are used like an artichoke.
root,
abounding with
soft
and nutritive
afforded assistance to the people in parts of Brazil, in times of drought.'"
C. speciosa Arruda.
Pernambuco.
'
Brandis, D.
'
Williams, S.
'
The tuberous
Forest Fl. 245.
1874.
W. Mid. King.
Hemdon, W. L., and Gibbon,
Uartt Ceog. Braz. 217.
Brandis, D.
Wilkes, C.
roots have found use in Brazil.
1:28^.
L.
1848.
Explor. Vail.
Forest Fl. 2^5.
Jackson,
J.
R.
1854.
1876.
U. S. Explor. Exped. 3:33^.
'Gray, A. Bot. U. 5. Explor. Exped. 640.

"Koster
Amaz. 1:87.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 2:1263.
Trav. Braz. 2:368.
181 7.
1876.
1845.
1854.
(Arduina grandiflora)
fecula,
has
STURTEVANT
144
Carpodinus acida Sabine. Apocynaceae.

A climbing shrub of Sierra Leone. The
which prevents
bitterness,
Sierra Leone.
When
many
The
has a sharp, acid
taste,
with some
much
liked
by the natives.'
it is,
however,
little
and appearance resembling a
fruit is yellow externally, in size
broken or cut
large seeds are found,
Carthamus
fruit
being agreeable;
sweet pishamin.
C. dulcis Sabine,
lime.
its
it
tinctorius Linn.
a quantity of sweet, milky

agreeable and sweet.'
yields
is also
false saffron,
Compositae.
The
juice.
pulp, in which
safflower.
Old World; extensively cultivated in India, China and other parts of Asia; also in
Egypt, southern Europe and in South America. Under the name of safflower, the
flowers are used largely for dyeing.
The
the Levant to color foods.
'
Phillips
says the flowers are used in Spain and in
from the seeds
oil
in India is
used for lamps and for
culi-
nary purposes, says Drury.^ In South America, as well as in Jamaica, as Ainslie writes,
much used for coloring broths and ragouts. They were so used in England
*
the flowers are
In American seed catalogs, the seed
in the time of Parkinson.*
offered
is
under the name
of saffron but the true saffron is the product of a crocus.
Canun bulbocastanum Koch. Umbelliferae. pignut.

Europe and Asia. The tuberous roots serve as a
as a condiment.'
Lightfoot
p^rts of England they are boiled in broth
are eaten
by
culinary vegetable
and the
frviit
says the roots are bulbous and taste like a chestnut; in some
and served at the
table.*
Pallas says the roots
the Tartars.
C. capense Sond.
South Africa.
The. edible, aromatic root
kummel.
caraway,
C. carvi Linn,
Europe, Orient and northern Asia.
and mentioned by Galen.

Caria, and that it is used
is called feukel-wortel.
This biennial plant
Pliny states that
The
Morocco and elsewhere.
North Holland and Morocco."
lation.
In England, the seed
name from its native coimtry,

Caraway is now cultivated largely
1824.
1824.
Drury, H.
'
'
"
"
W.
Camp. Kitch. Card. 2:202. 1831.

Useful Ph. Ind. 116.
1873.
Mat. Ind. 2: 36^.
1826.
Parkinson âr. Terr. 329.
1904.
Mueller, F.
1891.
Sel. Pis. g^.
Lightfoot, J.
Fl. Scot. 1:156.
Pallas, P. S.
Trav. Russia 2:189.
(Reprint of 1629.)
1789.
{Bunium bulbocastanum)
1803.
Babington Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 11:310.

Fluckiger and
Hanbury Pharm.
it is
apparently wild,"
Germany,
and distil-
used by cottagers to mix with their bread, and caraway-
H.
where
seeds are used in confectionery
Sabine, J.
'Ainslie,
'
The
Sabine, J.
Phillips,
by Dioscorides
seeds are exported from Finland, Russia,
Prussia,
is
described
derives its
it
chiefly in the culinary art.
for its seed in England, particularly in Essex, in Iceland
in
is
273.
1879.
(Bunium bulbocastanum)
1871.
STURTEVANT
seed bread
often be found in restaurants in the United States.
may
Holstein and Holland, they are added to a skim-milk cheese called

roots are edible
Kummel
In Schleswigcheese.
The
and were considered by Parkinson to be superior to parsnips and are

The young leaves form a good salad and the larger ones
'
eaten in northern Europe.
still
be
may
boilecf
and the
soups
and eaten as a
The
and
spinach.^
Lightfoot
by some esteemed a
roots are
gardens in 1806
is still
'
says the young leaves are good in
delicate food.
It
was cultivated
in
American
to be found.
by O. Heer
seeds of caraway were found
in the debris of the lake habitations
of Switzerland, which establishes the antiquity of the plant in Europe.

it
I45
more probable that the Careum
of Pliny
is
this plant, as also its use
This fact renders
by Apicius
'
would
mentioned as cultivated in Morocco by Edrisi in the twelfth century.

In the Arab writings, quoted by Ibn Baytar, a Mauro-Spaniard of the thirteenth century,
indicate.
it is
It is
likewise
named; and Fleuckiger and Hanbury think the use
at about this period.
Caraway
is
of this spice
commenced
not noticed by St. Isidore, Archbishop of Seville in

dill, coriander, anise, and parsley; nor is it named
the seventh century, although he notices
by
St.
Hildegard in Germany in the twelfth century.
But, on the other hand, two
German
medicine books of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries use the word cumich, which
is still
the popular name in southern Germany. In the same period the seeds appear to have
been used by the Welsh physicians of Myddvai, and caraway was certainly in use in England at the close of the fourteenth century and is named in Turner's Ltbellus, 1538, as
also in
The Forme of Cury, 1390.
&
C. coptictun Benth.
Hook.
f.
Europe, north Africa and northern Asia. This small plant is very much cultivated
during the cold season in Bengal, where it is called ajowan, ajonan or javanee. The seeds
have an aromatic smell and warm pungent taste and are used in India for culinary purThe
poses as spices with betel nuts and paw leaves and as a carminative medicine.'
seeds are said to have the flavor of thyme.
C. ferulaefolium Boiss.
This plant
Its whitish
and
bitterish roots are said
In Cyprus, these roots are
is
a perennial herb with small, edible tubers.

Dioscorides to be eaten both raw and cooked.
by
cooked and eaten.
still
edible-rooted caraway.
C. gairdneri A. Gray,
The root is a prominent article of food among the CaliThe Nez Perc6 Indians collect the tuberous roots and boil them like
Western North America

fornia Indians.'
'Parkinson Par. Terr. 515.

Johnson, C. P.
'Lightfoot,;.
Fl. Scot.
Card. Chron. 1068.
Pliny
lib. 19, c.
Apicius
'
1904.
(Reprint of 1629.)
i:i6g.
ii;,.
1862.
1789.
1866.
49.
lib. I, c.
30;
2, c. 4; 8, c. 2.
Dutt, U. C.
Mueller, F.
Sel. Pis. 93.
Brewer and Watson
1877.
1891.
Bot. Cal. 1 1259.
1880.
146
are the size of a man's finger, of a very agreeable taste, with a cream-
They
potatoes.
like flavor.*
C. kelloggil A. Gray.
The
California.
root
C. petroselinum Benth.
Old World.
&
Hook.
is
Parsley
used by the Indians of California as a food.*
is
parsley.
f.
cultivated everywhere in gardens, for use as a seasoning
Eaten with any dish strongly seasoned with onions,
as a garnish.
it
and
takes off the smell
and prevents the after taste. It excels other herbs for communicating flavor to
soups and stews. Among the Greeks and Romans, parsley formed part of the festive
garlands, and Pliny states that in his time there was not a salad or a sauce presented at
of onion
table without
fumes
of
The
it.
ancients supposed that its grateful smell absorbed the inebriating
wine and by that means prevented intoxication.
Parsley seems to be the apium

the
selinon
of
Romans,
Theophrastus,' who, 322 B. C, describes two varie-
of the ancient
one with crowded, dense leaves, the other with more open and broader leafage.
Colimiella,^ 42 A. D., speaks of the broad-leaved and curled sorts and gives directions for
ties;
the culture of each; and Pliny,* 79 A. D., mentions the cultivated form as having varieties
with a thick leaf and a crisp leaf, evidently copying from Theophrastus. He adds, how-
from
ever, apparently
his
own
observation, that
find use in large quantities in broths
In Achaea,
it is
and give a
apium
is
in general esteem, for the sprays
peculiar palatability to condimental foods.
Nemean games.
among the commonest
used, so he says, for the victor's crown in the
little later,
Galen,* 164 A. D., praises parsley as
of foods,
sweet and grateful to the stomach, and says that some eat it with smyrnium mixed with
the leaves of lettuce. Palladius,' about 210 A. D., mentions the method of procuring the
common and says that old seed germinates more freely than fresh
a
(This
peculiarity of parsley seed at present and is directly the opposite to that
of celery seed.)
Apicius,* 230 A. D., a writer on cookery, makes use of the apium viride
curled form from the
seed.
and
is
In the thirteenth century, Albertus Magnus
of the seed.
'
speaks of apium and
petroselinum as being kitchen-garden plants; he speaks of each as being an herb the
first
He says apium has broader and larger leaves

year, a vegetable the second year of growth.
than petroselinum and that petroselinum has leaves like the cicuta; and that the petroselinum
is
more
of a medicine
than a food.
Booth'" states that parsley was introduced into England in 1548 from Sardinia. In
addition to its general use, in Cornwall where it is much esteemed, it is largely used in
Û.
S.
D. A. Rpt. 407.
1870.

'
Theophrastus
Columella
'
Pliny
'
lib. 11, c. 3.
lib. 19, c.
'
">
Palladius
Booth.
37, c. 46; lib. 2C,

lib. 2, 154.
c.
44.
1547.
lib. 5, c. 3.
Apicius Opson.
Albertus
1880.
lib. 7, c. 4.
Galen Aliment,
'
(Endosmia gairdneri)
Cat. 1:259.
1709.
Magnus
W.
B.
Veg.
Jessen Ed. 1867.
Treas. Bot. 1:79.
1870.
STURTEVANT
The
parsley pies.
Parsley
some parts
England and Scotland.
of
is
for our gardens
biun,*
naturalized in
I47
mentioned as seen on the coast of Massachusetts by Verazzano,' about 1524,

undoubtedly an error. Two kinds, the common and curled, are mentioned
is
but this
now
is
plant
88 1, itux
by McMahon,"
1806.
names
Fessenden,' 1828,
and Thor-
three sorts,
sorts.
At the present time we have five forms; the common or plain-leaved, the celeryleaved or Neapolitan, the curled, the fern-leaved and the Hambiarg, or tvimip-rooted.
I.
Plain-Leaved Parsley.
The
plain-leaved form
is
without
says
sort
Don
and
it
it is
common
one of the most
says
it is
Apium
says there
is
was
Lyte Dod. 696.
Ray
parsley.
Mawe
Plane parsley.
many
'
says
it is
the
in 1806.
1598; Pin.
333.
1597; Dod. 694.
1561;
1616.
1586.
McMahon
1686;
448.
Mawe
Germany
and -1570,
prefer the curled kinds; in 1834,
American gardens
1558; 512.
1570; 562.
1587; Lob. Icon. 706.
1591; Ger. 861.
700.
Garden parsley.
in
in
Matthiolus,* 1558
In 1778,
plants of the garden.
It
superseded by the more
no Idtchen-garden
Matth. 362.
hortense.
127.
1806.
1778.
Don 3:279.
Biur. 433.
1863.
Persil commun.
Vilm. 403.
1883.
Common
'
in English gardens but
seldom cultivated.
Dalechamp
Common
now much grown, having been
used by the rich as well as the poor.
it is
most commonly grown

*
not
In 1552, Tragus
ornamental, curled forms.
1834.
plain-leaved.
Plain parsley.
II.
The Celery-Leaved or Neapolitan.

The Celery-leaved,
from common parsley in
as a celery.'
It
maximum
is
the large size of
was introduced
leys with thick stalks

hortense
or Neapolitan,
scarcely
its
leaves
into France
and says the
known
and
outside of Naples.
leaf-stalks
and
^^
by Vilmorin in 1823.
stalks of
some are white.
may
This
may
He
does not mention
Tytler Prog. Disc. No. Coast Amer. 36.
McMahon,
'
Fessenden
*Thorbum
B.
Amer. Card.
New Amer.
Cat.
Mawe
127.
Card. 222.
1828.
1558; 512.
Don, G.
Hisf. Dich. Pis. 3:279.

ôViroWe L'Hort. Franc.
" Bauhin, C.
" Linnaeus
5^.
1833.
1806.
1881.
Tragus Stirp. 459. 1552.

'
Cat.
1823;
Phytopinax 268.
P^
1680.
1570.
Bot.
1778.
(Apium petroselinum)
1834.
1883.
Bon
Jard. 254.
1596.
2nd Ed.
1824-25.
be the Apium
says
it
it is
now
in his Pinax,
Linnaeus'^ considers this to
be Ligusticum peregrinum.
'
be blanched
Pliny mentions pars-
of Bauhin," 1596, as the description applies well.
grown in gardens and was first called English Apium. He

1623, under the same name, but under that of latifolium.
it
It differs
i^S
Persil celeri ou de Naples.
Naples
L'Hort. Franc. 1824.
Burr 434.
or Celery-leaved.
1863.
Vilm. 404.
Persil grand de Naples.
1883.
III.
Curled Parsley.
Of
these, there are
many
varieties, differing
but in degree, such as the Curied, Extra
Moss Curled and Triple Curled. Pena and Lobel,' 1570, mention this form and
say it is very elegant and rare, brought from the mountains the past year and grown in
gardens, the leaves curled on the borders, very graceful and tremulous, with minute incisCurled,
do not exhibit the curled aspect which the

name and description indicate; hence, we make two divisions, the curled and the very
The curled was in American gardens preceding 1806.
curled.
In the synonymy,
ions.
(a)
The
of the figures
many
curled.
Apium crispum sine multifidum. Ger. 861. 1597. cum

Apium crispum. Matth. Op. 562. 1598. cum ic.
ic.
Very curled.
(b)
Apium
crispatum.
Apium.
Cam.
Advers. 315.
Epit. 526.
Bauh.
Petroselinum vulgo, crispum.

Curled.
Apium
Apium
Townsend33.
Bryant
petroselinum.
Dalechamp
1587.
700.
J.
3:pt.
2,
1651.
97.
Mawe 1778; McMahon
1726;
Mill. Diet. 1731,
crispum.
24.
from Mill.
127.
1806. Thorb.
i^TaZ.
1821.
Diet. 1807.
1783.
Fessenden 222.
Curled or Double.
Persil frisS.
1570;
1586.
1828; Bridgeman 1832.

L'Hort. Franc. 1824; Vilm. 404.
1883.
Dwarf curled.
Fessenden 222.
Curled leaved.
Don
3:279.
1828; Burr 432.
1863.
1834.
IV.
Fern-Leaved Parsley.
The Fern-leaved has leaves which are not curled but are divided into a very great
number of small, thread-like segments and is of a very dark green color. It is included
This form seems, however, to be described by Bauhin
in American seed catalogs of 1878.
in his edition of Matthiolus, 1598, as a kind with leaves of the coriander, but -nnth very
many
extending from one branch, lacinate and the stem-leaves unlike the coriander
because long and narrow.
V.
Hamburg or Turnip-Rooted.
Hamburg
parsley
to have been used in
is
grown
for its roots,
which are used as are parsnips.
in 1542,^ or earlier, but its use
Germany
was
It
seems
indicated as of Holland
It did not reach England until long

origin even then in the name used, Dutch parsley.
"
the people in Holland boil
In 1726, Townsend,' a seedsman, had heard that
after.
^
Miller is said to have introduced it in 1727
the roots of it and eat it as a good dish."
'
'
Townsend Seedsman
*
Martyn
33.
Miller Card. Diet.
1570.
1542.
1726.
1807.

and
to have
grown
himself for some years before
it
said to be called
Hamburg parsley and to be

frequent occurrence in the London markets.
Fuch. 573.
Trag. 459.
OreOselinum.
PetrosePkium.
Apium.
Apium
Apium
Dutch
was
in
In 1778,'
it is
In 1783, Bryant mentions

American gardens in 1806.
its
1542.
1552.
Cam.
Epit.
526.
1586.
hortense Fuchsii.
Bauh. J. 3:pt.
Mill. Diet.
latifolium.
1651.
1765.
Mawe 1778.
Broad-leaved.
Mawe 1778.
Hamburg or large rooted. McMahon
parsley.
Thorb. Kal.
Large rooted.
Vilm. 405.
panache (plumed parsley)
C. segentum Benth.
This
Europe.
1806; Burr 433.
1863.
1821.
L'Hort. Franc. 1824.
Persil tub&reux.
Persil a grosse racine.

persil
2, 97.
1737.
Card. Kal. 127.
parsley.
Hamburg
became appreciatea.
it
in esteem.
It
149
is
&
Hook.
1883.
is
mentioned by
Pirolle, in L'Hort.
Franâis, 1824.
f.
an aromatic, annual herb available
for culinary purposes.^
C. sylvestre Baill.
East Indies.
This plant
is
used as a carminative by the natives.'
Carya alba Nutt. Jugla^tdeae. shagbark hickory, shellbark hickory.

North America. In 1773, at an Indian village in the South, Bartram* noticed a
cultivated plantation of the shellbark hickory, the trees thriving
Emerson
says this tree ought to be cultivated for its nuts which
those
left to
differ
exceedingly in different soils
in
nature.
immediate proximity.
and bearing better than
In 1775,
and
situations
Romans
and often on individual
trees growing
speaks of the Florida Indians using hickory
nuts in plenty and making a milky liquor of them, which they called milk of nuts.
He
"
This milk they are very fond of and eat it with sweet potatoes in it." The
now not only furnishes food to a large number of the Indians of the far West
nut
hickory
but is an important article in our markets and is even exported to Britain.
says:
C. microcarpa Nutt.
small-fruited hickory.
Eastern North America.

C. olivaeformis Nutt.
The nuts
are edible but not prized.
pecan.
slender tree of eastern
North America from
Illinois
southward.
The
delicious
pecan is well known in our markets and is exported to Europe. It was eaten by the Indians
and called by them pecaunes. and an oil expressed from it was used by the natives of
'
Mawe
MueUer, F.
Set.
Ph.
94.
'
Royle,
*
J.
P.
Illustr. Bot.
'Emerson, G. B.
Romans
Bot.
1778.
1891.
Himal. 1:229.
i839.
1880.
Trees, Shrubs Mass. 1:217.
1775.
1875.
STURTEVANT
I50
Its use at or near
Louisiana to season their food.*
mentioned in the Portuguese Relation * of

now extensively cultivated in the Southern States
Indians
is
is
broom hickory, pignut.

North America. The pignut is a large tree
variable in form, hard and tough, the kernel
Madrid on the
De
by the
The pecan
Mississippi
Soto's expedition.
for its fruit.
C. porcina Nutt.
are
eaten
by
Eastern United States.
of
The nuts
sweetish or bitterish but occasionally
children.
king nut.
big shellbark.
C. sulcata Nutt.
The nuts
and Kentucky.
Pennsylvania to Illinois
Indians and are considered of fine quality.
This
is
of this tree are eaten
by the
one of the species recommended for
by the American Pomological Society.
culture
mocker nut.
C. tomentosa Nutt.
square nut.
white-heart hickory.
This hickory bears a nut with a very thick and hard shell.
sweet and in some varieties is as large as in the shellbark, but the difficulty
The
kernel
is
makes
of extracting it
it
far less valuable.
variety
is
fotmd with prominent angles,
called square nut.'
Caryocar amygdaliferum Cav.
A
This
is
Ternstroemiaceae.
caryocar.
The
kernel of the nut is edible and has the taste of almonds.*

"
The nuts are fine." '
the almendron of Mariquita.
high tree in Ecuador.
C. amygdalifonne Ruiz
Peru.
The
&
Pav.
tree bears nuts that taste like almonds.'
C. brasiliense St. Hil.
piquia-oil plant.
This species bears an oily, mucilaginous fruit, containing a sort of chestnut

eaten in times of famine.' This is perhaps the Acantacaryx pinguis Arruda, a large tree
that produces most abvmdantly a fruit the size of an orange, of which the pulp is oily,
Brazil.
feculous
is
and nourishing.
It is the delight of the inhabitants of
Ceara and Piauhy and
called piqui.^
C. but3rrosum Willd.
This plant
Guiana.
taste
somewhat
like
is
culfvated for
a Brazil nut.'
its
nuts in Cayenne.
It is called pekea
nishes a timber valuable for shipbuilding.'"
Chron. Hist. Ph.
Pickering, C.
De
Soto Disc, Conq. Fla.
Emerson, G. B.
<Don, G.
'
Don, G.
Hist.
'Burton, R. F.
'Koster, H.
Don, G.
"Smith, A.
Trees, Shrubs
Mass. 1:222.
Hisl. Dichl. Pis. 1:65^.
Humboldt, A.
1879.
y^c).
Trar. 2:368.
1831.
1889.
DicU. Pis. 1:654.
1831.
Explor. Braz. 1:76.
Trar. 5ro2. 2:364.
Treas. Bol. 1:229.
1869.
1817.
1831.
1870.
184 1.
1875.
These are esculent and
by the natives
of Guiana.
It ftu'-
I5I
C. glabnun Pers.
Guiana.
much used
It furnishes edible nuts.'
and
in shipbuilding
It
is
sometimes cultivated, and the trees are
other purposes.
for
The
natives
make much
use of
the nuts.
C. nuciferum Linn,
butternut.
Guiana which produces the souari or butternut

These nuts are shaped something like a kidney flattened upon two
lofty tree of British
markets.
of the English
sides and have

an exceedingly hard, woody shell of a rich, reddish-brown color, covered all over with
round wart-like protuberances, which encloses a large, white kernel of a pleasant, nutty
taste yielding a bland oil
C.
tomentosum
Guiana.
Caryota obtusa
A
is
pressure.^
butternut.
Willd.
The
by
plant bears a sweet
and
edible nut.*
Palmae.
GrifE.
very large palm
Mishmi Mountains
of the
in India.
The
central part of the trunk
used by the natives as food.*
jaggery palm, toddy palm, wine palm.

Malabar, Bengal, Assam and various other parts of India.
C. urens Linn,
is
generally soft, the cells being
which
is
Tropical Asia.
The
Rutaceae.
This tree grows wild and
Mexico.
and elsewhere
Mexico and
in
abundance
of sweet sap
either fermented or boiled
down
into
subacid taste,
rich,
its fruit
Don, G.
natives.'
Mexican apple,
is
Treas. Bot. 1:229.
1 831.
1870.
W.
'Brandis, D.
Black, A. A.
Palms
1831.
Brit. Ind. 170.
Forest Fl. 550.
1850.
1876.
Treas. Bot. 1:231.
Cal. Slate Bd. Hort. Rpt. 80.
'Masters, M. T.
white sapota.
cultivated in the states of Sinaloa,

of zapote bianco.
and
The
Durango
fruit is
about
is
has an agreeable taste but induces sleep and
Smith, A.
Griffith,
by the
most palatable when near decay. It has

and the native Califomians are very fond of it.' Masters*
in diameter, pale yellow in color
Don, G.
'
is
known by the name
is
seeds are poisonous.
'
consists in the
Samydaceae.
leaves are eaten
Casimiroa edulis La Llave.
says
palm
sugar.'
Casearia esculenta Roxb.
a very
with sago-like farina,

of this
obtained from the cut spadix and which
syrup and
an inch
filled
But the main value
eaten as gruel.
The center of the stem

which is made into bread and
1870.
1880.
Treas. Bot. 1:232.
1870.
is
unwholesome and that the
152
Cassia auriculata Linn.
cassia.
Leguminosae.
In some parts of the country, a spirituous liquor
East Indies.
is
prepared by adding
the bruised bark to a solution of molasses and allowing the mixture to ferment.'
C. fistula Linn.
This handsome tree has been introduced into the West Indies and
Tropical Asia.
whence
northern Africa,
of
its
are put in the gro\md
it
In Mysore, stalks
pods are imported for use in medicine.
and worshipped.
It is classed
by Unger
'
as
among
the
little-
This pulp about the seeds
used vegetable foods, the pulp apparently being eaten.
is,
however, a strong purgative.
stinking weed.
C. occidentalis Linn,
'
Cosmopolitan tropics. Rafinesque says the pods of this plant are long, with many
It is found in tropical and subtropical
seeds, which the coimtrymen use instead of coffee.
America * and
both
in
tender, are eaten
by
Indies.^
boys.'
It
has been carried to the Philippines, and
its seeds,
while
Naturalized in the Mauritius, the natives use the roasted

Livingstone found the seeds used as coffee in interior
seeds as a substitute for coffee.

Africa.
cacay.
C. sophera Linn,
Old World
This plant
tropics.
is
said
by Unger
'
to be used as a vegetable in
Amboina.
Cassytha cuscutifonnis
The white drupes

parasitical
(?)
dodder-laurel.
Laurineae.
of this north Australian species are edible.
and are often
The
plants are semi-
called dodder-laurel.*
C. filiformis Linn.
Cosmopolitan tropics. The plant is put as a seasoning into buttermilk and is much
used for this piirpose by the Brahmans in southern India.' In Yemen, its berries are eaten
by
boys.i"
Castanea dentata Borkh.
American chestnut.
CupuUferae.
Southward from Maine as
far as Florida
and westward as
far as
Michigan but not
Chestnuts were mixed with pottage by the Indians of New England

and they now appear in season in all our markets and are sold roasted on the streets of our
cities.
The American variety bears smaller and sweeter nuts than the European.
in the prairie regions.
'
Drury, H.
'
Unger, F.
Rafinesque, C. S.
Pickering, C.
Masters,
M.
Unger, F.
La. 100.
1859.
1817.
Treas. Bot. 1:232.
(C.ciliata)
1879.
1870.
1879.
V. S. Pal. Off. Rpt. 359.
1859.
Black, A. A.
Drury, H.
"
Fl.

T.
Pickering, C.
'
1873.
Pickering, C.
Treas. Bot. 1:234.
i27o1873.
1879.

C. ptunila Mill,
153
chinquapin.
Pursh
says the nuts are sweet and delicious; Vasey,^ that
'
they are not comparable to those of C. dentata but are eaten by children.
European chestnut.
C. sativa Mill.
The
Europe, Japan and North America.

Targioni-Tozzetti
'
native country of the chestnut
is
given
by
as the south of Europe from Spain to Caucasus; Pickering* says,
Other writers say it was first introduced into Europe from Sardis in Asia
Minor; it is called Sardinian balanos by Dioscorides and Dios balanos by Theophrastus.
It is evident from the writings of Virgil that chestnuts were abundant in Italy in his time.
eastern Asia.
There are now many
Chestnuts which bear nuts of a very large
varieties cultivated.
In places, chestnuts form the usual food of the
are grown in Madeira.
common
as in the Apennine mountains of Italy, in Savoy and the south of France.
They
size
people,
are used
not only boiled and roasted but also in puddings, cakes and bread.
Chestnuts afford a
great part of the food of the peasants in the mountains of Madeira.^
In
some parts
afford the poorer class of people their principal food in
made
puddings are
in the
form
Xenophon
In the coffee-houses of Lucca, Pesda and Pistoja,
of porridge or pudding.
and other
In Morea, chestnuts
isle;
chestnuts
bread and
In Tuscany, they are ground into flour and chiefly used
of the flour.'
pates, muffins, tarts
Sicily,
of the
made
articles are
now form
of chestnuts
and are considered
delicious.'
the people for the whole year.'
the principal food of
states that the children of the Persian nobility were fattened
on chestnuts.
In
the valleys inhabited by the Waldenses, in the Cevennes and in a great part of Spain,
the chestnut furnishes nutriment for the
common
propagation of chestnuts to his people.'
In modern Europe, only the fruits of cultivated
This species
varieties are considered suitable for food.'"
among
'^
&
A. Cunn.
australe
Eraser
Australia.
says the fruit
Eraser.
is
eaten
roasted has the flavor of a Spanish chestnut.
two days, the raw
fruit for
fruit griping
Catesbaea spinosa Linn. Rubiaceae.

A shrub of the West Indies. The
'Pursh, P.
PL Amer.
Thompson, R.
'
Pickering, C.
Phillips,
H.
175.
''
as
Treas. Bot. 1:235.
Comp. Orch.
86.
Hooker,
W.
Loudon,
J.
C.
Enc. Agr. 53.
Loudon,
J.
C.
Enc. Agr. 122.
'
Unger, F.
J.
Trees, Shrubs
"Hooker, W.J.
" Masters, M.
T.
Fl.
pulpy and of an agreeable taste."
(C. vesca)
1831.
i834-
1866.
1866.
" Thunberg, C. P.
but the roasted being innoxious.
1870.
Land. Journ. Bot. 1:144.
Emerson, G. B.
Europeans, from necessity, have subsisted
1814.
1879.
1859.
Mass. i:iSg.
Jap. 195.
1784.
Bot. Misc. 1:2^3.

Treas. Bot. 1:239.
(C. vesca)
1875.
{C. vesca)
{Fagus castanea)
1830.
1870.
moreton bay chestnut.

all occasions and when
by the natives on
1875.
'
enumerated by Thunberg
Leguminosae.
fruit is yellow,
2:625.
Septent.
^Vasey U.S. D. A. Rpt.

*
is
Charlemagne commended the
the edible plants of Japan.
Castanospermum
on the
people.
154
Catha edulis Forsk.
Arabian tea.
Celastrineae.
The
kat.
by the Arabs in the preparation of

a beverage possessing properties analogous to those of tea and coffee. Large quantities
The
of twigs with the leaves attached are annually brought to Aden from the interior.
shrub
shrub of tropical Africa.
is
by the natives
called
Prior to the introduction of coffee, says
cafta.^
the use of kat was estabhshed in
leaves are used
Yemen by
Ali Schadheli
are attributed to the leaves which are eaten with avidity
Caucalis anthriscus Huds.
Wilkinson
Europe.
e'shaytan,
'
and that
it is
is
bud parsley,
Gerarde
Asia.
It is the sesslis of the Egyptians.
and Galen says
now
called in Arabic gezzer
esculent.

foot.
by the Arabs.
the anthriscum of Pliny,
bastard parsley,
C. daucoides Linn,
Pickering,'
Various virtues
hedge parsley.
Umbelliferae.
says this
ben Omar.
It
this plant bastard parsley
calls
was
hen's foot.
called
and hen's
a potherb by Dioscorides and Pliny,
pickled for salads in winter.
it is
Caulanthus crassicaulis
S.
Wats.
Western regions of America.
wild cabbage.
Cruciferae.
It is
sometimes used as a food, says Rothrock,^ when
a better substitute cannot be fovmd.

Cavendishia
sp.
Vacciniaceae.
Frigid regions of the
Andes
This
of Peru.
is
tall,
evergreen shrub with pink, edible
berries the size of a cherry.*
Ceanothus americanus Linn.
mountain sweet,
Rhamneae.
new jersey
tea.
wild
snowball.
The
North America.
leaves were used as a substitute for tea during the American
Revolution.''
Cecropia peltata Linn.
American
tropics.
Cedrela odorata Linn.
when
says, in
China the leaves of
quite tender.
'Smith, A.
Treas. Bot. 1:239.
Pickering, C.
Wilkinson,
*
Gerarde,
J.
J.
Mueller, F.
'Gray, A.
Smith, A.
G.
Anc. Egypt. 2:33.
Herb.
J.
Rothrock,
T.
1023.
Man.
1879.
1633 or 1636.
Bot. 115.
Treas. Bot.
Contrib.
1891.
{Celastrus edulis)
1854.
and Ed.
U. S. Geog. Surv. Bot. 6:41.
Sel. Pis. \<)8.
Smith, F. P.
1870.
1878.
{Vacciniumalatum)
5th Ed.
1:2^. 1870.
Mat. Med. China
trumpet tree.
are eaten as a potherb.*
barbadoes cedar,
Meliaceae.
Smith
South America.
indian snakewood.
Urticaceae.
The yoimg buds
56.
1871.
cigar-box wood.
this tree are eaten in the spring

Cedronella cana Hook.
Cedrus
libani Barrel.
useful for putting in a claret cup.'
is
cedar of Lebanon.
Coniferae.
Asia Minor, Syria, Afghanistan, Himalayan region and Algeria.
was anciently
from
collected
It
&
Pav.
bitter sweet,
Northern North America.

plant has a thick bark which
Celosia argentea Linn.
Cosmopolitan
but
is
manna
is
staff tree.
Celastrineae.
The
has savory, alimentary buds.
C. scandens Linn,
kind of
this tree.*
Celastrus macrocarpus Ruiz

Peru.
55
hoary balm of gilead.
Lahiatae.
This pretty and very fragrant plant
Mexico.
seeds yield an edible
oil.'
waxwork.
staff vine,
The Chippewa Indians use

and palatable when
sweetish
the tender branches.
The
boiled.*
Amarantaceae.
In China, this plant
tropics.
gathered and consumed as a
a troublesome weed in
is
In France,
vegetable.'
it is
grown
flax- fields
in flower gardens.'
C. trigyna Linn.
Tropical Africa.
According to Grant,' this plant
Linn.
Celtis australis
Urticaceae.
is
eaten as a potherb.
European
celtis.
nettle,
honeyberry.
lote
tree.
Europe, temperate Asia and East Indies. The European nettle is a native of Barbary
and is grown as a shade tree in the south of France and Italy. Dr. Hogg* considers it
to be the lote tree of the ancients,
"
dendron
lotos to
"
of Dioscorides
and Theophrastus;
The fruit is about the size

The modem Greeks are very fond of
Sibthorp and Stackhouse are of the same opinion.
of
cherry, yellow, dark brown or black.
the fruits;
a small
they are also eaten in Spain. They are called in Greece honeyberries and are insipidly
In India, Brandis* says a large, blackish or purple kind is called roku on the
sweet.
Sutlej; a smaller yellow or orange kind choku.
hackberry.
C. occidentalis Linn,
nettle tree,
Southern and Western United States.
This
sugarberry.
celtis is
fine forest tree.
The
fruits
are sweet and edible.'"

C, tala Gill.
This
Mexico.
is
the cranjero or cranxero of the Mexicans.
The
berries of this shrub
are of the size of small peas, oval, orange-yellow and somewhat edible though astringent."
>Gard. CAron. 17:559.
1882.
Geoflfrey Mat. Med. 2:584.
BaiUon, H.
*U.
S.
D. A. Rpi. ^22.
'
Fl. PI. Ter. 237.
W.
Brandis, D.
Gray, A.
u Torrey,
J.
Med. China
J.
57.
1879.
Forest Fl. 428.
Man.
Bot. 443.
1871.
3rd Ed.
Pickering, C.
Hooker,
1880.
1870.
Contrib. Mat.
Smith, F. P.
Vilmorin
1741.
Hist. Pis. 6:26.
1834.
1874.
1868.
1857.
156
Centaurea calcitrapa Linn.
caltrops,
Compositae.
Europe, north Africa and temperate Asia.
raw
to Forskal,' are eaten
star thistle.
The young stems and
leaves, according
in Egypt.
C. chamaerhaponticuin Ball.
In Algeria, according to Desfontaenes,' the root
Mediterranean coasts.
and not unpleasant to the

C.
&
pygmaea Benth.
Hook.
The
Spain.
all
and
and agreeable
DC.
C. ruber
Red
flavor
and are eaten by the
long-spurred valerian.
Valerianeae.
is
com
that belongs to
distinct
an agreeable
an annual cultivated in gardens for its handsome, rose-colored

used as a salad in some countries, notably in France. It appears to combine
Valerian
is
roots have
parts of Africa.'
Centranthus macrosiphon Boiss.
flowers
edible
f.
Mediterranean covmtries.
Arabs in some
is
taste.
is
slight bitterness
which imparts to
it
a more
flavor.
fox's brush,
Valerian
a peculiar
salad, with
red valerian.
said to be eaten as a salad in southern Italy.*
Centrosema macrocarpum Benth. Leguminosae.

British Guiana. The beans are eaten by the Indians, according to Schomburgk.*
The
leaves, according to A.
A. Black, are also eaten.
Cephalotaxus drupacea Sieb. & Zucc. Coniferae. plum-fruited yew.

Japan. The female plant bears a stone-fruit closely resembling a plum in structure.
The flesh is thick, juicy and remarkably sweet, with a faint suggestion of the pine in its
flavor.'
Ceratonia siliqua Linn.

ST.
and
is
found in Malta, the Balearic Islands, in southern
Grecian Islands, in Asia Minor, Palestine
Denham
The pods being
'
and Clapperton
filled
Pickering, C.
'
Treas. Bol. 2:970.
Hooker and Ball Marocco,
Thompson, W.
'Hooker, W.J.
Brooks, W. P.
'Brandis, D.
Ibid.
in the
Kingdom
of
Bomu,
1879.
1870.
{Rhaponlicum acaule)
Gt. Atlas 292.
Treas. Bot. 1:247.
Journ. Bot.
2:$(f.
1878.
1870.
1874.
Journ. Bot. l'.ll\.
{Cynara acaidis)
1840.
Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc. 52.
Forest Fl. 166.
'Hooker, W.J.
and the north
Italy, in
of Africa.*
Turkey,
It
was
in the center of Africa.
with a saccharine pulp, are eaten both green and dry and were a
Black, A. A.
Ibid.
locust bean.
indigenous in Spain and Algeria, the eastern part of the Mediterranean
is
region, in Syria;
found by
carob tree,
John's bread.
This tree
Greece and
algaroba bean,
Leguminosae.
1834.
1890.
STURTEVANT
1 57
favorite food with the ancients; there are specimens preserved in the museum at Naples
which were exhumed from a house in Pompeii. The Egyptians extracted from the husk
of the pod a sort of honey, with which they preserved fruits; in Sicily, a spirit and a sirup
are prepared from them;
Diu or Standia, the luscious pulp contained

in the pod is'caten by the poor and children and is also made into a sherbet.
These pods
are imported into the Pimjab as food for man, horses, pigs and cattle ^ and are imported
in the island of
into England occasionally as a cattle food.'
from the United States Patent
&
Ceratostema grandiflorum Ruiz

Peruvian Andes.
This
In 1854, seeds of this tree were distributed
Office.*
Pav.
Vacciniaceae.
evergreen shrub produces berries of a pleasant, acidulous
tall,
taste.*
Cercis canadensis Linn.
The French Canadians use the
North America.
C. siliquastrum Linn,
redbud.
judas tree,
Leguminosae.
flowers in salads
and
pickles.'
love tree.
judas tree,
The pods
are gathered
A. Gray.
Cacteae.
and used with other raw vegetables

by the Greeks and Turks in salads, to which they give an agreeable odor and taste.' The
flowers are also made into fritters with batter and the flower-buds are pickled in vinegar.'
Mediterranean coimtries.
Cereus caespitosus Engelm.

Texas.
also eaten
The
fruit,
&
rarely an inch
by the inhabitants
New
of
good, resembling a gooseberry.
and the
long, is edible,
Mexico.'
The Mexicans
The
fruit is of
fleshy part of the
stem
is
a purplish color and very
eat the fleshy part of the stem as a vege-
table, first carefully freeing it of spines.""
C. dasyacanthus Engelm.
The fruit
is
one to one and one-half inches in diameter,
green or greenish-purple, and when fully ripe
is
delicious to eat,
Southwestern North America.
much
like
a gooseberry.'^
C. dubius Engehn.
The

green or rarely purplish-,
ripe fruit,
one to one and one-half inches long,
insipid or pleasantly acid.'^
is
C. engelmanni Parry.
This plant bears a deliciously palatable

'
Hooker,
W.
J.
'Church, A. H.
*
Foods 124.
Browne, D.
J.
'Walsh, R.
1834.
1874.
1887.
1854.
Sel. Pis. ^gg.
'Mueller, F.
'
Journ. Bot. 1:113.
Forest Fl. 166.
Brandis, D.
1891.
Trees Amer. 222.
{Vaccinium grandiflorum)
1846.
Trans. Horl. Sac. Lond. 6:34.
Johns, C. A.
Treas. Bot. 1:256.
Fendler, A., and Gray, A.
1826.
1870.
PI. Fendl. 50.
1849.
Treas. Bo<. 1:439.

(Echinocereus pectinatus)
1870.
'"Smith, A.
" Fendler, A., and Gray, A. PI. Fendl. 50. 1849.
Ibid.
" Parry Bot. U.
S.
Mex. Bound.
21.
1854.
fruit.''
158
C. enneacanthus Engelm.
The berry
is
pleasant to eat.*
C. fendleri Engelm.
New
The
Mexico.
purplish-green fruit
is edible.''
C. giganteus Engelm.
This cactus yields a fruit sweet and delicious. The Indians collect it in
large quantities and make a sirup or conserve from the juice, which serves them as a luxtiry
as well as for sustenance. The Mexicans call the tree suwarrow; the Indians, harsee. The
Texas.
from the
sirup manufactured
sweet, rather insipid
juice is called sistor.^
and
Engelmann says the crimson-colored
of the consistency of a fresh
Hodge,* in Arizona,
pulp
is
calls
the fruit delicious, having the combined flavor of the peach, strawberry and
fig.
fig.
C. greggii Engelm.
The
Texas.
plant has a bright scarlet, fleshy, edible berry.*
C. polyacanthus Engelm.
It bears
Texas.
a berry of a pleasant
taste.'
C. quisco C.
Gay
The sweetish, mucilaginous
Chile.
fruits are available for desserts.'
C. thurberi Engelm.
New
This plant grows in the Papago Indian country on the borders of

Arizona and Sonora and attains a height of 18 to 20 feet and a diameter of four to six inches
Mexico.
and bears two crops
of fruit a year.
The
fruit
is,
according to Engelmann, three inches
through, like a large orange, of delicious taste, the crimson pulp being dotted with
numerous,
through the digestive canal, are collected, according
to Baegert and Clavigero,' and pounded into a meal used in forming a food. Venegas,'
black seeds.
The
seeds, after passing
in his History of California, describes the fruit as
more
that of a fig only
and
soft
growing to the boughs, the pulp resembling
In some,
luscious.
it is
white; in some red; and in others
yellow but always of an exquisite taste; some again are wholly sweet, others of a grateful
acid.
This cactus is called pithaya by the Mexicans and affords a staple sustenance for
the Papago Indians.
Ceropegia bulbosa Roxb.
East Indies.
'
'
Ibid.
Bigdow
Asclepiadeae.
"
'"
Roxburgh
SeL
Smithsonian
'Venegas
"'
men
Fettdl. 50.
eat every part."
1849.
1856.
1877.
PL
Fendl. 50.
1849.
Ibid.
'Mueller,?.
*
PL
Pacific R. R. Rpt. 4: 13.
Hodge, H.C. Ariz. 243.

'Fendler, A., and Gray, A.
*
says,
Pis. 106.
Inst. Rpt. 365.
ffij<. Ca/.
Roxburgh,
W.
1:42.
Pis.
1891.
1863.
1759.
Coram. Coast 1:11,
t. 7.
1795.
59
C. tuberosa Roxb.
East Indies.
Every part
Cervantesia tomentosa Rtiiz

Peru.
&
Pav.
the roots are eaten raw.'
Santalaceae.
Its seeds are edible.^
Cetraria islandica Linn.
Iceland moss
is
is first
Iceland moss.
Lichenes.
found in the northern regions of both continents and on elevated
mountains farther south.

bitterness
is esctilent;
food to the people of Iceland and Lapland; the
It serves as
extracted with water, after which the plant
is
pounded up into meal
for
bread or boiled with milk.'
Chaerophyllum
bulbosum
Linn.
Umbelliferas.
parsnip
turnip-rooted
chervil,
CHERVIL.
Etirope and Asia Minor.
said to have been
^
but Haller
first
In Bavaria, this vegetable
introduced from Siberia.
affirms that the
Kalmucks
as a nutritive and agreeable food.
known
to British gardeners since
found growing wild but

alludes to
eat the roots with their fish
Booth
its
Burnett
is
"
says
it is
it
is
as deleterious,
and commend them
a native of France and, although

it is only within the last few
introduction in 1726,
years that attention has been directed to
its
culture as an esculent vegetable.
In
size
and shape, the root attains the dimensions of a small Dutch carrot. It is outwardly of
a grey color, but when cut the flesh is white, mealy and by no means unpleasant to the
F. Webster," consul at Munich, Bavaria, in 1864, sent some seed to this coimtry
"
The great value of this vegetable, as an acquisition to an American gardener,
says:
taste.
and
is
not only
its deliciousness
to the epicure but the earliness of
The
now
its
maturity, fully supplying
The wild plant

is described by Camerarius,* 1588 and by Clusius,' 1601, and is also named by Bauhin.^"
As a cultivated plant, it seems to have been first noted about 1855, when the root
1623.
the place of potatoes."
is
is
offered in our seed catalogs.
it had attained the size and shape

This chervil appeared in American seed catalogs in 1884,
and was described by Burr'^ for American gardens in 1863. It was known
described as seldom so large as a hazelnut, while in 186 1
of the
French round
or earlier,
in
seed
England
carrot. '^
in 1726 but
was not tmder
culture.''
Roxburgh, W. Pis. Coram. Coast 1:12,

MueUer, F. Sd. Pis. 107. 1891.
U. S. Disp. 24+.
1865.
Burnett U. S. D. A. Rpt. 500.
'
HaUer U.
S.
D. A. Rpt. 500.
W. B. Treas.
D.A. Rpt. 500.
Booth,
Û.
S.
1864.
1864.
Bat. 1:74.
1870.
1864.
CAvneraxius Hort. Med.
'
Clusius Hist. 2:200.
1588.
1601.
"Bauhin, C. Pinax 161. 1623.

" Card. Chron. 887, 906. 1861.
"Burr, F.
Field, Card.
" Booth, W. B.
Veg. 31.
Treas. Bat. 1:74.
1863.
1870.
t.
9.
1795.
i6o
C. tuberosum Royle.
In the Himalaj'as, the tuberous roots are eaten and are called sham.*^
Chamaedorea elegans Mart.
Palmae.
The young, unexpanded
South America.
flower-spikes are used as a vegetable.
C. tepejilote Liebm.
The
Mexico.
flowers,
when
enclosed in the spathes, are highly esteemed as
still
a culinary vegetable.^
Chamaerops humilis Linn. Palmae. dwarf fan-palm, palmetto.

West Mediterranean countries. The young shoots or suckers from the bottom
the plant, called cajaglioni, are eaten by the Italians.
of
In Barbary, the lower part of the
young stems and the roots are eaten by the Moors.'

Chelidonium sinense DC.
The
China.
Papaveraceae.
leaves were eaten as a food in China in the fourteenth century.*
Chenopodium album Linn.
lamb's quarter,
Chenopodiaceae.
pigweed,
white goose-
foot.
Temperate and
lake villages of Switzerland.
and eaten as
In the Hebrides,
greens.
plants are collected
Remnants
tropical regions.
of this plant
have been found
was observed by Lightfoot
it
it is
used as a spinach.
'
in the early
to be boiled
The young,
tender
by the Navajoes, the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, all the tribes
and the Utahs, and boiled as a spinach or are eaten
of Arizona, the Diggers of California
raw.
The
seeds are gathered
by many
tribes,
ground into a
flour
and made
into a bread
or mush.*
C. ambrosioides
Linn.
Temperate and
Mexican tea.
It
It
was
is called in
Mexican
epazolt.
The
plant
called at Verona, in 1745, the allemand because
seems to be indigenous to tropical America.
Australian spinach.
C. auricomimi Lindl.
This plant
Australia.
This herb
tropical regions.
cooked and eaten by the natives.

drunk in infusion by the Germans.
is
is
a native of the interior of Australia and has lately come
into use in England as a substitute for spinach, according to J. Smith.'

this spinach palatable
and
C. bonus-henricus Linn,
Mueller
calls
nutritious.
all good, fat hen. good-king-henry. goosefoot. mercury.
WILD spinach.
'
Europe,
now
Royle,
F.
J.
'Seemann, B.
Andrews
sparingly naturalized around dwellings in the United States.
Illustr. Bot.
Bot. Reposit. 9: PI. 599.
Bretschneider, E.
Lightfoot,;.
Bot. Sin. 51.
Fl. Scot. 1: 149.
U. S. D. A. Rpt.419.
'Smith,
Himal. 1:231.
J.
Mueller, F.
Dam.
1789.
1870.
Bot. 235.
Set. Pis. 109.
1797.
1882.
1871.
1891.
1839.
1856.
Under
i6i
the curious names of fat-hen and good-king-Henry, this plant was formerly largely cultivated in the gardens in England as a potherb, and even in the beginning of the present
century was
little
esteemed in Lincolnshire and some of the Midland counties but
still
used.
'
Lightfoot
says, in Scotland, the
as greens anSI are very good.
Glasspoole
spinach,
and the young shoots used
now but
rarely cultivated.
1686, refers to
vated
it
says, in Lincolnshire, it
culture as
and
it
"
among
Bryant, 1783, says:
vegetables.
In 1807, Miller's Gardener's Dictionary says

Lincolnshire
was preferred to garden
and eaten as asparagus. The plant is

in 1597 as a wild plant only, while Ray,
gardens but of late neglected, although certainly of
in English
generally in gardens
it is
there preferred to spinach.
is
now
to be peeled
Gerarde speaks of
as frequently
young
is
leaves in the spring are often eaten
It
formerly
siifficient
culti-
merit."
about Boston in
cannot ever have received very general
only indicated as a wayside plant by Tragus, 1552; Lobel, 1570 and 1576;
it is
Camerarius, 1586; Dalechamp, 1587; Matthiolus, 1598; and Chabraeus, 1677.

as an antiscorbutic finds recognition in its names, bonus Henricus
C. capitatimi Aschers.
strawberry
elite,
Northern and southern
tota bona.
blite.
Gerarde' says: "it
regions.
and
Itsvalue
is
one of the potherbes that
be unsavory or without taste, whose substance is waterish." The fruit, though insipid,
The leaves have a spinach-like flavor
is said formerly to have been employed in cookery.
and may be used as a
substitute for
it.^
Unger
says even the blite or strawberry spinach
finds constmiers for its insipid, strawberry-like fruit.
common from Western New York
The
plant
is
found indigenous and
Lake Superior and northward.' Blitum capitatum,

if Linnaeus's synonymy can be trusted, was known to Bauhin,^ 1623, and by Ray,* 1686.
'
who received the plant in 1651.
Miller's Gardener's Dictionary refers it to J. Bauhin
The
to
species was, during this time, little
petty rice,
C. quinoa Willd.
known
outside of botanical gardens.
quinoa.
This plant, indigenous to the Pacific slopes of the Andes, constituted

the most important article of food of the inhabitants of New Granada, Peru and Chile
South America.
at the time of the discovery of America, and at the present day
vated on account of
is still
extensively culti-
which are used extensively by the poorer inhabitants. There

is adtivated in Europe as a spinach plant, rather
its seeds,
are several varieties, of which the white
than for its

Gibbon,^''
seeds.
who saw
However prepared, the seed, says Thompson, is unpalatable to strangers.

the plant in Bolivia, says that when boiled like rice and eaten with
Seeds from France but originally from Peru, were
milk, the seeds are very savory.
PI. Scot.
Lightfoot, J.
Glasspoole, H. G.
Gerarde,
J.
'
Bot. 408.
Hist. PI. i: n.
Bauhin,
J.
5, 7.
1870.
Rpt. 357.
1868.
19.
197.
1875.
2nd Ed.
1859.
{Blitum capitatum)
(Blitum capitatum)
(Blitum capitatum)
1623.
1686.
Hist. PI. 2:973.
" Hemdon, W.
Off.
PiTUix n. 7.
Bauhin, C.
'JUy
Treas. Bot. 1:150.
U. S. Pat.
Man.
Gray, A.
1789-
1633 or 1636.
Herb. 321.
Thompson, W.
Unger, F.
1:147.
Rpt. Ohio State Bd. Agr. 528.
L.,
and
1651Gibbon, L. Explor. Valley
Amaz.
2: 139.
1854.
dis-
62
tributed from the United States Patent Office in 1854.
was
the Indians and
They
'
says
"
says:
it
Both
also eat the grain in the soups, prepared in various
ways."
mentioned by Feuille,^ in Peru, preceding
was introduced into France in 1785 ' but has not had very extended use.
black-seeded variety, cultivated in gardens,

It
1725.
He
Vega
the Spanish eat the tender leaf in their dishes, because they are savory
and very wholesome.
and mujo by the Spaniards.
natives of Peru
by the
called quinua
Garcilasso de la
is
a variety called dahue by the Indians which has greyish

leaves and produces a white grain. The grain of the quinua serves for making a very
pleasant stomachic beverage; that of the dahue, on being boiled, lengthens out in the form
Molina
of
says in Chile there
worms and
is
is
The
excellent in soup.
and are tender and
leaves are also eaten
of
an
agreeable taste.
Chlogenes
creeping snowberry.
Vacciniaceae.
Salisb.
serpyllifolia
The berry
North America and Japan.
is
white, edible, jiiicy
subacid taste with a pleasant checkerberry flavor.^

of the creeping
snowberry for
sorts of tea,' particularly
agreeable,
Maine use the leaves
Chloranthaceae.
an expensive
Chlorogalum pomeridianum Kunth.

California.
The egg-shaped bulb
sort called chu-lan-cha.^

Liliaceae.
is
amole.
soapplant.
wild potato.
one to three inches in diameter.
Cooking
elimi-
the acrid properties, rendering the bulb good, wholesome food.'
Chondodendron tomentosum
Peru.
This plant
the fruit and
its
acid
is
Rtiiz
called
&
Pav.
flavor.'"
Compositae.
Southern Europe and adjoining Asia.

for cooking
and
wild grape.
Menispermaceae.
by the Peruvians wild grape on accoxmt of the form of
and not unpleasant
Chondrilla juncea Linn.
good
an
This plant furnishes the flowers which serve to scent some
China and Japan.
all
of
of
tea.*
Chloranthus inconspicuus Sw.
nates
The Indians
and
This plant
for the stomach; it is
is
mentioned by Dorotheus as
enumerated by Pliny as among the esculent
plants of Egypt.^
C. prenanthoides Vill.
East Mediterranean countries and moimtains of Yemen.
by
Pliny as
'
among
the esculents of Egypt.
Vega Roy. Comment.
Forskal says
This plant
it is
Feuillee Peru y.Ap. 16, t. x.

1725.
'Heuze, G. Pis. Aliment. 2:25^. 1873.
'
Molina
'
Emerson, G. B.
Hist. Chili 1:91.
1808.
Trees, Shrubs Mass. 2:^60.
1875.
(C. hisfndula)
'Thoreau Me. Woods 270. 1877. (C. hispidula)

'Williams, S. W. Mid. King. 1:282.
1848.
Conlrib. Mat.
'Smith, F. P.
'Harvard, V.
"
"
"
Masters,
Med. China
61.
Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 22:114.
M. T.
Treai. Bo/. 1:274.
1870.
Pickering, C.
Chron. Hist. Pis. 2S1.
1879.
Pickering, C.
1879.
1871.
is
enumerated
eaten raw in Yemen.'^
1895.
(C. convolvulaceum)
(Prenanthes chondrilloides)
163
Chondris crispus Lyngb. Rhodophyceae. carrageen, irish moss, pearl moss.

This alga is found on the western coast of Ireland, England and Europe and also on
the eastern coast of the United States. It has been used as a food and medicine
by the
from time immemorial.
Irish peasants
It is collected for the
market and
is
largely used
as a food fof invalids under the names carrageen, Irish moss and pearl moss.
Choretrum candoUei F. Muell.
wild currants.
Santalaceae.
shrub bearing greenish-red berries which are called wild currants in New South
Wales. They have a pleasant, acid taste combined with a certain degree of astringency.
Mixed with other fruit, they are used for preserves and in the preparation of cooling, acid
beverages.'
Chorispora tenelld
Central Asia.
DC.
The
Cruciferae.
leaves of this plant are described as a good, early salad
by -Pallas
in his Travels in Russia.
Chrysanthemum balsamita Linn. Compositae. ale cost, costmary.

West Mediterranean countries. This plant is common in every cottage garden in
England, where it was introduced in 1568. The leaves possess a strong, balsamic odor
and are sometimes put in salads but it has ceased to be grown for culinary purposes
and even in France is only occasionally used. The leaves were formerly used in England
to flavor ale and negus, hence the
by
Burr,^ 1863,
who names one
C. leucanthemum Linn,
variety.
marguerite,
alecost.
It is
grown
ox-eye
it is
mentioned
in Constantinople.'
daisy,
white daisy,
whiteweed.
Johnson* says the leaves may be eaten as salad. The plant

fields, where it has become naturalized from Europe.
Europe.
known
name
is
the well-
flower of our
C. segetum Linn,
corn chrysanthemum,
corn marigold.
"
as Dioscorides
Europe, north Africa and western Asia. The stalks and leaves,
In
are."^
northern
and
China, Miss Bird'
Japan
saith, are eaten as other pot herbes
describes a cultivated form of chrysanthemimi as occurring frequently in patches
says the petals are partially boiled
Chrysobalanus
ellipticus Soland.
African tropics.
and
and are eaten with vinegar as a dainty.
Rosaceae.
coco plum.
This plant bears a damson-sized
fruit
with a black, thin skin and
is eaten.^
C. icaco Linn,
coco plum.
African and American tropics.
This tree-like shrub, with
its fruit similar
to the damson,
grows wild as well as cultivated in the forests along the shores of South America and in
Smith, A.
*Burr, F.
Forskal
<
Treai.
5(7/.
2:674.
1870.
Field, Card. Feg. 416.

Fl.
Aeg. Arab. 32.
{Leptomeria biilardieri)
1863.
{Balsamita vulgaris)
1775.
1862.
Johnson, C. P.
2nd
or
Ed.
Herb.
1636.
1633
Gerarde, J.
745.
*B\iA Unheal. Tracks Jap. i:iT5.
'Don, G.
1881.
1832.
sturtevant's notes on edisle plants
164
Browne * says
Florida.'
in
Jamaica the
but contains a large nut

in the West Indies, prepared with
fruit is perfectly insipid
a kernel of very delicious flavor. The fruits

form
a favorite conserve with the Spanish colonists, and large quantities are annually
sugar,
exported from Cuba. On the African coast it occurs from the Senegal to the Congo.
The fruit is eaten by the natives of Angola and, according to Montiero,* is like a roimd,
inclosing
"
black-purple plum, tasteless and astringent.

of
an Orleans plum but
having
is
much resemblance
the fruit is about the size

Sabine* says:
of
with
a
flesh
soft and juicy, the flavor
a yellow color,
rounder,
to that of noyau."
Chiysophyllum africaniun A. DC. Sapotaceae.

African tropics.. This is a tall tree of Sierra Leone, whose
fruit is in request.'
C. argenteum Jacq.
The
Martinique.
is
soft, bluish, edible pulp.*
This tree has been cultivated from time immemorial in the West Indies
Indies.
but nowhere
the size of a plimi, contains a
star apple.
C. cainito Linn,
West
fruit,
found wild.'
It
seems to have been observed by Cieza de Leon
'
in his
Lunan ' says some trees bear fruit with

travels in Peru, 1532-50, and is called caymitos.
a purple and some with a white skin and pulp, which when soft is like jelly, with milky
veins
and has a sweet and pleasant
taste.
C. glabrum Jacq.
The
Martinique.
form and
fruit is blue, of the
size of
a small olive and
is
seldom
eaten except by children.'"

C. michino H. B.
New
&
K.
The
Granada.
fruit is yellow outside, whitish
and clammy
inside
and
is
very
grateful."
C. microcarpum Sw.
The
Haiti.
fruit is
the size of a gooseberry, of a very sweet, delicious taste."
monopyrenum Sw. damson plum of Jamaica.

West Indies. The fruit is oval and about the size of a Bergamot pear. It contains
a white, clammy jviice when fresh, which, after being kept a few days, becomes sweet,
C.
Unger, F.
Lunan,
J.
Montiero,
U. S. Pal. Off. Rpl. 349.

Hort. Jam. 1:211.
1859.
1814.
J. J.
1875.
'Sabine, J.
Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. $-.453.
1824.
Sabine, J.
Trans. Hort. Sac. Lond. 5:458.
1 824.
Don, G.
'
Hist.
De CandoUe,
DicM. Pis. 4:32.
A.
Markham, C. R.
Lunan,
J.
" Don, G.
"
Ibid.
"
Ibid.
Hort.
1838.
Trav. Cieza de Leon.
Jam. 2:202.
1814.
(C.luUus)
1838.
1885.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 33:234-
1864.

and
It frequently contains four or five black seeds
delicious.
about the
size of
65
pumpkin
seeds.'
C.
obovatum Sabine.
The
African tropics.
inferior to
tfifc
fruit is
the size of an apple, with a short apex and
West
star apple of the
is
much
Indies.
C. prunifenim F. Muell.
The
Australia.
C. roxburghii G. Don.
Asiatic tropics.
yellow when
crab,
ably firm but
a pluip-like appearance and
fruit is of
pitakara.
The
star apple.
fruit is greedily
smooth and
ripe,
is edible."
is
eaten by the natives.'
It is
greedily eaten although insipid.
the size of a small
The pulp
is toler-
exceedingly clammy, adhering to the lips or knife with great tenacity.*
is
Chrysosplenium altemifolium Linn. Saxifrageae. golden saxifrage.

Europe, northern Asia and North America. The leaves are eaten as a salad in the
Vosges Mountains.*
C. oppositifolium Linn.
Europe, northern Asia and East Indies.
a salad.*
The
leaves are eaten in salad
Cicer arietinum Linn.
In some countries, this plant
eaten as
and soup.'
chick-pea.
Leguminosae.
is
Eiu-ope, Orient and the East Indies.
Egyptian pea.
This plant
is
represented as growing wild in
the Caucasus, in Greece and elsewhere;
it is also foimd escaped from cultivation in the

Greeks
and Egyptians cultivated it in ancient times.
Jews,
It is extensively cultivated at the present time in the south of Europe, in the Levant, in
Egypt as far as Abyssinia and in India. The seeds vary in size and color in the different
fields of
middle Eiu'ope.
The
much used for soups. In India, they are ground into a

meal and either eaten in puddings or made into cakes. They are also toasted or parched
"
The leaves of the plant secrete
and made into a sort of comfit. In India, says Wight: *
varieties.
In Paris, they are
an acid which the natives

ing
out the dew
drink."
collect
in the morning.
by spreading a cloth over night on the plant and wringThey then use it as vinegar or for forming a cooling
In 1854, the seed was distributed from the United States Patent Office.'
of the tmripe seed, which singiilarly resembles a ram's head, may account
The shape
for its being regarded as
'
Lunan,
Hort.
J.
Illustr. Bol.
Royle, J. F.
Don, G.
Jam. 1:259.
Sel. Pis. 2<)8.
Mueller, F.
'
unclean by the Egyptians of the time of Herodotus.'"
1838.
Treas. Bot. 1:280.
1870.
Johnson, C. P.
'Baillon.H. Hm/. P/i. 3:418.

Illustr.
Pickering, C.
1874.
Ind. Bot. i: 192.
"
(Niemeyera prunifera)
Himal. 1:263.
Johns, C. A.
Wight, R.
1814.
1891.
XVI.
1854.
1839.
no.
1862.
Note.
1840.
Preface.
Geos. Dist. Ans. Pis. 380.
1863-1876.
It
was
,l66
in
common
Rome and
use in ancient
varieties are
mentioned by Columella
and
Pliny,*
the latter naming the white and black, the Dove of Venus pea, and many kinds differing
from each other in size. Albertus Magnus,' in the thirteenth century, mentions the red,
the white and the black
and this mention of colors is continued by the herbalists

and eighteenth centuries. The white chick-pea is the sort
France, where the dried seeds find large use in soups. The red
sorts,
of the sixteenth, seventeenth,
now
grown
generally
variety
now
is
in
grown
extensively
more curious than
and the black
in eastern countries,
sort is described as
useful.
Cichorium endivia Linn.
endive.
Compositae.
Etirope and the Orient.
a widely distributed plant, probably of East Indian

"
where
The same plant is met with wild about Patna and
origin,
certainly, says Unger,*
Kamaon,
an
This
as well as in Nepal."
is
Others deem
it
a native plant of
Sicily.
It
was used as
esculent from a very early period
Ovid mentions
in his day,
it
in his tale of
and Pliny
by the Egyptians and was known to the Greeks

Philemon and Baucis, Columella also refers to it as common
was eaten
states it
a salad and as a potherb.
in his time as
England as early as 1548.*
in cultivation in
It is not
It
was
known when the endive was
first
used in the United States, but McMahon,' 1806, mentions the Green Curled, White Ciu-led
and the Broad-leaved in cultivation. In 1828 and 1881, Thorbum offers the seed of these
varieties only.
There are two
distinct
forms of endive, the
does not seem to have been
name two
known
ciu-led
and the broad-leaved.
In the thirteenth century, Albertus Magnus

the one with narrower leaves than the other; and in 1542 Fuchsius
kinds.
of like description,
and
broad-leaved form
is
Endive
1597.
is
like
forms are noted in nearly
figured
all
'"
figures
the earlier botanies.
two kinds
curled,
and Gerarde,"
The authors named furnish what
by Camerarius," 1586; Dalechamp,'^
described in the Adversaria,^^ 1570.
first
and Pliny *
names also two kinds,
to the ancients, although Dioscorides

'
The
1587;
reasonably be considered as the types of the four kinds of broad-leaved endives
may
described
twelve,
'
*
<
is difficult
Columella
lib. 9, c. I.
Unger, F.
McMahon,
'
*
'
to
Bostock and Riley Nat. Hist. Pliny 4:46. 1856.

Albertus Magnus Veg. Jessen Ed. 490. 1867.
Book Card. 2:1 sg.
'Mcintosh, C.
'
The origin of the curled endives, of which Vilmorin describes

trace.
The peculiar tnmcate appearance of the seed-stalks is very
Vilmorin.^^
by
Dioscorides
Pliny
B.
lib. 20, c.
Albertus
Amer. Card.
lib. 2, c.
Cat. 581.
1806.
147.
29, 32.
Magnus
Feg.
Jessen Ed. 508.
1867.
Fuchsius Hist. Stirp. 677, 678.
" Camerarius Epit. 283.
"
1859.
1855.
Dalechamp
1586.
Hist. Gen. PI. (Lugd.) 557.
" Gerarde, J. Herb. 221.

" Pena and Lobel Advers.
" Vilmorin Les
1597.
86.
Pis. Potag. 95.
1570.
1883.
1587.

conspicuous, and this feature would lead one to su.spo^t that the type
167
is
to be seen in the
but the resemblances are quite remote. This is the Cichorium

The endives were in English gardens as well-known
plants in 1778' and were named among seec^men's supplies in 1726.^
They were in
the United States prior to 1806.^
Seris sativa of Lobel/
latioris Join of
Dodonaeus,^ 1616.
barbe de capuchin,
C. intybus Linn,
Eiirope and the
cijicory.
witloof.
succory,
Wild chicory has been used from time immemorial as a
Orient.
salad-plant and, forced in darkness, affords the highly-esteemed vegetable in France
as barbe de capuchin.
It
manner, form the vegetable known in Belgivim as
Whether chicory was

they knew the
known
has also large-rooted varieties and these, when treated in like
by the ancients there
cultivated
wild plant and
witloof.
uses as a vegetable.
its
is
reason to doubt, although
not mentioned in the descrip-
It is
tive list of garden vegetables in use in the thirteenth century, as given
by Albertus Magnus.*
two
kinds
but
does
not
mentions
Ruellis," 1535,
imply cultivation; nor does Fuschius,'
It is treated of by
1542, who likewise names two kinds, one of which is our dandelion.
Tragus,' 1552; Matthiolus,'" 1558; the Adii^sana," 1570; Lobel,'^ 1576; Camerarius,i' 1586;
Dalechamp," 1587; Gerarde,'^ iS97; but with no mention of cultivation. Although not
mentioned in Lyte's translation of Dodonaeus, 1586, as cultivated, yet, in Dodonaeus'
Pempiades, 1616,
is
sown
said not only to occur wild throughout
it is
tivated in gardens.
in gardens
This
is
the
all
mention of culture noted.
first
and occurs wild
in England."
The
Germany but
In 1686,
seed occurs
to be oil"
'*
Ray says it
among seedsmen's
supplies in 1726.'^
At the present time, chicory is grown for the use of its leaves in salads and for its
root to be used as an adidterant for coffee. The smooth, tapering root, which seems such
an improved form
in our
modem
The common
varieties, is beautifully figured
chicory grown
divided leaves as figured by the herbalists.
red midrib also occurs

Lobel Obs. 114.
'
in
nature and
1576.
20.
Bot.
1778.
1726.

Albertus Magnus lib. 7, tract 2, c. 2.
"
The
Ruellius Nat. Stir p. 495.
1806.
1536.
Fuchsius Hist. Stir p. 679.
1542.

Matthiolus Comment, 258.
1558.
" Pena and Lobel Advers. 82. 1570.

" Lobel PI. Stirp. Hist. 114. 1576.
" Camerarius Epit. 285. 1586.
" Dalechamp
"Gerarde,
"Ray
J.
Hist. Cen.
PL
Herb. 2^$.
îi/. P/. 1:255.
" Townsend Seedsman
(Lugd.) 557.
1597-
1686.
33.
1726.
entire-leaved form with a tendency to a
may be considered as the near prototype of the Magde-
Dodonaeus Pempt. 634. 161 6.

Mawe and Abercrombie Univ. Card.
Townsend Seedsman
by Camerarius in 1586.
changed and with the
for salads is but the wild plant little
1587.
.168
burg large-rooted and of the red Italian
The
sorts.
variegated chicory, the curled-leaved
and the broad-leaved may have their prototypes in nature if sought for but at present
must remain unexplained. The common, the spotted-leaved and the large-rooted were
in French culture in 1826.'
Cinnamomum
of
cassia Blume.
Laurineae.
cassia,
cinnamon.
China, Stmiatra, Ceylon and other parts of eastern Asia. This plant yields a cinnamon
commerce. Cinnamon seems to have been known to the ancient natives inhabitating
the covintries bordering on the Levant.
It is the
kinnamomon
which he states the Greeks learned from the Phoenicians.

referred to
is
by Hippocrates,
inner bark of the shoots

its
is
Dioscorides, Pliny
the portion used.
bark to commerce, including not
Ceylon, and nearly twice as
the Eastern Archipelago.
and not as
less
many more
of Herodotus,
and others
of the ancient writers.
than
six species
on the Malabar coast and
in the eastern part of Asia
Both are used
The
Nearly every species of the genus yields
and
Cassia bark resembles the true cinnamon but
delicately flavored.
a name
spoken of in Exodus,
It is
is
for flavoring confectionery
in
in the islands of
thicker, coarser
and
in cooking.
C. culilawan Blimie.
Malays, China, Moluccas and Cochin China.
have the
and
flavor of cloves
is
The bark
of this species is said to
used as a condiment.
C. iners Reinw.
Burma, Malays,
tropical
Hindustan and Siam.
for use
is
put
In India, the natives use the bark
In southern India, the more mature fruits are collected
as a condiment in their cturies.
but are very inferior to the Chinese cassia buds.^

a spice.'
Among
the Ghauts, the bark
in curries as
C. loureirii Nees.
Cochin China and Japan.

the finest kind
From
the bark of this plant
is
made a cinnamon
of
which
superior to that of Ceylon.
is
G. nitidum Blume.
and
India.
Malays and Java.
The
Java, Ceylon
This plant furnishes a
spice.
C. sintok Blume.
C. tamala T. Nees
Himalayan
&
plant possesses an aromatic bark.
Eberm.
This plant furnishes leaves that are essential ingredients in
region.
Indian cookery.'*
C. zeylanicum Nees.
cinnamon.
East Indies and Malays.

Its cultivation is said to
>
Petit Dia. Jard.

Fliickiger
This plant
is
largely cultivated in
Ceylon for
have commenced about 1770, but the plant was known
1826.
and Hanbury Pharm. 480.
>
Pickering, C.
Dutt, U. C.
1879.
1879.
1877.
its
in
bark.
a wild

Herodotus says:
state long before.
"
tropical countries.
Cistus ladaniferus Linn.
Spain and Portugal,
Spain.
This plant
mas
of the ancients.*
Citriobatus
sp.
Australia.
common
in gardens.
Loudon
'
people.
is
used in Greece in prteparing infusions similar to
Pittosporeae.
species of this genera is the native orange
and orange thorn
The fruit is an orange berry with a leathery

about one and one-half inches through and is eaten by the natives.'
Citrullus colocynthis Schrad.
Cucurbitaceae.
skin,
on the Coromandel coast and
the drug colocynth
some
in
of the islands of the Aegean.
obtained.*
says this
gourd
Thunberg'
mild at the Cape of Good Hope, by being properly pickled, that
is
The gourds
the colonists.
all
The
made
ptilp,
which
is
from which
rendered so perfectly
it is
eaten by the natives
into preserves with sugar, having been
in six or
seven waters until
all
says the seed kernels are used as a food in the African
desert, after being carefully deprived of their coatings.
be mild, oleaginous and
is
fruit,
Gypsies eat the kernel of the- seed freed from the seed-skin
Fluckiger
slight roasting.
are also
over with knives and then boiled
the bitterness disappears.
Africa.
subglobular,
colocynth.
bitter gourd,
about as large as an orange, contains an extremely bitter and drastic
by a
of the
This creeping plant grows abundantly in the Sahara, in Arabia,
Tropical Africa.
previously pierced
It is the
tea.
orange thorn.
native orange,
Australian colonists.
and by
gum which
says the
shaggy rock-rose.
C. villosus Linn,
cistus
met with
often to be
is
This species, which furnishes the laudanimi of
regions.
eaten by the
it is
laudanum.
Cistineae.
Western Mediterranean
exudes from
mountains in those countries where Bacchus
has been cultivated for some time in Mauritius, the West Indies,
It
and other
Brazil
69
the bark was the lining taken from birds' nests
built with clay against the face of precipitous
was nurtured."
Captain Lyon
nutritious.
In India, according to Vaupell,^ there
is
Stille
'
says they are reported to
speaks also of their use in northern
a sweet variety which
is
edible
and
cultivated.
watermelon.
C. vulgaris Schrad.
Tropical Africa.
The watermelon has succeeded
culture, the varieties being
many
in nimiber
importation or through the process of selection.

Loudon,
J.
Baillon,
H.
Syme,
J.
Enc. Agr. 117.
1866.
Hist. Pis. ^-.ziT.
1875.
C.
T.
Treas. Bot. 1:290.
Fluckiger, F. A.
Thunberg, C. P.
Fluckiger, F. A.
'
Stille,
*U.
A.
Sci.
Record 63.
Trav. 2:171.
Sci.
Record 63.
1874.
1796.
1874.
S. Disp. 315.
Pickering, C.
Note.
1870.
1874.
1865.
1879.
especially well
and continuously
The
size
under American
increasing, either through
has also become enormous
STURTEVANT
.170
pounds or even more. The varieties vary in

shape from round to oblong and in color from a light green to almost a black, self-colored
The flesh may be white, cream-color, honeyor striped with paler green or marbled.
selected specimens sometimes weighing 96
The
color, pale red, red or scarlet.
seeds are white, white with two black spots, cream-
colored tipped with brown and a brown stripe around the edge, yellow with a black stripe
round the margin and with black spots, dark brown, reddish-brown, russet-brown, black,
engraved with ornamental characters, and pink or red.

The watermelon is mentioned by the early botanists and described as of large size,
but it must be considered that this fruit even now is not as successfully grown in Europe
sculptured or as
as in
if
more southern
That none or few types have originated imder
countries.
modem
culture is indicated by an examination into the early records.

Size.
Cardanus,' 1556, writes that the size is sometimes so great that a man can
scarcely embrace the fruit with his expanded arms.
Marcgravius,^ 1648, describes those
of Brazil as being as large as a
Ray
says the size
is
Bauhin
wrote
years earlier for he died in 1613.
1686,
J.
man's head, sometimes
'
many
which there are many, all indicate a smalll-sized

"
"
"
"
or
fruit.
large
very large
usually of a
anies, of
is
Round
larger,
sometimes smaller.
such as to be scarcely grasped with the two hands; this
is
In
what
The
figures in the earlier bot-
fruit,
although the description
mentioned by Fuchsius,^ 1542; by Cardanus,* 1556; Garcia

ab Horto,' 1567; Marcgravius,' 1648; Piso,' 1658; and Ray,^" 1686. Subround or roundish,
by Camerarius," 1586; and Gerarde,'^ 1597. Oblong by Garcia ab Horto," 1567 Lourerio,"
Shape.
fruits are
1790.
Oval,
by Garcia ab Horto,'^ 1567.
Elliptical,
by Marcgravius,'*
1648;
and Ray,"
1686.
Color.
by
Grass-green,
Fuchsius,'' 1542.
century; Bauhin,^' 1596; Gerarde,^'' 1597.

Cardanus Rerum
Marcgravius
Ray
var. 185.
Hisl.
22.
1650.
1542.
Cardanps
1556.
iJerwrn ror. 184.
'
Horto, G. ab.
'
Marcgravius Hist. Rerum Nat. Bras. 22.

Piso
"Ray
De
Hist.
PL
" Camerarius
"Gerarde,
^roraa/um 237.
Ind. 263.
J.
643.
1648.
Herb. 767.
" Horto, G. ab. Aromatum

"
Marcgravius Hist. Rerum
"
Hist. PL
1686.
1597.
22,7
1567.
1790.
1567.
237.
Nat. Bras. 22.
643.
flii/. 5/i>/>.
" Bauhin, C.
1648.
1686.
Efnt. 22.
594.
" Fuchsius
1567.
1658.
" Horto, G. ab. Aromatum

" Loureiro Fl. Cochin.
Ray
1648.
1686.
Hist. PI.
J.
Grass-green and spotted, by Matthiolus,^! 1570;
1581.
Rerum Nat. Bras.
Hist. PI. 643.
'Bauhin,
Green, by Albertus Magnus, thirteenth
702.
1542.
Phytopinax 622.
1596.
" Gerarde, J. Herb.

767.
1597.
" Matthiolus Comwew/.
369.
1570.
1648.
(Piso)

Camerarius,* 1596; Dalechamp,^ 1587.
ish,
by Gerarde,^
Flesh.
Yellow,
1658; Lonreirti,!' 1790.
1623,* Marcgravius,' 1648.
White,
Scarlet, by Marcgravius," 1648.

by Bryant," 1783. Flesh-color, by
1596, 1623;' Chabraeus,'" 1677.
by
Green and spotted, by Bauhin,' 1596.
Black-
iS97-
Red, by Baiohin,^ 1596;
Seed.
I7I
Chestnut-brown, by Fuchsius.^* 1542.
Purple-red,
by Bauhin,'
Pale red, by Piso,^^

Josselyn, 1663.
by Tragus,^^
1552.
Black,
Matthiolus,!^ 1570; Camerarius,'* 1596; Dalechamp,'' 1587; Bauhin,^'' 1596; J. Bauhin.^'
Red, by Matthiolus,^ 1570; Bauhin,^^ 1596; Sloane,^* 1696; Bryant,^^ 1783. Reddish,
by Camerarius,^' 1586. Brown, by Baiihin,^' 1596; Marcgravius,^' 1648. Raven-black,
165
1.
by Marcgravius,-^
White, by
1648.
J.
Bauhin,'" 1651.
Sculptured,
It is interesting to note that the older writers described
as insipid
and
acid.
Livingstone
^^
now appear in our culture.

The most surprising plant
kengwe or kerne,
'
Camerarius Epit. 297.
Dalechamp
'
Bauhin, C.
*Gerarde,
'
'
'
'
'
"
Phytopinax 622.
Bauhin, C.
Pinax
Pinax 312.
Marcgravius
De
Ind. 263.
Bryant
1596.
J.
Epit. 297.
1790.
1542.
1570.
1586.
Phytopinax 622.
Hist.
PL
Sloane, H.
Bryant
1651.
1570.
Phytopinax 622.
Cat. 103.
Fl. Diet.
269.
1587.
1596.
2:236.
^ Bauhin, C.
(Piso)
1783.
Tragus
" Matthiolus Comment. 369.
Bauhin,
1648.
1658.
" Fuchsius Hist. Stirp. 702.

"
1552.
Stirp. 832.
"Bauhin, C.
(Piso)
1677.
Nat. Bras. 22.
Fl. Cochin. 594.
" Dalechamp
1648.
1623.
Rerum
Fl. Diet. 269.
" Camerarius
1597.
1596.

Hist.
South African
1623.
t,\2.
1596.
1696.
1783.
1586.
"Bauhin Phytopinax 622.

"
Marcgravius Hist. Rerum
1596.
Nat. Bras. 22.
1648.
(Piso)
Ibid.
"Bauhin,
J.
Forskal, P.
"
Hist.
PL
Livingstone, D.
1651.
2:236.
FL Aeg. Arab,
varieties as sweet, others
The
bitter or acid forms
do
desert, writes Livingstone, is the
In years when more than the usual quantity of rain

Bauhin, C. Phytopinax 622. 1596.
Bauhin, C.
deleterious.
1597.
Heth.-jd-].
J.
and
1586.
Phytopinax 622.
" Lourerio
of the
Bauhin, C.
Piso
"
bitter
the watermelon.
'
Forskal,^' i775-
describes the wild watermelons of South Africa as
some sweet and wholesome, others

not
some
by
122, 167.
1775.
Trav. Research. So. Afr. 54.
1858.
,172
and others so
named by the Boers
bitter that they are
"
the
was not a
may have
botanist, it is possible that this species
colocynthis, or a hybrid of the colocynth
are sweet,
The
bitter watermelon."
As
bitter ones are deleterious, but the sweet are quite wholesome.
oli,
Some
vast tracts of the country are literally covered with these melons.
falls,
this missionary observer
been the colocynth,
Citrullus^
and the watermelon.
Rauwolf,* IS74, found the watermelon growing in abundance in the gardens of TripAleppo under the name bathieca, the root of which word, says R. Thomp-
Rama and
from the Hebrew abattichim, one of the fruits of Egypt which the Jews regretted
The watermelon still forms the chief food and drink of the inhabit-
son,2 is
in the wilderness.
ants of Egypt for several months in the year.
In Bagdad,
Pallas says in southern Russia the people
food.
of watermelons, with the addition of hops.
from the
which
fruit,
is
make a
They
an excellent substitute
also
a staple summer
also, it is
beer from their abundant crops
make a
conserve or marmalade
for syrup or molasses.
In 1662, Nieuhoff
'
found the watermelon called batiek by the Indians of Batavia, some being white, others
This melon is said to have been introduced into Britain in 1597.
red and the seeds black.
By European
was
colonists, says Pickering,^ it
carried to Brazil
eastern North America, to the islands of the Pacific, to
New
and the West
Indies, to
Zealand and Australia.
Watermelons are mentioned by Master Graves ^ as abounding in Massachusetts in

"
*
1629, and shortly after Josselyn
speaks of it as a fniit
proper to the coimtrie. The
a flesh-colour
flesh of it is of
and
excellent against the stone."
"
large fruit, but
nothing near so big as a pompion; colour smoother, and of a sad grass-green, rounder,
more
the
rightly, sap-green;
flesh,
with some yellowness admixt when
The
ripe.
or,
seeds are black;
Before 1664, according to Hilton,' watermelons
or pulpe, exceeding juicy."
were cultivated by the Florida Indians. In 1673, Father Marquette,* who descended
"
the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers, speaks of melons,
which are excellent, especially
those with a red seed."
Woods'
In 1822,
are also in great plenty, of vast size;

like
says of the Illinois region:
some
suppose weigh 20 pounds.
pvmipkins in outward appearance than melons.
They
"
Watermelons
They
are
more
are round or oblong, generally
and whitish. color on the
outside, and white or pale on the inside, with

flavor like rich water, and sweet and mawkish,
green, or a green
black seeds in them, very juicy, in

but cool and pleasant." In 1747, Jared Eliot mentions watermelons in Connecticut, the
seed of which came originally from Archangel in Russia. In 1799, watermelons were
many
raised
by the
They
are
'
Ray,
tribes
now
on the Colorado River.
cultivated throughout the
Trav. through
J.
Thompson, R.
Imw
'
Churchill
'
Pickering, C.
'
Graves Mass. Hist. Soc.
Co//.
'Josselyn, J.
'
Hilton Rel. Fla.

///.
'
Voy. 2:281).
8.
Horl. Soc. Trans. 125.
Woods,
J.
///.
" McMahon, B.
1738.
1879.
1:124.
1806.
1865.
Force Coll. Tracts 4: No.
2.
1846.
1876.
Country 226, 227.
Amer. Card.
1822.
Col. 582.
1806.
i"
regions of the globe.
1732.
Coll.
1664.
McMahon
1870.
Voy. loi.
warm
Countries 2:16.
Treox. Bo<. 1:357.
In 1806,
(Cucurbita citrullus)
describes four kinds.

Citrus.
bergamot.
Rutaceae.
grape fruit, lemon,
cltron.
173
lime,
orange, pomelo
SHADDOCK.
The determination
of the species of this genus seems to be in

confusion, as might
be expected from the great variability of this favorite fruit so
long under cultivation.
Linnaeus 1 established two species, Citrus aurantium,
comprising the sweet and bitter
orange and the shaddock; and Citrus medica, comprising the lime, lemon and citron.
._
Risso and Poiteau
recognized eight species, C. bergamia, the bergamot, C. limetta, the

sweet lime with white flowers, C. decumana, the shaddock, C. lumia, the sweet lemon,
C. limonum, the lemon, and C. medica, the citron.
In 1818, Risso ' describes 169 varieties
and
to
The mass of evidence collected by Professor Targioni-Tozzetti seems

figures 105.
show that oranges were first brought from India into Arabia in the ninth century, that
they were unknown in Europe, or at any rate in Italy, in the eleventh, but were shortly
afterwards carried westward by the Moors. They were in cultivation at Seville towards
the end of the twelfth century, and at Palermo in the thirteenth and
probably also in
for
it
is
said
that
St.
Domine planted an orange for the convent of S. Sabina in
Italy,
Rome in
the year 1200.
In the course of the same century, the crusaders foimd citrons,
oranges and lemons very abundant

oranges and lemons became common
They must have been

seem as
if
the whole island of
orange trees,"
to the arrival of Europeans,
*
Palestine,
and
in
the fourteenth century both
in several parts of Italy.
early introduced to America, for Himiboldt
Cuba had been
and he thinks the
louch
in
says "it would
originally a forest of palm,
lemon and wild
oranges, which bear a small
fruit,
are probably anterior
who
transported thither the agrumi of the gardens. Caldthe

the small, bitter orange, which bears the name of
Brazilians
that
affirm
says
loranjo do terra
and
is
found wild far from the habitations of man,
is
of
American
origin,
De
Soto,' ISS7. mentions oranges in the Antilles as bearing fruit all the year, and, in 1587.
Cavendish ' found an orchard with lemons and oranges at Puna, South America, and off
San Bias lemons and oranges were brought to the ships. In 1693-94, Phillips speaks of
the wild orange as apparently indigenous in Mexico, Porto Rico, Barbados and the Ber-
and the Cape Verde Islands.'

The citron appears to have been the only one of this genus known in ancient Rome
and is probably the melea persike of Theophrastus and the persika mala of Dioscorides.
Lindley says those who have bestowed the most pains in the investigation of Indian botany,
mudas, as well as
in Brazil
whose judgment we should place the most confidence, have come to the conclusion
that the citron, orange, lemon, lime and their numerous varieties now in circulation, are
and
all
in
derived from one botanical species.

Brandis, D.
'
Forest Fl. 51.
1876.
Ibid.
Wood, A.
Class
Book
Bat. 275.
1864.
Targioni-Tozzetti Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. 9:173.
'
Humboldt, A.
Trav. 3:171-
1855.
889-
Ibid.
'
De
Lives Voy. Drake, Cavendish 136.
Nuttall, T.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 19.

1854.
1865.
1851.
174
Seville orange,
bitter orange.
bergamont.
C. aurantium Linn,
sweet orange.
The sweet orange began

'
middle of the fifteenth century.
Phillips
says
it
to be cultivated in Europe about the

was introduced at Lisbon in 1548 by
Juan de Castro, a celebrated Portuguese warrior, and from this one tree all the European
orange trees of this sort were propagated. This tree was said to have been alive at Lisbon
One
in 1823.
of the first importations of oranges into
England occurred A. D. 1290,
in
which year a Spanish ship laden with this fruit arrived at Portsmouth; of this cargo the
Queen
Edward
of
by the Arabs.
'
says the sweet orange reached Europe
and thence to the shores
through Persia to Syria,

carried
Gallesio
bought seven.'
It
of Italy
and the south
of France, being
was seen by Friar Jordanus in India about 1330. In the year

was only one orange-tree in France, which had been planted
*
Navarre, and this tree is still living. In 1791, Bartram refers
1500, says Loudon,' there
in 142 1 at
Pempeluna
in
to the orange as growing abundantly in Florida, as is apparent from the context, and in
"
187 1 Dr. Baldwin writes,
you may eat oranges from morning to night at every plantation along the shore (of the St. Johns), while the wild trees, bending with their golden
an enchanting appearance."
Oranges are also found in

^
Father
in
Baegert
1751) and are now quite
by
extensively grown for market in the extreme southern states. They are imported to
over the water, present
fruit
Louisiana and in California (they were seen
our Atlantic ports from the Mediterranean, the Azores and also from the West Indies.
At San Francisco,
large quantities are received
from Tahiti and Mexico and a few from
There are nimierous varieties grown, some of which are so
Hawaii.
distinct as to
be
described as botanical species.
Bergamot.
The bergamot
first
appeared in the latter part of the seventeenth century.
It is
not mentioned in the grand work on orange trees by Ferrari,' 1676, nor by Lanzani,' 1690,
nor Quintinye,'" 1692. It seems to be first mentioned in a Uttle book called La Parjumeur
Fran$ois,'-^
published at Lyons in 1693.''
BiGARADE Orange.
The
sour orange
region, especially in
orange cultivated in
Phillips,
H.
Comp. Orch. 266. 1831.

Hanbury Pharm. 112. 1879.
'
Gallesio TreaJ. Bo/. 1:292.
Jordanus, Fr.
'
Loudon,
'Bartram,
W.
1870.
Wonders East. 1330.

Hort. 608.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 15.
i860.
Trav. No., So. Car. 144.
'
Smithsonian Inst. Rpt. 356.
'
Fluckiger and
1791.
1863.
Hanbury Pharm.
109.
1879.
Hanbury Pharm.
ill.
1879.
Ibid.
"
Ibid.
"
Ibid.
Ibid.
"
Fluckiger and
Bitter Orange.
extensively ctiltivated in the
Fluckiger and
C.
Sour Orange.
varieties.
Seville Orange.
warmer parts of the Mediterranean

It was probably the first
Spain, and exists under many varieties.
i'
The
sour
not
mentioned
was
Europe.
orange
by Nearchus among
is
J.
There are several
1863.
STURTEVANT
75
watered by the Indus, but the Arabs, pushing

farther into the interior than Alexander the Great, iound the orange, and brought it
the productions of the country which
is
into Arabia in the ninth century.
reached Italy in the eleventh century and was in
It
cultivation about Seville at the close of the twelfth

Gallesio
centtuy.
states that
'
it
Pickering,^ states that the bitter orange
into Spain.
and at Palermo
in the thirteenth
was introduced from Arabia and the north of Africa
was cultivated
in Sicily in A.
D.
1002.
The sour orange had become naturalized in the forests of Essequibo, about Vera
Cruz and ^&ar Mexico City, in 1568; in Brazil in 1587;' in Porto Rico, Barbados and the
Bermudas,* Cape Verde islands and in Florida at early dates. There are many varieties
and the
a curious one consists of an orange within an orange.
fruit of
Mandarin.
Tangerine.
This
fruit is rare in
China but abundant
Loudon
says the thin rind
The
about as a kernel in some nuts.

flavor.
C.
'
Williams
says
decumana Murr.
it is
much
so
is loose,
flesh, of
pomelo,
The shaddock was
Tropical Asia.
so that
ripe the pulp
a deep orange
first
pummelo.
round, a
of all oranges.^
may be
shaken
color, possesses a- superior
carried
shaddock.
from China to the West Indies early

and both the red and white kinds
It occurs in several varieties
*
by Wilkes indigenous to the Fiji Islands.
by Capt. Cook in his voyage of discovery.
C. japonica Thunb.
fruit is
most agreeable
when
are considered
distributed
The
the most deHcious of the oranges of China.
grape fruit,
in the eighteenth century.
Cochin China.
It is the
compressed, red inside as well as out.
little
in
In 1777, they were somewhat
kumquat.
Japan and China. The fruit is about the size of a cherry or gooseberry. It is cvdtivated in China and Japan and is found near Canton in China. The small, oblong, reddishyellow fruit contains but five sections under a very thin skin; the pulp is sweet and
agreeable.'
C. javanica Blume.
Java.
java lemon.
ciiltivated species bears small, roundish, slightly acid fniits.'"
This
lemon.
C. limonia Osbeck.
De Candolle"
Tropical Asia.
'Gallesio Treas. Bot. 1:292.

Pickering, C.
1870.
'Lives Voy. Drake, Cavendish 136.

*
Loudon,
J.
1879.
1854.
Nuttall, T.
'Gallesio, G.
'
says the lemon was
Traite Citrus 32.
C.
Williams, S.
Hort. 608.
W.
1865.
1811.
i860.
Wilkes, C.
De CandoUe,
A.
Ceog. Bot. 2:870.
1855.
" De Candolle, A.
Ceog. Bot. 2:865.
1855.
'
Ibid.
i860.
1845.
unknown
to the ancient
Romans
176
and Greeks, and that

Arabs.
extended into the West only with the conquests of the
its culttire
mentioned in the Book of Nabathae on Agriculture which is supposed to date

The Arabs brought the lemon in the tenth
foiirth centviry of our era.
It is
from the third or
Omar
century from the gardens of
into Palestine
and Egypt.
Jacques de Vitry, writing
in the thirteenth century, very well describes the lemon, which he had seen in Palestine.
"
"
About 1330, Friar Jordanus,' saw in India other lemons sour like ours which wovild
indicate its existence in India before that date.
It
was
Genoa, about the
ctiltivated in
middle of the fifteenth century and as early as 1494 in the Azores.^ From the north of
India, the lemon appears to have passed eastward into Cochin China and China and west-
ward
into
America.
extent.
Europe; it has become naturalized in the West Indies and various parts of
There are ntomerous varieties. Some are cultivated in Florida to a limited
are mentioned in California in 1751-68
They
by Father
Baegert.'
Lime.
In Jamaica, the lime
when
ripe,
is
quite naturalized.
fruit is nearly globose, small,
with a thin skin and an abundance of pure, acid
imported into the United States, in
About
The
1755,
This
juice.^
yellow
fruit is largely
natural form, pickled and in the form of lime juice.
its
Henry Laurens imported Umes

*
into South Carolina.
Sweet Lemon.
The
many
fruit
has the rind and the
flesh of
C. medica Linn,
is
citron
Rome.
The
Hogg
'
thinks this
is
Royle
Rhind says
In Media and Persia, the citron
found
is
it
it
was much grown

Theophrastus, 322 B. C, and
In 1003,
was
first
cultivated in Italy
found only in the cultivated
Hakl. Soc. Ed.
Jordanus, Fr.
Wonders, East.
Fluckiger and
Hanbury Pharm.
'
Smithsonian Inst. Rpt. 356.
'Brandis, D.
Loudon,
C.
J.
'Hooker, W.
'Rhind,
W.
Unger, F.
Ibid.
J.
Hort. 609.
1876.
i860.
Hanbury Pharm.
115.
Journ. Bat. 1:105.
Hist. Veg. King.
U. S. Pat.
Off.
1879.
1863.
Forest Fl. $4.
Fluckiger and
103.
m.
Rpt. 337.
1879.
1831.
1855.
1859.
it
15.
by
growing wild in the forests of northern
Fruits are used chiefly in a candied form.
'
in ancient
in Palestine in the time of Josephus
the tnelea medike of
e kedromela of Dioscorides.*
was known
distributed throughout the whole of southern Europe, also in Brazil
">
There are
found wild in the motmtains of east India.
into Italy about the third centtuy.
Palladius in the second century.

India.
still
of the orange tribe, the fruit of which
have been cultivated
tree appears to
near Naples.'
mela medika
member
the only
is
and was introduced
'
sweet.
citron.
Tropical Asia; indigenous to and
The
a lemon but the ptilp
varieties in Italy.
1863.
state.
and
It is
now
in the Congo.'"
STURTEVANT
77
Amarantaceae.
Cladothrix lanuginosa Nutt.
and Mexico.
California
According to Schott/ the Mexicans use a decoction of the
plant as a tea.
Clausena excavata Burm.
whample.
Rutaceae.
f.
This shrub of China and the Moluccas
East India and Malay Archipelago.

tivated in the
West
with a peculiar
large seeds which nearly
Williams
says in
cul-
fruit is
The scanty
the interior.
and held
pleasantly acid
pvilp
borne in
has an anise-seed
in esteem, as
it
clusters,
It contains three
flavor.'
also is in the Indian
tree.
Myrsineae.
Clavija sp.
China
fill
it is
About two bushels are produced on a
archipelago.
The
a diminutive lemon, about the size of an acorn.
ripe,
is
has a good deal the taste of the grape, accompanied
fruit
being very grateful to the palate.^
flavor,
when
resembling,
The
Indies.
genus of South American shrubs or small
nimierous seeds embedded in a piilp which
is
trees.
The
fruits are fleshy
said to be eatable.
They vary
and contain
in size,
but
are seldom larger than a pigeon's egg.'
Claydonia rangiferina (Linn.) Web.
crisp
and
Quebec.
reindeer moss.
Reindeer moss is sometimes eaten by the people of Norway and

Reindeer moss, says Kalm,' grows plentifully in the woods around
Northern regions.
is
Lichenes.
agreeable.
M. Gaulthier and
several other gentlemen told
him that the French, on
their
long voyages through the woods, in pursuit of their fur trade with the Indians, some-
times boil this moss and drink the decoction for want of better food when their provisions
are exhausted.
Claytonia caroliniana Michx.
&
C. exigua Torr.
much
prized
by
Indians.'
Gray.
The
California.
Portulaceae.
This plant has edible bulbs
succulent leaves are in popular use as a potherb in California.*
C. megarrhiza Parry.
This plant has a long, fleshy taproot but

the summits of the Rocky Mountains and is seldom available.'
North America.
Toirey,
Journ. Bot. 7:1$$.
Hooker, W.J.
'
This species, according to Robinson,'"
U. S. Afex. Bound. Surv. 181.
J.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Williams,
S.
W.
'Black, A. A.
Kalm,
1772.
Brewer and Watson
Robinson,
W.
1870.
1895.
"
{Alternanthera lanuginosa)
i860.
Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 22: 107.
Havard, V.
'Havard, V.
Amer.
cultivated in France as a
{Cookia punctata)
1874.
2:287,288.
'
">
Card. Ind. 217.
Treas. Bot. i:2g6.
1859.
is
(Cookia punctata)
1855.
T>av. No.
P.
confined to
cuban spinach.
C. perfoUata Donn.
'
it is
Bot. Cal. 1:76.
1880.
1895.
1878.
(Lichen rangiferinus)
178
The
salad plant.
CandoUe
is occasionally cultivated there.
it
says
used in England, according to Loudon,' as a spinach.
foliage is
C. perfoliata of
Cuba
is
De
an annual
employed as a spinach in France in place of purslane.' It was first described in 1794

but in 1829 was not named by Noisette* for French gardens; in 1855 it was said by De
Candolle ' to be occasionally cultivated as a vegetable in England. It is now included
by Vilmorin among French
vegetables.
Siberian purslane.
C. sibirica Linn.
Northern Asia and northwestern North America.
and cooked by the Indians
This species
is
eaten both raw
of Alaska.'
C. tuberosa Pall.
Kamchatka and
tubers are edible.*
spring beauty.
C. virginica Linn,

Clematis flammula Linn.
This species has edible bulbs,
chelidonii Linn.
The
East Indies.
The young
prized
by the
Indians.'
shoots,
when
boiled,
may
be eaten.
spider-flower.
Capparideae.
seeds are used
much
virgin's bower.
Ranunculaceae.
Cleome
The
eastern Siberia.
by the
natives as a mustard in their curries, on
account of their pungency.'

C. felina Linn.
f.
In India, the flowers are used to flavor salads.'*
East Indies.
C. heptaphylla Linn.
American
tropics.
The
leaves are eaten.
C. viscosa Linn.
Old World
This plant has an acrid taste, something like mustard, and is

eaten by the natives among other herbs as a salad." The seeds, being pungent, are used
in ctirries as a mustard.'^
Its seeds are eaten as a condiment like mustard.''
The seeds
tropics.
are used in curries."
'
Dewey, C.
De
'
Bon
Noisette
'
De
Candolle, A.
Jard. 476.
Geog. Bol. 2:662.

1882.
Man. Jard.
Candolle, A.
1829.
Ceog. Bot. 2:662.
V. S. Nat. Herb. 3:330.
'Don, G.
Hist.
Havard, V.
Royle,
1
"
J.
Baillon,
F.
H.
Pickering, C.
"Royle,
J.
F.
"Baillon, H.
"
1840.
1855.
1855.
1896.
DicU. Pis. 3:82.
1834.

Illustr. Bot.
Himal. 1:73.
Hist. Pis. 3:169.
1874.

Illustr. Bot.
1879.
Himal. 1:73.
Hisl. Pis. 3:169.
Speede Ind. Handb. Card. 50.
1895.
1839.
(Polanisia icosandra)
1839.
1874.
1842.
Supplement.
STURTEVANT
Clerodendron serratum Spreng.
and leaves are
Its flowers
Tropical America, Jamaica and southern Brazil.
These berries
Indies.
CGdemia sp.?
is
sweet, white,
Ternsiroemiaceae.
Henfrey
'
says the leaves of this plant fxxmish a tea in Panama.
indian currant.
Melastomaceae.
Tropical America.
wild pear.
In Jamaica the trees bear a green,
mealy and includes a hard, brownisha pleasant dessert.*

and
eaten
as
are gathered
Cleyera theoides Choisy.
West
79
eaten.^
sweet pepper,
soap-wood,
Ericaceae,
roundish berry of which the piilp

black stone.
Verbenaceae.
Clethra tinifolia Sw.
genus of shrubs the berry of which
is
fleshy
and
edible.*
C. dependens D. Don.
This shrub furnishes a gooseberry-like
Peru.
Cliffortia ilicifolia Linn.
leaves have been used in Africa as a tea substitute.^
Clinogyne dichotoma Salisb.
tematea Linn.
maranta
Scitamineae.
The maranta

Clitoria
evergreen oak.
Rosaceae.
The
South Africa.
fruit of little value.'
is
cultivated in the East Indies for arrowroot.'
butterfly pea.
Leguminosae.
of Madagascar and Mauritius.

In the Philippines, the pods are sometimes
In Amboina, the flowers are used to tinge boiled rice a cerulean color.'
Mountains
eaten.'
Cnicus eriophorus Roth. Compositae.

Europe and Asia Minor. This thistle
is said to have been cultivated by M. Lecoq'"

him
a
pronounced by
savory vegetable. The receptacles of this plant,
says Lightfoot," are pulpy and esculent, like those of the artichoke.
in France
and
is
C. oleraceus Linn.
Northern Europe and Asia. The leaves of

In France, it is in flower gardens."
Russians.!''
'
Pickering, C.
'
Lunan,
'
Henfrey, A.
Syme,
J.
Hort.
J.
Jam. 1:65.
Bol. 230.
T.
1870.
M.
'
Masters,
'
Pickering, C.
T.
plant
is
1879.
(Freziera theoides)
Treas. Bot. 1:298.
Card. Chron. 20 : 766.
The
1814.
1870.
U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. i$i.
'Unger, F.
this thistle are
1859.
{Melastoma spicatum)
883.
Treas. Bot. 2:720.
{Maranta ramosissima)
1870.
1879.
Ibid.
Ambank
"
Lightfoot, J.
Pickering, C.
" Vilmorin
F/. 5co/. 1:455.
1851.
F/. P/. Ter.
275.
(Cirsium eriophorum)
1789.
1870.
1879.
3rd Ed.
{Cirsium eriophorum)
cooked and eaten by the
included
among
vegetables
i8o
by Vilmorin,' although he says
it
does not appear to be cultivated.
The
swollen rootstock,
gathered before the plant flowers, was formerly used as a table-vegetable.
appear to have ever reached
It does not
American gardens.
C. palustris Willd.
In Evel5m's time, the stalks were employed, as were those

'
Lightf oot says the stalks are esculent, after being peeled and
of the milk-thistle, for food.'

boiled.
C. serratuloides Roth.
The
Siberia.
roots are eaten.*
C. virginianus Pursh.
The
North America.
roots are about the size of carrots, are sweet
but require a long preparation.

Coccinia indica
Wight
natives in their curries

C.
& Am.
The
Tropical Asia.
and when
by the western
well flavored
Indians.^
scarlet-fruited gourd.
Cucurbitaceae.
fruit of this plant, so
common
fully ripe is eaten
in every hedge, is eaten
by the
birds.'
by
moimoi M. Roem.
The
Tropical Arabia and Africa.
Coccoloba uvifera Linn.
is
are eaten
They
and
fruit' is
eaten.'
kino,
Polygonaceae.
seaside grape.
Shores of the West Indies and neighboring portions of tropical America. Its fruit
eatable and commonly sold in markets but is not much esteemed.* As grown in India,
the fruit
The
reddish-purple, pear-shaped, sweetish-acid
is
fruit consists of
The
berries are acid
Cochlearia armoracia Linn.
and a
spirituous
'
Vilmorin Le5 Pii. Potog. 157.

Johnson, C. P.
Lightfoot, J.
Fl. Scot. 1:454-
Pickering, C.
'
Fremont Explor. Exped.

Wight, R.
Lindley, J.
Brandis, D.
Pickering, C.
P.
146, 159.
2:27.
1879.
(Turia moghadd)
1849.
1874.

Illustr. Bot.
(Cirsium serratuloides)
(^Cirsium virginianum)
1850.
Bot. 126.
Forest Fl. 373.
indigenous to eastern Europe from
1862.
1879.
1845.
Chron. Hist. Pis. $go.
Med. Econ.
red cole.
1789.
Illustr. Bot.
Pickering, C.
is
1883.
Usejvl Pis. Gt. Brit. 150.
J.
edible."
horseradish,
Cruciferae.
'
"Royle,
and
This well-known condimental plant
Europe.
'
berries are acrid but edible,
DC.
Eastern Asia.
'
The ripe
obtained from them.'*
C. limacia
'
borne in drooping racemes.
Menispermaceae.
A woody vine of tropical Arabia.

is
is
the fleshy perianth which encloses a solitary seed.'
Cocculus cebatha DC.
liquor
and
Himal. 1:62.
1879.
1839.
/*
i8i
the Caspian through Russia and Poland to Finland and is now spontaneous in the United
Both the leaves and roots were eaten in Germany during the Middle Ages but
States.
was not common
their use
in
until a
England
much
Palladius,^
which
later period.
Romans.^
identified with certainty with the armoracia of the
a wild plant transferred to the garden,
is
This plant cannot be

be the armoracia of
If it
it is
very curious that
its
use
not mentioned by Apicius ' in his work on cookery, of the same century. Zanonius *
deems horseradish to be the draba of Dioscorides. It seems to be the raphanus of
Albertus Magnus,* who lived in the thirteenth century; he speaks of the plant as wild and
is
domesticated, but
by him.
its
was probably
culture then
for medicinal purposes alone, as indicated
Its cultiu-e in Italy, in 1563, is implied
Ruellius
by
under the name armoracia
it.
In Germany, its culture as a condimental
and
later
mentioned
writers.
In 1587, Dalechamp ' speaks
by Fuchsius,* 1542,
plant
by
of its culture in Germany but does not mention it in France.
L5rte,"' 1586, mentions the
but Castor Durante,' 161 7, does not describe

is
wild plant and
its
uses as a condiment in England but does not imply culture.
Horse-
" as used
radish, though known in England as red cole in 1568, is not mentioned by Ttirner
in food, nor is it noticed by Boorde,'^ 1542, in his chapter on edible roots in the Dyetary of
Gerarde " speaks of it as used by the Germans, and Coles, in Adam in Eden, states
Helth.
that the root sliced thin and mixed with vinegar is eaten as a sauce with meat as among
the Germans."
purposes.
It
In the United States, horseradish
was included by McMahon,'*
is
in general cultivation for
1806, in his list of
market
garden esculents.
C. danica Linn.
Northern and Arctic regions.
&
C. macrocarpa Waldst.
This species
is
employed as a salad
plant.^*
Eat.
The
Himgary and Transylvania.
root
may be
used as a horseradish but
it is less
acrid."
scurvy grass,
C. officinalis Linn,
This species
Arctic regions.
De
'
Palladius
'
Candolle, A.
Albertus
Magnus
t.
"
"
1742.
15, p. 23.
Veg. lib. 6, tract 2,
Herb.
c. 16.
1536.
1542.
Dalechamp Hist. Gen. PL (Lugd.) 636.

Dodoens Herb. 688. 1586. Lyte Ed.
Fluckiger and
1867.
1617.
'
c. 6.
1709.
Stirp. Hist.
Durante, C.
1885.
9; lib. II, c, 2; lib. 12,

'
used occasionally as a cress and
is
lib. 4, c.
Apicius Opson.
Zanonius
spoonwort.
Hanbury Pharm.
66.
1587.
1879.
Ibid.
" Gerarde, J. Herb. 242.

1633 or 1636. 2nd Ed.
"
and
Pharm.
66.
Hanbury
1879.
Fluckiger
McMahon,
"
B.
Amer. Card.
Cal. 582.
1806.
V. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 356.

Unger, F.
1859.
" Don, G. Hist. Dichl. Pis. 1:188.
1831.
Jessen Ed.
is
cultivated in gardens
l82
for that purpose.

It is a common plant in
"
it is eaten in sallads as an antiscorbutic."
Cocos australis Mart.
some parts
of Scotland,
It serves as
and Lightfoot
says
a scurvy grass in Alaska.*
Palmae.
Paraguay. This palm bears a fruit somewhat the shape and size of an acorn, with
a pointed tip and is of a beautiful golden-yellow color somewhat tinged or spotted with
when
red
The
fibrous.
At maturity,
ripe.
and pulpy, the
soft
South America.
This
is
and somewhat
wine palm.
oil palm,
f.
flesh yellow, succulent
a pineapple.'
flavor is delicious, resembling that of
C. butjrracea Linn.
and
it is
the paltna de vino of the Magdalena.
a cavity excavated in its trunk near the top.
This tree
In three days, this cavity
is
cut
down
found
is
filled
with a yellowish- white juice, very limpid, with a sweet and vinous flavor. During i8
or 20 days, the palm-tree wine is daily collected; the last is less sweet but more alcoholic
One
and more highly esteemed.
tree yields as
much
as 18 bottles of sap, each bottle
containing 42 cubic inches, or about three and a quarter gallons.*

C. coronata Mart.
This species yields a pith, which the Indians
Brazil.
which an
cocoanut.
C. nucifera Linn,
The
Tropics.
centers of the geographical range of this
and
countries bordering the Indian
throughout the tropics.
About
under the name of
by
in
nargil,
an Indian coast
Pacific oceans
Friar Jordanus.'
is
by Simmonds
ten varieties in India.

are
many
varieties in
unformed, the
'
to be described
'
W. H.
Garden
11.
'
1:343.
is
rrap. 3:210.
Wonders, East 1330.
W. H.
Simmonds, P. L.
1868.
{C. fenestrata)
1856.
1856.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 15.
Conq. Peru 1:218.
i860.
Trop. Agr. 229, 230.
"Firminger, T. A. C.
Thirty species of cocoanut
in the East.
1889.
Jordanus, Fr.
W.
and named
Firminger
'"
mentions
Card. Ind. 269.
Polyn. Research. 1:57.
is
scraped, pressed through a
mixed with grasses and scented woods and suffered
"Ellis,
upon the beach.
1789.
Seemann, B.
Prescott,
'
1876.
'Humboldt, A.
'
extensively cultivated
and quite correctly too,

the cocoanut was seen by Pizarro *
in India,
the kernel of the old nut
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 187.
'Seemann, B.
and
sweet pakn-milk, a further development supplies a white,

becomes still firmer and then possesses a pleasant,
Fiji Islands,
Fl. Scot.
Lightfoot, J.
Dall,
now
islands
it finally
grater, and the pulp thus formed

'
palm are the
Captain Cook found several sorts at Batavia. Ellis

says there
nuts
are
much
used
as
a
food.
the
Tahiti.
The
When
embryo is
fruit furnishes
In the
oil.
is
''
sweet and aromatic kernel;
sweet
In 1524,
it
In the vicinity of Key West and as far north as Jupiter

foimd, having been first introduced about 1840 by the wrecking
of a vessel that threw a quantity of these nuts
are said
but
was described
it
1330,
village of Peru.
the cocoanut
Inlet,
n^ke into bread, and a nut from
extracted.*
oil is
1889.
1874.
1833.
1863.

to stand in the sun, which causes the
residuum, called kora,
under
natives.!
C. oleracea Mart,
The
Brazil.
is
made frbm
also
in
when
it is
skimmed
ofiE.
The
banana leaves and then buried
This preparation
piles of stones.
or palm-wine,
Toddy
to rise to the top,
pounded or mashed, wrapped
is
water covered with
salt
oil
183
is
common
food of the
the sap of the flower-spathes.
iraiba palm.
leaf-buds, or cabbages, are edible.^
C. ventricosa Arruda.
The
Brazil.
is
oily
pulp of the fruit and the almond of the inner stone
The
sold in the markets.
and
pith contains a fecula which
is
is
eaten and
extracted in times of want
is eaten.'
Codiaeum variegattun Blume.

This species
India.
Coffea arabica Linn.
is
Euphorbiaceae.
used as a vegetable.*
coffee.
Rubiaceae.
Arabia and African tropics. This shrub is found wild in Abyssinia' and in the Sudan
it forms forests.'
It is mentioned as seen from the mid-Niger to Sierra Leone and
from the west coast to Monrovia. In the territory west of Braganza, says Livingstone,'
where
wild coffee
is
abundant, and the people even make their huts of coffee
the equator, says Grant,* the m'wanee, or coffee,
but the berry
The Ugundi,
is
is
trees.
make a
or about
cultivated in considerable quantities
eaten raw as a stimulant, never drunk in an infusion by the
says Long,' never
On
decoction of coffee but
Wanyambo.
chew the
grain raw;
a general custom. The Unyoro, says Burton,*" have a plantation of coffee about
almost every hut door. According to the Arabian tradition, says Krapf," the civet-cat
brought the coffee-bean to the mountains of the Arusi and Ilta-Gallas, where it grew and
this is
was long odtivated,
until
an enterprising merchant carried the

it soon became acclimated.
coffee plant, five
hundred
years ago, to Arabia where
About the
have been
was progressively used at Mecca,
From
progress to Damascus and Aleppo.
fifteenth century, writes PhiUips," the use of coffee appears to
introduced from Persia to
Medina, and Cairo; hence
it
continued
its
Sea.
It
was introduced into Constantinople in the year 1554. Rauwolf,"

places,
who was in the Levant in 1573, was the first European author who made any menthese
two
Aden on the Red
it
Wilkes, C.
'
Seemann, B.
Koster, H.
De

Trav. Braz. 2:366.
U. S. Pat.
Unger, P.
'
Candolle, A. P.
1845.
1856.
1817.
Off. Rpt. 359.
Geog. Bot. 2:969.
1859.
(C. chrysosticton)
1855.
Ibid.
'Livingstone, D.
'
Speke,
J.
H.
Long, C. C.
Trav. Research. So. Air. 466.

Cent. Afr. 142.
" Burton, R. F. Lake Reg.

"
Trav. East
Krapf
1877.
Cent. Afr. 399.
Afr. 47.
H.
Comp. Orck.
104.
1831.
"Phillips, H.
Comp. Orch.
Z05.
1831.
Phillips,
1858.
1864.
i860.
184
who has particularly described it, is Prosper Alpinus,' 1591,

The Venetians seem to be the next who used coffee. This beverage was
tion of coffee, but the first
and
1592.
by two English travellers at the beginning of the seventeenth century, Biddulph *

about 1603 and William Finch ' in 1607. Lord Bacon * mentions it in 1624. M. Thevenoticed
not' taught the French to drink coffee on his return from the East in 1657. It was
fashionable and more widely known in Paris in 1669.
Coffee is said to have been first
*
brought to England in 1641, but Evelyn
known
in
London
in 1652.
says in his diary, 1637.
It
was
first
publicly
According to other accotints, the custom of drinking coffee
by whom the plant had been cultivated from time immeAden in the early part of the fifteenth century, whence its
originated with the Abyssinians,

morial,
and was introduced
to
use gradually extended over Arabia.
Towards the end
Dutch transported the plant to

Batavia, and thence a plant was sent to the botanic gardens at Amsterdam, where it
was propagated, and in 17 14 a tree was presented to Louis XIV. A tree was imported
into the Isle of Bourbon in 1720.
One account asserts that the French introduced it to
of the seventeenth century, the
Martinique in 1 7 1 7 and another states that the Dutch had previously taken it to Surinam.
It reached Jamaica in 1728.
It seems certain that we are indebted to the progeny of a
for
all
the
coffee
now imported from Brazil and the West Indies. It was
single plant
In Java and Sumatra, the leaves of the coffee plant are
known to have been grown and
introduced to Celebes in 1822.'
used as a substitute for
In 1879, four trees were
coffee.*
successfully fruited in Florida.
C. liberica
Hiem.
liberian coffee.
This seems to be a distinct species, which furnishes the Liberian
Tropical Africa.
coffee.
It
was received
in Trinidad
Coix lacryma-jobi Linn.

ing bread which
seeds
is utilized
Cola acuminata Schott
&
may
job's tears.
Endl.
Sterculiaceae.
tree,
Phillips,
>
of
by the negroes
in
H.
Comp. Orch. 105.
1831.
H.
Comp. Orch. 106.
1831.
Ibid.
Ibid.
'Phillips,
Ibid.
'
Wallace, A. R.
'
Hanbury, D.
Malay Arch.
Sci.
251.
Papers 84.
1869.
1876.
Prestoe Rpt. Bol. Card. Trinidad 21.

">
Long Hist. Jam. 3 83 1

"Smith, A. Treas. Bol.
:
and made
into a coarse but nourish-
1 774.
i-.iii.
colanut.
gooranut.
1870.
cola
or
kolla
is
kolanut.
cultivated in Brazil
or goora-nuts,
and
the seeds are
by the natives of western and central tropical

the West Indies and Brazil." There are several
Ibid.
*
flour
a native of tropical Africa,
extensively used as a sort of condiment
Africa and likewise
Gardens, England, in 1875.'
be ground to
Under the name
Indies.
Kew
in times of scarcity."
This
Tropical Africa.
the West
Gramineae.
The
Tropical Asia.
from
880,

varieties.
Father Carli
noticed
them
in
Congo
says the chief article of African produce in the
forms an important
as coffee or tea
their seeds is
The nuts
bitterness but the water drank after
into Martinique about 1836.
Colea
is
of colla.
of digestion;
as Father Carli
it or,
makes them very sweet."
small piece of one of

it is
also supposed to
"
'
says,
they have a little
This plant was introduced
amylaceous seeds, of a not very agreeable
Its
Barth
the guro or kolanut, which
contain the alkaloid thein.
chewed before each meal as a promoter
improve the flavor of anything eaten after
much
Kano markets
name
and which has become to the natives as necessary
article of trade
to us.
is
in 1667 under the
185
taste, are
sought after by the negroes.*

telfairii
Bignoniaceae.
Boj.
The
Madagascar.
fruit is eaten.
Coleus aromaticus Benth.
country borage.
coleus.
Labiatae.
East Indies.
This is the covmtry borage of India. Every part of the plant is delightand the leaves are frequently eaten and mixed with various articles of food
In Burma, it is in common use as a potherb. A purple coleus was observed
fully fragrant,
in India.*
Japan by Miss Bird,' the leaves
in cultivation in northern
of
which are eaten as spinach.
C. barbatus Benth.
East Indies and tropical Africa.
About Bombay,
this species is
commonly
cultivated
in the gardens of the natives for the roots, which are pickled.''
C. spicatus Benth.
East Indies.
for
Wilkinson
making chaplets and
quotes Pliny as saying that the Egyptians grew this plant
for food.
Colocasia antiquorum Schott.
Tropical Asia.
This
of central Asia in very
is
Aroideae.
dasheen.
very probably an Indian plant, as
numerous
varieties
had seen
delta of
Boissier " cites
and to have received it from Africa.'"
cultivated in the whole
it
as
It
was
carried west-
Egypt tmder the name of Quolkas.^
The Spaniards
in Portugal.
it
it is
and has a Sanscrit name.
ward in the earliest times and is cultivated in the

Clusius, writing in 1601,
taro.
are said to call
it
alcoleaz
common in middle Spain. Lunan '^
says there are several varieties cultivated in Jamaica which are preferred by the negroes
'
Churchill CoW. Foy. 1:501.
'Barth, H.
1744.
Trav. Disc. No., Cent. Afr. 1:514.

*
Berlanger Trans. N. Y. Agr. Soc. 568.
'
Drury, H.
Bird Unheal. Tracks Jap. 1:175.
'
Pickering, C.
Wilkinson,
'
De CandoUe,
G.
A.
Anc. Egypt.
Ibid.
Ibid.
'^Lxxna.n Hort.
Jam. 1:212.
1814.
(Sterculia acuminata)
1881.
2:7,^.
Geog. Bot. 2:817.
1858.
1873.
J.
1857.
1744.
1879.
1854.
1855.
(Ocymum
{Arum
zatarhendi)
colocasia)
1 86
In 1844, this species was cultivated by Needham Davis ^ of South Carolina,

who says one acre of rich, damp soil will produce one thousand bushels by the second
In India, colocasias are universally cultivated and the roots are without acrimony.*
year.
to yams.
The
outward appearance those of the Jerusalem
arti-
are not in great request with Europeans in Bengal where potatoes
may
tubers, says Firminger,' resemble in
choke.
be had
They
the year through but in the Northwest Provinces, where potatoes are vmobtain-
all
much consumed
able during the simimer months, they are
Their flavor
who
not vmlike
is
The
salsify.
is
plant
in the
of a substitute.
way
cultivated extensively
by the
Polynesians,
the tubers are largely consvmied and the young leaves are eaten as a
call it taro;
spinach.^
elephant's ear.
C. antiquorum esculenta Schott.
This plant
is
grown in
largely
Nordoff
for 33 of the varieties.
be eaten raw.
may
it
From
Simpson
is
says the natives have distinct names
"
'
'"
varieties of kalo are cultivated in
says,
is
Kalo forms the principal food
staple diet.
is
made.
It is also
Masters
grown
says
it is
in the Philippines
among
is
called
'
and
In Jamaica, Sloane "
says the roots are eaten as potatoes, but the chief use of the vegetable, says Lunan,'^
as a green, and
it is
soup
dissolve
as delicate, wholesome,
is
it
such
excellent, for
and
and agreeable a one as any
in the world.
is
In
the tenderness of the leaves that they, in a manner,
is
and mucilaginous ingredient. It

"
Adams found the boiled leaves very palatable
afford a rich, pleasing
cultivated in Jamaica.
so
of the
cultivated with great care in small enclosures
the root a sort of paste called poi
and the rootstocks furnish a
taro,
taro.
the kinds are acrid except one which
all
lower class of the Sandwich Islanders and
kept wet."
Ellis
says more than 30
the Hawaiian Islands and adds that
mild that
and
Tahiti,
'
kalo.
'
is
very generally
in the Philippines
but the uncooked leaves were so acrid as to be poisonous. At Hongkong, the tubers are
eaten under the name of cocoas. In Europe and America it is grown as an ornamental
plant.
C. indica Hassk.
Southern Asia.
This plant
small, pendulous tubers of its
'
Davis, N.
'Royle, J. F.
Trans. N. Y. Agr. Soc. 517.
1845.
Himal. 1:406.
1839.
lilustr. Bot.
'Firminger, T. A. C.
Seemann, B.
'Ellis,
W.
Nordhoff, C.
'
Simpson, G.
M.
Adams, A.
No.
Sloane,
" Lunan,
H.
J.
" Adams, A.
"
Wight, R.
Cat.,
1874.
1865-73.
1833.
Sandwich
Is.
253.
Journ. Around World 2:33.

T.
Treas. Bo/. 1:315.
Voy. Samarang 2:32^.
Thunberg, C. P.
"
Card. Ind. iii.
Fl. Viti. 285.
'
Masters,
adtivated in Bengal for its esculent stems and the

root, which are eaten by people of all ranks in their curries."
is
Fl.
Jap. 234.
Horl.
Jam. 1:415.
1847.
1848.
{Arum
I707-
escvlentum)
(Arum minus)
1814.
Voy. Samarang 2:331).

Icon. Pis. 3:794.
Notes.
1870.
1784.
1874.
1848.
Bears no date.
(Arum
indica)

Royle
'
says
^
in Brazil
much
it is
and
cultivated about the huts of the natives.
The
found in East Australia.
is
acridity
is
187
It is also cultivated
expelled from this plant
by
cooking.'
Combretum butyrostun Tul. Combretaceae. butter tree.

Tropical Africa. The Kaffirs call the fatty substance obtained from the fruit chiquito.
It is largely used by them as an admixture to their food and is also exported.*
CommeUna
fit
Commelinaceae.
angustifolia?
The rhizomes contain a good

for food when cooked.'
blue spiderwort.
C. coelestis Willd.
The rhizomes
Mexico.
mixed with mucilage and are therefore
deal of starch
are used as food in India.
communis Linn.
C.
In China, this plant
China.
much
is
cultivated as a potherb, which
is
eaten in
spring.^
C.
latifolia
Hochst.
Abyssinia.
It is
used as a potherb.'
C. striata?
The rhizomes
Comocladia
are suitable for food.'
burn-wood,
Anacardiaceae.
integrifolia Jacq.
maiden plum,
papaw-
WOOD.
Lunan
Tropical America.
plum
of the
Conanthera
Chile.
and
it is
bifolia
The
Ruiz
&
Pav.
Royle, J. F.
Masters,
M.
MueUer, F.
*MueUer, F.
The
Himal. 1:407.
Treoi. 5o/. 1:315.
Sel. Pis. 125.
1891.
1891.
Veg. King. 188.
Henfrey, A.
Bot. 380.
Smith, F. P.
'
Pickering, C.
Lindley, J.
make
1839.
1870.
1853.
1870.
Contrib. Mat.
Med. China

Veg. King. 1%%.
1871.
69.
Proc.
(Commelyna polygama)
1879.
1853.
" Lunan,
Hort, Jam. I'.^y^.
J.
1814.
" Morris
1880.
Rpt. Pub. Card. Jam. 35.
"Molina ifii/. CMi 1:96. 1808. {Bermudiana
"Havard, V.
use of the root of this plant in their soups
Rhamneae.
Sel. Pis. 126.
The maiden
Molina " says the bulbs, when boiled or roasted,
berries are similar to those of C. obovata.^^
Lindley, J.
'
eatable but not inviting.
It is called illmu.
Illustr. Bot.
T.
is
grown as a fruit in the Public Gardens of Jamaica.
Haemodoraceae.
very pleasant to the taste.
Northern Mexico.
<
is
natives of the cotmtry
Condalia mexicana Schlecht.
'
says the fruit
West Indies, says Morris,"
are an excellent food.
'
'"
U.S. Nat. Mus. 509.
bulbosa)
1885.
1 88
C. obovata Hook,
blue-wood,
This plant
Texas.
texan logwood.
a shrub of San Antonio, Texas and westward.
is
and
deep red berry is acidulous, edible
is
used in
The
small,
jellies.'
C. spathulata A. Gray.
The
Western Texas.
berries are similar to those of C. obovata."
Conferva sp. Confervae.

Green cakes are made of the slimy river confervae in Japan, which, pressed and dried,
are used as food.
Conium maculatum
Linn.
herb bennet.
Umbelliferae.
poison hemlock.
Europe and the Orient. Poison hemlock has become naturalized in northeastern
America from Europe. Although poisonous, says Carpenter,' in the south of England,
comparatively harmless in London and
it is
Conopodium denudatum Koch.

KIPPERNUT.
Western Evirope.
The
small, tuberous roots of this herb,
known
Convolvulus arvensis Linn.
its
to Lindley.^
It
as earth chestnuts.*
children.
by
but are
roots, says Johnson,* are edible
plant gives
earth chestnut,
arnut.
Umbelliferae.
tubers are frequently dug and eaten
Old World
eaten as a potherb by the peasants of Russia.
jurnut.
pignut.
are available for food and are
The
is
little
Convohulaceae.
When
when
boiled or roasted,
In England, says Don,^ the
boiled, they are very pleasant.
eaten in England except by children.
field bindweed.
This
tropics, middle Asia and naturalized in America from Europe.
flavor to the liquor called noyeau, imported from Martinique, according
reached Philadelphia in 1876 in the packing of exhibits at the Centennial.
Copaifera coleosperma Benth.
The
Tropical Africa.
Leguminosae.
aril is
used in preparing a nourishing drink.'
C. hymenaeifolia Moric.
Cuba.
This species
is
said to be the mosibe of eastern tropical Africa, a tree which
yields a red-skinned, fattening, bean-like seed.'
Corchorus acutangulus Lam.

Cosmopolitan
Tiliaceae.
This plant
tropics.
is
the papau ockroe of the Barbados and
by the negroes as a salad and potherb.'"

'
Havard, V.
Proc.
1885.
Ibid.
Carpenter,
*
MueUer, F.
Don, G.
*
'
W.
B.
Veg. Phys. Bot. 203.
Set. Pis. 126.
Johnson, C. P.
Lindley, J.
1834.
1862.
Med. Econ.
Bot. 209.
1849.
M. T. Treas. Bot. 2:1282.

rrM. Bot. 2:1319. 1876.
" De Candolle, A. Geog. Bot. 2:102b.
Masters.
1850.
1891.
{Bunium flexuosum)
(C. dissectus)
1876.
-
1855.
is
eaten
189
C. antichorus Raeusch.
Old World
tropics.
C. capsularis Linn.
The whole
plant
is
boiled as a potherb.'
jute.
Cosmopolitan tropics. This plant is extensively cultivated in Bengal for its fiber,
which forms one of the jutes of commerce so extensively exported from Calcutta.^ It
was introduced into the United States shortly before 1870 and placed under experimental
culture,' and, in 1873, favorable reports of its success came from many of the southern
states.
Th young
much used
shoots are
Egypt and
in India.*
jew's mallow.
corchorus.
C. olitorius Linn,
as a potherb in
Cosmopolitan tropics. This plant yields some of the jute of commerce but is better
known as a plant of the kitchen in tropical countries. It is cultivated in Egypt, India
and in France. In Aleppo, it is grown by the Jews, hence the name, Jew's mallow. The
leaves are used as a potherb.'
mentioned by Pliny * among Egyptian potherbs, and Alpinus,' 1592, says that
no herb is more commonly used among the Egyptian foods. Forskal * also mentions its
It is
Egypt and notes it among the cultivated esculents of Arabia. In India,

occurs wild and the leaves are gathered and eaten as spinach.' In tropical Africa, it
both spontaneous and cultivated as a vegetable *" and it is in the vegetable gardens of
cultivation in
it
is
In Jamaica, the plant
Mauritius."
is
met with
frequently
in gardens but has, in a great
measure, ceased to be cultivated, although the leaves are used as a spinach.'^

cultivated in French gardens for its
recorded
by Btur"
young
leaves,
which are eaten
It is
in salads.''
now
It is
as in American gardens in 1863 but the plant seems not to have been
mentioned by other writers as growing in this country.

C.
procumbens Boj.
This plant was carried to the Mauritius where
Tropical Africa.
it
is
cultivated in
kitchen gardens.'*
C. siliquosus Linn,
broom-weed.
Tropical America.
its
This plant
is
called ti
by the
inhabitants of
leaves as a tea substitute."

'
Don, G.
'Brandis, D.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 15.
'Smith, A.
1831.
(Antichorus depressus)
Forest Fl. 57. 1876.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 1:329.
1870.
Ibid.
'
'
Alpinius PI. Aegypt. 39.
'Forskal
'
Aeg. Arab,
xciii,
loi.
'"Oliver,
"
Fl.
Bojer,
D.
W.
"Burr, F.
"
Hart. Maurit. 42.
168.
1837.
1883.
Chron. Hist. 380.
Treas. Bat. \:t,29.
(C. obtorius)
868.
1837.
Pickering, C.
"Smith, A.
1775.
1842.
Fl. Trap. Afr. 1:262.
"Macfadyen /om. 1:108.

" Vilmorin Lei Ph. Potag.
1856.
1592.
1863.
1879.
1870.
Panama who
use
STURTEVANT
190
C. tridens Linn.
Cosmopolitan
used as a potherb in Egypt.*
It is
tropics.
C. tiilocularis Linn.
Old World
In Arabia this plant
tropics.
herb in Sennaar and Cordova, where

Cordia collococca Linn.
The
Jamaica.
C. loureiri
Roem.
C.
myza
with a sweetish pulp and
is red,
and that
C.
The
pickled in India.
and
small, acid
is edible.
edible.*
selu.
The

is
used as a pot-
et Schiilt.
Assyrian plum.
Linn.
It is
clammy cherry.
Boragineae.
fruit is red,
The drupe
China.
used as a potherb.'
is
native.*
it is
young
tender,
The
ripe fruit is also eaten.
fruit is eaten as
kernel tastes
a vegetable and
somewhat
like
filbert
of the cultivated tree is better.^
obUqua Willd.
The yotmg
Tropical India.
C. rothii
Roem.
fruit is pickled
and
is
also eaten as a vegetable.'
et Schult.
The
Western India.
fruit is eaten.'
C. sebestena Linn.
The
Tropical America.
has been observed growing at

C. vestita Hook.
Himalayan
f.
&
plant bears a mucilaginous, edible
Key
fruit.
Nuttall
'
says
it
eaten and
is
West, Florida.
Thoms.
The
region.
fruit is filled
with a gelatinous pulp, which
is
preferred to that of C. myxa.^
CordyUne indivisa Steud.
New Zealand. The

C. terminalis Kvmth.
dracaena.
Liliaceae.
berries are eaten
dracaena.
by the
ti.
New Zealanders.*"
ti.
This plant, common in the islands of the Papuan

In the Samoan Islands, some 20 varieties, mostly edible,

Archipelago,
is
there cultivated.
are distinguished
'
Unger, F.
'Don, G.
'
*
'
U.
Brandis, D.
Pat. Off. Rpt. 355.
Forest Fl. 336.
1859.
1831.
Pickering, C.
Unger, P.
1874.
Brandis, D.
"
thick, fleshy roots contain large quantities of saccharine

Unger, F.
1859.
Nuttall, T.
>
S.-
The
Drury, H.
'
by name."
1879.
1865.
Forest Fl. 338.
U.
Pickering, C.
1873.
(C. angustiiolia)
1874.
Pat. Off. Rpt. 347.
1859.
(Dracaena indivisa)
1879.
{Dracaena terminalis)
<?.
STURTEVANT
I9I
matter and, when baked, become very agreeable to the taste.' The baked ti root, says
ElHs,^ macerated in water, is fermented and then a very intoxicating Hquor is obtained
from it by distillation. The large, tuberous roots are eaten by the natives of Viti.' The
tuberous root often weighs from 10 to 14 pounds and, after being baked on hot stoves,
much
resembles in taste and degree of sweetness stock
use
to sweeten puddings.^
it
The
Coriandrum sativum Linn.
root
is
licorice.
The
Fijians
chew
it,
or
roasted and eaten.^
coriander.
Umbelliferae.
The seeds of this plant were used as a spice by

and
the
Romans.
The
Jews
plant was well known in Britain prior to the Norman
conquest and was employed in ancient English medicine and cookery.' Coriander was
cultivated in American gardens prior to 1670.' The seeds are carminative and aromatic
Southern Exirope and the Orient.
the
and are used
for flavoring, in
are put into soups and salads.
confectionery and also
the Musselmans in their curries.*
The
in curries.'"
are largely used
They
condiment and with betelnuts and pau
ment
by
distillers.
The young leaves

much used by
In the environs of Bombay, the seeds are
ripe fruits of coriander
by the natives
of India as a
In Burma, the seeds are used as a condi-
leaves.'
have served as a spice and a seasoning from
very remote times, its seeds having been found in Egyptian tombs of the twenty-first
'^
dynasty;" a thousand or so years later, Pliny
says the best coriander came to Italy from
Egypt.
Colimiella," in the first century of our era
The
recommends coriander as a seasoning;
Cato,"' in the third century before Christ,
plant was
well
known
and
Palladius,'^ in the third, direct its planting.
in Britain prior to the
Massachusetts before 1670.''
In China,
Norman conquest '^ and was
carried to
can be identified in an agricultural treatise of
it
century and is classed as activated by later writers of the sixteenth and eighteenth
In India, it
centuries.'* In Cochin China, it is recorded as less grown than in China.''
the
is
fifth
by the natives as a condiment.""
largely used
'Wilkes, C.
EUis,
W.
Seemann, B.
*
Fl.
Sel.
'
Pluckiger and
'
Pickering, C.
>
Ibid.
Dutt, U. C.
'0
Pickering, C.
^^
Nature 113.
Pliny
" Cato
c.
''
Palladius
"
Ph.
1891.
129.
Hanbury Pharm.
293.
1879.
1879.
1877.
1889.
1883.
157.
Columella
"
{Dracaena
1865-73.
lib. 20, c. 82.
'<
"
311.
1845.
1833.
Ibid.
'Mueller, P.
"
Viti.
lib. 6, c.
lib. 3, c.
33;
24;
lib. 10, c.
Hanbury Pharm.
Josselyn, J.
New
Bretschneider, E.
Fl.
Dutt, U. C.
lib. 11, c. 3.
lib. 4, c. 9, etc.
Pluckiger and
" Loureiro
244;
329.
Eng. Rar. 146.
5t.
So/.
Cochin. 180.
1879.
1865.
78, 59, 85.
1882.
1790.
Coriander has reached Paraguay and
1877.
iermtTialis)
is
192
some parts
in especial esteon for condimental purposes in
extended period of
this
ciiltivation,
Coriaria nepalensis Wall.
The
Chili.
much
Brandis
says the fruit
fruit is eaten
and
is
is
eaten but
is
said to cause
not unwholesome.
deu.
C. ruscifolia Linn.
ivhich is
Notwithstanding
tanner's tree.
Coriarieae.
Himalayan region and China.

*
thirst or colic.
says the
J. Smith
Peru and
no
of Peru.'
indication of varieties tinder cultivation is found.
baccate, fructiferous perianth yields a palatable, purple juice,
by the natives and from which a kind
liked
of
wine
may be made,
but the
seeds are poisonous.*

C. sarmentosa Forst.
New
wineberry.
f.
The
Zealand.
fruit affords
a refreshing wine to the natives but the seeds are
It is called tutu.^
poisonous.
Comus amomum
kinnikinnik.
Cornaceae.
Mill.
In Loioisiana, this plant
North America.
is
said
by Rafinesque
to have black fruit
very good to eat.
bunchberry.
C. canadensis Linn,
dwarf carnel.
This species occurs from Pennsylvania to Labrador on the east
North America.
The
and to Sitka on the northwest.

pleasant but without much
scarlet berries are well
They
taste.
are sometimes
made
known
to children, being
into puddings.'
C. capitata Wall.
Himalayan
This plant was introduced into English gardens about 1833 as

The fruit is sweetish, mingled with a little bitter taste, and is eaten
region.
an ornamental.
and made into preserves
large-leaved dogwood.
C. macrophylla Wall,
Himalayan
in India.*
region,
The
China and Japan.
round, smooth, small berries are eaten
in India.'
C.
mas
cornelian cherry,
Linn,
cornus.
sorbet.
Europe and Asia Minor. The cornelian cherry was formerly cultivated for its fruits
which were used in tarts. There are animiber of varieties. De Candolle 1 mentions one
there are three varieties in France and
fruit.
Duhamel "
with a
Johnson, C. P.
'
Brandis, D.
Gray, A.
'
Smith,
Smith,
Dom.
J.
'
Bot. 132.
1876.
1882.
U. S. Explor. Exped. 306.
Bot.
Dom.
J.
Bot. 132.
Fl.
La. y8.
1817.
Forest Fl. 254.
1874.
'Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 252.
1874.
" Loudon,
J.
C.
Geog. Bot. 2:1083.

Hort. 581.
(C.
polygamus)
Mass. 2:470.
'Brandis, D.
Candolle, A.
1854.
1882.
Trees, Shrubs
Emerson, G. B.
De
1862.
Forest Fl. 128.
Rafinesque, C. S.
'
Germany;
says
yellow
i860.
1855.
1875.

one with wax-colored
193
another with white fruit and a third with fleshy, round
fruit,
fruit.
Don says the fruit is gratefvdly acid and is called sorbet by the Turks. A. Smith says
the harsh, acid fruits are scarcely eatable but are sold in the markets in some parts of
^
'
Germany
to be eaten
a cornelian
fruit is of
children or
by
made
into sweetmeats
and
tarts.
J.
Smith
the size of a small plimi, not very palatable, but
color, of
in some parts as a substitute for
olives;
it is
says the
eaten
is
also preserved, is used in confectionery and,
in Turkey, serves as a flavoring for sherbets.
In Norway, the flowers are used for flavor-
ing distilled*pirits.
cornel dogwood,
C. sanguinea Linn,
for
C. stolonifera Michx.
North America.
ing,
dogberry.
fruit is
oil
used
found the bark in use by the Indians of Maine for smok-
eaten
by the Indians
Nuttall
says the
fruit,
though bitter
of the Missouri River.
kinnikinnik.
C. suecica Linn,
The
North America.
New York,
Correa alba Andr.
Rutaceae.
Australia.
'
Corydalis bulbosa
wooden boxes out
in
this plant is called kinnikinnik
Henfrey
DC.
autumn by the western Eskimo
berries are gathered in the
and preserved by being frozen

In central
pegwood.
red-osier.
Thoreau
is
dogwood,
said to contain a large quantity of
under the name magnoxigill, Indian tobacco.
and unpalatable,
the
The

the table and in brewing.
says the leaves are used
of
which they are cut with an axe.*
by the
Indians.'
by the Australian
settlers for
Northern Europe. This species has a tuberous root, which, when

Kalmuck Tartars with a starchy substance much eaten by them.'
North America.
tea.
fumewort.
Papaveraceae.
Corylus americana Walt.
boiled, furnishes
hazelnut.
Cupuliferae.
This species bears well-flavored nuts but they are smaller and
The nuts are extensively gathered as a food
thicker shelled than the Eitropean hazel.
by the Indians
in
some
places.'"
cobnut,
C. avellana Linn,
filbert,
European
This species includes not only the hazelnut but
varieties of filbert.
'
Don, G.
'
Smith, A.
Smith,
It
Dom.
J.
i:m.
Bot. 134.
A nthrop.
'
Pickering, C.
Henfrey, A.
1882.
1818.
i:<)8.
Journ. 3: cccm.

.5o/. 246.
Johnson, C. P.
Brown, R.
1834.
1870.
Thoreau Me. Woods 223. 1877.

Gen. No. Amer. Pis.
Nuttall, T.
Seemann, B.
all
of the
was cultivated by the Romans, and Pliny says the name
Treas. Bot.
hazelnut.
(C. canadensis)
1865.
1879.
(C. sericea)
1870.
i858.
1862.
(C. solida)
194
is
derived from Abellina in Asia, supposed to be the valley of Damascus.
adds
'
Pliny
had been brought into Greece from Pontus, hence it was also called nux pontica.
now Ponderachi
The nut was called by Theophrastus, heraclotic nuts, from Heraclea
on the Asiatic shore of the Black Sea. These ixames probably refer to particular variethat
it
ties as the species is
we
find
common in Europe and adjoining Asia. In Peacham's' Emblems,

name filbert is derived from Philibert, a king of France, who
stated that the
it
"
caused by arte sundry kinds to be brought forth." There are a number of varieties.
The best nuts come from Spain and are known as Barcelona nuts. Cobnuts and filberts
In Kazan, Russia, the nuts are so plentiful that

expressed from them. Filberts were among the seeds mentioned
of Mar. i6, 1629, to be sent to the Massachusetts Company and
are largely grown in Kent, England.
an
oil
in the
are
C.
used as food
is
Memorandimi
now
'
to be occasionally foimd in gardens in Virginia
columa Liim.
cobnut.
Eastern Europe,
imported cobnuts of
parts of the
Minor and Himalayan region. This plant furnishes the

Britain.
The kernels form an important article of food in some
Asia
The nuts
hills of India.''
This tree was
known in England as cobnuts or Turkish nuts.

Macedonia and Thrace and has been distributed
are
carried from Pontus to

It
throughout Italy.
and elsewhere.
was brought to Germany
in the sixteenth century.'
C. ferox Wall.
Himalayan
common
region.
This species bears a small, thick-shelled nut, in taste like the
hazel.
beaked hazelnut.
C. rostrata Ait.
The plant bears a
C. tubulosa Willd.
Lambert's nut.
well-flavored nut.
lombardy-nut.
Asia Minor and Southern Europe.
This species furnishes the Lombardy, or
Lam-
bert's nut.
Corynocarpus laevigata Forst.
New
Zealand.
The
Anacardiaceae.
new Zealand
laurel.
pulp of the drupe of this tree is edible, but the
sidered poisonous until steeped in salt water.

seeds, the former of the size of a plum,
Bennett
'
says
it is
pulpy in the interior
valued for
and sweet.
used in times of scarcity and contain a tasteless, farinaceous substance.

are, however, poisonous until steamed for a day and soaked.
Corj^ha gebanga Bliime.

Malay.
'
Thompson, R.
Treas. Bot. 1:336.
Disraeli Curios. Lit. 2:332.
Mass. Records
gebang palm.
Palmae.
The pithy substance
1858.
of the trunk yields
1870.
Note.
:24.
Brandis, D.
'

1859.
Unger, F.
i860.
Bennett, G. Gath. Nat. Austral. 346.
'Seemann, B.
Forest Fl. 494.
1876.
1856.
embryo
a sort of sago.'
is
its fruit
con-
and
The seeds are

The new seeds
STURTEVANT
Costus speciosus Sm.
95
wild ginger.
Scitamineae.
Ainslie
says the natives of India preserve the root and
'
deem
very wholesome. Lunan^ says the roots of wild ginger are sometimes used as
Browne ' says this species is found everywhere in the woods
ginger but are not as good.
it
of Jamaica.
Cotyledon edulis Brewer.
Crassulaceae.
The young
California.
leaves are eaten
by the
Indians.*
C. spinosa Linn.
The
North America.
leaves are agreeably acid
and are
eaten.'
navelwort.
C. umbilicus Linn,
Europe and the adjoining portions
This plant
of Asia.
is
classed
by Loudon as a
spinach.
Couepia chrysocalyx Benth. Rosaceae.

Brazil.
This beautiftil tree is said by Mr. Spruce * to grow plentifully a.long the
Amazon River from the Barra upward. The Indians plant it near their houses for the
sake of
its edible fruits.
C. guianensis Aubl.
The
Guiana.
Couma
Muell.
utilis
The
is edible.
The
fruit contains
a sweet
oil like
that of the almond."
Apocynaceae.
This species bears a
Brazil.
delicious.
seed
fruit is
fruit
known
as
couma which
is
said
by Bates
to be
a berry containing several seeds embedded in a pulp.
Couroupita guianensis Aubl.
Guiana and Cayenne.
cannon-ball tree.
Myrtaceae.
The pulp
of
the
fruit
is
vinous,
white,
acid
and not
disagreeable.*
Crambe
cordifolia Stev.
Persia
an
colewort.
Cruciferae.
and the Caucasus to Thibet and the Himalayas.
The
root
and
foliage afford
esculent.'
C. maritima Linn,
scurvy grass.
sea kale,
This plant is found growing upon the sandy shores of the North Sea, the Atlantic
Ocean and of the Mediterranean Sea. It appears to have been known to the Romans,
'
Ainslie,
W.
Lunan,
J.
Ainslie,
W.
Mat. Ind. 2:165.
1826.
Jam. 2:281.
1814.
Mat. Ind. 2: i6t.
1826.
Hort.
Brewer and Watson
'
'
CaL 1:211.
1880.
Pickering, C.
1879.
Black, A. A.
Treas. Bot. 1:341.
Don, G.
Don, G.
Bot.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:^-j?,.
1832.
1832.
MueUer, F.
Sel. Pis. 131.
1891.
(Sedum spinosum)
1870.
{Acioa guianensis)
196
who
and preserved it in barrels for use during long voyages.^

recorded by Pena and Lobel,' Dalechamp,' Gerarde,* and Ray ' as
in a wild state
it
gathered
Although Crambe is
wild on the coast of Britain and as
from
Italy,'
a few years preceding 1765,

"
be now cultivated in
said to
it is
1778,'
was brought into English culture

and the seed sold at a high price as a rarity. In
for food, yet it
fit
many
gardens as a choice esculent;" in 1795,'
in the London market.

According to Heu/.e,' it was first cultivated
France by Quintyne, gardener to Louis XIV, but it is not mentioned in Quintyne
of 1693; it, however, is mentioned by the French works on gardening of 1824'" and
it
was advertised
in
onward.
England in 1629 and Bryant" does also, about 1783,

wrote upon it as an esculent in 1731, saying the people of Sussex
Parkinson notices
^^
but Philip Miller
first
in
it
gather the wild plants in the spring.
markets
sale in the Chichester
In 1789, Lightfoot
*'
markets and
the parts used.
recorded that bundles of
but
in 1753
it
was not known about London
It is
largely used in France, the blanched stems
is
mentioned by McMahon,'* 1609, in his
known
little
until 1767.
and highly deserving
list
it
and
of
and
leaf-stalks being
American
esculents.
in 1814 introduced it
In 1828, Thorbum.'în his seed catalog of that year, says

United States, though a most excellent garden vegetable
to the notice of the public.
"is very
were exposed for
"the young leaves covered up with sand and blanched

when boiled a great delicacy. Sea kale is now very popular
In 1809, John Lowell, Roxbury, Massachusetts, cultivated
it
it
speaks of
while growing," constituting

in English
It is
in the
of cultivation."
are advertised for sale in
all
The same might be
leading seed
said now, although its seeds
lists.
C. orientalis Linn.
Asia Minor and Persia.
Pallas
"
says the Russians use
it.
Its roots resemble those
but they are often thicker than the himian arm. The root is dug for the
use of the table as a substitute for horseradish, and the younger stalks may be dressed
of horseradish,
in the
same manner as
broccoli.
tartar bread-plant.
C. tatarica Jacq.
Eastern Europe and northern Asia.

'
Mcintosh Book Card.
103.
'
'
Dalechamp
Gerarde,
Herb. 248.
PL
'
Ray
'
Stevenson Gard. Kal. 22.
'
Ma we
'
Gard. Chron. 2S:(>26.
Hist.
1570.
1587.
1597.
1686.
838.
1765.
and Abercrombie Univ. Gard. Bot.
Heuze, G.
'
1855.
92.
J.
This
New
1886.
Pis. Alim. 2:667.
PiroUe L'Hort. Franc.
1778.
Series.
1873.
1824.
" Bryant Fl. Diet. 124. 1783.

^ MiWet Gard. Diet. 1731. ist Ed.
"
Fl. Scot. 1:364.
1789.
Lightfoot, J.
" McMahon, B.
" Thorbum
"
Amer. Gard.
Cat. 86.
Pallas, P. S.
Cat. 583.
1806.
1828.
Trav. Russia 1:373.
1802.
is
a plant of the steppes region along the
STURTEVANT
97
Lower Danube, Dneiper and the Don. The root is fleshy, sweet and the thickness of
a man's arm. It is eaten raw as a salad in Htmgary, as well as cooked, as is the case
In times of famine,
with the young shoots of the stem.
probable that
it is
gary and, says Unger,'
it
it
has been used as bread in Hun-
was the chara
caesaris
which the
soldiers of
Julius Caesar used as bread.
annua Linn.
Craniolaria
Tropi|g.l America.
Pedalineae.
The
fleshy
&
Gray.
and sweet root
is
by the Creoles
preserved in sugar
as a delicacy.^
Crataegus aestivalis Torr
The
North America.
The
fruit is said
Elliott
by
Rosaceae.
tree bears
*
Crataegus.
juicy, pleasant-flavored fruit
to be large, red, acid
and used
for tarts
which
and
is
much
used.'
preserves.
azarole.
C. azarolus Linn,
Azarole
is
much
cultivated for its fruits, which are the size
a cherry, red, with sometimes a tinge of yellow, and are said to have a very agreeable
flavor.'
The fruit is eaten in Sicily, in Italy and the Levant, being sometimes served as
of
dessert,
is
and
is
much used
collected for
for preserves.
It
preserves.'
It is
common about
Jerusalem, where
according to Stackhouse,
is,
its fruit
the mespile anthedon of
Theophrastus.
C. coccinea Linn.
and
fruit is red, large
and
The
Indians.'
is
'
says the fruit
The
eatable.
and
service berries
Gray
is
scarcely eatable.
fruit is eaten fresh or
Elliott
'
says the
mingled with choke cherries
pressed into cakes and dried for winter use
by the western
small, purplish fruits are edible.^"
C. douglasii Lindl.
Michigan and the Northwest.

in August.
C. fiava.
It is
This species bears a small, sweet, black

largely collected by the Indians.
SUMMER haw. yellow-fruited thorn.

The fruit is said by Elliott to be
North America.
C. orientaUs Bieb.
In the Crimea, this species bears

1859.
Unger, F.
Treas. Bot. 1:344.
Dickie, G. D.
i870-
Book
Wood, A.
Class
Elliott, S.
Bot. So. Car., Ga. 1:547-553.
'
Andrews
'
Smith,
Bot. 331.
Bot. Reposit 9:P1. 579.
J.
Dom.
Bot. 407.
1871.
'Gray, A.
Man.
Bot. lUi.
1868.
Elliott, S.
Wood, A.
1864.
Class
Book
1821.
1870.
Bot. 332.
1821.
1797.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 413.
">
and
well flavored.
eastern thorn.
Greece and Asia Minor.
'
oval, red
fruit ripening
1865.
little
apples, sometimes
198
and at other times of a lively red
of a bright yellow
by
color,
an agreeable
fruit,
much improved
grafting.'
hawthorn,
C. ozyacantha Linn,
children.
says that
Lightfoot
In Kamchatka, the natives eat
quick-set thorn,
quick,
Europe and temperate Asia. The

red and occasionally yellow. Johnson
by Don
'
seldom eaten in England except by
it is
says
"^
to be mealy, insipid, dark
when thoroughly ripe it is eaten by the Highlanders.

the fruits and make a land of wine by fermenting them
In India, says Brandis,^ the tree
with water.
white thorn.
fruit is said
dwarf thorn.
North America. The greenish-yellow
is
cultivated for its fruit.
C. parvifolia Ait.
&
C. pentagyna Waldst.
fruit is eatable.'
Kit.
The plant grows wild in the hills west of Peldn. The red fruit
Asia.
than
the
ordinary Crataegus; it is collected and an excellent sweetmeat
larger
Europe and
is
much
is
prepared therefrom.'
C. pubescens Steud.
Mexico.
jelly is
made from
the
fruit,
resembling that of the quince.*
C. sanguinea Pall.
Russia and Siberia.
In Germany, this species yields edible
fruits.
C. subvillosa Schrad.
The
Eastern Asia and North America.

of
an agreeable
large, red fruit, often
downy,
is
edible
and
flavor.'
C. tanacetifolia Pers.
The fruit resembles a small apple, about an inch in diameter, and is eaten
The Armenians relish the fruits, which resemble small apples, with five
Armenia.
in Armenia.'"
roundings like the ribs of a melon, a
little hairy,
pale green inclining to yellow, with a raised
navel of five leaves."
pear thorn.
black thorn,
C. tomentosa Lirm.
This species
is said,
in the Michigan Pomological Society's
catalog of 1879, to bear an edible fruit, often of pleasant flavor but which varies much in
"
hawes of white thorn neere as good as our cherries in
Probably, this is the
quality.
Trax. Russia 2:174.
'
Pallas, P. S.
Don, G.
>
Johnson, C. P.
'Brandis, D.
Elliott, S.
Forest Fl. 207.
"Sargent
On Study
1874.
11.
5.
CenjMj 9:78.
1821.
1870.
Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 411.

t/.
1862.
1789.
Bretschneider, E.
'Watson
1832.

Fl. Scot. 1:256.
Lightfoot, J.
'
1803.
(C. pinnatifida)
1887,
1884.
"Loudon, J. C. Arb. Frul. Brit.

" Toumefort Voy. Levant 2:172.
2: 828.
1
7 1 8.
1844.
STURTEVANT
99
"
*
The white thorn affords
England," noted by Rev. Francis Higginson.* Wood says:
hawes as big as an English cherrie which is esteemed above a cherrie for his goodneese
"
Hawthorn: the berries being as

and pleasantnesse to the taste." Josselyn' says of it:
The
big as services and very good to eat and not so stringent as the hawes in England."
fruit is
somewhat hard and tough but
Crataeva
is
eatable
magna DC. Capparideae.

The roundish, ash-colored
and rather agreeable to the
taste.^
fruits are eatable.*
Cochin China.
C. obovata TTahl.
The
Madagascar.
C. religiosa Forst.
Old World
fruit is eatable.^
f.
made
In equatorial Africa, the fresh shoots are
tropics.
into spinach
In India, this plant furnishes food for man.'
and the young branches into tooth-scrubbers.'

garlic pear.
C. tapia Linn,
The
South America.
fruit is edible
orange, eatable but not pleasant.'"
but not very good.'
In Jamaica, the
It is the size of a small
mth
fruit is spherical, orange-sized,
a mealy pulp like that of a pear, sweetish, smelling Hke garHc, and
near the center there are many kidney-shaped seeds. It is edible but not very pleasant."
a hard, brown
shell,
Crescentia cujete Linn.
Bignoniaceae.
The
Tropical America.
calabash tree.
fruit of this tree
resembles a gourd.
wild or cultivated in various parts of tropical America and in the
the fruit
shell of
woody
economy
is
made
to serve
many
"
Isthmus, 1679-86:
found
Indies.
The
hard,
useful domestic purposes in the household
and
That
and
of C. cuctwbitina during his visit to the
There are two sorts of these trees but the difference
fruit; that of the one being sweet, the other bitter.
juicy.
West
is
plant
of the people of these countries, such as basins, cups, spoons, water-bottles
Wafer,'^ apparently, speaks of this tree
pails.
The
The substance
of
is
both
of the sweeter sort does not incline to a tart, sourish taste.
chiefly in the
is
spongy and
The
Indians,
them frequently on a march, tho they are not very delightful. They only
suck out the juice and spit out the rest.
The bitter sort is not eatable." Henfrey '^
however, eat
says the subacid pulp of the fruit

'
Mass. Hist. Soc.
'
Wood, W.
'
Josselyn,
Coll. ist Ser.
New
W.
Emerson, G. B.
'
Don, G.
1:118.
1806.
Eng. Prosp. ist Ed. 16.
/?ar. 93.
eaten; Seemann," that
is
Trees,
it
affords food to the negroes.
Reprint of 1792.
1634.
1865.
Shrubs Mass. 1:4^5.
1875.
1831.
Ibid.
'
Speke,
J.
H.
Unger, F.
'Ainslie,
'
"
W.

Mat. Ind. 2:
Grisebach, A. H. R.
Lunan,
"Wafer
J.
ig^;.
Fl. Brit.
Hort. Jam. I'.îT-
Voy. Isth. Amer. 93.
"Henfrey, A.
" Hooker, W.
Bo<. 331.
J.
1864.
1859.
1826.
W.
Ind. 17.
1814.
1699.
1870.
Journ. Bot. 9:143.
1857.
1864.
(C. adansonii)
200
Nuttall
'
says the plant
is
found at
Key
West, Florida, and that the
fruit is
eaten by the
Indians in time of scarcity while the unripe fruit is candied with sugar.
Crithmum inaritimum
This
Europe.
Linn.
a seaside
is
samphire,
Umbelliferae.
plant, foiuid
sea fennel.
on rocky shores from the Crimea to Land's

"
of a spicie taste
End, England, and extends even to the Caucasus. The whole plant is
"
on which account it has been long held in great repute as an
with a certaine saltnesse
was declared by Gerarde* to be "the pleasantest sauce."

Samphire is cultivated in English gardens for its seed pods, which make a warm, aromatic
in salads,' but it is oftener collected from the
pickle, and for its leaves, which are used
It
ingredient in salads.
shores.
In Jamaica, as Titford
In France,
declares, it
forms an agreeable and wholesome
pickle.
cultivated for its leaves which, pickled with vinegar, enter into salads
it is
The
seasonings.*
first
mention of
its
culture
is
by
Qiiintyne,' in France, 1690;
it is
and
again
mentioned by Stevenson,' in England, 1765; and its use as a potherb by the poor, as well
as a pickle, is noticed by Bryant,* 1783. It is noticed in American gardens in 182 1.'
Crocus cancellatus Herb.
when the bulb
Irideae.
This plant is said by Unger '"to be brought to market in Damascus,

about sprouting, and is much prized as a vegetable.
Asia Minor.
is
saffron.
C. sativus Linn,
This plant was formerly cultivated in England and is now

cultivated in Austria, France and Spain for the deep, orange-colored

It is
spontaneous.
stigmas of the flowers, which are used for coloring. It was not cultivated in France before
the Crusades, the bulbs from Avignon being introduced about the end of the foiirteenth
century."
'^
says saffron
is
crates,
carcom, the plant
Throughout the middle

and in cultivation.
is
C.
J.
Titford,
W.
'
Bon. Jard.
'
Quintyne CoOT^. Card.

Stevenson Card. Kal.
" Unger,
F.
W.
1865.
1855.
105.
1693.
102.
1765.
1812.
1783.
Amer. Card.
159.
1846.
Card. Chron. 671.
" Loudon, J. C.
"Smith, P.P.
found of
1882.
5/^g.
Fl. Diet. 136.
Cobbett,
Virgil
1870.
J.
1859.
(C. edidis)
1848.
Enc. Agr. 943.

Contrib. Mat.
in cooking.*'
liquors
Under the
by Homer, Hippoand Columella mention it and Cilicia and
ages, frequent notices are
Enc. Pis. 213.
Loudon,
it
Dioscorides and Pliny as localities celebrated for this drug.
Treas. Bot. 1:348.
<
Bryant
by
The Mongols use
and
alluded to by Solomon; and as krokos,
Nuttall, T.
Johns, C. A.
^^
enters into creams, biscuits, preserves
Theophrastus and Theocritus.
Sicily are both alluded to
'
used in sauces and for coloring by the Spaniards and
it
used for coloring butter and cheese.
Hebrew name,
'
is
In England and France,
Poles.
and
Loudon
1866.
Med. China
189.
1871.
its
occurrence in commerce
STURTEVANT
Crotalaria glauca Willd.
African tropics.
20I
Leguminosae,
The people
Madi
of
eat
its flowers,
pods and leaves as spinach.^
C. laburnifolia Linn.
brown beans the
an upright, perennial plant, bearing

soy beans. It is sometimes cultivated.*
This
Asiatic tropics.
size of
is
Croton corymbulosus Rothr.

Nortb- America.
An
chaparral tea.
Euphorbiaceae.
short, black
prefer
drink,
S.) soldiers
who
to coffee.'
Cryptocarya moschata Nees
&
Mart.
Laurineae.
Brazilian nutmeg.
This tree produces the spice known as BraziUan nutmegs.*
Brazil.
C.
light
encenilla.
makes a very palatable
infusion of the flowering tops
one much used by the Mexicans and Indians as well as by colored (U.
it
and
peumus
Nees.
Chile.
The
fruit is edible.'
DC.
Cryptotaenia canadensis
Umbelliferae.
honewort.
North America. This species is very generally cultivated in Japan. The tips are
used as greens and to flavor soups; the blanched stems are used as a salad and a potherb;
the root also is utilized.'
Cucumeropsis edulis Cogn.
Tropical Africa. This
and three inches
in length
Cucumis angaria Linn.
Cucurbitaceae.
is
a cuctunber-like plant which bears edible fruits of one foot
in diameter.'
Cucurbitaceae.
west INDIAN gherkin.

West
This
Indies.
is
bur cucumber,
the wild cucumber of Hughes.
and the green
fniit is eaten there
says the fruit
is
but
it is
It is
far inferior to the
goareberry gourd.
a native of the West Indies,
common
cuctunber.
of a pale green color, oval, as big as a walnut, having
thick tubercles, sharper than those of other cucumbers,
many small
gherkin,
WILD CUCUMBER.
seeds like those of other cucvunbers.
fruits are collected
from the wild
plants.
'
short, blunt,
and that within the pulp are a great
It is cultivated in
In France,
many
Sloane
it is
called
Jamaica, but oftener the
Concombre arada and
is
sometimes grown in gardens, the fruit being called sweet and e.xcellent when grown under
*
good circumstances of soil. This vegetable is described by Marcgravius in Brazil 1648,
the name Cucumis sylvestris Brazileae indicating an uncultivated plant. Ten years later.
'
Speke,
J.
H.
'Georgeson ^mer. Gord. 14:85.
'Havard, V.
Masters,
'Molina
M.
Totr. Bot. Club Bui. 23:46.
T.
Treas. Bol. 1:354.
Hisl. Chili i:i2<).
'
Mueller, F.
'Sloane, H.
'
Sel. Pis. 131.
1896.
1870.
(Peumus mammosa)
1808.
'GeoTgeson Amer. Card. 12:714.
1864.
1893.
1891.
1891.
(Corynosicyos edulis)
i774-
1648.
STURTEVANT
202
'
Piso
also described
asinius
and gives a
it
as a wild plant of Brazil under the
guarervaoba or cucumer
has also been found in the Antilles ard in continental tropical

Florida.*
It is not mentioned as culti-
It
figure.
name
New Granada and South
arid subtropical America,
vated in Jamaica by Sloane,' 1696.
Its fruit is
mentioned as being used in soups and
pickles, apparently gathered from the wild plant, by Long,* 1774, Titford,^ 1812, and
Lunan,' 1814. It is, however, cultivated in French Gtiiana and Antiqua.' Although
described by Ray,* 1686 and 1704, and grown by Miller in his botanic garden in 1755,
it
yet does not appear to be in the vegetable gardens of England in 1807,' although
was known
United States
in the gardens of the
'"
in
In France,
1806.
it
it
was under
and 1829 " but apparently was abandoned and was reintroduced by
cultivation in 1824
Vihnorin in 1858."
C. longipes
The
C.
Hook.
melo Linn,
Old World
differ
f.
a cucumber."
fruit tastes like
melon, muskmelon.
Naudin " divides the varieties of melon into ten
cantaloupe,
tropics.
Some melons
which
much as 66 pounds; one

in
one
inch
diameter
but
three feet long and is
only
directions.
The fruit of one variety can scarcely be
are no larger than small plums, others weigh as
variety has a scarlet
fruit
another
manner
coiled in a serpentine
is
in all
distinguished from cucimibers; ope Algerian variety suddenly

The melons of our gardens may be divided into two
ripe.
flesh,
sections,
not only in their fruits but also in their leaves and their entire habit or mode of growth.
as the citron and nutmeg; those with yellow
flesh,
splits
up
when
sections: those with green
as the Christiana, cantaloupe
and Persian melons, with very thin skins and melting honey-like flesh
In England, melons with red, green, and white flesh are cultivated.
By
into sections
of delicious flavor.
the earUer and unscientific travellers, the term melon has been used to signify
Macock gourd of Virginia, and it has even been applied to pumpkins by

horticulturists.
The names used by the ancient writers and translated by some
watermelons, the
our early
to
mean melon, seem

Rerum
'
Piso Hist.
'
Naudin Ann.
'
Sloane, H.
Co/. 103.
1696.
Hist.
Jam. 801.
1774.
Long
Titford,
'
Lunan,
W.
J.
Nat. Bras. 264.
De CandoUe,
Ray
A.
& C.
Miller Card. Diet.
"
B.
'
88 1
Cat. 581.
A.
1806.
1824.
Sci. Nat. 8, 12.
Bo/. 925.
De CandoUe,
Ibid.
1704.
1807.
Oliver Fl. Trap. Afr. 2 : 547.
" Sachs
"
Monog. 3 50 1
Amer. Card.
Pirolle L'Hort. Franc.
" Naudin Ann.
"
1812.
1814.
Hist. PI. 1686; Suppl. 333.
"McMahon,
year.
Hort. Jam. 1:2^^.
1648.
No
Sci. Nat. 8, 12.
J.
'
Thus, according to Fraas,'^ the sikua of Theophrastus'*
also in doubt.
87 1
1882.
Geog. Bot. 2:905.
1855.
STURTEVANT
was the melon.
In Liddell and Scott's Lexicon, the definition
melon or gourd but eaten

"
The Lexicon
not eaten
says
till
ripe."
more frequently
"
the melon
sikuos pepon, or
Fraas' says
quite ripe."
melo of Pliny."*
says the melon
Fraas
is
is
In Sardinia, where
were applied^to it.
it is
"
given
o pepon, a kind of
is
fruit like
the
the pepon of Dioscorides.^
gourd or melon
the melopepon of Galen and the
Andrews' Latin Lexicon gives under melopepo
cucumber melon, not eaten till fully ripe."

his day it was named peponia.
In Italy, in
203
"
an apple-shaped melon,
Pliny, on the other hand, says in Greece in

1539, the names of pepone, melone and mellone
remarked by De CandoUe ^ that
Roman traditions
it is called meloni.
As a summary, we may believe that although
"
a kind of gourd not eaten until fully ripe may have been cultivated in ancient Greece
and Rome, or even by the Jews under their Kings, as Unger * asserts, yet the admiration
of the authors of the sixteenth century for the perftmie and exqmsite taste of the melon,
are well preserved,

"
as contrasted with the silence of the Romans,
who were not
less epicurean, is assuredly
a proof that the melon had not at that time, even if known, attained its present luscious
and perftmied properties, and it is an indication, as De Candolle ^ observes, " of the novelty
When we consider,
of the fruit in Europe."
moreover, the rapidity of
the savage tribes of America to remote regions,
through
believe that a fruit so easily
seed could have remained secluded during such a long period of
its
transported through
we cannot
its diffusion
history.
Albertus Magnus,' in the thirteenth century, says, melons, which some call pepones,
have the seed and the flower very nearly like those of the cucumber and also says, in
speaking of the cucvunber, that the seeds are like those of the pepo.
watermelon,
the pepo
is
citrullus,
he
calls
the melon pepo, and says
commonly yellow and
of
it
In 1536, Ruellius
^^
describes the melon,
pepo; in 1542, Fuchsius
of
has a smooth, green skin, but
an uneven surface and as
sections were orderly arranged together.
Under the head
'
if
round, semi-circular
describes our melon as the
under the name of pepo. In

'^
'^
1550, Roeszlin
figures the melon under the name of pepo, and in 1558 Matthiolus
fig.
ures it under the name of melon. The Greek name of pepon, and the Italian, German,
but
figtires it
Spanish and French of melon, variously spelled, are given among synonyms by various authors '' of the sixteenth century; melones sive pepones are used by Pinaeus," 1561;
De
'
Candolle, A.
Geog. Bot. 2:905.
1855.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
'
Ibid.
'
Unger, F.
'
De
'
.Albertus
U. S. Pat.
Candolle, A.
Magnus
Off.
Feg. 501.
'Ruellius Nat. Slirp. 503.

'"
" Matthiolus Comment.

" Pinaeus
1867.
Jessen Ed.
1542.
1550.
262.
1558.
P/. 194.
1561.
Pinaeus Hm/. P/. 194.
1561.
i/js/.
1859.
1855.
1536.
Fuchsius Hist. Stirp. 701, 702.
"Roeszlin Kreuterb. 116.
'*
Rpt. 333.
Geog. Bo/. 2:906.
Camerarius
/>/.
296.
1 586.
STURTEVANT
304
melone and pepone by Castor Durante,'
and by Gerarde* in England, 1597.

Melons and pompions are used synonymously, and the melon is called mtiske-melon or
1617,
million.
Whether the ancients knew the melon
is
a matter of doubt.
century, says the flesh or pulp {cara) of the pepo used in food
Dioscorides,' in the first

is diuretic.
Pliny,*
about
the same period, says a new form of cucumber has lately appeared in Campania called
melopepo, which grows on the ground in a round form, and he adds, as a remarkable cir-
cumstance, in addition to their color and odor, that when

yet the fruit separates from the stem at maturity.
ripe,
although not suspended,
Galen,' in the second century, treating
of medicinal properties, says the autimm fruits {i. e., ripe) do not excite vomiting as do
the vmripe, and further says mankind abstains from the inner flesh of the pepo, where the
seed is borne but eats it in the melopepo. A half-century later, Palladius * gives directions
them as being sweet and odorous. Apicius,' a writer

directs that pepones and melones be served with various
and speaks
for planting melones
on cookery, about 230 A. D.,
of
spices corresponding in part to present customs,
and Nonnius, an author of the sixth century,
speaks of cucumbers which are odoriferous.'
In the seventh century, Paulus Agineta,*
a medical writer, mentions the medicinal properties of the melopepo as being of the same
character but less than that of the pepo, and separates these from the cucurbita and cucumis,
not differing from Galen, already quoted.
From
these remarks concerning odor and sweetness, which particularly apply to our
the mention of the spontaneous falling of the ripe fruit, a characteristic of
and
melon,
no other garden vegetable, we are inclined to believe that these references are to the melon,
and more
of
many
and following centuries make mention

who says, quorum varietas ingens est, and
especially so as the authors of the sixteenth
Amatus
varieties, as
Lusitanus,"* 1554,
some as thin skinned, others as thicker skinned, some red
proceeds to mention
fleshed,
others white.
In 1259, Tch'ang Te, according to Bretschneidei," found melons, grapes and pomegranates of excellent qiiality in Turkestan. This Chinese traveller may have brought
seeds
to
China, where Loureiro
'^
they did not spread, for Rumphius
the melons are of poor quality and whence

asserts that melons were carried into the islands of
states
''
the Asiatic Archipelago by the Portuguese.

'
Durante, C.
'
Gerarde,
J.
Herb. 345.
Pliny
1617.
Herft. 770, 775.
Dioscorides Fecge/tMi
lib. 19, c.
1597.
d. 210.
1532.
23.
'
Galen De Aliment,
lib. 2;
'
Palladius
9; lib. 5,
lib. 4, c.
Gregorius Ed. 97.

c.
'
Apicius Opion. 82.
Nonnius Quoted from Lister in Apulius,

Agineta, P. Pharm. Simp. ^6. 1531.
>"
"
1709.

rrHjton 1:399. 1876.
Dioscorides
Schuyler
" De Candolle, A.
" Ibid.
"Smith, P.P.
1547.
3; lib. 6, c. 15.
'
'
Smith," however, in his Materia Medica of
Geog. 5o/. 3:907.
Conirib.
265.
c.
/.
1554.
1855.
Mat. Med. ChtTia 80.
1871.

China, says Chang K'ien, the noted legate of the
"
this
cucumber
foreign
"
and eaten both raw and

central or northern
to have been
monly
first
from central Asia to China, where it is now largely cultivated

a pickle. According to Pasquier, melons were unknown in
until the reign of Charles VIII, 1483-1498,
We find a statement by J.
Italy.
introduced from Egypt into Rome.
in Spain before 1493, for

fit
grown,
dynasty, seems to have brought
in
Europe
who brought them from
Han
to eat, tho'
it
205
Columbus on
King
of France,
that they were supposed
They were perhaps known com-
his second
was not above two months
Smith
voyage found melons
since the seed
was put
"
already
into the
In 1507, Martin Baimigarten,^ travelling in Palestine, mentions melons as

"
if the
brought to him by the inhabitants. In 15 13, Herrera,^ a Spanish writer, says,
melon is good, it is the best fruit that exists, and none other is preferable to it. If it is
ground."
a bad thing, we are wont to say that the good are like good women, and the bad
In the time of Matthiolus,'' 1570, many excellent varieties were ciilti-
bad,
it is
like
bad women."
The melon has been
vated.
date of
its
The
introduction
culture of
cultivated in England, says Don,^ since 1570, but the precise
unknown, though originally brought from Jamaica.

the melon is not very ancient, says De Candolle,* and the plant has
is
never been found wild in the Mediterranean region, in Africa, in India or the Indian
It is
Archipelago.
where
now
extensively cultivated in Armenia, Ispahan,
Bokhara and
else-
South Russia, Italy and the shores of the Mediterranean.

About 1519, the Emperor Baber is said to have shed tears over a melon of Turkestan
which he cut up in India after his conquest, its flavor bringing his native country to his
in Asia; in Greece,
In China,
recollection.
it
is
cultivated but, as Loureiro
Japan, Thimberg,' 1776, says the melon
is
much
'
says, is of
poor quality. In
but
the
more recent writers
cultivated,
on Japan are very sparing of epithets conveying ideas of qualities.

Capt. Cook
distributed
the
in
melon
suitable
climates
his
course
apparently
around the world,
along
as he has left record of so doing at many places; as, the Lefooga Islands,
at
May
1777,
Hiraheime, October, 1777.
Coltimbus
is
recorded as finding melons at Isabela Island in 1494 on his return from

and the first grown in the New World are to be dated March 29, 1494.
his second voyage,
The
and extent of their diffusion may be gathered from the following mentions.
melons different from those here " were seen by Pascual de
Andagoya in
rapidity
"
In 1516,
Central America.
now Montreal,
In Sept. 1535, Jacques Cartier mentions the Indians at

Hochelega,
"
musk mellons." '" In 1881, muskmelons from Montreal
as having
Dom.
'
Smith,
'
'
De
Ibid.
'
Don, G.
'
DeCandolle, A.
'
Ibid.
J.
Candolle, A.
Bol. 386.
appeared
1871.
1744-
Geog. 5o<. 2:906.
1855.
1834.
Geog. Bot. 2:907.
1855.
Ibid,
'
Narrative Hakl. Soc. Ed.

Andagoya, P. de.
"Pinkerton CoW. Foy. 12:656. 1812.
29.
1865.
2o6
in the
In 1749,
Boston market.
Kalm
'
found at Quebec melons abounding and always
In 1540, Lopez de Gomara,^ in the expedition to
eaten with sugar.
Mexico, makes
In 1542, the army of the Viceroy of Mexico sent to Cibolo

In 1583, Antonis de Espejo found melons ctdtivated
several mentions of melons.
found the melon already

by the Choctaw Indians.
New
there.
In 1744, the melon
is
mentioned as cultivated by the Coco
Maricopas Indians by Father Sedelmayer, and melons are mentioned on the Colorado
In 1565, melons are reported by Benzoni
'
as abounding in Hayti,
not
to
have
been
in
the
Bermudas
until 1609.*
seeds
melon
but
appear
planted
*
Muskmelons are said to have been grown in Virginia in 1609 and are again mentioned
River by Vinegas, 1758.
In 1609, melons are mentioned
in 1848.*
by Hudson
*
Muskmelons are mentioned by Master Graves

England and again by Wm. Woods/ 1629-33.
'
as found on the
in his letter of 1629 as
Hudson
aboimding
River.
in
According to Hilton's Relation,^"
New
musk-
melons were cultivated by the Florida Indians prior to 1664. In 1673 the melon is said
to have been cultivated by the Indians of Illinois, and Father Marquette " pronotmced
"
There are many
them excellent, especially those with a red seed. In 1822, Woods '^ says:
and much
have only noticed

musk, of a large size, and nutmeg, a smaller one; and a small, pale colored melon of a rich
In 1683, some melon
taste, but there are other sorts with which I am unacquainted."
sorts of sweet melons,
difference in size in the various kinds.
sown by the Spaniards on the Island
seeds were
of California.
The Indians about
Phila-
delphia grew melons preceding 1748, according to Kalm." In Brazil, melons are mentioned
by Nieuhoff," 1647, and by Father Angelo," 1666.
In various parts of Africa, as in Senegal and Abeokuta, and in China, the seeds are
collected
and an
oil
expressed which
used for food and other ptuposes and is also

kilos., and a considerable
is
In i860, the production in Senegal was 62,266
exported.
amount was shipped from Chefoo, China, in 1875. During the Civil War many farmers
made molasses and sugar from muskmelons and cantaloupes. In
in the southern states
Kentucky, an occasional experiment has been made in converting a surplusage of melons

into syrups with considerable success.
'
'
'
Trav. No.
Amer. 2:324.
Kalm,
P.
Pacific
R.R.Rpt.y.iii.
New World
Benzoni Hist.
Newes from Barmudas
'
True Decl. Va. London
'New
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 91.
20.
1610.
13.
Agr. Soc. Trans. 359.
Mass. Hist. Soc.
'Woods, W.
" Hilton
Rel. Fla. 8.
Marquette, Fr.
1664-68.
III.
1:124.
Hort. Soc. 125.
Co//.
1806.
Reprint of 1792.
Foy. 1:489.
15.
1865.
"Woods, J. III. Country 226. 1822.

" Watson Annals Phil.
1856.
442.
" Churchill CoW. 7oy. 2:132. 1732.
"Churchill
1844.
3.
1832.
Eng. Pros p. Prince Soc. Ed.
Trans.
3.
1850.
Coll. ist Ser.
New
1857.
1613.
Desc. Va. Mass. Hist. Coll. 19:122.
''N. Y.
"
1772.
1 856.
1744.
1876.
2.
1846.
1844.
207
Notes on Classification.
Early and late melons, as also winter melons, are described by Amatus,i iSS4;
Slimmer and winter, by Bauhin,^ 1623.
1.
2.
White- and red-fleshed are described by Amatus, 1554; yellow-fleshed by Dodonaeus,

by Marcgravius' 1648; green, golden, pale yellow and ashen by Bauhin,*
1616; green-fleshed
1623.
melons are named sucrinos by Ruellius,* 1^,16; succrades rouges and succrades
by Chabraeus,' 1677; and succris and succredes by Dalechamp,^ 1587.
Netted melons are named by Camerarius,* 1586, as also the ribbed. The warted
3.
Sviâr
blanches
4.
are mentioned in the Adversaria,' 1570; rough, warted
The
5.
by Dalechamp,"'
form,
or
by
flat,
C. melo
and smooth, by Baxihin,'" 1623.

and pear-form are mentioned by Gerarde," 1597; the quince
rotind, long, oval
1587; the oblong,
1616; the round, oblong, depressed,
by Dodonaeus,
Bauhin,'' 1623.
dudaim Naud.
dudaim melon,
pomegranate melon,
queen anne's-pocket
MELON.
The
Equatorial Africa.
but
is
and a
C.
fruit is globose-ovate, as large as a lemon,
and pleasant
cultivated for its strong
odor.
It
and noi
has a very fragrant,
musky
edible
smell
whitish, flaccid, insipid pulp."
melo flexuosus Naud.

East Indies.
snake cucumber,
This melon
is
snake melon.
cultivated in Japan
and
is
called
by the Dutch
banket
melon.^^
globe cucumber.
C. prophetarum Linn,
The
Arabia and tropical Africa.
be
edible, says Vilmorin,'*
says the fruit
common
is
sometimes eaten
Bauhin Ptnax 310,
311.
Chabraeus Icon. Sciag.
'
Dalechamp
'
Camerarius
'
"
Hist. Gen.
265.
iJ/>i7.
296.
J.
"
Dalechamp
" Bauhin, C.
"Don, G.
" Ibid.
1587.
1586.
Herb. 770, 775.
1570.
1623.
1597.
Hist. Gen. PI. (Lugd.) 623
Pinax 310, 311.
1623.
"Vilmorin Veg. Card. 227.

" Burr Field, Card.
1648.
1677.
(Lugd.) 623.
Pena and Lobel ^dueri. 285.

PJna* 310, 311.
Bauhin, C.
" Gerarde,
Veg. 179.
generally pickled in its green state like the
1554.
1536.
134.
PL
is
1623.

*Bauhin, C. Pinax 310, 311. 1623.
'
but
not worthy of ctiltivation.
'
'
among
it
boiled,
it is
cucumber is scanty and too bitter to

the plants of the kitchen garden. Btirr ^^
flesh of this
includes
cucimiber and adds that
Dioscorides
'
who
1885.
1863.
1834.
1587.
(Piso)
2o8
cucumber.
C. sativus Linn,
The
East Indies.
Dr. Hooker
'
cucumber
origin of the
is
believes the wild plants inhabit the
usually ascribed to Asia
Himalayas from Kimiaun to Sikkim.
has been a plant of cultivation from the most remote times, but
It
no support
common belief of its presence in ancient Egypt at
for the
migration into the wilderness, although
its
and Egypt.
culture in western Asia
De
Candolle
'
finds
the time of the Israelite

is
indicated from philo-
The cucumber is said to have been brought

logical data as more than 3000 years old.
into China from the west, 140-86 B. C.;' it can be identified in a Chinese work on
agriculture of the fifth centiuy and is described by Chinese authors of 1590 and 1640.*
Cuctmibers were known to the ancient Greeks
and to the Romans, and PUny ' even

mention
in the Middle Ages and in the botanies
They
from Ruellius, 1536, onward. The cuciunber is believed to be the sikus hemeros of
Dioscorides, and the sikuos of Theophrastus.
Phny ^ says cucimibers were much grown
mentions their forced culture.
find
and that the Emperor Tiberius had cuamibers

find reference to them in France in the ninth
in Africa as well as in Italy in his time,
We
at his table every day in the year.
century, for Charlemagne ordered cuciombers to be planted on his estate.
In Cough's
have been common in England in the time
of Edward III, 1327, but during the wars of the houses of York and
Lancaster, their
cultivation was neglected, the plant was lost, and they were reintroduced
only in 1573.
British Topography, cuciombers are stated to
"
'
In 1629, Parkinson
says
in
many
countries they use to eate coccumbers as
and they are thus eaten and
apples or Peares,"
relished at the present
day
wee doe
in southern
Russia and in Japan.

at Hayti in 1494. In 1535, Cartier " mentions
cviltivated by the Indians about Hochelaga, now Montreal.
very great cucximbers
"
In 1539, De Soto ^ foimd in Florida at Apalache " cuctmibers better than those of
Spain
Cuamibers were grown by Columbus
"
'"
"
and
also at other villages, and, in 1562, Ribault
" mentions them as
ctiltivated
by the
Florida Indians.
According to Capt. John Smith," Captains Amidos and Barlow mention

cucumbers in Virginia in 1584 and they are mentioned as being croltivated there in 1609."
Cuamibers were among the Indian vegetables destroyed by General

Burbidge, F.
W.
De CandoUe,
A.
Cult. Pis. 277.
1877.
Bretschneider, E.
On Study
Bretschneider, E.
Bot. Sin. 78, 59, 83.
'
Theophratus Hist. PI. Bodaeus Ed.
'
'
Pliny
15.
1885.
1870.
1882.
1644.
lib. 19, c. 23.
Mcintosh, C.
Book Card. 2:663.
i^SS-
Ibid.
Parkinson Par. Terr. 524.

"
W.
1904.
(Reprint of 1629)
Columbus 1:380.
1859.
" Pinkerton CoW.

Foy. 12:652.
1812.
Irving,
" De Soto
"
Disc. Conq. Fla. Hakl. Soc. Ed. 9:44.
Hakluyt, R.
Coll.
185 1.
Divers Voy. Amer. Hakl. Soc. Ed. 7:102.
"Pinkerton Co//. Foy. 13:6. 1812.

" True Decl. Va.
1610.
Force Coll. Tracts. 3: No.
13.
" Conover, G. S.
Hist. Geneva
Early
45.
1879.
3.
1840.
1844.
Stillivan in
1779
"
STURTEVANT
209
in the Indian fields about Kashong, near the present Geneva, N. Y.

At the Bermudas,
"
"
cowcumbers
were planted in 1609.' In Massachusetts, they are mentioned in 1629
pects,
Wood '
mentions them in his New England's ProsIn Brazil, cucumbers were seen by Nieuhoff* in 1647 and by Father
by Rev. Francis Higginson;

1629-33.
William
Angelo in 1666.
There are a great ntmiber of varieties varying from the small gherkin to the mammoth
English varieties which attain a length of twenty inches or more. The cultivated gherkin
a variety^ used exclusively for pickling and was in American gardens in 1806.
At Unyanyembe, Central Africa, and other places where the cucumber grows almost
is
wild, says Burton,* the
Arabs derive from
its
seed an admirable salad
equals and perhaps surpasses the finest produce of the olive.

Potageres, 1883, describes 30 varieties.
59 different
ment
Most,
if
not
all,
oil,
which in flavor
Vilmorin in Les Plantes
of these as well as others including
names have been grown on the grounds of the New York Agricultural Experi"WTiile some of the varieties grown differ but little, yet there are
many
Station.
kinds which are extraordinarily distinct.
Types of Cucumbers.
The types
but the
of our
common cucumbers
fruit is far inferior in
rugged and
less
are fairly well figured in the ancient botanies,
we grow today, being apparently more

synonymy is established from figures and
appearance to those
The
symmetrical.
following
descriptions:
I.
Cucumis
Cucumis
Fuch. 697.
sativus vulgaris.
1542.
1550; Cam. Eî/. 294.

1552; Fischer 1646.
Roeszl. 116.
sativus.
Cucumis.
Trag. 831.
Cucumis vulgaris. Ger. 762, 1597; Chabr. 134.
Concomhre. Toum. t. 32.
1719.
1677.
Park. Par. 1629.
f Sliort Green.
?
1586.
Short Green Prickly.
Mawe
1778; Mill. Diet.
Early Green Cluster. Mill. Diet.

Green Cluster. Thorb.
1828.
1807.
1807.
Early Cluster of American seedsmen.

II.
second form, very near to the above, but longer,

has a synonymy as below:
Matth. 282.
Cucumeres.
Cucumis
sativus.
Cticumeres sativi
Cucumis
Cedruolo.
'
vulgaris
'Wood, W.
'
Dod. 662.
Newes from Barmudas
20.
161
1613.
Eng. Prosp.
15.
Churchill Co//. Koy. 1:132.
1732.
Churchill Co//. Foy. 1:489.
1744.
Burton, R. F.
1591.
161 6.
7.
Force Coll. Tracts. 3: No.
1:118.
Coll. ist Ser.
New
rounding and more prickly
1558.
Dalechamp 1:620. 1587.

and esculenti Lob. Icon. 1:638.
Dur. C. 103.
Mass. Hist. Soc.
less
1806.
1865.
Lake Reg. Cent. Afr. 465.
3.
(Reprint of 1792)
i860.
1844.
210
Cucutnis vulgaris,
Long Green
viridis,
and
albis.
J.
2:246.
1651.
1807.
1828 and 1886.
Thorh. Cat.
Early Frame.
Bauh.
Mill. Diet.
Prickly.
III.
the smooth and medium-long cucimibers, which, while they have

yet have a common shape and smoothness. Such are:
The third form

a diversity of
size,
Cucumer
is
Pin. 192.
sativus.
Concombre.
Toum.
t.
1561.
17 19.
32.
Large Smooth Green Roman. Mawe, itj8; Mill. Diet. 1807.

Long Smooth Green Turkey. Mawe 1778; Mill. Diet. 1807.
Long Green Turkey. Thorb. Cat. 1828.
Turkey Long Green or Long Green. Landreth. 1885.
f
Vilm.
Greek, or Athenian.
1885.
IV.
The
fourth form includes those
known
as English, which are distinct in their excessive
length, smoothness and freedom from seeds, although in a botanical classification they
would be united with the preceding, from which, doubtless, they have originated. The
synonymy for these would scarcely be justified had it not been observed that the tendency
of the fruit
is
to curve under conditions of ordinary culture:
Cucumis longus. Cam. Epit. 295. 1586.

Cucumis longus eidem. Baugh. J. 2:248. 1651.
Green Turkey Cucumber. Bryant 267.
1783.
Long Green English varieties. Vilm. 163. 1883.
V.
The Bonneuil Large White Cucumber, grown

fumes,
quite distinct
is
from end to end
from
all
largely about Paris for the use of per-
other varieties, the fruit being ovoid, perceptibly flattened
in three or four places, thus producing
an angular appearance. We may

came from Spain into
suspect that Gerarde figured this type in his cuciunber, which
Germany, as his figure bears a striking resemblance in the form of the

Cucumis ex Hispanico semine natus. Ger. 764. 1597.
Cucumis sativus major. Bauh. Pw. 310. 1623. (excl. Fuch.)
Bonneuil Large White. Vilm. 222.
White Dutch. A. Blanc. No. 6133.
fruit
and
in the leaf:
1885.
VI.
Another type
the
name
of cuciombers is
of Russian.
Nothing
is
made up
known of
of those
which have lately appeared tmder
their history.
They
are very distinct
and
resemble a melon more than a cucumber, at least in external appearance:

1.
2.
3.
The Early Russian, small, oval and smooth.

The Russian Gherkin, obovate and ribbed like a melon.
The Russian Netted, oval and densely covered with a fine net-work.
The appearance
of
new types indicates that we have by no means exhausted the

The Turlde cucumber of Gerarde is not now to be recognized
the Cucumer minor pyriformis of Gerarde and of J. Bauhin and
possibilities of this species.
under culture; ndr are
the Cucumis pyriformis of C. Bauhin, Phytopinax, 1596.
STURTEVANT
If the
s^monymy be
211
be noted that some of the figures represent

The Cucumis longus of J. Bauhin
closely examined, it will
cucnimbers as highly improved as at the present day.

equalling our longest
is
figured as
is
also a highly
if
improved form, as
Cucurbita maxima Duchesne.

Nativity undetermined.
which
is'indebted for
it
is
This
is
form, to
a large nipple at the end, the pulp sweet
In 1856, Naudin
like the sweet potato.
its
possibly the Chilean mamillary Indian gourd
of Molina,* described as with spheroidal fruit with
and tasting
nouveau du
of Tournefort
also the cucumeres of Matthiolus, 1558.
Cucurhitaceae. turban squash.

The Turban squash is easily recognized by
name.
its
and best English forms; the concombre
Bresil, the latter of recent introduction
describes
le
turban rouge and
from South America.
and
le
turban
Its description
by J. Bauhin ' in
The Zapilliot, from Brazil, advertised by Gregory in 1880, and said by Vilmorin
1607.
to have reached France from South America about i860, resembles the Turban squash
accords with the Cucurbita clypeiformis
This evidence, such as
in shape.
tuberoso
verrucosa, seen
points to South America as the starting point of
it is,
this form.
The squashes
of our markets, par excellence, are the
with other varieties of the succulent-stemmed.

catalog in 1828,^ in the variety called
Com.
marrows and the Hubbard,
These found representation in our seed

was brought from
Porter's Valparaiso, which
In the New England Farmer, Septemhev 11, 1824, notice

'made of a kind of melon-squash or pimipkin from Chile, which is possibly the Valparaiso.
The Hubbard squash is said by Gregory, its introducer in 1857, to be of unknown
Chile shortly after the war of 1812.
is
a kind which was brought by a sea captain from the West Indies.
The Marblehead, also introduced by Gregory and distributed in 1867, is said to have
origin but to resemble
come
from the West
directly
in 1832
and was exhibited
Indies.
at the
The Autimmal Marrow
rooms
was introduced
of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
The Turban squash does not appear

herbalists, except as hereinafter
or Ohio,
in
any
of the figures or
descriptions of the
noted for Lobel.
cushaw. winter crookneck.

The Winter Crookneck squash seems to have been first
recorded by Ray,* who received the seeds from Sir Hans Sloane and planted them in his
garden. This is the variety now known as the Striped. It has apparently been grown
Canada crookneck.
C. moschata Duchesne.
New
*
England from the earliest times and often attains a large size. Josselyn refers
"
to a cucurbit that may be this, the fruit
longish like a gourd," the very comparison made
"
^
by Ray. Kalm mentions a winter squash in New Jersey called crooked neck," and
in
Carver, 1776, speaks of
"
'
Molina Hist.
Chili i :93.
'
Naudin A tin.
Sci. Nat.
'Bauhin,
'
Ray
Cat.
'Kalm,
P.
ser.
1651.
1828.
Hist. PI. 1:642.
Josselyn, J.
"
1808.
4th
Hist. PI. 2:227.
J.
Thorbum
crane-necks
New
1686.
Eng. Rar. 89.
Trav. No. Amer. 1:271.
1672.
1772.
being preserved in the West for winter supply.
STURTEVANT
212
subvariety, the Ptiritan,' answers to Beverley's* description of a form which he calls
Cushaw, an Indian name recognizable in the Ecushaw of Hariot, 1586. This form was
grown at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station in 1884 from seed obtained from
the Seminoles of Florida and appears synonymous with the Neapolitan, to which Vilmorin
applies the French synonym, courge de la Florida.
pumpkin,
gourd,
C. pepo Lirm.
squash.
The Squash.
"
"
The word
squash
seems to have been derived from
the American aborigines and in particular from those tribes occupying the northeastern
seems to have been originally applied to the summer squash. Roger

"
which the English
askutasquash," "their vine apples,
^
squashes; about the bigness of apples, of several colors." Josselyn gives
Atlantic coast.
It
Williams' writes the word
from them
call
"
another form to the-word, writing,
"
squashes,"
but more truly
'
squoutersquashes,' a
kind of mellon or rather gourd, for they sometimes degenerate into gourds.
some
some
Some
of
a gourd; others rotmd, like an apple; all

yellow,
But the yellow
of them pleasant food boy led and buttered, and seasoned with spice.
like
an
and
about
the
called
an
bigness of a pome
apple squash (because
apple),
squash
This apple squash, by name at least, as also by the descripwater
is the best kind."
these are green,
longish, like
now known
tion so far as applicable, is even
to culture but
is
rarely
grown on accoimt
of its small size.*
Van der Donck, after speaking of the pumpkins of New Netherlands, 1642-33, adds:
The natives have another species of this vegetable peculiar to themselves, called by
our people quaasiens, a name derived from the aborignes, as the plant was not known to
"
us before our intercourse with them.
It is
of its fine variety of colors, as to the
and when
in simmier,
first
until
has attained a certain
them on the
"
saying:
fire
'
beef
is
for
it
to ripen before
as well to the eye on account
lesser sorts of
...
It is
is fit for
making use of the
gathered
eating
fruit,
by the
but only
squashes, and immediately place

In 1683, Worlidge uses the word squash,
They gather the
size.
without any fiuther trouble."
There are
that are called
fruit,
for its agreeable taste.
planted in the middle of April, the fruit
They do not wait
of June.
it
it is
a delightftd
mouth
them (pompeons) that are
lately
brought into request

up with powdered
squashes,' the edible fruit whereof, boyled and serv'd
esteemed a good sawce."
Kalm,' in his
"
Travels, says distinctly:
The squashes
which now are cultivated by Europeans, belong to those kind of goiu-ds

which ripen before any other." These squashes of New England were apparently called
"
"
"
as big as the fist." Lahonsitroules
by Champlain,' 1605, who describes them
of the Indians,
'Burr, F.
Beverley

ffij/.
Williams, R.
*
'
Josselyn, J.
Burr, F.
Gray, A.
'
Kalm,
P.
Fa. 124.
JTey. 1643.
New
Narragansett Ed. 1:125.
Eng. Rar. 109.
Field, Card.
Veg. 207.
Amer. Journ.
Trat. No.
Champlain Voy.
1863.
1705.
1865.
Orig. 1672.
1863.
Sci. 377.
Amer. 1:110.
1883.
1772.
Prince Soc. Ed. 2:64, 75.
1878.
1866.
STURTEVANT
tan,i 1703, calls the sqiaashes of
southern Canada
"
citrouilles
"
213
and compares them with
the melon, which indicates a round form.

"
These
some
in
now
squashes,"
nearly abandoned in culture, would seem to be synonymous,
of their varieties at least, with the
melon described
The
Perfect
in Gerarde's Herball
Gem
Maycock
as early as 1621.
who
German, iDdianisch apffel, and occur in four

and black. He also gives the name Sommer
ziicco
and the Virginian water-
squash, introduced in 1881, seems to belong to this class and
very correctly figured by Tragus,' 1552,
the names
of Virginia
says they are called
Mala
is
indica, or, in
creamy- white, orange,

which indicates an early sqimsh, and
colors; saffron-yellow,
apffel,
de Syria and zucco de Peru, which indicate a foreign origin.
To
identify
this squash, with its claim of recent introduction, as
may seem
sen zucco marinus,
the following points in
synonymous with Tragus' Cucumis,

The Perfect Gem and Tragus plants have
unjustifiable.
common:
fruit of like
proportions between leaf and fruit as figured

alike,
form and
may
so also the
size;
"Qviae Candida forts and quae ex pallida lutea sunt poma."
in both.
Compared
in all but color.
also with the description of the
curious instance of
ing of a lost form through atavism.
leaf,
if
The
plants are runners
Maycock,
appears to be the same
survival seems to be here noted, or else the regaincareful comparison with the figures and the descripit
would seem to bring together as synonyms

Cucumis marinus. Fuch. 699. 1542. Roeszl. 116.
Cucumis vel ZUCCO marinus. Trag. 835. 1552.
tion given
Cucurbita indica rotunda.
Pepo rotundis minor.

Pepo minor rotundis.
Dalechamp
The Perfect Gem.
i: 116.
1550.
1587.
Dod. 666. 1616.

Bodaeus 783. 1644.
Cucurbitae folio aspero, sive zucchae.

The Maycock. Ger. 919. 1633.
Icon. IV., Chabr. 130.
1673.
1881.
The distinctions between the various forms of cucurbits seem to have been kept
mind by the vernacular writers, who did not use the words pompion and gourd,
in
as
mentions as fotmd among the Indians of Hochelega,

"
"
*
Montreal,
pompions, gourds." In 1586, Hariot mentions in Virginia
pompions,
Thus, in 1535, Cartier
S3monyms.
now
the
be trusted; seed sweet in both; color
melons, and gourds;" Captain John Smith
"
pumpions and macocks;" Strachey,' who

in Virginia in 16 10, mentions
macocks and pumpions " as differing. " Pumpions
"
are named by Smith ' for New England in 161 4.
In 1648, at the mouth of
gourds
"
'
"
was
and
the Susquehanna, mention
New
Lahontan, L.
'
Gerarde,
Tragus
'
Stirp. 835.
Co//.
Fov. 12:656.
Pinkerton
Co//.
Foy. 12:596.
Pinkerton
Co//.
Foy. 13:33.
Strachey Trav. Va.
Desc.
New
of
symnels and maycocks."
1735.
1633.
1552.
Pinkerton
JVcto
made
Voy. Amer. 2:61.
Herb. 919, 921.
J.
Smith i?it.
'
is
1812.
1812.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 72.
Eng.
Albion 2S.
1812.
16.
1648.
1616.
1849.
7.
i.
1838.
1838.
STURTEVANT
214
"
The word
squash," in
its early use,
we may
conclude, applied to those varieties
which furnish a summer vegetable and was carefully distinguished from the
Kalm,' in the eighteenth century, distinguishes between pumpkins, gourds
of cucurbits
pumpkin.
and squashes.
The
latter are the early sorts; the
gourd includes the late sorts useful for
name and contem-
winter supplies; and under the term pompion, or melon, the latter
porary use gives the impression of roundness and

stock.
size,
Kalm, gives indication of the confusion now

what constitutes a pimipkin and a squash when he says " the
soon
Carver,*
Jonathan
are included sorts grown for
existing in the definition of
after
melon or pumpkin, which by some are called squashes," and he names among other
forms the same variety, the crookneck or craneneck, as he calls it, which Kalm classed
among gourds.
At the present
time, the
word squash
used only in America, gourds, pumpkins, and

marrows being the eqmvalent English names, and the American use of the word is so confusing that it can only be defined as applying to those varieties of cuctirbits which are
grown
word pumpkin applies to those varieties grown in fields

and the word gourd to those ornamental forms with a woody rind
in gardens for table use; the
for stock ptirposes;
and
is
bitter flesh, or to the Lagenaria.
The form
of cucurbit
now
known as Bush or Summer Squash is correctly

under the name of Melopepo clypeatus Tab. What may
so generally
figured in 1673
be the
by Pancovius,'
was figured by Lobel,* 1591; by Dodonaeus,^ 1616; and
fruit,
vine and
by Dalechamp,*
leaf,
similar fruit with the
1587; Gerarde,' 1597; Dodonaeus, 1616;
called in the vernacular
"
and by
the Buckler," or
"
J.
Bauhin,'
Simnel-Gourd."
1651.
By Ray,^ 1686,
This word cymling or cymbling, used at the present day in the southern states for the
Scalloped Bush Squash in particular, was used in 1648 in A Description oj New Albion
it is
"
but spelled
a
poem
Symnels."
New
entitled
is
"
wrote the word
England's Crisis, uses the
There
the pumpkin.
i'
Jefferson
no clue as to the
word
cymling."
"
origin of the word,
but
aboriginal origin, as its use has not been transferred to Europe.

is
called
Crown Gotird and Custard Marrow;
in the
In 1675, Thomson, in
cimnel," and
distinguishes
it
from
it was very possibly of

In England this squash
United States generally,
it
is
the
Scalloped Squash, from its shape, though locally, Cymling or Patty-pan, the latter name
derived from the resemblance to a crimped pan used in the kitchen for baking cakes. It
was
first
noticed in Europe in the sixteenth century
Dalechamp 1:618.
Cucurbita laciniata.
Melopepo
'Kalm,
Trav. No.
P.
'Carver,
J.
Amer. 1:271, 272.
Trav. No. Amer. 525.
'
Pancovius Herbarium No. 920.
Lobel Icon,
'
Dodonaeus Pempt. 667.
Dalechamp
'Gerarde,
"Bauhin,
oRny
J.
J.
642
59 1
1673.
1616.
1597.
Hist. PI. 2:224.
Hist. PI. 1:648.
"Jefferson Notes Va.
1772.
1778.
Hist. Gen. PI. (Lugd.) 1:618.
Herb. 774.
1587.
Loh. Icon. 1:642.
latior clypeiformis.
1686.
1803.
1651.
and has the following synonymy:
1587.
1591.
STURTEVANT
215
Pepo maximum clypeatus. Ger. 774. 1597.

Pepo latus. Dod. 666. 1616.
Pepo latiorus fructus. Dod. 667. 1616.
Cucurbita clypeiformis sive Siciliana melopepon latus a nonnuUs vocata.
2:224. 1651.
(First known to him in 1 561.)
Melopepo clypeatus. Pancov.

The Bucklet, or Simnel-Gourd.
Summer
n. 920.
Bauh.
J.
1653.
Ray Hw^
1:648.
1686.
Scolloped.
The Bush Crookneck
is
also called a squash.
Notwithstanding
its
peculiar shape
and usually warted condition, it does not seem to have received much mention by the
early colonists and seems to have escaped the attention of the pre-Linnean botanists,
who were
new
so apt to figure
mer Crookneck appeared

Champlain in 1605.
than for kitchen use.*
The Pineapple
The most we know
forms.
is
that the varietal
name
Simi-
in our garden catalogs in 1828,' and
now recommended
It is
in
squash, in its perfect form,
is
it is perhaps referred to by
France rather as an ornamental plant
of a
remarkably distinctive character
acorn shape and regular projection. As grown, however, the .fruit is

'
quite variable and can be closely identified with the Pepo indicus angulosus of Gerarde
on accoxuit of
and
is
its
very well described by Ray,^ 1686.
reth from seed which
when
came
originally
harvested, of a deep yellow at
This variety was introduced in 1884 by Land-
from
Chile.
It is
a winter squash, creamy white
later period.
The Pumpkin.
"
The word
pumpkin
"
is
derived from the Greek pepon, Latin pepo.
In the ancient
was used by Galen as a compound to indicate ripe fruit as sikuopepona, ripe

cucumber; as, also, by Theophrastus peponeas and Hippocrates sikuon peponia.^ The
word pepo was transferred in Latin to large fruit, for Pliny * says distinctly that cucumeres,
Greek,
when
it
of excessive size, are called pepones.
applied to the melon.
the commentators, the word pepo
By
Fuchsius,^ 1542, figures the melon under the Latin
is
often
name
pepo,
German, pfeben; and Scaliger,' 1566, Dalechamp,' 1587, and Castor Durante,'" 1617, apply
this term pepo or pepon likewise to the melon.
The derivatives from the word pepo appear
in the various
European languages as
Belgian: pepoenem, Loh. Obs.
follows:
1 sj 6
pompeon, Marcg. 1648, Vilm. 1883.
Enghsh: pepon, Lyte 1586; pompon, Lyte 1586; pompion, Ger. 1597; pumpion,
1606; pumpkin, Townsend 1726.
'
Thorbum
Cat.
1828.
Vilmoriniej P/s. Po/ag. 184.

Gerarde, J.
*
'
Ray
Herb. yj^.
Hist. PI. 1:641.
Theophrastus
1883.
1597.
1686.
i/ii/. P/.
Bodaeus Ed.
'
Grandsagne
'
1542.
'
Scaliger Aristotle 79,
no.
1566.
i/ts/.
Nat. Pline 19,
c.
781.
23.
Dalechamp Hist. Gen. PL (Lugd.) 1:623.

" Durante, C. Herb.
1617.
1644.
1829-33.
1587.
J.
Smith
2i6
French: pompons, Ruel. 1536; pepon, Dod. Gal. issQ.

Italian: popone, Don. 1834.
Swedish: pumpa, Tengborg 1764; pompa, Webst. Diet.
In English, the words
"
"
melon
and "
"
were early applied to the pumpkin,

and
and
a
number
of the early narrators of voy,
Gerarde
1597
1633,
by
by Lyte 1586,
ages of discovery. Pumpkins were called gourds by Lobel, 1586, and by Gerarde, 1597,
million
as
and the word gourd
at present in use in England to embrace the whole class
is
and
is
In France, the word courge is given by Matthiolus, 1558,

seems
and
to
have been used as applicable to the pimipkin by early
1561,
as by Cartier, 1535. The word courge was also applicable to the lagenarias
equivalent to the French courge.
and Pinaeus,
navigators,
1536, 1561, 1586, 1587, 1597, 1598, 1617, 1651, 1673
pumpkin and squash in 1883.

Our earliest travelers and
fruit
from vhe
criminates
1772,
and was shared with the
historians often recognized in the
courge, .the gourd, or the melon.
by using the words
and
"
Cartier,
on the
different
Lawrence, 1584, dis-
St.
gros melons, concombres and courges
"
pumpkin a
"
'
or in a translation
In 1586, a French name for what appears to be the

pompions, gourds, cucumbers."
svimmer squash is given by Lyte as concombre marin. With this class, we may interpret
Cartier's names into gros melons, pumpkins, concombres, stmimer sqtaashes, and courge,
^
winter crooknecks, as the shape and hard shell of this variety would suggest the gourd
or lagenaria.
In 1586, Hariot, in Virginia,' says:
"
Macoks
were, according to their
by us pompions, melons and goiu-ds, because they are of the like

forms as those kinds in England. In Virginia, such of several forms are of one taste,
several forms, called
and very good, and so also spring from one seed. They are of two sorts: one is ripe in
the space of a month, and the other in two months." Hariot, apparently, confuses all
we have shown
on squashes, appears
identical with the type of the Perfect Gem squash, or the Cucumis marinus of Fuchsius.
The larger sorts may be his pompions, the round ones his melons, and the cushaw type
his gourds; for, as we shall observe, the use of the word pompion seems to include size,
the forms with the macock, which, as
and that
of gourd,
a hard
Acosta,* indeed, speaks of the Indian pompions in treating
rind.
of the large-sized fruits.
in our notes
Capt. John Smith,
in his
Virginia, separates his ptmipions
and macocks, both planted by the Indians amongst their com and in his description of
New England, 1614, speaks of " pumpions and gourds." This would seem to indicate
that he had a distinction in mind, and
we may
infer that the
word pompion was used
the like productions of the two localities and that the word gourd in
to the hard-rind or winter squashes; for. Master Graves
Francis Higginson
'
'
Cartier Bref. Recit.
'
Pinkerton CoW. 7031.12:656.
1812.
Pinkerton CoK. Foy. 12:596.
Reimpr. Tross.
'
Pinlcerton CoW. Foy. 12:33.
Mass. Hist. Soc.

'
Ibid.
'
Wood, W.
Coll.
New
1604.
1812.
1:118, 124.
Eng. Prosp.
1863.
812.
15.
refers to
New England referred
Indian pompions. Rev.
and Wood * to pompions and isquouter-squashes
to pompions,
1545.
'
1806.
1865.
Reprint of 1792.
for
in
STURTEVANT
New
England soon

Josselyn,' about the
after its colonization.
217
same
period,
names
also
gourds, as quoted in ova notes on the squash.
Kalm,^ about the middle of the eighteenth

"
century, traveling in New Jersey, names
squashes of the Indians," which are a stmuner
"
"
the
winter
and melons," which we may conclude
crookneck,
fruit,
gourds," meaning
are piimpkins; Jonathan Carver,' 1776, speaks of the melon or pumpkin, called
squashes, and says the smaller
and names the Large Oblong.
summer
sorts are for
by some
use, the crane-neck for winter use
In 1822, Woods'* speaks of pompons, or pumpions, in
as^ften weighing from 40 to 60 pounds.

The common field pimipkin of America is in
Illinois,
and occurs under
to the early settlement
Such form-varieties
are ustially quite local.
New
England carried back traditionally

have received names that
several forms, which
may be
tabulated alphabetically, as below,
from Burr:
Form
Canada.
Cheese.
oblate.
Common Yellow.
Long Yellow.
Nantucket.
14
16
Flattened.
in.
diam., 10 in. deep.

Deep orange-yellow.
diam., 10 in. deep.
Deep reddish-orange.
in.
Rounded.
12 in. diam., 14 in. deep.

Clear orange-yellow.
diam., 20 in. deep.
Bright orange-yellow.
18 in. diam., 10 in. deep.
Deep green.
10
Oval.
Various.
in.
I.
The Canada Pumpkin.

The Canada pimipkin is of an oblate form inclining to conic, and is deeply and reguIt is somewhat variable
larly ribbed and, when well grown, of comparatively large size.
The following synonymy is justified:
in size and shape, however, as usually seen.
Pin. 191.
Cucurbitae indianae and perefrinae.
Cucurhita indica, rotunda. Dalechamp 1:616.
Pepo rotundus compressus melonis effigie.

Ger.
(f) Pepo indicum minor rotundus.
Pepo silvestris. Dod. 668. 1616.
Toum.
Melopepo.
Canada Pumpkin.
t.
34.
1561.
1587.
Lob. O65. 365.

774.
1576; /com. 1:642.
1591.
1597.
17 19.
Vermont Pumpkin.
II.
Cheese Pumpkin.
The
caArity
fruit is
and
much
flattened, deeply
It varies
basin.
and rather regularly
somewhat widely
ribbed, broadly dishing about
in the proportional breadth
Melopepo compressus alter. Lob. /com. 1:643. iSQiPepo maximus compressus. Ger. 774. 1597.
Cucurbita genus, sive Melopepo compressus alter, Lobelio.
Large Cheese. Fessenden 1828; Bridgeman 1832.
Bauh.
J.
and diameter.
2:266.
1651.
Cheese.
This variety, says Burr, was extensively disseminated in the United States at the time
of the American Revolution and was introduced into
'
Josselyn, J.
'
Kalm, P.
'
Carver,
J.
Woods,
J.
New
Eng. Rar. 109.
1865.
Trav. No. Amer. i:2yi, 272.

Trav. No.
III.
Amer. 211.
Country 122.
1822.
1776.
Grig. 1672.
1772.
New England by
returning soldiers.
21 8
III.
Common Yellow
The
fruit is
regularly
rounded, a
and more or
less
little
Field.
deeper than broad, flattened at the ends, and rather
prominently ribbed.
Cttcurbita indica.
Ca1a.Epit.2gi. 1586.
Melopepo teres. Lob. Icon. 1:643. iSQiPepo tnaximus rotundus. Ger. 773. 1597.
I. Bauh. J. 2:218.
Cucurbita as per a Icon.
1651.
Chabr. 130.
Cucurbita folio aspero, zucha.
1673.
Common
Yellow Field Pumpkin.

IV.
Long Yellow.
size,
The fruit is oval, much elongated, the length nearly,
or often twice, the diameter, of large
somewhat
than those of the
ribbed, but with markings
Cucumis Turcicus.
Melopepo.
Fuch. 698.
Roeszl. 116.
less distinct
qblongus.
Yellow.
1542.
1550.
Pepo. Trag. 831.

1552.
Cucurbita indica longa.
Dalechamp 1:617.
Pepo maximus oblongus. Ger. 773. 1597.
Pepo major
Common
1616; Bodaeus 782.
Dod. 635.
Chabr. 130.
Cucurbita folio aspero, zucha.

Long Yellow Field Pumpkin.
The Jurumu Lusitanus Bobora
1587.
1644.
1673.
*
'
Marcgravius and Piso would seem to belong
here except for the leaves, but the figure is a poor one.
These forms just mentioned, all have that something in their common appearance
of
that at once expresses a close relationship and to the casual observer does not express
differences.
We now
squash
is
pass to some other forms, also
occurs in various forms under this name, but the form
referred to, specimens of which

is of
more
as pumpkins, but to which the term
sometimes applied.
The Nantucket pumpkin

and
known
have been examined, belongs to Cucurbita pepo Cogn.,

in the middle and indistinctly ribbed.
It is covered
an oblong form, swollen
or less completely with warty protuberances
and
is
of
a greenish-black color when
It seems closely allied to

ripe, becoming mellowed toward orange in spots by keeping.
the courge sucrihe du Bresil of Vilmorin. It is not the Cucurbita verrucosa of Dalechamp,
1587, nor of J. Bauhin, 1651, as in these figures the leaves are represented as entire
and
the fruit as melon-formed and ribbed.
In 1884, there appeared in our seedmen's catalogs, under the
Sweet Potato pimipkin, a variety very distinct, of mediimi

creamy-white, striped with green, and the stem swollen and
has been ascertained, but
"
pumpkin pottery
'
Piso Hist.
Piso
De
"
Bras. 44.
1658.
pear-shape,
fleshy.
Of
its
of Tennessee
little
ribbed,
history nothing
bears a strong likeness in shape to a tracing of a piece of
exhtuned from the western mounds.
Rerum Nat.
Ind. 264.
it
size,
name
1648.
In Lobel's history, 1576, and
STURTEVANT
in his plates, 1591, appear figures of a plant
which in both
leaf
and
219
fntit represents fairly-
These figures are of interest as being the only ones yet found in the
well our variety.
ancient botanies which represent a fniit with a swollen, herbaceous stem.

is
the synonymy
1576.
pumpkins are listed in the catalogs of our seedsmen and some

from those here noticed but not as yet sufficiently studied to be
series of
of a form qiiite distinct
However, much
classified.
following
Pepo oblongus vulgatissimus. Lob. Obs. 365.

Pepo oblongus. Lobel /com. 1:641. 1591.
Tennessee Sweet Potato Pumpkin.
Nimieiwis
The
may
yet be learned through the examination of complete
each of the three described species of cucurbita which furnish
sets of varieties within
Notwithstanding the ready crossings which are so apt to occur

within the ascribed species, there yet seems to exist a permanency of types which is simply
marvellous, and which would seem to lend countenance to the belief that there is need of
fruits for consimiption.
revision of the species
and a
closer study of the various groups or types
have remained constant during centimes

If
we
consider the stability of types
tivated plants,
and the additional
which appear to
of cultivation.
and the record
of variations that appear in cul-
fact that, so far as determined, the originals of cultivated
types have their prototype in nature and are not the products of culture, it seems reasonable to suppose that the record of the appearance of types will throw light upon the
From this standpoint, we may, hence, conclude that, as the

have
all
been
recorded in the Old World since the fifteenth century and
present types
not
recorded
before
were
the fourteenth, there must be a connection between the time of
cotmtry of their origin.
the discovery of Am.erica and the time of the appearance of pumpkins and squashes in
Europe.
The Gourd.
The word,
gourd,
is
believed to be derived from the Latin cucurbita, but
various forms in the various European langtiages.
It is spelled
"
it
takes on
"
gowrde
by Turner,
"gourde" by Lobel, 1576; and "gourd" by Lyte, 1586. In France, it is given
as courgen and cohurden by RuelUus, 1536, but appears in its present form, courge, in
Pinaeus, 1561. Dalechamp used coucourde, 1587, a name which now appears as cougourde
in Vilmorin.
The Belgian name appears as cauwoord in Lyte, 1586; and the Spanish name,
1538;
calabassa, with a slight
change of
spelling,
has remained constant from 1561 to 1864, as
has the zucca of the Italians and the kurbs of the Germans.
The gourd belonging
to Lagenaria vulgaris
is
but rarely cultivated in the United
States except as an ornamental plant

shelled
and as such shares a place with the small, hardcucurbita which are known as fancy gourds.
In some localities, however, under
the
name
as
of Sugar
What
Trough gourd, a lagenaria

is
of
note
is
is
gro\vn for the use of the shell of the fruit
the fact that
this' type of fruit does not

pail.
worthy
appear in the drawings of the botanists of the early period, nor in the seed catalogs of
Europe at the present time. In the Tupi Dictionary of Father Ruiz de Montaga,' 1639,
'
Gray
&
Trumbull Amer. Journ.
Set. 372.
1883.
STURTEVANT
220
among the
govird
this form.
"
names are
iacvi-gourd, like a great dish or bowl," which
When we examine
descriptions, this
may
gourd
may mean
perhaps be recognized in
Colimiella's account, "Sive globosi corporis, atque utero tninutnum quae vasia tumescit,"
and used
tradicts
and
this
honey; yet a reference to his prose description
for storing pitch or
'
rather con-
the conjecture and leads us to believe that he describes only the necked form,
form seems to have been known only to Palladius.' Pliny * describes two kinds,
Walafridus Strabo,' in the ninth century, seems
the one climbing, the other trailing.
and the cameraria as a pepo. The former,

latter, one in which the neck has mostly disap-
to describe the plebeia of Pliny as a cucurbita
apparently, was a necked form and the
peared leaving an oval

cucurbita as bearing
Albertus Magnus," in the thirteenth centvuy, describes the
fruit.
its
seed
following types are illustrated
"
in vase magna," which implies the necked form.
by the various
The
herbalists:
Types of Gourds.
I.
Fuch. 370.
Cucurbita oblonga.
Cucurbita plebeia.
1542.
Roeszl. 115.
1550.
Cucurbita.
Trag. 824.
1552.
Cardan. 222.
Curciibita longa.
Matth. 261.
Cucurbita.
Cucurbita sive zuccha,
1556.
1558; Pinaeus 190.
omnium maxima
1561;
Cam.
piY.
1586.
1576; Icon. 1:644.
292.
Lob. Obs. 366.
anguiria.
1591-
Cucurbita cameraria longa. Dal echamp 1:615.

Cucurbita anguina. Ger. 777.
1597-
Matth. 392.
Dod. 161 6.
Cucurbita oblonga.
Cucurbita longior.
iS^?-
1598.
Dur., C.
488.
1617.
Cucurbita anguina longa. Bodaeus 784.
1644.
Cucurbita longa, folio molli, flore albo. Bauh., J. 2:214.
Courge massue trh longue. Vilm. 190.
1883.
Zucca.
1651; Chabr. 129.
Club Gourd.
II.
Ruellius frontispiece 1536.

Cucurbita minor. Fuch. 369.
1542.
.
Trag. 824.
1552; Matth. 261.
Cucurbita marina. Cardan. 222.
1556.
Cucurbita.
Cucurbita cameraria.
Dalechamp 1:615.
Cucurbita lagenaria sylvestris. Ger. 779.
Cucurbita prior.
Dod. 668. 1616.
Zucca.
Dur., C. 488.
1587.
1597.
161 7.
Vilm. 191.
Courge p6Urine.
1558;
1883.
Bottle Gourd.
'
Columella
lib. 10, c.
Columella
lib. 11, c. 3.
'
Palladius
Pliny
lib. 9, c. 9.
lib. 19, c.
Macer Floridus
Albertus
383.
24.
Vir. Herb.
Magnus
Sillig
Ed. 146, 147.
Veg. Jessen Ed. 500.
1867.
1832.
Cam.
pf/. 292.
1586.
1673.
STURTEVANT
221
III-
Toum.
Cucurbita calebasse.
Vilm. 190.
Courge siphon.
Dipper Gourd.
1719.
7.36.
1883.
IV.
Cucurbita major. Fuch. 368.
1542.
Cucurbita cameraria. Roeszl. 115.
1550.
Cucurbita. Trag. 824.
1552; Matth. 261.
1558.
Cucurbit^ cameraria major. Dalechamp 1:616.

Cucurbita lagenaria. Ger. 777.
1597.
Cucurbita major sessilis. Matth. 393.
1598.
1587.
Cucurbita lagenaria rotunda. Bodaeus 784.

1644.
Cucurbita latior, folio molli, flore albo. Bauh. J. 1:215.
Sugar Trough Gourd.
1651; Chabr. 129.
1673.
V.
Cucurbita.
Matth. 261.
Courge plate de
This
corse.
Dalechamp 1:615.
1558;
Vilm. 191.
classification, it is to
1587-
1883.
be remarked,
represent the like types of fruit-form.
not intended for exact synonymy but to
is
Within these classes there
is
a wide variation in
and proportion.
Whether the lagenaria gourds existed in the New World before the discovery by
Columbus, as great an investigator as Gray ^ considers worthy of examination, and
size
quoted Oviedo for the period about 1526 as noting the long and round or banded and
all the other shapes they usually have in Spain, as being much used in the West Indies
and the mainland for carrying water. He indicates that there are varieties of spontaneous
growth as well as those under cultivation. The occurrence, however, of the so-called
fancy gotords of Cucurbita pepo, of hard rind, of gourd shape, and often of gourd bitterThe Relation of the
ness, render difficult the identification of species through the uses.
Voyage of Amerigo Vespucci,^ 1489, mentions the Indians of Trinidad and of the coast
about their necks small, dried gourds filled with the plant they are
of Paris as carrying
accustomed to chew, or with a certain whitish
flour;
but this record could as well have
been made from the Cucurbita pepo gourds as from the lagenaria gourds. The further mention that each woman carried a cucurbita containing water might seem to refer to gourds.
Acosta
"
says,
'
speaks of the Indians of Peru making floats of gourds, for swimming, and
there are a thousand kinds of Calebasses;
some are so deformed
that of the rind cut in the midst and cleansed, they

their meat,
Bodaeus'
for their dinner;
of the lesser, they
of kinds;
size,
it
were, baskets to put in
vessels to eat
and are
called capallas.
immense
They
and
"
all
drinlc in."
They grow
in
are of an indefinite
and when cut open and cleaned,

Of the smaller they most ingeniously make cups and saucers." In
some are monstrous
furnish various vessels.

'
as
quotation in Latin, reads differently in a free translation:
the province of Chile to a wonderful
number
make
make
in their bigness
Gray and Trumbull Amer. Journ.
in their
Set. 370.
'
Ibid.
'
Acosta Nat. Hist. Ind. 177, 238.
Theophrastus Hist. PI. Bodaeus Ed. 784.
1604.
1883.
Grimestone Ed.
1644.
size,
STURTEVANT
222
Bodaeus received from the West Indies some seed which bore fruit "Quae humanum
crassitudinem et longittuiinem superaret," which fully justifies Acosta's idea of size.
1624,
The Anonymous
them for vessels
Portugal of Brasil
to carry water,
calebasses
'
"
says
Some pompions
and they hold two pecks or more."
si
et
Baro,'' 1647, also
comme de maga-
profondes qu'elles servent
grandes
speaks of "Courges
'
mentions "Pepones tarn vastae, ut Indigenae
zin," and Laet
et
so big that they can use
its
utantur pro vasis quibus
aquam aggerunt." These large-sized gourds were not, however, confined to America.
Bodaeus, as we have noted, grew fruits deformed in their bigness, to use Acosta's term,
*
from West Indian seed, and Cardanus
says he has seen gourds (he gives a figure which
Bauhin
a gourd) weighing 80 and 122 pounds.
feet long; Ray,* as five or six feet long;
These records
diameter.
America, and the seed

as
of size are
all,
and
'
is
records the club gourd as sometimes three
Forskal,^ the bottle gourd as 18 inches in
however, of a date following the discovery of
of these large varieties
might have come from American sources,
recorded in one case by Bodaeus.
is
The
of
is
lagenaria gourd
Old World
origin, for water-flasks of
the lagenaria have
been found in Egyptian tombs of the twelfth dynasty, or 2200 or 2400 years B. C.,* and
they are described by the ancient writers. That the gourd reached America at an eaily
period, perhaps preceding the discovery,' we cannot doubt for Marcgravius notes a cucurbit
with a white flower and of lagenarian form, in Brazil in 1648;'" but there is not sufficient
evidence to establish its appearance in America before brought by the colonists. What
"
were which served for water- vessels, and were apparently of considerable
cannot at present be surmised. It is possible that there are varieties of Cucurbita
the "calabazas
size,
pepo not yet introduced to notice that wotild answer the conditions. It is also less possible that gourd-shaped clay vessels might have been used and were recorded by not overcareful narrators as gotirds.
"
"
said
Spanish pumpkins
to another translation,!^
"
"
whether the
not take
"
In 1595, Mendana, on his voyage to the Solomon Islands,

at the islands of Dominica and Santa Cruz, or according
ptimpkins of Castile."
It
would seem by
this reference that,
of the original Spanish referred to gourds or
calabaza
many
'^
pumpkins,
it
years for this noticeable class of fruits to receive a wide distribution,
did
and
might further imply that Mendana, setting forth from the western coast of America,
discriminated between the American pumpkin, or pvimpkin proper, and the Spanish
it
pumpkin or gourd.
'
Sloane, H.
'
Ibid.
Cat. 100.
1696.
'Ibid.
*Ca.Tda.miS
'
De Rerum
Bauhin, C.
Ray
Var. 222.
Ptna* 313.
P;. 1:638.
ffii/.
1586.
1623.
1686.
''FoTskaX Fl. Aeg.- Arab. i6j.
1775.
'
Schweinfurth in JVo/wre 314.
'
Fruits of the lagenaria are at present carried to the coast of Iceland
'"
"
Piso Hist.
Rerum
Dahymple
" De Morga
Coll.
1883.
Nat. Bras. 44.

Voy. 1:88.
Philippine
Is.
by ocean
1648.
1770.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 68, 70.
1868.
currents.
STURTEVANT
Cudrania javanensis Tree.
223
Urticaceae.
and
Tropical Asia, Africa
The
Australia.
fruit is
a compound, irregularly-shaped
berry as large as a small custard apple, formed of the enlarged fleshy perianths and
The fruit is edible and of a
receptacle, each perianth enclosing a one-seeded nut.'
^
pleasant taste.
Cuminum cyminum
Linn.
Umbelliferae.
This
was
of the Nile but
cumin.
a small, annual plant indigenous to the upper regions
is
an early period by cultivation to Arabia, India and China,
carried at
as well as to the countries bordering on the Mediterranean.'
It is referred to
by the
calls it the best appetizer of

prophet Isaiah and is mentioned in Matthew.* Pliny
are of superior quality but
the
African
the
and
and
condiments
all the
Ethiopian
says
that some prefer the Egyptian.
During the Middle Ages, cvmiin was one of the species
in
most common use and
and 1400 and
mentioned in
It is
is
is
mentioned in Normandy in 716, in England between 1264

enumerated in 141 9 among the merchandise taxed in the city of London.
many
is
of the herbals of the sixteenth
recorded as under cultivation in England in
*
powders and pickles and
cheeses are sometimes flavored with cimiin.
dient of curry
can seed catalogs
"
but
is
The
1594.'^
is
make a fermented
In Holland,
occasionally advertised in Ameri-
Sapindaceae.
sweet, chestnut-like seeds are used in the
seeds have the flavor of chestnut or sweet acorns
to
seed
West
Indies as a food."
and are used on the banks
Amaryllideae.
In the Mariana Islands, the roots are eaten.^
Tropical Asia.
Curcuma amada Roxb. Scitamineae. amada. ginger, mango.

East Indies. The fresh root possesses the smell of a green mango and
India as a vegetable and condiment.'*
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 425.

Sel. Pis. 137.
Fluckiger and
Isaiah
'
Pliny
'
c.
331.
1879.
'
c. 23, 23.
47.
Miller Card. Die/.
1807.
Vilmorin Lei Pis. Polag. 199.
"VickCa/.
"
Hanbury Pharm.
lib. 19, c.
Dutt, U. C.
'
1876.
1891.
28, 25-27.
Matthew
Unger, F.
The
of the Orinoco
liquor.*^
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.
'Mueller, F.
and
In India, the seeds form an ingre-
France find use in cookery.'
The
centuries
probably very rarely grown.
Cupania americana Linn.

Mexico.
in
and seventeenth
1877.
1883.
1884.
"Baillon, H.
Hist. Pis. 5:387.
1878.
"Moore, T.
" Dutt, U. C.
Treas. Bot. 1:363.
1870.
1859.
(C. tomentosa)
(C. stans)
1877.
is
used in
224
arrowroot.
C. angustifolia Roxb.
Himalayan
of India before
The
region.
was
it
yellow tinge which
root
is
article of food
by Europeans.*
does not thicken in boiling water.'
exported from Travancore.'
and
had long been an
particularly noticed
It
amongst the natives

furnishes an arrowroot of a
This East Indian arrowroot
is
forms a good substitute for the West Indian arrowroot
It
sold in the bazaars.*
C. leucorhiza Roxb.
The
East Indies.
is
tubers yield a starch which forms an excellent arrowroot that
sold in the bazaars.'
turmeric.
C. longa Linn,
This plant
Tropical Asia.
is
extensively cultivated in India for its tubers which
are an essential ingredient of native curry powders, according to Dutt.' The substance
called turmeric is made from the old tubers of this and perhaps other species.
The young,
colorless tubers fvunish
a sort of arrowroot.'
C. rubescens Roxb.
East Indies.
This plant furnishes an excellent arrowroot from
its tubers,
which
is
eaten by the natives and sold in the bazaars.*
zedoary.
C. zedoaria Rose,
This plant yields a product used as tvirmeric.
Himalayas.
Cyamopsis psoraloides DC. Leguminosae.

East Indies. This species is cultivated about Bombay for the sake of the pods
which are eaten like French beans,' and is grown also by the natives of Burma who esteem
"
"
it a good vegetable.'"
Wight says the young beans are with reason much prized by the
natives as a culinary pulse and merit more attention from Etiropeans, as they are a
pleasant and delicate vegetable."
Cyanella capensis Linn.
South Africa.
by the farmers
W.
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
Pickering, C.
Royle,
J.
F.
is
Mat. Ind. i:ig.
obtained from this plant and roasted for the table
is
silvery tree-fern.
Cyatheaceae.
pith of this tree-fern
'Ainslie,
onion
'of
of Kaffraria.'^
Cyathea dealbata Swartz.
The
Haemodoraceae.
kind
said to
be eaten in
1826.
Card. Ind. 114.
1874.
1879.
lUustr. Bol. Himal. 1:359.
1839.
Ibid.
Dutt, U. C.
'
Masters,
M.
Royle,
F.
J.
Pickering, C.
"
"
"

T.
Treas. Bot. 1:363.
Illustr. Bot.
Himal. 359.
Ibid.
Wight
lUustr. Ind. Bot. 1 : 191.
Thunberg, C. p.
"Moore, T.
1840.
Trav. 2:14.
1796.
Treas. Bot. 1:366.
1870.
1877.
1870.
1839.
1879.
New
Zealand."
STURTEVANT
pith of this plant, a coarse sago,
In the Voyage of the Novara
and
and dried in the

and the
Cycas
it is
sun, is
whole
an excellent substitute for
sago.
Zealand.
stalk, often 20 feet high, is edible
The
It is also to
pith,
be found
when cooked
in
Queensland
Pacific isles.^
circinalis Linn.
sago palm.
Cycadaceae.
eastern Asia
Tropic^
and the Malayan Archipelago.
Captain Cook speaks of the
inhabitants of Prince Island eating the nuts, which poisoned his hogs and
the crew
He
sick.
as a food, mixed with
much used by
rice.
of
and dried a second time they are eaten
in times of scarcity
In Malabar, Drury says a kind of sago prepared from the nuts
the poorer classes.
Blanco
made some
adds, however, that they are sliced and dried and after steeping in
fresh water for three minutes
is
New
eaten in times of scarcity in
is
said that the
to maintain a considerable niimber of persons.
is sufficient
225
black-stemmed tree-fern.
C. medullaris Swartz.
The
Pickering
says on the
Comoro
Islands
it is
common
*
esciilent;
says on the Philippines its fruit is sometimes eaten; Rumphius says
^
eaten on the Moluccas; J. Smith says a kind of sago is obtained from the stem.
it is
C. revoluta Thunb.
*
Thimberg says a small morsel of the pith of the stem is sufficient
to sustain life a long time and on that account the plant is jealously preserved for the use
of the Japanese army. The drupes are also eaten. J. Smith ' says it occtirs also in China
Subtropical Japan.
New
and
Guinea.
Cyclopia genistoides Vent.
An
South Africa.
Leguminosae.
bush tea.
infusion of its leaves
is
used as a
tea.'
C. subternata Vog.
South Africa.
This
a tea substitute, according to Church.'
is also
Cymbidiimi canaliculatum R. Br.
The
Australia.
Orchideae.
tubers of this plant are used
by the blacks
of
Wide
Bay.*"
Cymopterus fendleri A. Gray.

Umbelliferae.
Texas and New Mexico. This plant emits, when in decoction, a peculiarly strong
and pleasant odor. It is sometimes used as a stuffing for mutton."
'
Smith,
Dom.
J.
Pickering, C.
'
'
'
Bot. 171.
1882.
Ibid.
Smith,
Dom.
J.
Bot. 146.
Thunberg, C. P.
'Smith,
Fl.
1882.
Jap. 229.
Ibid.
1784.
Diet. Econ. Pis. 1^6.
J.
Church Card. Chron. 20:766.

'
1879.
Ibid.
1882.
1883.
iC. vogelii)
"Palmer, E.
Rothrock,
J.
Journ. Roy. Soc.
New
So. Wales 17:97.
T.
Sun.
Bot. 6:45.
U. S. Geog.
1878.
li
226
C. glomeratus
DC.
The
Western states of North America.
&
C. montantis Torr.
root
is
by the Mexicans gamote or camote.'

but much softer, sweeter and more tender than the
This plant
spindle-shaped, parsnip-like
This root
parsnip.
is edible.*
gamote.
Gray,
The
root
is collected
is
called
by the Mexicans and
largely
also
by the Ute and Piute
Indians.'
Cynara cardunculus Linn.
Compositae.
artichoke,
cardoon.
Cardoon.
Mediterranean region and
of central Asia.
Romans and was
common
in its wild
form
in
southern Europe and a portion
Cardoon was known, according to Targioni-Tozzetti,* to the ancient

Some commentators
cultivated for the leaf-stalks which were eaten.
say that both the Greeks and
Romans procured
this vegetable
from the coast
of Africa,
about Carthage, and also from Sicily. Dioscorides mentions it. Pliny * says it was much
esteemed in Rome and obtained a higher price than any other garden herb. In more
recent times, Ruellius,' 1536, speaks of the use of the herb as a food, after the
Matthiolus,' 1558, says there are
of asparagus.
called cardoni
many
varieties in the gardens
manner
which are
by the Etruscans, and that, diligently cultivated, these are tender,
commonly
The plant is mentioned by Parkinson,
crisp, and white and are eaten with salt and pepper.
the
name
of
Cardus
esculentus
but
its
introduction into England is stated
1629, under
to have been in 1656 or 1658.
Cardoon
it
is
now
cultivated in but few English gardens.
regarded as a wholesome esculent and in France
is
inner leaves, rendered ciisp and tender
are esteemed there.
Townsend,
'
by
is
On
the continent of Europe,
much
used, the stalks of the
blanching, serving as a salad.
Five varieties
in his tour through Spain mentions that in
of that country they never use rennet for cheese but substitute the
down
some parts
of this plant
from which they make an infusion. In the present day, the flowers of cardoon are careMcMahon ' includes it in his list of American
fully dried and used for the same purpose.
"
and says it has been a long time used for culinary purposes, such as
for salads, soups and stewing."
Thorbum i" includes it in his seed catalogs of 1828 and
1882.
In the Banda Oriental, says Darwin," very many, probably several hundred, square
esculents in 1806
miles are covered

beast.
by one mass
of these prickly plants
Over the undulating plains where these great beds occur, nothing
'MueUer, F.
Sel.Pls.gi.
1880.
Torrey Pacific R. R. Rpl. 4:92.

'
Bigelow, J.
M.
1856.
1856.
Targioni-Tozzetti Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. 142.

'
Pliny
lib. 19, c.
1536.

Glasspoole, H. G.
Voy.
1558.
Ohio State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 536.
McMahon, B. Amer.
">
Thorbum Cat. 1828.
"Darwin, C.
1854.
43.
Ruellius iVo<. 5<i>p. 643.

'
and are impenetrable by man or
Card. Col. 581.
1806.
1882.
H. M.
S. Beagle 119.
1845.
1875.
else
can
now
live.
STURTEVANT
'
Vilmorin
describes five varieties
227
the Cardon de Tours, the Cardon plein inerme,
the Cardon d'Espagne, the Cardon Puvis, and the Cardon d cotes rouges.
first of these, the Cardon de Tours, is very spiny and we may reasonably believe
be the sort figured by Matthiolus,^ 1598, under the name of Carduus aculeatus. It
Its English name is
is named in French works on gardening in 1824, 1826 and 1829.^
in
first place in the
it
is
called
Cardo
It
holds
Spain
Prickly-Solid cardoon;
espinoso.
The
it
tc
estimation of the market gardeners of Tours and Paris.
The
inerme is scarcely spiny,

Cfjfdon plein
otherwise closely resembles
'it.
Bauhin
J.
is
little
larger than the preceding but
had never seen
French books on gardening.
of in 1824 in
spoken
cardoon and has also names in Germany, Italy and Spain.
The Cardon d'Espagne is very large and not spiny and
We may
southern portions of Europe.
spineless
It is called, in
is
cardoons.
It is
England, Smooth-Solid
principally
resonably speculate that this
is
grown
in the
named by
the sort
Pliny as coming from Cordoba. Cardons d'Espagne have their cultivation described in
Le Jardinier Solitaire, 161 2. A " Spanish cardoon " is described by Townsend ' in England,
1726,
and the same name
is
McMahon
used by
This
in America, 1806.
is
the Cynara
integrifolia of Vahl.
The Cardon
Puvis, or Artichoke-leaved,
vicinity of Lyons, France.
and
is
mention in
It finds
and
grown largely in the

the French books on gardening of 1824
spineless
is
1829, as previously enumerated.
The Cardon d
with red.
cotes rouges, or
From a
Red-stemmed,
is
so
named from having the
ribs tinged
a recent sort by Burr in 1863.
It is called
botanical point of view
we have two
types in these plants, the armed and the
tmarmed; but these characters are by no means to be considered as very constant, as in

the Smooth-Solid we have an intermediate form. From an olerictiltural point of view,
we have but one type throughout but a greater or less perfection. A better acquaintance
with the wild forms would, doubtless, show to us the prototypes of the variety differences
as existing in nature.
Artichoke.
The
artichoke
is
a cultivated form of cardoon.
only in the shape of cardoon.

Dioscorides and Theophrastus,
among
the ancient Romans,
seems quite certain that there
It
among
is
it
was known
no description in
the Greeks, nor in Colvmiella, Palladius and Pliny,
the Romans, but that can with better grace be referred to the cardoon than to
To
the artichoke.
well
To
the writers of the sixteenth century, the artichoke and
Le Jardinier
known.
Solitaire,
three varieties for the garden.
its
uses were
an anonymous work published in 161 2, recommends
In Italy, the
first
record of the artichoke cultivated for
the receptacle of the flowers was at Naples, in the beginning or middle of the fifteenth
'
Vilmorin, Les Pis. Potag. 59, 60.
'
Matthiolus 0/>era 496.
'
PiroUe L'Hort, Franc.
'Bauhin,
'
J.
McMahon,
1824.
Hist. PI. 50.
Townsend Seedsman
B.
29.
1883.
1598.
1651.
1726.
Amer. Card.
Cat. 581.
1806.
STURTEVANT'S NOTES ON EDIBLE PLANTS,
228
was thence
It
century.
carried to Florence in 1466
and at Venice, Ermolao Barbaro
who died as late as
1493, knew of only a single plant grown as a novelty in a private garden,

soon
after
became a staple article of food over a great part of the peninsula.
although
In France, three varieties are commonly grown. It seems to have been unknown in
it
England, says Booth,' until introduced from Italy in

there, yet in
France
mentions two
species, C. scolymus, or French,
he mentions two
and
In 1818, the artichoke
varieties.
548 and
is
even
now but
In the United States, in 1806,
highly esteemed.
it is
little
grown
McMahon*
Of the second,
mentioned by Gardiner and Hepburn
C. hortensis, or Globe.
is
*
by John Randolph
by Fessenden; and in 1832 by Bridge'
man,' who names two kinds. In 1828, Thorbum offers in his catalog the seeds of the
Green Globe and in 1882 of the French Green Globe and the Large Paris. The parts
and
'
also
of Virginia; in 1828,
used are the lower parts of the leaves or scales of the

the flowers freed from the bristles and seed down.
the tender, central leaf-stalk
The most prominent
is
produce both
may
and the
fleshy receptacles of
it is
much
esteemed,
blanched and eaten like cardoons.
between varieties as grown in the garden, is the

Although J. Bauhin,' 1651, says that seed from the same
distinction
presence or absence of spines.

plant
caljoc
In France, where
sorts,
probably this comes from cross-fertilization between the
and the absence or presence of spines is a true distinction. Pragus describes both
forms in 1552, as do the majority of succeeding writers.
A second division is made from the form of the heads, the conical-headed and the
kinds,
globe.
I.
Conical-headed.
Of the
they are
The
all
sufficiently described by Vilmorin, four belong to this class and

This form seems to constitute the French artichoke of English writers.
varieties
spiny.
synonymy seems
following
Trag. 866.
Scolymus.
justifiable:
cutnic.
1552.
Carduus, vulgo Carciofi.
I.
Matth. 322.
1558.
cum ic; Matth. ed. of 1598. 496.
Epit. 438.
1586.
or
Dod.
Artichoke.
Thistle,
1586.
Prickly
Lyte's
603.
Carduus
Cam.
aculeatus.
Cinara sylvestris. Ger. 291. 1597. fig.

Carduus sive Scolymus sativus, spinosos. Bauh.
Artichokes, Violet.
Quintyne 187; 1693;
Mawe
Conical-headed Green French.
French Artichoke.
Mill. Diet. 1807;
Vert de Provence.
Vilm.
De
De
Vilm.
Roscojff.
Saint
Laud
Booth,
W.B.
'Randolph,
*
Fessenden
'
B.
Vilm.
Amer. Gard.
New Amer.
Thorbiirn Co/.
'Bauhjn,
J.
1870.
Cat. 196.
1828.
Asst. î.
1828.
Hist. PI. y.i\&.
1806,
1818.
Gard. 18.
Bridgeman Young Gard.
c.
c.
Trees. Bot. 1:372.
Treat. Gard.
J.
1.
1651.
1857.
1651.
cum
ic.
1704.
Amer. Gard. Books 1806, 1819, 1828, 1832,
1883.
Vilm.
1.
3:48.
ic.
1778.
c.
oblong.
Sucre de Genes.
'McMahon,
1.
16.
178.
J.
cum
etc.
229
II.
Globular-headed.
To
fonn belong two
this
by other writers.
described
Vilmorin's varieties and various other varieties as
of
The synonymy which seems

cum ic.
1542.
Scolymus. Fuch. 792.

Cardui alterum genus. Trag. 866.
CarduMf non aculeatus.
Cam.
1558.
Epit. ^^y.
1586.
Lyte's Dod. 603.

1586.
ex Anglia delata.
Lob. Icon. 2:
Right artichoke.
Cinara maxima
is:
1552.
Matth. 322.
II.
Carduus, vulgo Carciofi.
to apply
cmw
Matth. 497.
z'c;
cum
1598.
ic.
1591.
3.
Cinara maxima alba. Ger. 991. 1597. fig.

Cinara maxima anglica. Ger. l.'c.
Green or White. Quintyne 187. 1593; 178. 1704.
Red.
Quintyne 1. c.
Mawe
Globular-headed Red Dutch.

Globe Artichoke.
Gros
vert
Mill. Diet. 1807;
de Loon.
Vilm.
Violet de Provence.
The
1778.
Amer. Gard. Books 1806, 1819, 1828,
etc.
1883.
Vilm.
1.
c.
color of the heads also found
mention in the early
writers.
In the
first division,
mentioned by Tragus, 1552; by Mawe, 1778; and by Miller's Dictionary,

the
purple by Qmntyne, 1693. In the Globe class, the white is named by Gerarde,
1807;
the green
is
and by Quintyne, 1693; and the red by Gerarde, 1597; by Quintyne, 1693; and by
Mawe, 1778; and Parkinson, 1629, named the red and the white.
1597;
The
so-called wild plants of the herbalists
have noted
seem to
The heads
to state a fixed conclusion.
are certainly no larger
during which the larger part of the present varieties have been
the belief that modern origination has not been frequent.
le blanc,
le
rouge
and
le violet.
it
inexpedient
now than they were
years ago, for the Hortus Eystettensis figures one 15 inches in diameter.
describes early varieties,
we
offer like variations to those
in the cultivated forms, but the difficulty of identification renders
250
The long period
known seems
Le Jardinier
to justify
Solitaire,
1612,
Worlidge, 1683, says there are
and he names the tender and the hardy sort. McMahon names the French
and two varieties of the Globe in America in 1806. In 1824, in France, there were the
Petit 1826, adds sucre de gines to the list.
blanc, rouge, violet and the gros vert de Laon.
several kinds,
Noisette, 1829, adds the
The name
given by Ruellius
He
Italian articoclos.
The
Cjrnoglossum sp.?
Himalayas.
Mclntxish, C.
Hooker,
to the artichoke in France, 1536,
comes from arcocum of the

call it carchiophos.
The
is articols,
from the
Ligiirians, cocali signifying the
plant and the
name came
to
Spanish cardoon.
plants are of large
Boragineae.
Hooker
'Ruellius Nat. Slirp. 644.

'
it
>
Italy.
C. integrifolia Vahl.
Spain.
says
The Romans
cone of the pine.
France from
camus de Brittany.
J.
D.
'
size,
the midribs being very succulent and
hound's tongue.
says one species

1536.
Book Gard. 2:130.

Ilimal. Journ. 2:68.
1855.
1854.
is
used as a potherb.
solid.*
STURTEVANT
230
cauliflora Linn.
Cynometra
it
and the outside
makes a good
The
fritter.
and East
is
shape resembles a kidney. It is about three

It is seldom eaten raw but, fried with batter,
much esteemed
is
in the Eastern Islands.
Cyperaceae.
Indies.
Drury
and are eaten roasted or
in India
fruit in
very rough.
'
Wight says the fruit
Cjrperus bulbosus Vahl.
Africa
nam-nam.
Leguminosae.

inches long
says the roots are used as flour in times of scarcity
Royle' says they are
boiled, tasting like potatoes.
palatable.
earth almond,
chufa.
C. esculentus Linn,
zulu nuts.
South Europe and north Africa; introduced in America and now runs wild on the
banks of the Delaware and other rivers from Pennsylvania to Carolina. The roots are
very sweet and are eaten by children.'* The chufa was distributed from the United States
Patent Office in 1854 and has received a spasmodic culture in gardens.
It is
much
culti-
vated in southern Europe, Asia and Africa, becoming of importance at Valence, in Galicia,
in the environs of Rosetta and Damietta, Egypt.' In Hungary, it is grown for the
and
seeds, to
be used as a coffee substitute,' but in general for its tubers which are sweet,
These bulbs, says Bryant,' are greatly esteemed in Italy and some
palatable.
nutty and
parts of
Germany and
are frequently brought to table
by way
of dessert.
tinople, the tubers appear in the markets and are eaten raw or
made
Gerarde, 1633, speaks of their extensive use in Italy, and of their being
at Verona, eaten as dainties.'
streets and,
under the name of Zulu nuts.'"
They now appear
The chufa must
also
in
into
At Constana conserve.*
hawked about the
the English markets
have been esteemed in ancient
have been found in Egyptian tombs of the twelfth dynastj', or from
times, for tubers
2200 to 2400 years before Christ. ''
Notwithstanding the long continued culture of this
plant, there are no varieties described.
papyrus.
C. papyrus Linn,
Syria and tropical Africa.
Sicily,
it
was used as food by the
sake of
its
sweet
Cosmopolitan.
'
Wight, R.
Drury, H.
'
Royle, J. F.
Pursh, F.
'
Heuze
'
Bryant
J.
nut grass.
The tubers
Usejid Pis. Ind. 173.

lUustr. Bot.
Amer.
Gerarde,
J.
Himal. 1:414.
1783.
2,2.
"
Havard, V.
1826.
1633.
1882.
" Schweinfurth in Nature

314.
Drury, H.
1866.
Trans. Hort. So:. Lond. 6:50.
Herb.
1839.
1814.
1873.
Enc. Agr. 98.
^"Gard. Chron. 17: 838.
"
1840.
1873.
Septent. 1:52.
.4/m. 2:551.
C.
Fl. Diet. 29.
Wakh, R.
it
the ancient papyrus.
1883.
Usefid Pis. Ind. 173.
1873.
895.
Hogg '^
says
either raw, boiled or roasted, for the
by the North American Indians."
are eaten
Ind. Bot. 1:196.
llluslr.
Fl.
P/i.
Loudon,
who chewed
is
juice.
C. rotundus Linn,
'
ancients,
This plant
STURTEVANT
23 1
Cyphiasp.? Campanulaceae.
South Africa. The Hottentots are said to eat the tuberous roots of at
one
least
species of these herbaceous, twining plants.^
C. digitata Wild.
The
South Africa.
roots are bulbous, esculent,
Cyphomandra hartwegi Sendt. Solanaceae.

New Gfftnda. The berry is reddish, about the
It
fleshy.^
size of a pigeon's
appears to be the fruit sold in the markets of Lima, where
in lieu of the ordinary tomato, the flavor of
in
and
Buenos
which
it
it is
egg and
is
two-celled.
commonly used for cooking
resembles.
Tweddie says
it is
used
Aires.'
Cytisus scoparius Link.
broom,
Leguminosae,
scotch broom.
Before the introduction of hops, says Johnson,^ broom tops were
Middle Europe.
for capers.
The yoimg flower-buds

The seeds, when roasted,
imou pine,
red pine.
often used to communicate a slightly bitter flavor to beer.

occasionally pickled
and used as a substitute
are
are
used as a coffee substitute in France.
Dacrydium cupressinum Soland.
New
lofty tree of
like spruce-beer is
made from
The
its
young
was
first
Its petals
fleshy
cup of the nut
is
rimu.
eatable,
and a beverage
shoots.*
dahlia.
Compositae.
dahlia
reached Paris in 1802.*
The
Zealand.
Dahlia variabilis Desf.
Mexico.
Coniferae.
introduced into Spain in 1787, and three specimens
may
be used in salads.
It
was
first
cultivated for
its
tubers but these were found to be uneatable.
Daphne
oleoides Schreb.
daphne.
Thymelaeaceae.
Europe and Asia Minor. The berries are eaten but are said
vomiting. On the Sutlej a spirit is distilled from them."
tezanum
Dasylirion
Scheele.
American
Solanaceae.
tropics.
The Mohaves gather the
and then
let
Miers, J.
Johnson, C. P.
Illustr. So.
Dom.
J.
Bushman
'
leaves
and
1870.
'
'Smith,
full of
along
Amer.
1834.
Pis. 1:39.

Bot. 35i.
1840.
1862.
1888.
Journ. Agr. 2:30.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 384.
Havard, V.
Proc. U. S.
nutritious pulp
roots, bruise
the Colorado River in
and mix them with water
the mixture stand several hours after which the liquid
Treas. Bot. 1:374.
'Don, G.
are
downy thornapple.
This species grows abundantly
Arizona.
'
cause nausea and
Liliaceae.
The bases of the leaves and the young stems

which supplies, when cooked, a useful and palatable food.*
Texas.
Datiu'a metel Linn.
to'
1831.
1876.
Nat. Mus. 517.
1885.
is
drawn
off.
The
232
a highly narcotic drink producing a stupefying effect which it is not easy to

The Mohaves will often drink this nauseating liqviid, as they are fond of any
is
product
temove.
kind of intoxication.*
D. sanguines Ruiz & Pav.

South America. The Peruvians prepare an intoxicating beverage from the seeds,
which induces stupefaction and furious delirium if partaken of in large quantities.' The
'
to dry the leaves, the flowers and the rind
of central Africa are said by Burton
of the rootlets, the latter being considered the strongest preparation, and smoke them
Arabs
common bowl
in a
asthma and
or in a waterpipe.
esteemed by them a sovereign remedy for
It is
influenza.
Daucus carota Linn.
carrot.
Umbelliferae.
Europe and the adjoining portions of Asia and introduced in North and South America,
China and Cochin China. The root, says Don,^ is slender, aromatic and sweetish. The
roots are
and at
in the Hebrides as
employed
by the young
women
This wild plant
their dances.
an
article of food,
for distribution as dainties

is
being eaten raw, and are collected

their acquaintances
among
the original of the cultivated carrot,
on Simdays
for,
by
culti-
vation and selection, Vihnorin-Andrieux obtained in the space of three years roots as
fleshy
and as
Carrots are
from the
large as those of the garden carrot
now
cultivated throughout Eiu'ope
In some regions, sugar has been
and
thin, wiry roots of the wild species.
a most popular vegetable.

manufacture was not found profit-
in Paris are
made from them but its

made
able.
In Germany, a substitute for coffee has been
pieces
and browned.'
of carrots
chopped up into small
In Sweden, carrots grow as high as latitude 66
to 67
north.
In
Asia, the carrots of the Mahratta and Mysore countries are considered to be of especially
fine quality.
The
and the parsnip, if known to them, seem to have been confoimded in the
description by the ancients, and we find little evidence that the cultivated carrot was
known to the Greek writers, to whom the wild carrot was certainly known. ^ The ancient
carrot
writers usimlly gave prominence to the medical efficacy of herbs;

is
correct that their carrots were of the wild form,
we have
and
if
our supposition
evidence of the existence of
the yellow and red roots in nature, the prototypes of these colors now found in oiu- culti"
vated varieties. Pliny ' says:
They ctiltivate a plant in Syria like staphylinos, the
wild carrot, which some call gingidium, yet
properties, which
is
more
eaten cooked or raw, and
kind, resembling a pastinac asomewhat, called
slender
and more
bitter,
and
of the
by us
This comparison with a parsnip and also the name
Gallicam, but
is
by the Greeks daucon."
suggestive of the cultivated carrot.
Galen, a Greek physician of the second century, implies cultivation of the carrot
'U.
2
'
S.
D. A. Rpt. 423.
Masters,
M.
T.
'Johnson, C. P.
'
1870.
Ibid.
*Don, G.
'
1870.
Treas. Bot. 1:386.
Theophrastus
Pliny
lib.
20,
itist.
c.
1834.
PL Bodaeus
16; lib. 19,
c.
27.
Ed.
11 19,
1862.
H22.
same
of great service as a stomachic; also a fourth
is
1644.
when he
STURTEVANT
says the root of the wild carrot
is less fit
thirteenth
Albertus
culture,
however,
century,
to be eaten than that of the domestic'

treats
Magnus
garden culture, orchard culture and vineyard
the parsnip, makes no mention of the carrot
One may
233
if
of
the
cultiire,
plants
and
In the
under
field
yet, while
the word pastinaca really
naming
means the pars-
believe, however, that the pastinaca of Albertus
Magnus is the carrot

Ammonius ^ gives the name for the carrot pastenei, as applying
to Pastinaca sativa and agrestis.
Barbarus, who died in 1493, and Virgil' both describe
the carrot under the name pastinaca; and Apicius,^ a writer on cookery in the third century,
nip.
for, in the sixteenth century,
gives directions for preparing the Carota sen pastinaca, which can apply only to the carrot.
Dioscorides
Columella
'
word
uses the
and Palladius
carota as applying to Pastinaca silvestris in the first century.
both mention the pastinaca as a garden plant but say nothing
that cannot better apply to the carrot than to the parsnip.

of
what may be the

Hence, we
and did not attain
general food-plant
we can
and the
siser of
first
century, indicates that
in such exaggerated esteem.
Columella and Pliny
may have been
a form
attain
mentioned by the ancients
a distinction almost too important to be overlooked
that the short carrot was called siser
On
in favor of siser being a carrot.
being
food.
no certainty from the descriptions. The fact that the

the roots which occurs in the skirret, into which authors translate siser, is not
of the carrot but
grouping of
also treats
was cultivated by the ancients but was not a very

the modem appreciation; that the word pastinaca,
and we suspect that the word Gallicam, used by Pliny in the

the cultivated root reached Italy from France, where now it is
siasron of Dioscorides
'
was applied to both the cultivated and the wild form;
or cariotam, or carota, in those times
The
*'
and says no roots afford better
carrot under pastinaca
believe that the carrot
Macer Floridus
made between
pastinaca and
and
botanists of the sixteenth century, are argtmients
by
the other hand,
we should
scarcely expect a distinction
were both as similar in the plant as are the two
siser,
forms of carrot at present.

The carrot is now foimd under cultivation and as an escape throughout a large portion
In China, it is noticed in the Yuan djoiasty, as brought from western Asia,
of the world.
and
1280-1368,'
teenth
have come
Mysore
'
first
by
The
carrot
lib. 3, c.
Columella
'
Palladius
now
c.
1539.
1529.
1529.
24.
Vir. Herb. L. 1284, Sillig
Macer Floridus Herb. Virt. Pictorius Ed.

" Bretschneider, E. On Study ij. 1870.
" Bretschneider, E.
Smith. F. P.
"Ainslie,
W.
Bot. Sin. 59, 83, 85.
Contrib.
Mat. Med. China
Mat. Ind. 1:57.
1826.
In India, the carrot
cultivated in abundance in the
lib. 11, c. 3.
Macer Floridus
'^
and
is
eigh-
said, to
Mahratta and
enumerated among the edible plants of Japan by
21.
Dioscorides Ruelius Ed. 174.

'
is
is
authors."'
1598.
Afed. i/er6. 186.
Apicius
Chinese
various
from Persia and
countries."
'Ammonius
'
classed as a kitchen vegetable in the sixteenth, seventeenth
is
centuries
Ed.
1832.
1581.
95.
1882.
51.
1871.
STURTEVANT
234
'
Thunberg and earlier by Kaempfer.* The kind now described by a Japanese authority
is an inch and a half in diameter at the crown, nearly two feet and a half long, and of a
high color. The carrot is now cultivated in the Mauritius, where also it has become
'
Arabia by Forskal
It is recorded in
spontaneous.
and was seen growing
both the
by Rauwolf at Aleppo in the sixteenth century.' In Europe,

mentioned
was
its culture
by nearly all of the herbalists and by writers on gardening subIn England, the yellow
jects, the red or purple kind finding mention by Ruellius,' 1536.
yellow and the red
both long forms, are noticed by Gerarde,' 1597, and the species is supposed
In the Surveyors' Dialogue, 1604, it is
to have been introduced by the Dutch in 1558.
and dark
red,
stated that carrot roots are then grown in England
New
farmers.*
World, carrots are mentioned at Margarita Island by Hawkins, 1565
known in England
implies that they were well

in
and sometimes by
1609
Virginia,
among
" and
1648;
'^
and
in
'
In the
(and this
at this date) are mentioned in Brazil, 1647

;
Massachusetts,
1629.''
by General Sullivan near Geneva, New York."
the Indian foods destroyed
;*"
In 1779, carrots were

So
fond of carrots are the Flathead Indians, of Oregon, that the children cannot forbear
stealing
them from the
fields,
although honest as regards other
articles.
'^
Types of Carrots.
The types
of
modem carrot
are the tap-rooted
and the premorse-rooted with a number
of subtypes, which are very distinct in appearance.
The synonymy,
in part,
is
I.
The Long, Taper-Pointed Forms.

Fuch. 682.
Pastinaca saliva prima.
Moren. Roeszl.
106.
1542.
1550.
Trag. 442.
Staphylinus.
Carota.
Cam. Epit. 509.
1552.
1586 (very highly improved) Matth. 549.

1598.
Pastinaca sativa Diosc. Daucus Theophrasti. Lob. Icon. 1:720. 1591.
Pastinaca sativa tenuifolia. Ger. 872. 1597.
;
Dod. 678. 1616.

and whites of modern culture.
Pastinaca sativa rubens.
Long
'
yellows, red,
Fl.
Jap. 117,
Kaempfer, E.
Amoen.
Thunberg
'Amer.Hort.
*FoTskal
*
Fl.
Gronovious
Sept.
xxxiii.
S22.
1886.
9,
Aeg. Arab,
xciii.
Fl. Orient. 22.
'Gerarde,
J.
Herb. S72.
Card. Chron. 346.

'
'"
^^
"
"
Hawkins,
1536.
1597.
Second Voy. Hakl. Soc. Ed. 57:27.
Churchill CoW. Fny. 2:132.
Per}. Desc.
13.
Va. 4.
1610.
1649.
Higginson Mass. Hist. Soc.
" Conover, G. S.
" Pacific R. R.
1775.
1755.
1853.
Sir John.
True Decl. Fa.
1784.
1712.
1732.
Force Coll. Tracts 3 :

Force Coll. Tracts 2:
Coll. ist ser.
Early Hist. Geneva. 47.
Rpt. 1:295.
1855.
1:118.
1879.
1844.
1838.
1806.
1878.
as below:
235
II.
The Half-Long, Taper-Pointed Forms.

altera.
Fuch. 683. 1542.
Matth. Comment. 242. 1558; Pin. 147.
Pastinaca saliva
Siser.
Cam.
Siser alterum.
Epit. 22 "j.
Dur. C. 95.
Carota.
1561.
1586.
1617.
Blanche des Vosges. Vilm. 70. 1883.

Danvers Half-long of American gardens.
III.
Premorse-Rooted Forms.
The premorse forms
a number of subtypes which are very distinct, some being

nearly spherical, others cylindrical, and yet others tapering, but all ending abruptly at the
offer
base, the tap-root starting
from a
flat,
or nearly
flat,
This appearance seems
surface.
modem.
to be
The
The
spherical.
earliest
1829, as the Courte de Pollande.^,
mention of this type is in France in 1824, 1826 and

It is figured by Decaisne and Naudin,* and, in a
-, '.
more improved form, by Viknorin

The cylindrical.
The carrots
in 1883.
of this type are remarkably distinct and have foi types

the Carentan and the Coreless of Viknorin. The first was in American seed-catalogs
in 1878.
The
is
tapering.
number
of varieties belong to this class, of
which the Early Horn
This was mentioned for American gardens by McMahon,^ 1806, and by
the type.
succeeding authors.
In view of the confusion in early times in the naming of the carrot, it is desirable
to offer a list of the names used by various authors, with the dates. The first, or long
carrot,
was
called in England, carot, Lyte, 1586:
In France, carota, Ruel., 1536;
carottes,
pastenades, Pin., 1561; pastenade jaune, pastenade rouge, Lyte, 1586; carotte, racine jaune,
In Germany, Pastenei, Ammon., 1539; Pastiney Pastinachen, Fuch., 1542;

Ruben, rohte Ruben, weissen Ruben, Trag., iss'2\Mohren, Rosz., 1550; Moren, Pin.,
Ger., 1597:
geel
1561; gelbe Ruben, weissen Ruben,
In Dutch,
carota
RauwoU,
1582; rot Mohren, weisse Mohren, Cam., 1586:
In
geel peen, pooten, geel mostilen, caroten, Lyte, 1586:
and
carotola.
Italy, carota, Pin., 1561;
In Spain, canahoria,
Cam., 1586; pastinaca, Ger., 1597; Dod., 1616:
and pastenagues, cenoura, Dod., 1616.

The half-long, taper-pointed carrot was called
Ger., 1^97;
carottes blanche. Pin.
1561; but his other
giroles or carottes blanches.
Cam.
Epit.
by Matthiolus
names applicable to the

1586:
In Italy, carota bianca. Cam. 1586;
1586:
siser
'
Petit Did. Jard.
Decaisne and Naudin Man. Jard. 4:125.
'
McMahon,
Noisette
Man.
B.
1824.
1826.
Jard.
1829.
Amer. Card.
Cal. 313.
1806.
58
In France,
skirret are the chervy,
In Germany, Gierlin or Girgellin, Cam.
carotta, carocola,
Camerarius, 1586, says they were planted

throughout Germany and Bohemia.
chirivias.
in
in
Dur.
gardens
C. 1617:
and even
In
in
Spain,
fields
236
The
various forms of the carrot have probably their prototypes in nature but as yet
the evidence
is
We may suspect the general resemblance of the Altringham
little deficient.
to the Japanese variety, already mentioned, to be
somewhat more than accidental and
to signify the original introduction of this variety from Japan.
We
have, in the attempts
at amelioration, noted the appearance of forms of types similar to those under cultivation.
The
presiunptive evidence
favor of the view that
is in
cultivated types are removes
all
from nature, not new originations by man yet the proof is not as decisive as could be wished.'
;
D. gingidium Linn.
Europe and north Africa.
"
There
This
is
the gingidium of the ancients, according to Sprengel.
Galen, great increase of gingidium in Syria, and it is eaten.

Diascorides doth also write the same: this pote herbe, (saith he) is eaten raw, sodden,
saith
is,'
and preserved with great good

Debregeasia edulis Wedd.
The
Japan.
is
plant
to the stomacke."'
Urticaceae.
called janatsi-itsigo or toon itsigo.
Decaisnea insignis Hook.
is
&
f.
Thoms.
Its berries are edible.*
Berberideae.
Himalayas. The fruit is of a pale yellow color and is full of a white, juicy pulp that
very sweet and pleasant; the fruit is eagerly sought after by the Lepchas.*
Dendrobium speciosum Sm.
Orchideae.
rock-lily.
This orchid, fotmd growing upon rocks, has large pseudo-bulbs, the size
of cuciunbers, which are said to be eaten by the natives.*
Australia.
& Am.
Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees
This stately bamboo
Himalayas.
The young
Mechis in Sikkim.
Desmoncus
acid-sweet fruit
Detarium senegalense
J.
poo by the Lepchas and wak by the
and
eaten.'
is edible.*
F. Gmel.
The
Tropical Africa.
called
shoots are boiled
Palmae.
prunifer Poepp.
The
Peru.
is
Gramineae.
Leguminosae.
fruits are
about the
dattock.
size of
an
apricot.
Underneath the thin
a quantity of green, farinaceous, edible pulp intermi.xed with

stringy fibres that proceed from the inner and bony covering which encloses the single
outer covering there
seed.
is
There are two
markets and
is
prized
by the
Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Set. 68.
'
Sprengel Hist.
Gerarde,
Smith,
J.
Sel.
D.
J.
64.
Ph.
Illustr.
Dom.
'Brandis, D.
'
the other sweet.
1886.
8 1 7.
Herb. 2nd Ed.
J.
'Mueller, F.
Hooker,
bitter,
negroes.'
'
one
varieties;
150.
1633 or 1636.
1042.
1891.
Himal. Ph. Plate X.
Bot. 1%^.
Forest Fl. syo.
1871.
1876;
Seemann, B.
Pop. Hist, of Palms 188.
Black, A. A.
Treoi. So/. 1:396.
1870.
1856.
1855.
The
latter is sold in the
STURTEVANT
Dialium guineese Willd.
The
Tropical Africa.
L^guminosae.
vtelvet tamarind.
pod, about the
size
and form
of a filbert,
is
237
covered with a black,
velvety down, while the farinaceous pulp, which sturounds the seeds, has an agreeablyacid taste
and
commonly
is
tamarind plum.
D. indum Linn,
The
Java.
eaten. '
plant has a delicious pulp, resembling that of the tamarind but not quite
so acid.^
D. ovoideum Thw.
The
Ceylon.
They have an
fruits are sold in the bazaars.
Dicypellium caryophyllatum Nees.
Laurineae.
The bark
Tropical America.
agreeable, acid flavor.'
furnishes clove
cassia.''
It is called
by French
colonists
bois de rose; in Carib, licari kanaliJ"
Aroideae.
Diefifenbachia seguine Schott.
juice of the plant is
dumb cane.
wholesome starch
prepared from the stem, although the

so excessively acrid as to cause the mouth of any one biting it f o swell
Tropical America.
and thus to prevent
is
articulation for several days.'
Amarantaceae.
Digera arvensis Forsk.
The
in cultivated ground.
Dillenia indica Linn.
leaves
very common, procumbent shrub of

and tender tops are used by the natives
Dilleniaceae.
The subacid, mucilaginous

Eastern Archipelago. The fleshy leaves of the
Tropical Asia.
an
agreeable, acid taste
for jellies in India.
contain
is
India, frequent
in their curries.'
They
the size of an orange,
are
commonly used
is
is
eaten in the
calyx v/hich surrounds the ripe fruit have
and are eaten raw or cooked, or made

This
objectionable.
fruit,
in curries.
the chulta of India. ^
The
into sherbets, or serve
large
amount
of fiber they
In the Philippines, the juice of
the fruit serves as vinegar.
D. pentagyna Roxb.
The flower-buds and young fruits have a pleasant, acid flavor and are
East Indies.
eaten raw or cooked in Oudh and central India. The ripe fruits are also eaten.
D. scabrella Roxb.
Himalayan
'
Black, A. A.
sandpaper tree.
region.
The
fleshy leaves of the calyx
Treas. Bot. 1:397.
1870.
{D. aculifolium)
Ibid.
Ibid.
Masters,
'
M.
T.
Pickering, C.
Treai. So/. 1:405.
Smith, A.
Treas. Bot. 1:406.
'
Wight, R.
/con. P/i. 2:732.
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
1870.
1879.
1870.
1843.
Card. Ind. 211.
(Desmochaeta muricata)
1874.
(Q.speciosa)
have a pleasantly acid taste and
238
In Burma, the green fruit
are used in curries.'
is
brought to the bazaars and
considered
is
a favorite vegetable.'
D. serrata Thunb.
Malay. The fruit is the
in the Eastern Archipelago.
&
Dimorphandra mora Benth.
an orange and has a sweetish, acid
size of
Hook.
color but
a pleasant and sweetish
Dioon edule Lindl.
The
Mexico.
Dioscorea.
known only
seeds, says
Brown,* are used by the

it a brown
The
taste.
seeds of another species are likewise used.
Cycadaceae.
yams.
Dioscoreaceae.
yams the
of
large, fleshy,
tuberous roots of several species
tropical and subtropical countries.

Many varieties
cultivation are described as species by some authors.
In the Fiji Islands
Dioscorea
alone,
The
and then mixed with cassava meal, giving
seeds yield a starch used as arrowroot.'
Under the general name

of
Leguminosae.
f.
gigantic timber-tree of British Guiana.
natives as food, being boiled, grated,
are
in
cultivated
in
says Milne,* there are upwards of 50 varieties, some growing to an enormous
occasionally weighing from 50 to 80 pounds but the general average
size,
It is eaten
taste.'
In Australia, according to Drummond,' there
eight pounds.
is
a native
is
from two to
yam which
affords
the principal vegetable food of the natives.
goa potato.
birch-rind yam.
D. aculeata Linn,
This
Tropical Asia.
yam
is
said to be a native of tropical, eastern Asia,
tivated in the Indian Archipelago, the Pacific islands

is
of a sweetish taste
the globe.
forests
It
cultivated in India
is
and sold
'
and Dr. Seemann
in the bazaars.
Viti,
never to flower or
Tropical Asia.
This plant
iWallich P;. îia/. 1:21.

'Pickering, C.
*
'
'
'
Tab. 22.
Camp
W.
Hooker, W.

J.
J.
i860.
1840.
1891.
Hort. Beng. 72.
1814.
"Mueller, F. Sel. Pis. 153.

" Lunan,
flor/. /am.
F.
1843.
Journ. Bot. 2:355.
5e/. P/j. 153.
W.
1879.
Life Brit. Guiana 383.
Lindley, J.
"Unger,
root
in the cold season, in the
is slightly bitter.
in the tropics of the
{D. scabia)
1831.
Bot. Reg. Misc. 59.
Roxburgh,
Drury, H.
yam
1830.
Brown, C. B.
'Mueller, F.
The
as one of the finest esculent roots of
This
yam
is
said
by
fruit.
is ctiltivated
Hist. Dichl. Pis. 1:7s.
Milne,
'
Indies.
is cul-
white yam.
D. alata Linn,
Don, G.
and
variety cultivated at Caracas has a very delicious
taste," though Lunan,'^ at Jamaica, says this
Seemann, at
it
and the tubers are dug,
regarded
and the West
1873.
1891.
2:309, 310.
U. S. Pat. Off. Rbt. 310.
1814.
1859.
1876.
(Mora
excelsa)
whole earth,
linger
*'
STURTEVANT
239
says the Indian Archipelago and the southern portions of the Indian continent
yam, thence
starting point of this
was
it
carried
first
to the west coast and thence to America, whence the names

derived from the negroes.
This
is
the
to the eastern coast of Africa, next
yam and igname are

"
yam means to eat."
In the negro dahect of Guinea, the word
the species most generally cultivated in the Indian Archipelago, the small islands
and the Indian continent. ^ It is universally cultivated in the Carnatic
is
of the Pacific
region.^
There are several
cotintries.
cutta as the rangoon yam.*
D. bulbifera Linn,
where
it is
Malacca yam. Rangoon yam.

The Malacca yam is cultivated
D. atropurpurea Roxb.
Siamese
varieties in Jamaica,
called white yam.'
and
in India
Burma myouk-nee and
It is called in
is
known
in Cal-
is
cultivated.*
is
found wild in the
air potato.
Less cultivated than
Tropical Asia.
many
others, this
yam
Indian Archipelago, upon the Indian continent as far as SiUiet and Nepal to Madagascar.*
Grant ' found it in central Africa. The bulbs are like the Brazil-nut in size and shape
when vmripe and
cut I'ke a potato
are very good boiled.
Schweinfurth
'
says
it is
called
nyitti and the bulbs which protrude from the axils of the leaves, in shape like a great
In the Samoan and Tonga group of
Brazil-nut, resemble a potato in taste and bulk.
not considered edible.
In India, the flowers and roots are eaten by

the poorer classes, the very bitter root being soaked in lye to extract the bitterness, but
islands, the root is
a variety occurs which
is
the bulbs of the stem.'"
naturally sweet.'
It
was seen
about 1733, under cultivation for
D. cayenensis Lam.
Tropical South America.
in
In Jamaica,
it is
cultivated
by the negroes
a garden at Mobile, Alabama, by
Wm.
for
Bartram,"
its edible roots.
The
root
is edible.
D. daemona Roxb.
The
East Indies.
plant
is
kywae and
called
its
very acrid root
is
eaten by the Karens
in times of scarcity.'^
D. decaisneana Carr.
The
China.
is
now
>
root
forgotten, although
De CandoUe,
Wight, R.
'Lunan,
J.
A.
'
J.
H.
Schweinfurth, G.
'
Pickering, C.
"
J.
-ji^.
1874.
1879.
1855.
Heart. Afr. i:2$i.
1874.
1879.
Hort.
" Bon Jard. 51 .^.
1814.
Geog. Bot. 2:821.
Jam.
2:2,10.
Hist. Mass. Hart. Soc. 27.
"Pickering, C.
date.
Journ. Disc. Source Nile ^84.
'
'"Lunan,
1855.
No
Card. Ind. 122.
Chron. Hist. Pis.
Candolle, A.
Speke,
perhaps valuable."
Geog. Bot. 821.
Hort. Jam. 2:30^.
Pickering, C.
De
it is
Icon. Pis. 3: PI. 810.
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
and was introduced into France as a garden plant but
edible
is
1814.
1880.

1882.
1879.
1864.
(Helmia bulbifera)
STURTEVANT
240
D. deltoidea Wall.
This species occurs both wild and cultivated in the Indian Archipelago;*
East Indies.
its
roots are eaten.
Chinese potato.
D. divaricata Blanco.
Chinese yam.
cinnamon vine.
yam.
This yam
Philippine Islands, China and everywhere cultivated in several varieties.
was received in France in 1851 from Shanghai, and was introduced into the United States,
by the Patent Office Department. It has not fulfilled expectation in the United
and is now grown principally as an ornamental climber. It was observed in Japan
in 1855,
States
by Thunberg.'
D. fasciculata Roxb.
yam.
This species is cultivated largely about Calcutta, and a starch

is
made from
about the
its tubers.'
size,
says this
Firminger
form and color
is
a very distinct kind of yam, the tubers
of large kidney potatoes;
when
well cooked,
it
has a greater
resemblance in mealiness, and flavor to the potato than any other yam he knows
is much cultivated in the Philippines by the natives and is much esteemed.'
D. globosa Roxb.
of.
It
yam.
East Indies.
This species
much
is
cultivated in India as yielding the best kind of
yam and is much esteemed both by Europeans and natives.' Roxburgh ' says it is the
most esteemed yam in Bengal, but Firminger * thinks it not equal in quality to other
In Burma, Mason ' says it is the best of the white-rooted kinds.
varieties.
D. hastifolia Nees.
Australia.
is
yam.
The
tubers are largely consumed
by the
aborigines for food,
the only plant on which they bestow any kind of cultivation.
and
this
D. japonica Thunb.
Japan.
The
D. ntunmularia Lam.
Moluccas.
and
roots, cut into slices
This
boiled,
have a very pleasant taste."
tivolo yam.
yam
has cylindrical roots as thick as an arm and of excellent
quality.'*
D.
oppositifolia Linn.
East Indies.
This
'
De CandoUe,
'
Thunberg, C. P.
Drury, H.
A.
Fl.
>
Pickering, C.
'
Jap. 150.
1855.
1784.
1873.
Card. Ind. 122.
1874.
1879.

Sel. Pis. 15^.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Pickering, C.
one of the edible yams."
Firminger, T. A. C.
'Mueller, F.
is
Geog. Bol. 2:821.
Drury, H.
yam.
1873.
1891.
Card. Ind. 121.
1874.
1879.
"Mueller, F. Sel. Pis. 154. 1891.

"
Thunberg, C. P. Trav. y. 84. 1796.
" Mueller, F.
" Ibid.
Sel. Pis. 155.
1891.
(D. tugui)
'
STURTEVANT
D. pentaphylla Linn. yam.
Tropical Asia. In India, this
Sea Islands.
Wight
tubers to eat.
yam
has never seen
it
common
is
in jungles
and
is
24I
found in the South
cultivated in India, although the natives dig the
Amboina and sometimes in Viti.^ In India, the male

the bazaars and eaten as greens.' The tubers are eaten in Viti * and
It is cultivated in
flowers are sold in
Hawaii.*
'
Graham
a good yam.*
It is
'
says the tubers are dreadfully nauseous and
even after being boiled. They are put into toddy to render it more
In China,
potent, as they have intoxicating properties, and a few slices are sufficient.
"
the
nauseous tubers are sometimes cooked and eaten." *
intensely bitter
&
D. piperifolia Hiunb.
South America.
Bonpl.
This species has edible roots.'
D. purpurea Roxb. pondi cherry sweet potato.

East Indies. The Pondicherry sweet potato is known only in a cultivated state, '"
and was brought to India from the Mauritius, where it is much grown. The tuber is
and
of a dull, crimson-red outside
of a glistening white within.
D. quinqueloba Thimb. yam.

Japan. This species is an edible
D. rubella Roxb.
of Japan."
yam.
East Indies.
any
yam
This
is
common
The tuber
in cultivation.
but very excellent
yam
of great size, crimson-red
is
of India, as good perhaps as
on the outside and
of a glisten-
ing white within.
D. sativa Linn.
Tropics.
cultivated
yam.
Pickering
''
states that this species is
fotmd in tropical America and
by the Waraus of the delta of the Orinoco.
is
The word igname was heard by
Vespucius on the coast of Para and was fotmd by Cabral, in 1500, applied in Brazil to a
root from which bread was made.
This yam was carried by European colonists to the
Malayan Archipelago.
Browne
before boiling.
flattened
Its roots,
says Seemann,'' are acrid and require to be soaked
'*
cultivated in the southern United States for its large,
says
it is
and sometimes palmated
roots,
which are
potato.
'Wight, R.
Icon. Pis. 3:814.
No
date.
'Seemann, B. Fl. Viti. 308. 1865-73.

1873.
Drury, H.
Seemann, B.
'
Pickering, C.
Mueller, F.
'Pickering, C.
Smith, F. P.
Mueller, F.
">
Drury, H.
"Mueller, P.
"Pickering, C.
"Seemann, B.
Fl.
Viti. 108.
1865-73.
Chron. Hist. Pis.

Sel. Pis. 155.
/[i6.

Contrib. Mat.
Sel. Pis. 1^$.
1879.
Med. China
86.
1891.

Sel. Pis. 1^^.
1873.
1891.
Chron. Hist. Pis. Ti^.

Fl. Viti. 307.
1879.
1891.
1865-73.
1854.
1879.
1871.
boiled, roasted
and eaten
like the
STURTEVANT
242
D. spicata Roth.
East Indies.
has edible roots.*
It
doyala yam.
D. tomentosa Koen.
This
East Indies.
D.
is
the Doyala
yam
of India.*
Indian yam.
Linn.
trifida
Guiana and Central America.

D. triloba Lam.
This species
is
cultivated as an edible yam.'
yam.
the smallest and most delicate of the yams grown in Jamaica. It

seldom exceeds eight or nine inches in length and two or three in diameter and is generally
This
Guiana.
smaller.
The
is
roots have a pleasant, sweetish taste, very agreeable to most palates.^
Diospjrros chloroxylon Roxb.
East Indies.
fruit is sweetish,
Ebenaceae.
This Indian tree has a cherry-like fruit which

clammy and subastringent but edible.'
is
very palatable.'
The
D. decandra Lour.
The berry is large, nearly globular, pulpy, yellowish when ripe; its
sweet and austere, combined with a disagreeable smell. It is, however, sold in
Cochin China.
taste
is
the markets and
eaten.''
D. discolor Willd.
mangosteen.
This species
Philippine Islands.
is
commonly
oiltivated in
East and has also been introduced into the West Indies.
and
in
some
places
is
The
fruit is like
Its flavor is agreeable.
called mangosteen.
many
The
islands of the
a large quince
fruit of this tree
brown, with a pink-colored, fleshy rind, the pulp firm and white and the flavor agreeable.
It is cultivated in the Isle of France for its fruit.'
is
D. dodecandra Lour.
Cochin China.
The berry
is pale,
with a sweetish, astringent, edible and pleasant
pulp."
D.
ebenum Koen.
east indian ebony.
This plant bears an edible fruit."
D. embryopteris Pers.
East Indies. The
Mueller, F.
'Mueller, P.
fruit of this tree of India is
Sd. Ph. i^S-
1891.
Ph.
1891.
Sel.
!=,(>.
not imlike a russet apple, pulpy, of
'Ibid
*
Lunan,
Hort.
J.
'Roxburgh, W.
'
'
Royle,
Don, G.
Smith,
'
J.
J.
F.
Jam. 2:309.
Pis.
Coram.
Illustr. Bot.
1814.
1795.
1:2,^.
Himal. 1:262.
1838.
Diet. Econ. Pis. 2^^.
1882.
"Don, G.
1838.
Don, G.
1838.
"Unger, F.
U.S. Pat.
Off.
Rpt. 339.
1839.
(D. mabola)
(D. mabola)
1859.
(D. ebanaster)

unattractive yellow color and covered with a rust-colored farina.
but
is
not palatable."
It is eaten
date plum.
D. kaki Linn,
by the
natives.
243
It is occasionally eaten
Japanese persimmon,
kaki.
keg-fig.
This plant has been cultivated in Japan for a long period and has produced
The fruit, in general, is as large as an ordinary
varieties, some of which are seedless.
Japan.
many
and contains a semi-transparent
apple, of a bright color,
The
pulp.
India and in China and was seen in Japan by Thunberg,^ 1776.
It
tree
is
cultivated in
was introduced
the United^States from Japan by the Perry expedition and one of these trees
About
ing at Washington.
ties
and
The
grow-
1864, others were imported; in 1877, 5000 plants in ten vaiie-
This persimmon
were brought to America.

elsewhere.
is still
into
fruit
is
now grown in California,

by all who have eaten
described as delicious
is
Georgia
the best
varieties.
D. lanceaefolia Roxb.
This
East India.
is
an eastern
fruit, said
by Kotschy
to
have a taste similar to
chocolate.
D. lotus Linn,
false lote-tree.
Temperate
The
astringency.^
or dried
The
Asia.
and use
the size of a cherry, yellow
fruit is
sweetish fruit
much
is
is
tribes,
who
sweet with
eat
it
fresh
about one to one and one-half inches
sweet, slightly astringent flesh, which
soft,
ripe,
in sherbets.
it
D. melanoxylon Roxb. coromandel ebony.

East Indies and Ceylon. The yellow fruit
through, with
by the Afghan
prized
when
is
eaten and
is
refreshing.^
D. obtusifolia Willd.
This
South America.
&
D. pentamera Woods
is
the sapota negro, with small, black, edible
gray plum.
F. Muell.
The
Eastern tropical Australia.
fruits,
which are produced in great abundance, are
eaten by the aborigines.'
D. pilosanthera Blanco.
The
Philippines.
D. tetraspenna Sw.
The
Jamaica.
lAinslie,
W.
fruit of this tree is eaten.""
wattle tree.
fruit is
eaten by negroes.""
Mat. Ind. 2:27%.
Drary, H.
Thunberg, C. P.
1826.
Useful Pis. Ini. 195.
Jap. 157.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 298.
'
Brandis, D.
Forest
>
Don, G.
J.
296.
1859.
1838.
1874.
1874.
Treas. Bot. 1:223.
Pickering, C.
" Lunan,
FL
Black, A. A.
"
1873.
1784.
Unger, F.
Don, G.
Fl.
1838.
1870.
Chron. Hist, of Pis. 917.
Hort. Jam. 2:318.
fruit.*
1814.
1879.
STURTEVANT
244
black persimmon.
D. texana Scheele.
Mexico.
This
the black persimmon of the Americans and the sapote-pieto of
is
The
the Mexicans of western Texas.
black,
cherry-like
fruit
is
melting
and very
sweet.'
ebony.
D. tomentosa Roxb.
The
East Indies.
clammy and
sweetish,
subastringent fruit of this plant
is
eaten.
D. toposia Buch.-Ham.
East
The
Indies.
fruit of this species is sweetish,
clammy, and subastringent but
edible.*
persimmon.
D. virginiana Linn,
North America, fovmd wild from the 42nd
parallel to Texas, often attaining the size
This plant is the persimmon, piakmine, or pessimmon of America, called

natives ougoufle.
Loaves made of the substance of prunes " like imto
the
Louisiana
by
brickes, also plummes of the making and bigness of nuts and have three or foiu" stones
of a large tree.
"
were seen by DeSoto on the Mississippi. It is called mespilorum by LeMoyne

"
"
in Florida;
mespila unfit to eat until soft and tender
by Hariot on the Roanoke; pesin
them
simmens by Strachey on the James River; and medlars on the Hudson by the remonstrants
against the policy of Stuyvesant.' The fruit is pltmi-like, about an inch in diameter,
exceedingly astringent
when
green, yellow
when
ripe,
and sweet and edible
after exposure
says the fruit, when matured, is very sweet and pleasant to the taste
on
A beer is made of it.
distillation, after fermentation, a quantity of spirits.
yields
Mixed with flour, a pleasant bread may be prepared. Occasional varieties are found
to frost.
Porcher
and
with
fruit
sweet,
double the
having a
size of
thin,
clear,
the ordinary kind.
The
transparent skin without any roughness.
Western States, says when the small, blue persimmon

sweeter than the
is
and
fig
also to be found in
is
a delicious
some gardens
Dipladenia tenuifolia A.
This plant
Brazil.
DC.
tuberous root, which
the size
is
them when cooked and
is
is
fruit.
It is
is
'Royle, J. P.
Pickering, C.
*
Porcher, F. P.
'Flint, T.
'
S.
1875.
Himal. 1:262.
1839.
1879.
Gardner, G.
Trav. Braz. 179.
Royle, J. F.
Illustr. Bot.
his
even
America and
by the inhabitants of Sertao, Brazil, cauhy, and the

and color of a large, black turnip-radish, is eaten by
be very palatable; in the raw state it tastes not xmlike a
D. A. Rpt. 166.
West. States ^.î.
in
it is
Apocynaceae.
called
said to
Illustr. Bot.
in
in Europe.
Diplazium esculentum. Polypodioceae.

This fern, according to Royle,'' is employed as food in the Himalayas.
Lindenheimer U.
Flint,
thoroughly ripened,
sometimes cultivated
turnip.
and
best persimmons ripen soft
1869.
1828.
1846^
Himal. 1:429.
1839.

Diplothemiiun maritimum Mart.
palm
acid-sweet
The
of Brazil.
which
flesh,
is
Diposis bulbocastanum
The
Chile.
Palmae.
coast palm.
an ovate or obovate drupe,
fruit,
is
yellow and has a fibrous,
DC.
Umbelliferae.
tubers are edible. ^
Dobera roxburghii Planch. Salvadoraceae.

East Indies and South Africa. This is a
is
245
Yemen
large tree called in
dober;
'
the fruit
eaten.
&
Dolichandrone stipulata Benth.
The
Burma.
in white,
tropics.
brown and
black.
Bignoniaceae.
horse grain.
Leguminosae.
This
f.
Mason,^ are brought to market for food.
flowers, according to
Dolichos biflorus Linn.
Old World
Hook.
the horse grain of the East Indies.
is
The
The bean
and the
seeds are boiled in India for the horses,
occurs
liquor
used by the lower class of servants in their own food.* There are varieties
with gray and black seeds; the natives use the seeds in their curries.^
that remains
D. hastatus
is
Loitr.
East Africa.
This plant
cultivated on the east coast of Africa
is
and the seeds are
D. lablab Linn,
bonavista bean,
Tropics of India
hyacinth bean,
and China.
number
lablab.
of varieties of this
and the tender pods. There

and shape of pod and color of seeds.
Asiatic coimtries for the pulse

color of the flowers, size
is
bean are
ciiltivated in
a great diversity in the
Roxburgh
describes var.
rectum, pods straight, seeds reddish, flowers white, large; called pauch-seem: Yar. falcatum
minus, pods falcate, size of the
flowers white, largish; called baghonuko-seem:

Var. falcatum majus, pods falcate, flowers purple; called dood-pituli-seem: Var. gladiatum
fiore albo, pods gladiate-clavate, length of the little finger, flowers white; called sada-jamailittle finger,
puli-seem: Var. gladiatum flore purpurea, called pituli-jamai-puli-seem: Var. macrocarpum,
the largest of
all,
pods
six to eight inches long, seeds black
with a white eye, flowers red;
called gychi-seem.
great
number
of
synonyms which have been assigned

In India, where
of the variable character of the plant.

varieties
which are offered for
Seemann, B.
1856.
Mueller, P.
'
Pickering, C.
1879.
Pickering, C.
1879.
Elliott,
W.
Drury, H.
'Don, G.
'
1891.

Firminger, T. A. C.
much
is
indicative
cultivated, four eatable
sale in the bazaars during the cold season, are thus described
Set. Pis. Z58.
it is
to this species
1863.
1873.
1832.
Card. Ind. 150.
1874.
{D. glabra)
{Bignonia stipulata)
{D. uniflorus)
246
Var. albiflorum, the shevet-seem, flowers white, smallish, cultivated
by Roxbxirgh:'
in
pole bean; the tender pods are eaten, the seeds never; the plant has a
disagreeable smell: Var. rubiflorum, the jeea-seem, flowers red, cultivated and much
gardens as a
esteemed by the natives: Var. purpurascens, the goordal-seem, a large variety with large,
purple flowers: Var. purpureum, the ruk-to-seem, stem and large flowers purple, the pods
'
Wight calls the species a very valuable pulse generally esteemed by all
In Jamaica, it is called the
classes of natives and very extensively cultivated in Mysore.
bonavista-bean and is ciiltivated in most parts of the country. The bean is a wholesome,
deep purple.
palatable food
and made
and
is
On
in general use.'
the east coast of Africa, the leaves are dried
into a spinach.*
D. sesquipedalis Linn, asparagus bean, yard-long bean.

South America. This bean was first described by Linnaeus,^ 1763. It reached
England in 1781.' Linnaeus gives its habitat as America and Jacquin received it from
Martens ' considers it as a synonym of Dolichos sinensis Linn.
the West Indies.
description of D. sinensis certainly applies well to the asparagus bean,
thinks the D. sesquipedalis of Linnaeus the same.

1.9, c. 22, tab.
134, as representing his plant,
the description of Linnaeus.
West
Probably
this
and
is
He
refers to
Loureiro's'
and Loureiro
Rumphius's Amboina,
this work, published in 1750, antedates
an East Indian
plant, introduced into the
Indies.
The name, asparagus bean, comes from the use of the green pods as a vegetable, and
a tender, asparagus-like dish it is. The name at Naples, fagiolo e maccarone, conveys the
same idea. The pods grow very long, oftentimes two feet in length, hence the name,
yard-long bean, often used. The asparagus, or yard-long, bean is mentioned for American gardens in 1828 ' and probably was introduced earlier. It is mentioned for French
gardens under the name of haricot asperge in 1829.'" There are no varieties known to oui
seedsmen, but Vilmorin offers one, the Dolique de Cuba.^^
D. sphaerospermus DC. black-eyed pea.

Jamaica. This is the black-eyed pea of the Barbados.*^
and the seeds are sweet and as good
for food as
any
It is
a native of Jamaica,
of the kidney beans.
D. umbellatus Thunb.
The
Japan.
'
Long
Illustr.
and pods are used

Card. Ind. 149.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Wight, R.
'
seeds
Ind. Bot.
.192.
in the preparation of a starch
1874.
1840.
Jam. 3:785. 1774.

H. Journ. Disc. Source Nile 567.
(Lablab vulgaris)
Hist.
*Speke,
J.
'
Linnaeus
'
Martyn
'
Martens Gartenbohnen
'
Loureiro Ft. Cochin. 436.
5/). //.
1019.
1763.
Miller Card. Diet.
' Fessenden New Amer.

" Noisette Man. Jard.
" Thorbum Cat. 1828.
"Don, G. Hist. tHchl.
1807.
100.
1869.
1790.
Card. 36.
1828.
1829.
Pis. 2:s6o.
1886.
1832.
1864.
{LaUab
vulgaris)
and meal." There

are several varieties of this plant under culture;
some
of
them
247
are pole beans, others
dwarf.i
Doryanthes excelsa Correa.
Australia.
by the
giant lily.
Amaryllideae.
high of which the stem
liliaceous plant 24 feet
is
roasted and eaten
Australians.^
Dovyalis zizyphoides E. Mey. Bixineae.

South Africa. The red berries are edible.'
Dracaena draco Linn.
dragon-tree.
Liliaceae.
Canary Islands. The dragon tree furnished dragons-blood once considerably exported
from the Canaries. At Porto Santo, one of the Madeira Islands, Cada Mosto in 1454
"
found the tree yielding a kind of fruit, like to our cherries but yellow, which grows ripe
in
March and
of a
is
most exquisite
Aroideae.
Dracontium pol3T)hyllum Linn.
The
South America.
taste."
roots serve as food to the natives of the Pacific
Dracontomelon sylvestre Blume. Anacardiaceae.

Borneo. This species is planted at Rewa, Fiji Islands.
mentions the
fruit
under the name canarium and says
it is
isles.*
Pickering, in Races of
Man,
sour and edible.
volubilis Benth.
Asclepiadeae.
"
"
that the leaves are
I have been informed," says Ainslie,'
East Indies.
Dregea
those which are occasionally eaten as greens by the natives of lower India but
of this, considering the general character of the genus."
Drimys aromatica F. Muell.
The
Australia.
Magnoliaceae.
ripe fruit
aromatic and pungent, hence
is
black.
amongst
am doubtful
pepper tree.
Hooker
says,
and the whole plant
is
highly
seeds and berries are sometimes used as pepper.
its
new granada winter-bark.
D. winteri Forst.
South America.
The bark
Drosera rotundifolia Linn.
of the variety
montana
lustwort.
Droseraceae.
is
used in Brazil as a seasoning.'
sundew.
'"
to be acrid and
Northern regions. The round-leaved sundew is said by Figuer
its
It curdles milk.
juices.
caustic, and in Italy a liquor called rossoli is distilled from
'
Don, G.
*Gen.
Coll.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. i:2()2.
Voy. Portugese ô.
De CandoUe,
Gray, A.
A.
Bot.
'Ainslie, W.
Hooker, W.
Don, G.
1893.
Chron. Hist. Pis. 56^.
'Pickering, C.
Ceog. Bat. 2:827.
1855.

1826.
Journ. Bot. 2:404.
"Figuier Veg. World 405.
1867.
{Flactmrtia rhamnoides)
1789.
Mat. Ind. 2:155.

J.
1879.
1831.
1840.
1831.
1854.
(Asclepias volubilis)
{Tasmania aromatica)
(D. granalensis)
248
Dryas octopetala Linn. Rosaceae. mountain avens.

Northern temperate and arctic regions. In Iceland, the leaves
as a substitute for
Duguetia
of this plant are used
tea.'
Anonaceae.
longifolia Baill.
The
Guiana, Peru and Trinidad.
fruit is nearly
round, as big as a Reinette apple,
the surface divided by reticulated divisions, the skin thin, and the red, delicate, viscous
and very
flesh excellent
Durio oxleyanus
Malay
agreeable.*
very
much
prized
by the
Caribs.'
Malvaceae.
Griff.
This
Islands.
It is
is
probably the form of the durian from which the cioltivated
species has originated.^
D. zibethinus Murr.
durian.
Accounts of this far-famed
early as 1640, as Parkinson^ mentions
the seed, with
mange and as
Wallace
ever, intolerable.
the East to experience.

"
Of
at
all fruits,
first
prejudices, to be of
at
first,
cannot
eat
you clamor
all
had reached Europe as

a man's head and
The pulp is a pure white,

The odor is, how-
delicious in taste as the finest cream.
says that to eat durians
The tmripe
fruit is
a sensation worth a voyage to
is
Bayard Taylor says:

the most intolerable but said by those who have smothered their
When it is brought to you
fruits, at last, the most indispensable.
removed;
if
there are durians in the next
sacrifice of self respect;
once or twice, and you
will cry for
but endure
it
for
its
room
to you,
you
necessary remedy.
To
a while, with closed
durians thenceforth, even
nostrils,
blush to write
even before the glorious mongosteen."
it
Durville utilia Bory.
This seaweed
Dysoxylum
A
a
fruit
fruit is of the size of
Chloride of lime and disinfectants seem to be
sleep.
it
'
till it is
seems to be the
it,
taste
The
enveloping pulp, about the size of a hen's egg.
its
resembling blanc
it.
is
Algae.
in soups in Chile.*
employed
spectabile
Hook.
Meliaceae.
f.
New Zealand, called by the inhabitants kohe,

and are employed as a substitute for hops.'
tree of
bitter taste
Echinocactus hamatocanthus Muehlenpf.

Mexico.
'
Buysraan,
'Lindley,
ripe
M.
Unger, F.
<
Masters,
red and
fruit is
'
1876.
Pickering, C.
Treaj.
Malay Arch. 85,

Siam 193. 1892.
Taylor, B.
Berkeley,
M.
Smith, A.
Havard, V.
1886.
Bo^ 2:1290.
T.
J.
Treas. Bol.
i'.t,'/.
Treds. Bot. 1:570.
1879.
86.
1869.
1870.
1870.
U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:^65.
have
as delicious as that of the strawberry cactus."
1859.
M.
Its leaves
Cactaceae.
Wallace, A. R.
'
"
Trans. Horl. Soc. Land. $: 101.
J.
'
'
The
or wahahe.
1896.
1824.
{Anona
{Anona
longifolia)
longijolia)
i"
249
E. horizonthalonius Lem.
This
Mexico.
furnishes
species
which
fruits
are
sliced,
candied
and
sold
as
confections.'
E. longihamatus Gal.
and
Fruit red, edible
Mexico.
of
good
quality.^
E. viridescens Nutt.
The
CalifoKiia.
fruit is of
the shape and taste of a gooseberry.'
E. wislizeni Engelm.
by the Mexicans visnada, or biznacha.

The seeds are small and black and when parched and pulverized, make good gruel and
even bread. The pulp of the fruit is rather sour and is not much eaten. Travellers, in
This cactus
is
called
passing through the cactus wastes, often resort to this plant to quench their thirst, its
interior containing a soft, white, watery substance of sUghtly acid taste, which is rather
Pieces of this, soaked in a sirup or sugar and dried, are as good
which
as candied citron,
they resemble in taste and substance. This plant, in some of
its preparations, furnishes a favorite food to the Yabapais and Apache Indians of Arizona.^
pleasant
when chewed.
Echinophora spinosa Linn.
prickly samphire,
Umbelliferae.
Europe. The roots of prickly samphire

the young leaves make excellent pickles.
Eclipta erecta Lihn.
Cosmopolitan
eaten
About Bombay,
tropics.
this plant,
common
weed,
is
sometimes
as a potherb.*
Ehretia acuminata R. Br.
Boragineae.
The drupe
Asia and Australian tropics.

as large as a small pea.
The unripe
is
red-orange, or nearly black
fruit is pickled in India.
When
ripe
when
it is
ripe,
insipidly
eaten.*
is
E. eUiptica
and
Compositae.
by the natives
sweet and
sea parsnip.
are eatable, with the flavor of parsnips,
DC.
Texas and Mexico.
This plant
is
a small tree with fruit the size of a large pea, yellow,
with a thin, edible pulp.'

E. laevis Roxb.
The
and
eaten.
'
The
U. S. Nat. Herb. 3:360.
Havard, V.
Proc.
*U.
S.
Bo/.
WorA^
Torrey,
J.
Brandis, D.
191.
Bot.
eaten.'
1896.
1870.
PL
340.
1885.
1887.
Fig.

Forest
inner bark, in times of famine,
is
D. A. Rpt. 417.
Pickering, C.
Brandis, D.
'
but
Havard, V.
'Engelmann
'
fruit is tasteless
1874.
1879.
(E. prostrata)
(E. serrata)
U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. 2:136.
Forest Ft. 340.
1874.
1859.
is
mixed with
flour
STURTEVANT
250
bastard cherry.
E. tinifolia Linn,
West
The
Indies.
a currant and are frequently eaten.*
berries are the size of
Elaeagnus angustifolia Linn.
The
wild olive.
oleaster,
Elaeagnaceae.
a tree mainly cultivated for its fruit,

which, in general, is acid and eatable. In Greece, it is sweetish-acid and mealy when
The fruit is commonly sold in the markets of Constantinople. It abounds in a
ripe.'
Europe and northern
Asia.
which
dry, mealy, saccharine substance
Nepal;
it
zinzeyd.
spirit is distilled
size of
The
Tropical Asia.
Nepal
fruit in
fruit is
eaten in
under the name of
Yarkand.^
and form
red or cherry color.
shrub produces a dry, farinaceous, edible
this
wild olive.
fruit is olive-shaped
and the mountains
fruit the size
The
a small cherry.'
oleaster,
E. latifolia Linn,
sweet and pleasant.'
in Persia appears as dessert
About Hudson's Bay
North America.
drupe about the
from the
is
is
silverberry.
E. argentea Pursh.
'
and
cultivated in Thibet;
is
wild olive
of
and
larger than
The
Hindustan and Siam.
an
olive.
It is eaten in
oleaster, or wild olive,
of a damson, has a stone in the center
and when
ripe
is of
has a
a pale
very acrid and though not generally considered an edible
It is
fruit
sugar, makes a very agreeable compote.'

'
Brandis says the acid, somewhat astringent fruit is eaten. It is abundant on the Neilgherries, says Wight," and the fruit is edible and also makes a good tart.
when cooked and sweetened with
in India, yet,
E. perrottetii Schlecht.
Philippine Islands.
Philippine oleaster.
The
has the taste of the best
fruit of the Philippine oleaster
cherries.'"
E. umbellata Thunb.
The
Japan.
small, succulent fruit
Elaeis guineensis Jacq.
eaten in India."
is
macaw-fat.
Palmae.
oil palm.
The
Tropical Africa and introduced to tropical America.

shiny, purple-black point, though nauseous to the
or
palm
its flavor,
'
of the consistency of honey,
oil,
Hort.
J.
'Brandis, D.
Brandis, D.
'Nuttall, T.
Royle,
J.
1814.
1874.
Walsh, R.
*
Jam. i:6i.
Forest Fl. ^go.
Forest Fl. 390.
i:<)-j.
1818.
lUustr. Bot. Himal. 1:323.
1839.
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
Brandis, D.
Wight, R.
Card. Ind. 182.
Forest Fl. 390.
Icon. Pis. $: V\.
'
Lake Reg.
1874.
1874.
1856.

Unger, F.
"Brandis, D. Forest Fl. 2,90. 1876.
" Burton, R. F.
1826.
1874.
Gen. No. Amer. Ph.
F.
1852.
1859.
Cent. Afr. 316.
taste,
bright yellow drupe with
eaten in Africa.
Mawezi,
rudely extracted from this palm and despite
This palm
universally used in cooking.
is
Lunan,
is
is
i860.
is
also
tapped for toddy.''
Palm

chop, a dish prepared at Angola from the fresh nut,
tiero,' who
very much
oil
also describes the fresh

like the outside fat of
is
25 1
pronounced most excellent by Mon-
Lunan ^ says the roasted nuts taste

roasted mutton, and that the negroes are fond of the
wine as
delicious.
which sometimes makes an ingredient in their foods.
Hartt
dendes of Brazil, the caiauhe of the Amazons, and that the
oil is
'
says this palm
much used
is
the
for culinary
purposes.
Elaeocarpus dentatus Vahl.
New
Tiliaceae.
The pulp surrounding the
Zealand.
stone of the fruit
the fruits are either used in curries or pickled like
is
eatable,
and
in India
olives.*
E. floribimdus Blimie.
The fruit is an article of food.'

the size and shape of an olive, is pickled. *
In India, the
Tropical Asia.
julpai, of
fruit, called in
Bengal
E. munroii Mast.
The
East Indies.
olive-sized fruit is eaten
by the
natives.'
Elaeodendron glaucum Pers. Celastrineae. ceylon tea.

Tropical Asia. This plant has been introduced from Ceylon under the name of
Ceylon
tea.'
olive-wood.
E. orientale Jacq.
Mauritius Islands, Madagascar and Burma, where

are used by the natives for
called let-pet-hen.
it is
Its leaves
tea."
E. sphaerophylliun Presl.
The drupaceous
South Africa.
Eleocharis tuberosa Schult.
is
a great demand
water-chestnut.
Cyperaceae.
This plant
East Indies.
fruits are edible.'"
is
in southern
grown
in all Chinese towns."
Royle
'^
that the round, turnip-shaped tubers are eaten.
and says
it is
grown
Montiero Angola, River Congo 1:96, 97.

Lunan, J. Hart. Jam. 2:26. 1814.
'
Hartt Ceog. Braz. 270.
'Lindley,
Brandis, D.
'
Dyer,
W.
'Don, G.
T.
Pickering, C.
"Fortune, R.
"Royle,
J.
1870.
^.
F.
(E. hinau)
Treas. Bot. 2:1318.
1876.
(Monocera munroii)
1879.
1847.
Himal. 1:413, 414.
" Loudon, J. C. Enc. Agr. 158.

" Ainslie, W. Mat. Ind. 2:242.
serratus)
1880.
Warid. China $07.

Illustr. Bot.
(.
1832.

Hist. Pis. 6:27.
1824.
(E. serratus)
1874.
WBaillon, H.
1875.

Forest Fl.
Loudon
the
''
1870.
Treai. 5o/. 1:444.
J.
says
for its roots, for
it is
by the Chinese for the tubers.
in tanks
'
Smith, A.
China
1839.
1866.
(Scirpus tuberosus)
1826.
{Scirpus tuberosus)
which there
pi-isi of the Chinese
calls it
and
the water-chestnut
Ainslie
"
says the root
is
252
in high estimation either for the pot or as
This rush can be subjected to regular

wholesome tubers. It is
a medicine.
cultivation in ponds, says Mueller,' for the sake of its edible,
The tuber
largely cultivated all over China.
and
is
universally used as food.
is
sweet and juicy with a chestnut flavor
kind of arrowroot
is
made from
it.^
cardamomum Maton. Scitamhieae. ceylon cardamom.

East Indies. From time immemorial, great numbers of the natives have derived
a livelihood from the cultivation of this plant. The fruit is used as an aromatic in medicine
Elettaria
throughout the East Indies and is largely consumed as a condiment. It furnishes the
Ceylon cardamom and the large cardamom of Guibourt mentioned in his history of drugs.
It is cultivated in Crete.*
Gramineae.
Eleusine aegj^jtiaca Desf.
eleusine.
This grass grows most abundantly on waste

Cosmopolitan tropics
subtropics.
ground, also on the flat roofs of the Arab houses in Unganyembe. The natives gather
and
them
the ears, dry

of
Its grain is
it.^
used in southern India.
E. coracana Gaertn.
ragee.
South America, East Indies and Egypt.
many
and
is
seen.
is
natchnee.
eleusine.
This grass
most productive
It is the
tropical coimtries.
has a small seed, covered in part with a
It
bearded husk through which the shining seed
in
on the rocks, grind and make a stir-about
in the sun, beat out the grain
the staple grain of the Mysore country.
make a
fermented to
drink called nturwa.
On
is
cultivated
on a
large scale
of all the Indian cereals, says Elliott,*
In Sikkim, says Hooker,' the seeds are

the Coromandel coast, writes Ainslie,'
a useful and most valuable grain, which is eaten and prized by the natives. The
grain is of the size of a mustard seed and is dark in color; it is either made into cakes, or
it is
is
eaten as a porridge;
'
by Thunberg
it is
among
pleasant to the taste and in
its
nature aperient.
Grant
It is
enumerated
"
found this grass cultivated

Its flour, if soaked for a night in
everywhere along his route through central Africa.

water, makes a very fair unleavened bread. A coarse beer, tasting pleasantly bitter,
is also made from this grain mixed with that of durra.
Schweinfurth '" says it is called
by the Arabians, by the Abyssinians tocusso and is grown only

has a disagreeable taste and makes only a wretched sort of pop.
telahoon
It
in small quantities at the
'
Mueller, F.
'
Smith, P. P.
*
'
'
*
'
">
Masters,
M.
Speke,
H.
J.
Elliott,
W.
Hooker,
J.
Ainslie,
W.
Michigan Agricultural College."
Sel. Pis. 226.
Contrib. Mat.
T.
1891.
(JHeleocharis tuberose)
Med. China
Treas. Bol. 1:446.
92.

D.
1826.
1864.
1863.
Journ. Hart. Soc. Lond. 23.
Mat. Ind. 1:2^$.
1871.
1870.
1852.
(Cynosurus coracanus)
Thunberg, C. P. Fl. Jap. xl. 1784. (Cynosurus coracanus)

Speke, J. H. Journ. Disc. Source Nile 587.
1864.
Schweinfurth, G.
" Beal, W.
J.
Heart AJr. 1:248.
Rur. N. Y.
Nov.
1874.
2, 1878.
in the poorest soils.

It
has been grown
STURTEVANT
253
E. tocussa Fresen.
This plant furnishes a bread
Abyssinia.
who
ate of the bread in Abyssinia, says
mouth and
taste in the
coxintry
is
its
com and
is
called dagussa.'
taste is unpleasant as
passes through the stomach with but
it
Parkyns,^
leaves a gritty, sandy
little
change.
Its native
given by Unger as the East Indies.
Elymus arenarius Linn. Gramineae. lyme grass, rancheria grass.

Europe and western North America. The seed of this grass is threshed out and eaten
the
by
Digger Indians.' It is indigenous to France and is used as an ornamental plant
in gardens.^
Embelia nagushia D. Don.
Himalayan
Myrsineae.
The
region.
fruits are eaten in
Sikkim as well as the
leaves,
which are
sour to the taste.'

E. ribes
Burm.
f.
Tropical Asia.
In
Silhet,
the berries are collected and used to adulterate black
pepper.*
Emilia sonchifolia DC.
Compositae.

are eaten
raw
Empetrum nignmi
Arctic
The
leaves are eaten
in salads, according to
Linn.
and subarctic
The
Miuray.'
Empetraceae.
crakeberry.
The
climates.
raw
in salads in China.'
In France,
it is
crowberry.
berries are eaten
about the
Its leaves
grown in flower gardens."
monox.
by the Scotch and Russian
a firm, fleshy substance and are insipid in taste.'" They are consimied in a ripe or dry state by the Indians
of the Northwest, are eaten by the Tuski of Alaska " and are gathered in autumn by the
peasantry.
fruits are black,
size of juniper berries, of
western Eskimo and frozen for winter food.'*
Encephalartos caffer Miq.
South Africa.
The
Cycadaceae.
tain a spongy, farinaceous pith,

'
'
Parkyns,
M.
Newberry
Vilmorin
Hooker,
J.
D.
W.
Vilmorin
i:t,o?,.
Treas. Bot. 1:276.
Mat. Ind. 2:213.
{Choripetalum undulatum)
1873.
1826.
1870.
Treoi. Bot. 1:449.
Alaska 379.
1870.
1874.
Fl. PI. Ter. 186.
"Johns, C. A.
" Dall, W. H.
1857.
3rd Ed.
1870.
Forest Fl. 284.
1859.
1856.
Drury, H.
Ainslie,
Life Abyss.
Fl. PI. Ter. 362.
Brandis, D.
'
made
Unger, F.
hottentot bread-fruit,
kaffir bread.
trunk and the center of the ripe female cones conuse of by the Kaffirs as food." On the female cone,
interior of the
3rd Ed.
{Cacalia sonchifolia)
1870.
1897.
" Seemann, B.
1865.
Anlhrop. Journ. i'.coAn.
" Masters, M. T. Treoi. Bo/.
1870.
1:450.
STURTEVANT
254
seeds as large as unshelled Jordan almonds are contained between the scales,
rounded with a reddish pulp, which

as food.
it
The
for
when
stem,
some months
in the ground, then
This sago
unacceptable to the Dutch settlers
Enhalus koeoigii Rich.

Svmiatra.
good to
when
pound
generally
says
it is
it,
sur-
used by the Kaffirs
and extract a quantity
The
Kaffirs
of farinaceous
a favorite food with the natives and
is
is
not
better food cannot be had.
sea fruit.
Hydrocharideae.
fruits are called berak laut, or sea fruit.
naceous and taste like chestnuts soaked in
much
Barrow
eat.'
and are
stripped of its leaves, resembles a large pineapple.
bury
matter of the nature of sago.
The
is
salt water.
The
This
seeds are slightly fari-
fruit is roimd, hairy
and
covered with mud.'
Enhydra paludosa DC.
Compositae.
East Indies, Malay and Australia. The leaves of this water plant are eaten by the
natives as a vegetable.'' It is the kingeka of Bengal.
Entada scandens Benth.
sword bean.
Leguminosae.
Tropical shores from India to the Polynesian Islands.
and are eaten cooked

in the
West
like chestnuts in Simiatra
In Jamaica, Lunan
Indies.'
and eaten by some
water, are boiled
The
seeds are flat
and brown
and Java,^ and the pods furnish food
says the beans, after being long soaked in
negroes.
E. wahlbergia Harv.
South Africa.
In central Africa, the bitter roots are eaten.'
Enteromorpha compressa (Linn.) Grev.

This
Algae.
one of the edible seaweeds of Japan.
is
Ephedra distachya Linn. Gnetaceae.

China and south Russia. The
sea grape.
eaten by the Russian peasants and by the

The fruit is eaten by the Chinese and is mucilaginous,
pungent flavor." The fruit is ovoid, succulent, sweet, pale or
fruit is
wandering hordes of Great Tartary.^*

with a slightly acid or
bright red
'
when
Thunberg, C. P.
W.
'Hooker, W.
il/o/.
'Ainslie,
ripe.
J.
'
1796.
1826.
some
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 168.
places, as
(Zamia
Lond. Journ. Bot. 7:165.
caffra)
1855.
1877.
1874.
1879.
Ibid.
Lunan,
'
rrof. 2:66.
/nd. 1:363.
Dutt, U. C.
Pickering, C.
'
It is eaten in
J.
Hort.
Schweinfurth, G.
Balfour, J. H.
" Smith, F. P.
"Brandis, D.
Jam. 1:127.
Heart
Afr.
1814.
1:268.
Treas. Bot. 1:454.

Contrib. Mat.
F<frest Fl. 501.
1874.
1870.
Med. China
1874.
93.
1871.
on the
Sutlej.**
STURTEVANT
255
Epilobium angustifolium Linn. Onagrarieae. fire weed, willow-herb.

Northern climates. In England, says Johnson,^ the leaves are much used for the
adulteration of tea. The leaves form a wholesome vegetable when boiled, and the young
shoots
make a good
The
substitute for asparagus.
people of Kamchatka, says Lightfoot,^
eat the young shoots which creep under the ground and they brew a sort of ale from the
dried pith. Richardson ' says the young leaves, imder the name of I'herbe fret, are used
as a potherb.
by the Canadian voyagers

E. latifolium Linn.
Northern and arctic regions.
and
for northern Asia
This species furnishes a vegetable of poor quality
Iceland.*
square-stemmed willow-herb.
This plant is used as a vegetable in Iceland and northern
E. tetragonum Linn,
Eturope.
Equisetum
Liim.
fluviatile
horsetail,
Equisetaceae.
Evirope and adjoining
The
Asia.
scrub grass.
starch contained in the tubers of the rhizome is
This
nutritious, according to Lindley.*
joint grass,
Asia.^
the plant which was eaten by the
is
Romans
under the name equisetum. Coles, in his Adam in Eden, speaking of horsetails, says,
"
the yoimg heads are dressed by some like asparagus, or being boyled are often bestrewed
with flower and fried to be eaten."
E. hyemale Linn,
dutch rush,
Northern climates.
Eremurus
Lindley
spectabilis Bieb.
horsetail,
'
says,
shave grass.
Liliaceae.
May and
In
in the villages of the Caucasus, Kurdistan
spinach and purslane and
scouring rush,
serves as food in time of famine.
it
is
Jime the young shoots are sold as a vegetable

and Crimea. The flavor is intermediate between
by no means a
disagreeable vegetable.'
Japanese plum, loquat.

indigenous
Japan and China and much cultivated in India. The
loquat was first made known by Kempfer in 1690. It was brought to Europe by the
French in 1784 and in 1787 was imported from Canton to Kew. It has not fruited at
Rosaceae.
Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.
fruit tree
in
Paris in the open air but
common
spoken of as
in
'
well
if
In the Gixlf States,
plimi, juicy, subacid, refreshing,
Johnson, C. P.
Lightfoot,
Hooker,
Unger, F.
'
Ibid.
Lindley, J.
J.
Fl. Bor.
Med. Econ.
Amer. 1:205.
Bot. 22.
Card. Chron.
$>
1840.
1859.
1849.
Ibid.
'Calvert, H.
1862.
1789-
i855-
it is
said to do well, the fruit
and altogether
Useful Pis. Gt. Brit. 10^.

Fl. Scot. J .197-
J.
W.
'
'
and
its fruit is
At Malta, it succeeds admirably. In Florida,

known under the name of Japanese pltim in 1867, ripening its
February and March.
a large
successfully cultivated in the south of France,
is
in the markets of Toulon.
delightful
is
it is
fruit
the size of
and unique
in flavor
256
and
In China the tree grows as far north as Fuhchau but 'does not produce
It is a more acid fruit than the apple and serves for cooking
quality.'
as good fruit as in Canton.

rather than as a table
It resembles the
fruit.
Eriodendron anfractuosum DC.
At
times raw.^
is
superior to
cabbage-wood,
Malvaceae,
The
medlar but
it
in flavor
ceiba.
eaten in India sometimes cooked and some-
fruit is
Sapindaceae.
The
shrub or small tree of Java and the islands of the Indian Archipelago.
edible.*
A cider is made in Java from the pericarp of the fruit.'
Erisma japura Spruce.
The
Brazil.
a mortar,
it is
japura.
Vochysiaceae.
kernel of the red fruit is pleasant eating both
and leaving
fruit
raw and
By
boiled.
water for several weeks, and then poimding in

made into a sort of butter, which is eaten with fish and game, being mixed
process of boiling
in the gravy.
size.
Celebes, the seeds are eaten.'
Erioglossum edule Blimie.
is
and
People
who can
in running
get over its vile smell, which is never lost, find
it
exceedingly
savory.'
Erodium
cicutariiun L'Herit.
or eaten
used,
raw by the
and R. Brown
says
it is
storksbill.
This plant, when young,
Blackfeet, Shoshone
'
pin grass,
Geraniaceae.
Europe and introduced into America.
and Digger Indians.
is
wild musk.
gathered and cooked,
Fremont
'
saw
the pin grass of the Californians of which the stem
it
thus
is edible.
E. jacquinianum Fisch.
In Egypt, the tubercles are eaten.*
Eruca sativa
Mill.
rocket.
Cruciferae.
Mediterranean region and western Asia.
by Gerarde, and Don

it is
says
i"
used in southern Europe as a salad.
Walsh
by the Greeks and Turks, who

ancient Romans.
Redmond, D.
Hist. Pis. 4:116.
Ainslie,
W.
A/a/. /nd. 2:96.
Black, A. A.
'
^^
says,
it is
it
prefer
Amer. Pom. Soc. Rpt.
H.
'Baillon, H.
called
to
'Baillon, H.
a good salat-herbe
It is cultivated for its leaves

fetid, offensive plant but
any other
salad.
Forest Fl. 108.
56.
1875.
It
{MespUus japonica)
1875.
1826.
1876.
Hist. Pis. y. 387.
(Pancovia edulis)
1878.
Trees. Bot. 1:464.
1870.
Fremont Explor. Exp^d. 243. 1845.

Brown, R. So/. 5oc. Edi'nJ. 9:385. 1868.
'"Don, G.
"
is
Hist. Pis. %: 32.
1878.
(E. hirtum)
1831.
"
Syme, J. T. Treas. Bot. 1:465. 1870.

"Walsh, R. Trans. Horl. Soc. Lond. 6:$i.
" Albertus
Ed.
Magnus
Veg. Jessen
507.
1826.
1867.
{Brassica eruca)
"
Syme "
and
stalks
highly esteemed
was cultivated by the
Albertus Magnus," in the thirteenth centtiry, speaks of
Baillon,
Brandis, D.
is
says the leaves and tender stalks form an agreeable salad.
which are used as a salad.
'
Rocket
it
in gardens;
STURTEVANT
257
who
uses nearly the present French name, roqueta. In 1586,

most
planted
abundantly in gardens. In 1726, Townsend' says
*
it is not now very common in English gardens, and in 1807 Miller's Dictionary
says it
^
has been long rejected. Rocket was in American gardens in 1854 or earlier and is yet
SO also does Ruellius,* 1536,
Camerarius^ says
included
is
it
by Vilmorin
among European
vegetables.
sea eryngo. sea holly, sea-holm.

Umbelliferae.
Eryngium maritimum Linn.
Asia Minor and the seashores along the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as Den-
The yormg, tender
mark.
and
roots are candied
shoots,
when blanched, may be eaten
When
sold as candied eryngo.
The
like asparagus.
boiled or roasted, the roots resemble
chestnuts and are palatable and nutritious.'
Erythrina indica Lam.
coral tree.
Leguminosae.
This
the weak stems of the pepper plant.
is
a small tree commonly cultivated for supporting
In Ceylon the young, tender leaves are eaten in
curries.*
Erythronium dens-canis Linn.
Europe and northern

with milk or broth.
Liliaceae.
dog's-tooth violet.
The Tartars
Asia.
collect
and dry the bulbs and
boil
them
dog's-tooth violet.
E. grandifiorum Pursh.
The
Interior Oregon.
roots of this plant are eaten
by some
Indians.*"
Erythroxylum coca Lam. Lineae. coca, spadic.

A shrub of the Peruvian Andes cultivated from early times for its leaves which are
used as a masticatory." This use of the leaves under the name, coca, is common throughout
New
the greater part of Peru, Quito,
where
is
it
is
known
as spadic.
It
These leaves contain an alkaloid analogous to thein and
largely cultivated in Bolivia.
exert,
when chewed, a stimulant
Eschscholzia sp.?
is
'
Caraerarius
/>i/.
306.
grown
Townsend Seedsman
Martyn Miller Card. Did.

Brown U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt.
Smith,
Gmelin
1"
"
Treas. Bot. 1:468.
PI. Sibir. 1:39.
Brown, R.
Smith, F. P.
1854.
(Brassica eruca)
1883.
1882.
1870.
1747.
Pickering, C.
used as a potherb or condiment.'''
1807.
377.
J.
'Smith, A.
is
1726.

'
and
1536.
18.
in gardens
1586.
'
'
action.
Papaveraceae.
This plant
China.
Granada, and also on the banks of the Rio Negro,

forms an artide of commerce among the Indians and

Contrib. Mat.
1868.
1879.
Med. China 94.
1871.
258
Escobedia scabrifolia Ruiz

Tropical America.
&
The
Pav.
Eucalyptus dumosa A. Curxn.
A manna
mallee.
Myrtaceae.
produced upon the leaves, which the natives use

said to be a secretion from an insect.
Australia.
for food.
Scrophularineae.
roots are said to be used for coloring gravies.'
It is
E. gtumii Hook.
called lerp
cider tree.
f.
This plant yields a
Australia.
is
cool,
refreshing liquid from
woimds made
in
the
bark during spring.^
mallee.
E. oleosa F. Muell.
The water drained from the roots is clear and good and
when no other water is obtainable.'
Australia.
is
used by the
natives of Queensland
E. terminalis F. Muell.
Manna
Australia.
is
procured from the leaves and small branches.*
Eucheuna speciosum Berk.

This
size
the
is
Algae,
jelly plant.
jelly plant of Australia
and
is
one of the best species for making
jelly,
and cement.
Euclea pseudebenus E. Mey. Ebenaceae.

South Africa. The fleshy, glaucous, brownish
and
slightly astringent
fruits,
and are eaten by the natives
of
the size of a pea, are sweet
South Africa under the name
emboloJ'
E. undulata Thunb.
The
South Africa.
Africa.
The sweet
small, black berry
berries are eaten
is
edible.'
by the Hottentots
This
or,
is
the guarri bush of South
bruised and fermented, they
yield a vinegar.'
Eugenia acris Wight & Am. Myrtaceae. wild clove.

East Indies and West Indies. In Jamaica, the aromatic, astringent leaves are
often used in sauce and the berries for culinary purposes.' In Hindustan, it is called
lung.^
E. apiculata
Chile.
'
DC.
The fruit
Palmer, E.
Journ. Roy. Soc.
Palmer, E.
Journ. Roy. Soc.
Card. Chron. 584.
J.
'"
Baillon,
H.
So. Wales 17:106.

So. Wales 17:98.
1891.
Trav. 1:202.
Hart. Jam. i:y6.
Pickering, C.
1870.
New
New
1875.
Sel. Pis. 192.
Thunberg, C. P.
Lunan,
1882.
Treas. Bot. 1:472.
Mueller, F.
'
eaten.'"
Spruce Card. Chron. 17:20.
'Smith, A.
is
1795.
1814.

Hist. Pis. 6:3.(7.
1880.
(Myrtus
1879.
c-cris)
1884.
1884.
STURTEVANT
E. aquea Biinn.
259
f.
A tree of India,
The
called lal jumrool.
appearance and of somewhat aromatic taste but

ties, a white and a pale rose-colored fruit.'
is
a small apple,
is
of a
waxy
There are two varie-
hardly eatable.
E. amottiana Wight.
The
East Indies.
by no means
it is
astringency,
by the natives
fruit is eaten
of
India,
though,
owing to
its
palatable.
E. arrabidae Berg.
The
Brazil.
berries are eaten.*
Lam.
E. brasiliensis
brazil cherry.
This species furnishes an edible
Brazil.
fruit.''
It is
grown under the name
of Brazil
cherry in the Public Gardens of Jamaica.*
Thunb.
E. caryophyllata
The
clove tree
clove.
a handsome evergreen, native of the Moluccas.
is
to the Mauritius in 1770, thence to
century
and to Jamaica
was introduced
in 1773; to Zanzibar about the
end
of the
commerce are the unexpanded flowerthe ancient Greek and Roman writers. They were brought
in 1789.'
Cloves were known to
buds.
Cayenne
The
It
cloves of
East to Ceylon in the days of Cosmas Indicopleustes, in the first half of the
sixth century, and were known in the Mediterranean countries to Paulus Aegineta, A. D.
from the
far
Clove stalks were an
634.'
article of
import into Eiu-ope during the Middle Ages.
leaves were imported into Palestine in the twelfth century

in
The
Germany about 1450.
stalks are
still
an object
and were
of trade
Clove
sold at Frankfort
from Zanzibar, where
they are called by the natives vikunia; they are tolerably aromatic, and are used for
adulterating ground cloves.* For many years, the Dutch exercised a strict monopoly in
the growth of this spice, by restricting
extirpating
Indies
cultivation to the island of
its
but a limited number of the
all
trees,
Amboina and even
but they are now grown in the West
and elsewhere.
E. catinga Baill.
The
Guiana.
fruit is eaten.'"
E. cauliflora Berg.
The
Brazil.
cultivated
'
in
of
Firminger, T. A. C.
Wight, R.
'
jacbuticaba grows wild in the
most
Baillon,
Card. Ind. 266.
Icon. Pis. 3
H.
Unger, F.
PI. 999.
Hist. Pis. 6:347.
of the south of Brazil
'
Fluckiger and
'
Morris Rpt. Pub. Card. Jam. 35.
'
Pickering, C.
'
Fluckiger and
Hanbury Pharm.
Hist. Pis. 6:344.
(Jambosa aquea)
date.
1859.
1880.
249.
1879.
1880.
Hanbury Pharm.
1874.
1880.
H.
No
'
Baillon,
woods
the gardens in the diamond and gold
1879.
254, 255.
1880.
(Caryophyllus aromaticus)
1879.
districts.
and
The
is
also
fruit
is
26o
Green Gage plum, of a pulpy consistency and very refreshing.'

of the size of an Oxheart cherry and under the tender, black
black, about the size of a
Unger
'
says the fruit
epidermis there
is
a white,
is
It is inferior in taste to
in the Antilles
and even
soft
our cherry.
and even introduced
juicy flesh in which are
In Brazil,
it is
much
esteemed.
two or three
It has
seeds.
been planted
into the East Indies.
E. cordifolia Wight.
The
Ceylon.
fruit is
E. darwinii Hook.
Chile.
.
The
an inch
in diameter.'
f.
fruits are eaten.''
dichotoma DC.
North America and West
Indies.
The
small, edible fruit is of
flavor.'
DC. wild coffee.

Jamaica. The -fruit is eaten
E. disticha
in the Antilles. '
E. djouat Perr.
Philippine Islands.
It yields
an edible
fruit.'
E. dulcis Berg.
The
Brazil.
E. dysenterica
berries are eaten.*
DC.
This
Brazil.
E. edulis Benth.
The
Brazil.
is
&
an excellent dessert
Hook.
fruit.
f.
berries are eaten.
E. floribunda West.
The
Santa Cruz.
fruit is edible.*
E. formosa Cambess.
The
Brazil.
berries are eaten.*"
E. fragrans Willd.
West
Indies.
zebra-wood.
The
fruit is
eaten in the Antilles."
E. guabiju Berg.
Region of Argentina.
'
Gardner Trav. Braz. 343.
Unger, F.
'Mueller, F.
*
Baillon,
H.
The
1846.

Sel. Pis. 1^2.
Baillon,
H.
Unger, F.
'Baillon,
H.
Unger, F.
"
Baillon,
" Ibid.
Ibid.
H.
1859.
1891.
Hist. Pis. 6:347.
'Sargent U. S. Census g:i8.

'
berries are eaten in Brazil.'^
1880.
1884.
Hist. Pis. 6:347.
1880.

Hist. Pis. 6:347.

Hist. Pis. 6:347.
1859.
1880.
1880.
1859.
an
agreeable, aromatic

DC.
The
E. inocarpa
Brazil.
fruit is
about the
size of
26 1
a plum, with a fibrous, acid-sweet
flesh.'
E. itacolumensis Berg.
The
Brazil.
berries are eaten.^
black
Lam.
E. jambolana
plu.m.
jambolan plum,
jambolan.
jambool.
jambu.
JAVA PLUM.
This tree yields in India, says Dutt,' an abundant crop
In some places, the fruit attains the size of a pigeon egg and
of subacid, edible fruits.

is
and
astringent
it
to a
and
acid,
damson
Brandis
of superior quality.
is
says the fruit has a harsh but sweetish flavor,
much
in appearance

and to a radish in taste.
malabar plum, rose apple.

Tropical eastern Asia. The tree is cultivated
of India.
Firminger
somewhat
compares
E. jambos Linn,
which
many
parts of India for its fruit,
and
of the size of a small apple, with a delicate, rose-water perfxune but dry
is
hardly worth eating.'
The
in 1762.
roses but
not in
is
it
can hardly be considered eatable, being of a poor flavor and of
It
a dry, pithy consistency
Jamaica
in
'
but
is
rind, says
made
into preserves.*
Lunan,
much esteem
The
tree
was introduced into
has a sweetish, watery taste, with a flavor like
as a fruit.'"
It
was introduced
into Florida
by
C. Codrington," Jacksonville, before 1877.
Lam.
E. javanica
jumrool.
jambosa.
of a small apple, pure white, shining, wax-like
hardly
The
moderate-sized tree of the islands of the Indian Archipelago.
fit
and has a raw, watery,
fruit is
the size
insipid taste.
It is
to be eaten.'^
E. ligustrina Miq.
The
Brazil.
E. lineata
West
berries are eaten in Brazil.
guava berry.
DC.
Indies.
small tree of Tortola.
and forms a
It is also used for a preserve
The
fruit is small
and
excellent for dessert.
favorite cordial."
E. longipes Berg.
Florida.
The
'Baillon, H.
'
'
Dutt, U. C.
'

Forest Fl. 234.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Brandis, D.
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
Card. Ind. 264.
Card. Ind. 265.
J.
Dom.
Lunan,
J.
Hort. Jam. 2:127.
Bot. 371.
^^
Amer. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 66.

Firminger, T. A. C.
" Smith,
J.
1874.
{Syzygium jambolanum)
1874.
{Jambosa vulgaris)
1874.
Smith,
Ibid.
1877.
1874.
Forest Fl. 233.
'
"
i88o.
Hist. Pis. 6: $47.
Ibid.
Brandis, D.
'
small, red fruit with the flavor of cranberries
1871.
1814.
1877.
(Jambosa vulgaris)
Gard. Ind. 266.
1874.
1882.
1884.
{Jambosa alba)
is
edible."
262
E. luschnathiana Klotzsch.
The
Brazil.
berries are eaten.
E. mabaeoides Wight.
The
Ceylon.
fruit is
the size of a small cherry.
E. macrocarpa Roxb.
East Indies, where

E.
makapa Mer.
This tree
shaped and
et
it is
Lens
The
called chalta-jamb.
fruit is
jambosine.
(?).
cultivated in the Mauritius under several varieties.
is
edible.^
The jambosine was introduced
The
fruit is pear-
into Florida at Jacksonville before
1877-'
E. malaccensis Linn,
large-fruited
jambos.
rose
malay
apple,
rose
apple,
APPLE.
A
and
tree of the Moluccas, cultivated in the Indian Archipelago, Pacific islands, China
"
The fruit," says Capt. Cook, at Batavia, " is of a deep red color and an oval
India.
shape; the largest, which are always the best, are not bigger than a small apple; they
are pleasant and cooling, though they have not
much
flavor."
Rheede says the
fruit
the size and shape of a moderate pear, white with a blush of red, of a very agreeable,
is of
vinous taste and smell.
Firminger
says the fruit
is
of the size
apple, perfectly smooth, of a pure, translucent white, with
and form
of a very small
a beautiful blush of crimson
and that some persons eat it but it is not worth eating. Seemann * says that
shaped, with an apple-like smell and delicate flavor. In 1839, a specimen
grown under
glass at
and the
fruit
was pronounced most
of the fragrance of the rose with the sweetness of the peach.
at
Amboina and
DC.
The berries
The
are frequently eaten as a salad.'
are eaten in Brazil.*
E. nhanica Cambess.
The
Brazil.
berries are used as
a table
fruit.*
E. oblata Roxb.
East Indies.
It is called
goolam and
-Wight, R.
Icon. Pis. 2: PI.
'Unger, F.
612.
66.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Card. Ind. 265.
'Seemann, B.
Fl. Viti. 77.
Hist. Mass. Hart. Soc. 249.

'
Andrews
Baillon,
H.
Mueller, F.
'=
Wight, R.
1874.
1880.
1797.
Hist. Pis. 6:347.

Sel. Pis. J93.
1859.
1880.
1891.
(Jambosa makapa)
{Jambosa makapa)
1865-73.
cultivated for its fruit."
1843.
'
1877.
is
1843.
{Jambosa malaccensis)
delicious,
partaking
flowers are preserved
E. mjrrobalana
Brazil.
quince-
of the fruit
Cambridge, Massachusetts, was exhibited at the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society's exhibition
by the Dutch
it is
263
E. operculata Roxb.
The
Tropical Asia.
and
is
fruit is round, of the size
The
very generally eaten in Chittagong.'
and appearance
of small, black cherries
fruit is eaten.^
E. pisiformis Cambess.
Brazil.
The
berries are eaten.'
pitanga.
E. pitanga Kiaersk.
Brazil.
Hartt
says
its
refreshingly acid, red fruit
is
eaten.
ironwood.
E. procera Poir.
Santo Domingo and south Florida, where

the size of a pepper,
it is
called ironwood.
The round
berry,
is edible.*
E. pseudopsidium Jacq.
The
Martinique.
fruit is edible
and
is
held in considerable esteem in the West
Indies.'
E. pulchella Roxb.
Moluccas.
bears a fruit like the black currant.^
It
E. piunila Gardn.
Brazil.
The
berries are eaten in Gioiana.'
E. Piriformis Cambess.
Brazil.
The
fruit is
the size of a pear.*
E. rariflora Benth.
The
Fiji Islands.
fruit
resembles a cherry in size and shape and
is edible, i"
E. revoluta Wight.
The
East Indies.
berries are
an inch
in diameter."
E. richii A. Gray.
Pacific islands.
In Viti, the agreeably-smelling fruit
is
eaten. '^
E. suborbicularis Benth.
The
Australia.
>
Wight, R.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 235.
BaiUon, H.
*
'
fruit is large, red,
Don, G.
1843.
1874,
Hist. Pis. 6:347.
Hartt Geog. Braz. 59.
with small stone and
1880.
1870.
1832.
Ibid.
'
Wight, R.
BaiUon, H.
Hist. Pis. 6:347.
Mueller, P.
Sel. Pis. 193.
'"Seemann, B.
Fl. Viti. 79.
"Mueller, F.
"Seemann, B.
" Palmer, E.
Sel. Pis. 193.

Fl.
Viti. 7S.
1843.
1880.
1891.
1865-73.
1891.
1865-73.
Journ. Roy. Soc.
New
So. Wales 17:98.
iS
is
eaten
when
ripe.''
264
tala.
E. supraaxillaris Spring,
Southern
E.
temu
fniit is large
and
edible.*
& Am.
Hcxik.
The
Chile.
The
Brazil.
fnoit is eaten.'
cayenne cherry,
brazil cherry,
E. uniflora Linn,
pitanga.
Surinam cherry.
In India, this species appears to be

Tropical America, where it is called pitanga.
cultivated under the names of Brazil cherry and cherry of Cayenne.
The fruit of
this large
shrub
about the
is
size
button and
of a
is
considered agreeable by the
natives.'
E. zeyheri Harv.
The
South Africa.
berries are the size of a cherry
Eulophia campestris Wall.
East Indies.
and are
edible.*
salep.
Orchideae.
This plant furnishes the salep collected in Cashmere.*
E. herbacea Lindl.
salep.
This species furnishes the salep of the Indian bazaars known as saleb
East Indies.
misri.*
Euonymus
japonicus Linn.
China and Japan.
triplinerve Vahl.
Eupatorium
An
Tropical America.
taste
and
when young.'
Compositae.
infusion of the leaves has
Dyer says the plant
a good diet drink.
is
Japanese spindle tree.
Celastrineae.
f.
In China, the leaves of this tree are eaten
of Bourbon, for the purpose of being dried
is
and sent
an agreeable and somewhat spicy
now
chiefly cultivated at the island
to France, where
it
is
used as a tea
substitute.*
Euphorbia balsamifera
Islands.
Canary
Ait.
Euphorbiaceae.
Its juice is
balsam spurge.
thickened to a jelly and eaten by the natives.'
E. canariensis Linn.
Canary Islands. The natives

and then sucking the inner portion
of Teneriffe are in the habit of

of the
stem to quench their
thirst.
E. edulis Lour.
Cochin China.
It is
mentioned as a potherb.'"
'Mueller, F.
Sel. Pis. 193.
'Baillon, H.
Hist. Pis. 6:i47-
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
Mueller, F.
'
W.
Profit. Pis. 85.
Mat. Ind. 2:$$.
1865.
Masters,
M.
T.
87 1.
1826.
Pickering, C.
(E. michelii)
1874.
1891.
Fluckiger and Hanbury Pharm. 655.

1879.
Contrib. Mat. Med. China 94.
Smith, F. P.
'Ainslie,
'>
1880.
Card. Ind. 264.
Sel. Pis. 194.
'Archer, T.C.
1891.
Treas. Bot. 1:477.
1879.
1870.
removing the bark
265
caper spurge.
E. lathsrris Linn,
The
Southern Europe.
seeds are used as a substitute for capers
but, says Johnson,^
they are extremely acrid and require long steeping in salt and water and afterwards in
vinegar.
Euphoria informis Poir.
Cochin China.
Sapindaceae.
Its fruit is eaten in China.'
Euiyale ferox Salisb.
East India and China.
China
prickly water-lily.
This aquatic plant

In China,
for its floury seeds.
The
gorgon.
Nymphaeceae.
said to
it is
frequently cultivated in India
is
have been
in cultivation for
and
upwards
pulpy and the size of a small orange; it contains

from 8 to 15 round, black seeds as large as peas, which are eaten roasted. The pulp is
Smith * says, in China, it is much cultivated for the stems, rhizomes and
also eaten.
of 3000 years.^
seeds, all of
fruit is
E.
soft,
which contain much starch and are eaten.
Euterpe edulis Mart.

Tropical America.
Gardner
round,
Palmae.
The
assai palm.
bud of this
when cooked.
long, terminal
equal to asparagus in flavor
Brazilian
palm
is
pronounced by
montana R. Grab.
New
Islands of
Bates
It is the size of
leaf-bud
is
used as a cabbage.^
assai palm.
E. oleracea Mart,
Brazil.
The terminal
Spain.
'
says the fruit forms a universal article of diet in
all
parts of Brazil.
a cherry, round and contains but a small portion of pulp, which is made,
Mrs. Agassiz ^ pro-
with the addition of water, into a thick, violet-colored beverage.
noimces this diet drink as very good, eaten with sugar and farina of the mandioc.
terminal leaf-bud is used as a cabbage.^"
Eutrema wasabi Maxim.
The
Japanese horseradish.
Japan. This is Japanese horseradish, which grows wild on the coast and is cultivated in small quantities, rasped and eaten with fish. The best roots are cultivated only
water running down the moimtain valleys.
in clear spring
Evemia
Cruciferae.
prunastri Linn.
ach.
Lichenes.
Northern Europe, America and Asia.

Loudon,
J.
C.
Johnson, C. P.
'
Don, G.
<
Hooker,
Useful Ph.
D.
J.
Gardner, G.
'Seemann, B.
Bates, H.
W.
75.
1871.
1846.

Nat.
{Nephelium informe)
1854.
Med. China
Trav. Braz. 396.
Amaz. 647.
Agassiz Journ. Braz. 140.
"Seemann, B.
1831.
Himal. Journ. 2:25s.

Contrib. Mat.
1862.
Ct. Brit. 226.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. 1 :6yo.
'Smith, P.P.
'
i860.
Hort.eSg.
This lichen was observed by Sibthorp and
1856.
Humboldt
1868.
1856.
Z,t6r. Set.
1879.
266
on the branches
Bory
According to Forskal,
tinople.
mixed
plum and other
of
it is
trees throughout
Greece and around Constan-
imported in shiploads from Greece into Egypt and

it has a peculiar power of imbibing and
retaining
According to Lindley,
in bread.
odors.
The
Australia.
fruit is
Australian currants.
Santalaceae.
E;:ocarpus cupressiformis Labill.
eaten and
made
is
into preserves.'
Fagopyrum cymosum Meissn. Polygonaceae. perennial buckwheat.

Himalayas and China. This is a common Himalayan plant which forms an excellent
spinach and is called pullop-bi.^ It occurs also in China.* The plant seeds badly and
hence
F.
is
not valued as a cereal.
esculentum Moench.
buckwheat., notch-seeded buckwheat.
brank.
Europe and northern Asia. Buckwheat seems to have been unknown to the Greeks
and Romans. It grows wild in Nepal, China and Siberia and is supposed to have been
brought to Europe at the beginning of the sixteenth century from northern Asia. AccordIt is mentioned
ing to Buckman,' it is mentioned in a German Bible printed in 1522.
by Tragus,*
1552, as cultivated in the
pinus,' 1583, describes
it
of heydenkorn.
as cultivated, probably in Italy imder the
Dodoenaeus,' 161 6, says
sarcsinum.
aliis
Odenwald under the name
it
was much cultivated
in
name
Caesal-
oi formentone
Germany and Bra-
It must have secured early admittance to America, for samples of American growth
were sent to Holland by the colony of Manhattan Island as early as 1626. It is at present
cultivated in the United States as a field crop, as also in northern Europe, in China,
bant.
Japan and elsewhere. Eraser' found large fields of it at 11,405 feet elevation near the
temple of Milun in the Himalayas. In northern India and Ceylon, it is of recent introduction and
cultivation
its
is
confined to narrow limits.
Notch-seeded buckwheat
native of the moimtainous districts of China and Nepal, where

F. tataricum Gaertn.
it is
Europe.!'
much
less
cultivated for its seeds.'"
Tartarian buckwheat.
Europe and northern

though
it is
is
Tartarian buckwheat
Asia.
is
of the
same
widely distributed and was introduced at a
It has been cultivated from time
immemorial
in
origin as buckwheat,
much
later period into
Nepal and on the confines
of China.
Fagus ferruginea Ait. Cupuliferae. American beech.

North America. The nuts are esteemed delicious and are found
'
'
'
<
Fl.
Sibthorp, J.
Smith, A.
Hooker,
J.
D.
Mueller, F.
De CandoUe,
'
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ph.
196.
"
Unger, F.
1870.
(Leptomeria acerba)
(Polygonum cymosum)
1854.
1891.
Ceog. Distrib. Ans. Pis. 1:137.
A.
Geog. Boi. 2:953.
Fraser fine. Bri/. 17:630.
"Mueller, F.
(Borrera prunasiri)
1813.
Ilimal. Journ. 2:$j.
Sel.
'Pickering, C.
>
Craecae 2:314.
Treas. Bot. 2:674.
Sel. Pis. 124.
1859.
1855.
1863-1876.
(Polygonum fagopyrum)
8th Ed.
1880.
U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 306, 307.
1859.
(Polygonum tataricum)
in season in the

'
Porcher
Boston markets.
by the common people
says the young leaves are used
European beech.
F. sylvatica Linn.
In Hanover, the
of the nut is used as a salad oil
oil
and as a substitute
butter.2
In France, the nuts are roasted and serve as a substitute for
of beech
wood
for bread
io-
baked and then mixed with
boiled in water,
is
Fedia comucopiae Gaertn.
This plant has the same properties as the
It is also
salad plant.
The
woody
rind.
is
grown
in
France as
in flower gardens.'
grown
Rutaceae.
fruit is of
cresses.'
valerian.
According to Robinson,' this species
Feronia elephantum Correa.
East Indies.
horn-of-plenty.
Valerianeae.
elephant apple,
the size of a large apple and
The pulp
wood
is
apple.'
covered with a hard, gray,
The
universally eaten on the coast of Coromandel.'
is
interior of the fruit, says Firminger
acid and
form the material
Cruciferae.
Southern Etirope and the Orient.
scabrous,
flour to
for
Sawdust
coffee.'
Norway and Sweden.*
Farsetia clypeata R. Br.
of
In Maine, the buds are eaten by the Indians.
the South as a potherb.
Europe.
267
'
is filled
with a brown,
^^
Brandis
smelling of rancid butter.
says a
soft,
jelly is
mealy substance, rather
made
of
it
"
in India,
and
^^
says
says that this very pleasant jelly resembles black-currant jelly. Dutt
is
made
into
a
chatni.
the
of
which
in
for
its
eaten
and
India
cultivated
fruit,
pulp
Wight
it is
Ferula assa-foetida Linn.
asafetida.
Umbelliferae.
food-of-the-gods.
Persia and Afghanistan. Asafetida is called food-of-the-gods by the Persians, who

hold the juice in high esteem as a condiment,'' eat the leaves as greens and the root when
Gerarde " says it is reported to be eaten in Apulia. The young shoots and heads
roasted.
are considered
by the Khirgls as a
great delicacy.
The
fetid
odor disappears on boiling. '^
F. longifolia Fisch.
South Russia.
'
Porcher, F. P.
Hooker,
W.
'
Loudon,
J.
<
Church, A. H.
J.
Robinson,
'
Vilmorin
Lond. Journ. Bot. T.184.
Food 71.
"
Brandis, D.
Pickering, C.
"Smith, J.
" Gerarde, J.
11 79.
F.
1878.
3rd Ed.
1874.
1879.
1877.
Herb.
2nd Ed.
Sel. Pis. igg.
{Valeriana comucopiae)
1824.
1874.
Mat. Med. Hindus iî.
"Schuyler rrAitan 1:228.
"MueUer,
1870.
Card. Ind. 218.
Forest Fl. 57.
" Dutt, U. C.
americana)
1874.
Firminger, T. A. C.
{F.
1854.
F/. P/. Ter.
1869.
1855.
1887.
Hist. Pis. 3:225.
W.
Lindley, J.
'
aromatic, long roots are esteemed as a vegetable.'^
C.
'BaUlon, H.
The
1882.
1057.
1876.
1891.
1633 or 36.
268
asafetida.
F. narthez Boiss.
Kaempfer says that
Baltistan.
Afghanistan and Khorassan there are two varie-
in
one called Kama-i-gawi, which is grazed by cattle and used as a potherb and the
Katna-i-anguza, which affords the asafetida of commerce. Among the
ties,
other called
Mohammedan and Hindu
Ficus aspera Forst.

Islands of
population of India, the
gum
is
generally used as a condiment
where the plant grows, the fresh leaves are cooked as an
and, in regions
f.
tongue
Urticaceae.
Fig.
New Hebrides.
This
fig.
a tropical species of
is
article of diet.'
fig
whose
may
fruit
be eaten.'
banyan.
F. benghalensis Linn,
East Indies and African
The
tropics.
sweetish fruit of the banyan
is
eaten in India
in times of scarcity.
R. Br.
F. brassii
A
Ischia
shrub of Sierra' Leone.
an edible
It bears
fruit
about as large as that of the white
fig.'
F. carica Linn.
fig.
The
Europe, Orient and Africa.
fig is
indigenous, says Unger,* in Syria, Persia,
Asia Minor, Greece and north Africa and has been cultivated in these countries from
time immemorial and even as far as southern Germany.
fig
had
its
place as a fruit
According to one Grecian tradition, Dionysius Sycetes
tree in the garden of Alcinous.
was the discoverer
The
of the fig tree; according to another,
to Greece; a third tradition states that the
fig tree
Demeter brought the first fig tree

grew up from the thunderbolt of
The fig is mentioned by Athenaeus, Colvmiella and Macrobius, and six varieties
Jupiter.
were known in Italy in the time of Cato. Pliny enumerates 29 sorts in his time. At
the present time, no less than 40 varieties are entmierated for Sicily by Dr. Presl. The
fig tree is
enimierated
figs
among the
Charlemagne. It was carried to England

Cortez carried the fig tree to Mexico in 1560,' and
fruit trees of
by Cardinal Pole.^
in 1525 or 1548
are mentioned as cultivated in Virginia in 1669
Wm.
the ruins of Frederica, Georgia, by
New
Orleans.
Downing
country and says the
describes
'
and were observed growing out
of
Bartram,' about 1773, and at Pearl Island near

varieties as
the most desirable sorts for this
reached here in 1790.
fig
F. cooperi Hort.
The
Tropical America.
February
16, 1880,
'
Fluckiger and
Unger. F.
'
was
was not very
edible but
Hanbury Pharm.
U. S. Pal.
Off.
283.
1879.
Rpt. 332.
1859.
Sabine, J.
Unger, F.
'
Thompson, R.
'Shrigley. N.
Bartram,
'
'
Treas. Bot. 1:493.
Unger, F.
W.
Downing, A.
Rel. Va.,
Md.
5.
J.
Fr. Fr. Trees
Visit to
1859.
1669.
Amer. 2^1.
Wash. Feb.
1824.
1870.
Sturtevant, Dr.
attractive.'"
1859.
True
the Department of Agriculture Conservatory,
fruit, at
purple
Force Coll. Tracts. 3 :
1880.
1857.
16, 1880.
1844.

r. cunia
269
Buch.-Ham.
The
Tropical Asia.
fruit is eaten.*
Thunb.
F. erecta
Himalayas, China and Japan.
In Japan, the small
figs
are sometimes eaten.*
F. forskalaei Vahl.
The
Tropical Arabia.
fruit is
not agreeable but
is
eaten.
F. glomerata Roxb.
The
large tree of tropical eastern Asia.
the vmripe fruit
ripe fruit is eaten.
pounded, mixed with flour and
is
made
In times of scarcity,
into cakes.'
the natives sometimes eat the fruit which outwardly resembles the
fruit is edible
but insipid and
usually found
is
full of insects.
In the Konckans,
common
fig.*
The
In Cebu, in times of drought,
the inhabitants have no other resources for water than cutting the root.'
F.
granatum Forst.
New
f.
A tropical
Hebrides.
F. heterophylla Linn.
f.
The
Tropical Asia.
species with fruit that is eaten.'
eaten
fruit is
by the
natives of India.'
F. hirta Vahl.
The
Tropical Asia and Malay.
fruit is eaten
by the natives
of India.'
F. infectoria Roxb.
The
Tropical Asia and Malay.
when
ripe,
and about the
size of
fruit, in
racemes,
a small plum.
is
nearly round, of a reddish color
It is eaten
by the common
people.'
F. palmata Forsk.
Tropical Asia, Arabia and East Indies.
and
is
succulent, sweet
and
In the
hills of India, this fig is
eaten largely
pleasant.^"
F. persica Boiss.
shrub found wild about Shiraz, Persia.
East Indies.
sacred
peepul.
F. religiosa Linn,
Forest Fl. 421.
Thunberg, C. P.
'Brandis, D.
<
1796.
1874.
Chrnn. Hist. Pis. 414.
1879.
Ibid.
Unger, F.
'Royle, J. F.
U. S. Pal.
Off.
Illustr. Bot.
Rpl. 332.
1859.
Himal. 1:337.
1839.
Ibid.
Ainslie,
W.
"Brandis, D.
"
but not very palatable."
fig.
1874.
Trav. y.62.
Forest Fl. ^22.
Pickering, C.
fruit is edible
In central India, the young leaf-buds are eaten as a vegetable by the
Hill Tribes in times of scarcity.'^
Brandis, D.
The
Mat.
Incl.
2:30.
Forest Fl. 419.
1826.
1876.
U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 332Unger, F.

"Brandis, D. Fore.'st Fl. 415. 1876.
I859-
270
F. roxburghii Wall.
regions.
The
Himalayan regions and Malay.
This
Burnm and Himalayan
eaten by the natives in their curries.'
Blume.
F. nunphii
trict of
fruit is
Assam
is
a large tree cultivated in the Darrang dis-
The
for rearing the lakh insect.
fruit is eaten.*
F. sur Forsk.
Mountains
of
Cairo and
The
Africa.
fruit is
a poor plimi.
Roxb.
It
is
fruit of India, better in flavor
is
cultivated in the Moluccas for its pleasant, edible fruit.
a berry of reddish-purple
color,
The reddish-purple berries are of a

The fruit, called by the Malays
has five angles.'
tomi-tomi in India.*
be eaten raw,
is
esteemed for tarts and
lowi; by the English looy-looy.
good as currant
F.
montana
J.
jelly,
and
The
pies.'
fruit
the size of a small cherry and
pleasant, acid taste; they are called
koorkup, though rather too acid to
In Ceylon,
makes an
it is
called
by the natives lorn

and as
excellent jelly, resembling
also used for tarts.'"
is
Grah.
East Indies.
by the
than a sloe but
excellent stew.'
looy-looy.
tree bearing
little
makes an
This species
Moluccas.
puneala plum.
Bixineae.
The puneala plum
East Indies.
figs
of admission to the regions of eternal happiness.'
Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb.
It is
The
brought to the markets at

are sweet and delicate. They
is
by the ancient Egyptians as the fruit given by the goddess Netpe to those
who were worthy
F. inermis
somewhat aromatic and
eaten throughout the entire East.^
is
were selected
inferior to
is edible.'
sycomore.
asses fig.
F. sycomorus Linn,
North
The fruit
Yemen.
ka
It is called attuck
The
jhar.
fruit,
the size of a crab apple,
is
eaten
natives."
batoko plum.
Madagascar plum.
East Indies, Malay and Madagascar. The fruit is of the size of a plum, of a sharp
but sweetish taste.'- It is common in the jungles of India. The fruit, when fully ripe, is
F. ramontchi L'Herit.
'
Wight, R.
Brandis,
"

Forest Fl. ^ly
t).
1843.
1879.
1859.
'
Figuier Veg. World 343.
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
Roxburgh, W.
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
Card. Ind. 197.
J.
Bot. Misc. 1:289.
J.
Journ. Bot. 2:226.
"
Pickering, C.
''Smith,
J.
1874.
Pis. Corom. Coast 3:16.
W.
Hooker,
macrophylla)
1867.
Card. Ind. 197.
'Hooker, W.
"
{F.
(F. cordifolia)
1874.
Pickering, C.
Unger, F.
1830.
i8iq.
1874.
1840.
1879.
1882.
(F. rrenata)
STURTEVANT
of a pleasant acid taste
The
no means good.-
and very
refreshing.^
At Bombay, the
27 1
fruit is eaten
but
is
by
fruit is eaten.'
Roxb.
F. sepiaria

fruit
In Coromandel, the berries are sold in the market.''
has a pleasant, acid taste and
Flagellaria indica Linn.
is ver\'
refreshing.*
At Bombay,
its berries
The
are eaten.'
Flagellarieae.
Tropical shores from Africa to the
Samoan
Islands.
In
Fiji,
the ears of this plant
are eaten. 'i>
Flemingia tuberosa Dalzell.
The
East Indies.
Benth.
F. vestita
Himalayan
Leguminosae.
tubers are said to be edible.'
flemingia.
region.
India for the sake of
This prostrate plant
is
cultivated in
many
tuberous roots, which are neariy
its edible,
parts of northwest
elliptical
and about an
inch long.*
Fluggea leucopyrus Willd. Euphorbiaceae.

East Indies. The small, round, whitish- colored
but
is
fruit is
little bitter
to the taste
eaten in India by the poor.^"
Blume.
F. microcarpa
Old World
diameter,
is
The
tropics.
The
eaten."
fruit,
a white, globose, dehiscent berry, one-sixth inch in
berries are eaten
by the natives
of eastern tropical Africa.'^
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

fennel, finochio.
Umbelliferae.
Europe. Fennel was cultivated by the Romans as a garden herb and was so much
used in the kitchen that there were few meats seasoned, or vinegar sauces served without
The plant is a native of
it."
It was used as a condiment by our English forefathers.
temperate Europe and Asia. It is now largely cultivated in central Europe, Saxony,
Franconia and Wurtemburg, in the south of France, in Italy, in India and in China.
Fennel was included
Wight, R.
'
lUustr. Ind. Bot. 1:37.
Chron. Hist. 692.
Pickering, C.
Brandis, D.
*
Forest Fl. iS.
Roxburgh, W.
Wight, R.
Seemann, B.
Mueller,?.
Black, A. A.
'"AinsHe,
Pis.
W.
Viti.
1874.
1:37.
1795
1840.
1879.
1865-73.
31$.
Sel. Pis. 207.
1891.
Treas. Bot. i-.^gg.

Afa/. 7nd. 2:449.
"Brandis, D. Forest Fl. 415.

" Black, A. A. Treai. Bo/.
1870.
1826.
1874.
1:501.
1870.
(F. abyssinica)
Book Card. 2:5. 1855.

" McMahon, B. Amer. Card. Cal. 583. 1806.
'
McMahon,"
1840.
Ckron. Hist. Pis. 725.

Fl.
herbs by
1879.
Coram. Coast 1:48.
Illustr. Ind. Bot.
Pickering, C.
'
Mcintosh, C.
Darwin, C.
Voy. H. M.
S. Beagle 119.
1884.
(A nethum foeniculum)
1806.
Darwin
'^
found
STURTEVANT
272
it
growing wild in the neighborhood of Buenos Aires, Monti video and other towns. The
and the seeds are employed in con-
leaves are used in sauces, the stalks eaten in salads,
iectionery and for flavoring liquors.
Fennel
medical recipes which date as early, at
is
least,
constantly mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon

as the eleventh century.
The
diffusion
Europe was stimulated by Charlemagne, who enjoined its cultivaon the imperial farms. Fennel shoots, fennel water and fennel seed are all men-
of the plant in central
tion
tioned in an ancient record of Spanish agriculture of 961 A. D.'
forms recognized,
all
believed to belong to the
common
There are three
different
species.
Bitter Fennel.
^
In 1863, Burr
describes a
Herball describes in like
common and
a dark-leaved form; in 1586, Lyte's Dodoens'

manner two varieties. This is the common wild sort, hardy and
often spontaneous as an escape from gardens.
and the Foeniculum
Linn., 1763,
of Camerarius,' 1586.
are used for seasoning but the plant
is
grown
and the foennel and Jyncle
is
the Anethum foeniculum
Sometimes, but rarely, the leaves

which are largely used
chiefly for its seeds
Bitter fennel appears to be the
in flavoring liquors.
1686,
Bitter fennel
common
fennel or finckle of Ray,
of Turner, 1538.
Sweet Fennel.
more frequently as a garden plant than the preceding, and
its seeds are also an object of commerce.
As the plant grows old, the fruits of each sucin
and
diminish in size, until, at the end of four
season
ceeding
gradually change
shape
This form
is
cultivated
or five years, they are hardly to be distinguished from those of the bitter fennel.
Guibort,
ninth.
This kind has,
1869.''
described
by Albertus
It is
garden herb.
any other
This
1588, and was systematically proved by

however, remained distinct from an early date. It is
in the thirteenth century and by Charlemagne in the
was noted by Tabemaemontanus,
curious fact
Magnus
mentioned throughout Europe, in Asia, and in America as an aromatic,

The famous carosella, so extensively used in Naples, scarcely known in
place, is referred
by authors to
F. piperitum
DC.
The
plant
is
used while in
the state of running to bloom; the stems, fresh and tender, are broken and served raw,
This use
enclosed in the expanded leaf -stalks.

tanus,'' 1554,
is,
perhaps, referred to
when, in speaking of finocchio, he says the swollen stalk
by Amatus
is
still
Lusi-
collected
and
said to be eaten.
Finocchio.
This form
is
very distinct in
its
broad
leaf-stalks,
which, overlapping each other at
the base of the stem, form a bulbous enlargement, firm, white and sweet inside.
Fliickiger
Burr, F.
Field, Card.
'
'
*
'
Dodoens
jfferft.
Albertus
Magnus
Veg.
1879.
1863.
305.
1586. Lyte Ed.
and
Fluckiger
Beg. Jessen Ed.
'Vilmorin Veg. Card. 2^6.

'
ô.
Dioscorides
517.
1867.
338.
1554.
1885.
This
STURTEVANT
seems to be the
finochi, or Italian fennel, stated
by
273
Switzer,' 1729, to
have but recently
been introduced to English cultvire and yet rare in 1765.- The first distinct mention is
by Mawe,' 1778, under the name of Azorian Dwarf or finocchio. It is again described
form by Bryant/ 1783, under the name of Sweet Azorian
in a very perfect
ing to Miller's Dictionary, 1807,
name Foeniculum duke
it is
the F. azoricum Miller, 1737.
azoricum, but his description
described for American gardens in 1806.^
It
is
hardly
Accord-
1686, uses the
Finocchio
is
does not seem to have entered general cul-
The type of this fennel seems to be figured by

under
the name Foeniculum rotundum flore alho.
by Chabraeus, 1677,
Rosaceae.
Ray,
svifficient.
ture except in Italy.
Fragaria.
fennel.
J.
Bauhin, 165 1, and
strawberry.
The Latin word
for the strawberry, Fraga, has given name to the botanical genus
which
includes
our edible species. Ruellius, 1536, says the French word fresas
Fragaria,
was applied to the fruit on account of the excellent sweetness of its odor, adore suavissimum,
and
taste; in 1554, this
was
by Amatus
spelled /rayse^
/raise appeared in the iovm.
fraises,
Lusitanicus, but the
in Fuchsius, 1542,
and Estienne,
modem word
1545.
The
Italian
fraghe and fragole, as used by Matthiolus, 1571, and fragola as used by Zvingerus 1696,
and the modem Italians, appear to have come directly from the Latin; while the Spanish
Some of the
fresa and fresera must have had the same immediate origin as the French.
ancient commentators
sweet-smelling, for
scioli scribunt),"
a grammarian
and botanists seem to have derived the Latin name from fragrans,
Turner
in his Libellus,
and Amatus Lusitanicus,
1538, says "fragum
1554, writes fragra.
non jragrum
The
{ut
quidam
latter quotes Servius,
of the fifteenth century, as calling the fruit terrestria mora,
earth mul-
(or, following Dorstenius who wrote in 1540, "fructus terrae et mora terrestria),"
whence the Spanish and Portuguese murangaos, (the modem Portuguese moranguoiro)
The manner of the fruit-bearing, near the ground, seems to have been the character of
berry,
the plant more generally observed, however, than that of the

"
verse,
humi
nascentia fraga," child of the
soil,
and
fruit, for
we have
Virgil's
Pliny's epithet, "terrestribus fragis,"
ground strawberry, as distinguishing from the Arbutus unedo Linn, or strawberry tree,
as also the modem vernacular appellations, such as the Belgian eertbesien, Danish jordbeer,
German
Saxon
erdbeere,
Netherland
streowberie, spelled in
aerdbesie,
while even the English strawberry, the Anglo-
modem fashion by Turner in
1538, is said to
have been derived
from the spreading nature of the nmners of the plant, and to have come originally from
the observed strewed, anciently strawed, condition of the stems, and reading as if written
It was called straeberry by Lidgate in the fifteenth century.
strawedberry plant.
The
to the
"
classical history of
humi
tanaque fraga
"
Switzer Raising Veg.
'
Stevenson Card. Kal. 46.
Mawe and
Bryant
Virgil refers
nascentia fraga
in his third Eclogue; Ovid to the "arbuleos fructus mon"
in his Metamorphoses, book I, v. 104, as furnishing a food of the golden
'
the strawberry can be written very shortly.
729.
1765.
Fl. Diet. 53.
1778.
1783.
Ray Hist. PI. 458. 1686.

McMahon, B. Amer. Card.
Cat. 199.
1806.
(Anethum azoricum)
STURTEVANT*S NOTES ON EDIBLE PLANTS.
274
"
and Pliny mentions the plant by n^me in

c. 50, and separates the ground strawberry from the arbutus tree in his lib.
The fruit is not mentioned in the cook-book ascribed to Apicius Coelius, an
age and again in the 13th book,

his
lib. xxi,
XV,
c.
28.
mollia fraga;"
The Greeks seem
author supposed to have lived about A. D. 230.
edge of the plant or fruit at least there

;
no word
is
author of the tenth century, uses the
word phragouli, and
had no knowl-
which commentators
Nicolaus Myripsicus, an
in interpreting as applying to the strawberry.
have agreed
to have
in their writings
Forskal, in the eighteenth century,
found the word phraouli in use for the strawberry by the Greeks about Belgrade.
Fraas
modem
Greek, and Sibthorp the word kovkoumaria, which

resembles the ancient Greek komaros or komaron, applied to the arbutus tree, whose fruit
gives the latter word for the
has a superficial resemblance to the strawberry.

Neither the strawberry nor its cultivation
of the tenth century, unusually full
and
field
in The
of Cury, a
roll of
master cooks of King Richard

the Inthronization
was, however,
who
known
It is not
in the time of
the land
all
Gode
'
is
by two
nor in Ancient Cookery, a recipe book of 1381; nor at
Then unto London
'
mentioned
Henry VI,
for in a
The
poem by John
fruit
Lidgate,
find
Of
situations,
II;
London
in
we
"
no mention
1280.
ancient English cookery compiled about A. D. 1390
Feast of George Neville, Archbishop of York, in 1504.
died about 1483,
The strawberry
in his treatment of garden, orchard,
by Albertus Magnus, who died A. D.
products, nor
Forme
mentioned by Ibnal-awam, an author
is
and complete
it
me
dyde
hye.
bearyeth the pryse
pescode,' one began to cry
Strabery rype, and cherrys in the ryse.'
"
figured fairly well in the Ortus Sanitatis, 1511,
of culture.
c.
188,
but th^re
Ruellius, however, 1536, speaks of it as growing wild in
says gardens furnish a larger
fruit,
and mentions even a white
is
shady
variety.
Fuchsius, 1542, also speaks of the larger garden variety, and Estinne, 1545, (perhaps also
in his first edition of the
on the
De Re
Hortensi, 1535), says strawberries are used as delicacies
and cream, or wine, and that they are of the size of a hazelnut;
he says the plants bear most palatable fruit, red, especially when they are fully ripe;
that some grow on the mountains and woods, and are wild, but that some cultivated
ones are so odorous that nothing can be more so, and that these are larger, and some are
table, with sugar
white, others red, yet others are both red
and white.
Cultivated strawberries are also noted by
many
authors of the sixteenth century, as
by Mizaldus, 1560; Pena and Lobel
in 1571;
be also much planted in gardens."
Porta, 1592, regards
the garden and the delights of the palate.
men's tables," and that

Jardinier Solitaire,
number
of varieties.
"
they
1612,
As
will
grow
and
in 1586 Lyte's
them as among the

"
Hyll, 1593, says
in gardens
Dodoens records,
they be
much
"
they
delicacies of
eaten at
all
unto the bigness of a mulberry."
Le
and Parkinson, 1629, notes a
speaks of them as of the size of a hazel-
gives directions for planting,
to
size,
Dorstenius, 1540,
nut; Bauhin, 1596, as being double the size of the wild; the Hortus Eystettensis, 1613,
"
figiu-es berries one and three-eighths inches in diameter; Parkinson, in 1629, as
neere
STURTEVANT
five inches
275
about;" Plat, 1653, as two inches about in bigness; Vaillant, 1727, as an inch
remained for Frezier, who discovered Fragaria

chiloensis, and brought it to Europe in 17 12, to describe fruit as of the size of a walnut,
sometimes as large as an egg; and Burbridge, a recent writer, says that in the Equatorial
and sometimes more
in diameter.
It
Andes, in the province of Ambato, there are strawberries growing wild, equal in
some
flavor to
The strawberry
all
plant
In the Maine
for.
and
and it seems probable that the type of

be found in the wild plant, if diligently
variable in nature,
is
the variîes noted under cultivation
sought
size
of our best varieties.
may
fields there are plants of
Fragaria vesca with roundish, as well
as elongated fruit; of Fragaria virginiana with roundish berries and elongated berries,
with berries having a distinct neck and those not necked; of a deep red,
color; with large fruit and small
the fertility of the soil.
As
by
fruit;
scarlet,
and
palish
with large growth and small growth, according to
to color of fruit, white strawberries, to be referred to Fragaria vesca, are mentioned
and by a host
Ruellius, 1536,
of following writers.
New
about Skaneateles,
this species
York.
Peck has found white
berries of
white-fruited variety of F. virginiana
is
noted by Dewey as abundant in the eastern portion of Berkshire County, Massachusetts.

Molina records that the Chile strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis, in Chile has red, white, and
yellow-fruited varieties,
and
Gmelin
the fruit pale red.
Frezier,
who
introduced the species to Europe in
in his Flora Sibirica, 1768,
17 1 2
calls
mentions three varieties of Fragaria
vesca; one with a larger flower and fruit, one with white fruit; a third with winged petioles
and berries an inch long. This last variety seems to answer to those forms of strawberry
plants occasionally found

Station,
among
which have extra
plants are noted
by many
New York
Agricultural Experiment
of the petiole.
Five-leaved strawberry
the seedlings at the
leaflets
upon the stem
of the early writers;
an account
of such plants
may
also
be
the New York Agricultural Experiment Station for 1877.

forms
are named by Toumefort, 17 19, and a niunber of varieties
Variegated-leaved
by Mawe in 1778. Such forms were also noted among the seedling Alpines at the New
found in the Report of
York Station
in
1887.
Don,
in his History of
Dichlamydeous Plants, 1832, describes
Fragaria vesca as varying into red, white, and black
fruit,
as without runners, as double
flowered, as with stamens transformed into flowers, as without petals

sepals; F.
majaufea Duch., as varying into green, red, and purple
and with
foliaceous
fruit; F. breslingea
Duch.,
as having varieties with usually five-lobed leaves; F. elatior as possessing a curled-leaved
form; F. grandiflora as furnishing a variegated-leaved form; and F. chiloensis as having

red-fleshed
and white-fleshed
losing all its
Among
fruit.
the variations to be also noted
leaves in winter ascribed to the F. viridis Weston,
is
that of
and the twice-bearing habit
of the Alpines, F. vesca Linn., var. a.
The
earliest cultivated variety
with a distinct nomenclature seems to be the Le
Chapiron, of the Gallobelgians, a variety with a large, pale-colored berry, so

Lobel, in 1576,
and
called
by him Chapiton
in the index to his Icones, 1591.
named by
(The Capiton
Toumefort, 17 19, seems to correspond to the modem Hautbois class.) The name,
Le Capiton, occurs also in the Hortus Regius Parisiis, 1665. It is quite probable that
the Caprons mentioned by Quintinye in 1672, are the same or a similar variety, as both
of
kinds are to be referred to Fragaria
elatior
Ehrh.
276
The
mention of the cultivation of the various
first
.best be placed vmder the
synonjTTiy and neglecting
and
all
classes of the strawberry
introductions not preceding the nineteenth century.
1560.
Ruell. 5/tVp. 598.

1536.^ Fragariavesca Linn.
Fnch.
Hist.
854.
15421808.
Fragaria major.
1551; 931.
1555.
Estienne De Re Hort. 88.
Fraises.
1545. L'Agric. ;$.
1570.
Fraga (red and white). Mizald. Secret. 104. 1560.
1576.
Fragaria and Fragra majora alba.
1536.
1542.
1545.
Frf5a5 (red
may
the ascribed species, in part neglecting probable
titles of
white).
Lob. Ofo. 396.
Gallobelgis des Chapirons.
1576.
(See 1613.)
1583.
Fragaria a.nd Fraga alterum genus.
Epit.
Cam.
alba.
1586.
Fraga
1586.
Strawberries.
j 66.
1597.
Another
1616.
15831671.
1586.^ Fragaria vesca Linn.

1592.= Fragaria vesca Linn.
Porta. Villae. 748.
white).
Fragole (red
Fructa duplo majore vulgari.
sort,
Dod. Pentpt. 660.
586.= Fragaria vcsca Linn. var.
Lyte's Dodoens 93.
and
1596.
1592.
Bauh. Phytopin. 6$^.
fruite greene
when
1596.
1597.= Fm-
Ger. Herb. 845.
it is ripe.
garia vesca var. a. Mill. Diet.

1597.
Fragaria and Fraga.
1597.
Fragaria and Fraga
Ger. Herb. 845.

isgy.^ Fragaria vesca Linn. Mill. Did.
Ger. Herb. 844.
1597.= Fragaria vesca Linn., var.
subalba.
a,
Mill. Did.
161
2.
1613.
Le Jard.
Fraisiers.
161 2.
Solit. 2,82.
Le Caperon.
Caperonnier
Lob.
Duch.
in Lam. Enc.
Chapetons,
unisexe.
Fraise
Fraise-abricot.
Hautboy.
Fraise-Jramboise.
(See 1576.)
1786.
=Fragan'a da/wr Ehrh.
capron framboise Vilm.
1623.
Don. Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:542. (See 1623, 1629, 1633.)

to
According
Sprengel, fig. 8 in the Hortus Eystettensis 1613, is this species.
Fraga acque magna ac in Anglia in Virginia crescunt. Bauh. Pin. 326. 1623.
1623.
Fragaria jrudu
1620.
Fragaria virginiana.
(See 1620.)
parvi
Bauh.
pruni magnitudini.
Pin.
326.
1623.= Fragaria
elatior.
1629.
From
1629.
Greene Strawberry.
1629.
ably the Green, of Downing Fruits 685. i866.=(?) Fragaria

White Strawberry. Park. Par. 528. 1629.
1629.
Bohemia Strawberry.
Brussels.
Mill.
Park. Par. 528.

1629.
Caperonnier royal f (8661770.)
Park. Par. 528.
See Breslinge d'Angleterre.
1629.
Park.
Par.
1629.^ Fragaria
528.
Did.
Prob-
elatior.
vesca
Linn., var.
b,
Park. Par. 528.
1629.
(See 1620, 1623.)

1629.
Fragaria Wrgiwiana Ehrh.
Fraisier ecarlate.
Duch. in Lam. Enc.= Fragaria virVirginia.
giniana Ehrh. Fraisier ecarlate de virginie Vilm.
Duch. in Lam. Enc. The Greene StrawBreslinge d'Angleterre. Fraisier vert.
1633.
Canadana
1640.
(See 1620.)
Fragaria virginiana Ehrh.
Fraisier double et couronne. Fraisier a trocliet.
1629.
Virginia.
1529.
Qitoimio
de
berry of Park. Par. 528.
1653.
elatior f
vesca Linn., var.

1651.
1629.^ Fragaria
pariter insolitae magnitudinis fraga adrepsit.
e,
Don.
Fragaria ferens fragar rubra
See Blackw.
t.
Bauh.
77,
f.
Ferrarius
Cj<//.
379.
Duch. in Lam. Enc.
1633.
^ Fragaria
3.
Hw/. 2:395. i6$i.= Fragaria vesca.

var. b.
Willd. Sp. 2:iogi.= F. frudu albo.
Bauh. Pin. 326. 1623.
Strawberries from the woods. Plat. Card. Eden. 38, 93.
1653.= Fragaria vesca
et
alba.
J.
Linn.
1655.
Fraisier fressant. Fraisier de Montreuil. Le Caption.

H. R. P. 1665. Toum.
1 7 19.
Duch. in Lam. Enc.= Fragaria vesca Linn. Fraise de Montreuil Vilm.
STURTEVANT
1680.
Fragaria Anglica duplici petalorum
1686.
Fragaria hortensis major.

Mill. Diet.
1693.
Caprons.
Quint. Comp. Card. 146.
12.
Frxitiller.
Fraisier
1 7
du
Mor.
serie.
Mor. Hist.
s. 2, t.
Mill.
Bradley, in his Observations this year,

Haotbois.
1726.
Fragaria fructn parvi prunimagnittidine.
1739.
Pers. Syn.
iSo-j .= Fragaria
Fragafructu magna.
elaiior Willd.
Fragaria hortensis fructu maxima.
(See 1640.)
vesca Linn, van b,
Fragaria Chiloense.
Diet.
names the White Wood,
1722.
26.= Fragaria
1680.
186.
1693.
Carried to England in 1727.

53.
Duch. Fraisier du Chili vrai Vilm.
i"]
2,
i.= f Fragaria
f.
Duch. in Lam. Enc.
Chili.
2,
Jen. 86.
19,
Hist.
277
Scariet
Chiloensis
Wood, and
Rupp.
Eyst. 1612,.
Sp. 2:1091.
Weimn.
/com.
t.
514,
f.
d.
1^28.=
Fragaria
elatior.
1742.
Fragaria fructu rotunda suavissimo flore duplici.
Zann. Hist.
112.
1742.
(See
Mapp.
Alsat.
1640, 1680.)
1742.
Tertium fragariae genus. Trag. 500.
Fragaria hispidis. C. B. 327.
no.
1^42.= Fragaria
Willd. 5^. 2:1093.
collina.
Morandi
1744.
Fragaria vulgaris. C. T. 326.
1748.
Willd. Sp. 2:1091.

Fraisier buisson. Fraisier sans coulant.
1744..= Fragaria vesca Linn.
9, t. 7, ic. 3.
Duch. in Lam. Enc.= Fraisier des Alpes
1759.
1883.:^ Fmgana a/^wa Pers. van

Fragaria hortensis fructu inajore. Zinn. Co/. 138.
1757.
Fragaria grandiflora. Don. Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:542.
1762.
Fragaria vesca, b pratensis.
sans filets.
1757.
Vilm. L^5 Pis. Potag. 222.
Linn. Sp. 709.
1^62.^ Fragaria
elatior.
Willd. Sp.
2:1091.
1762.
1764.
1765.
1765.
Quoimios de Harlem. Fraisier Ananas. Duch. in Lam. Enc.= Fragaria grandiFraisier Ananas. Vilm.
flora Ehrh.
(See 1759.)
Fraisier des Alpes, Fragaria alpina
Fragaria semperflorens. Duch. in Lam. Enc.
Pers.
A red and a white variety among others described by Viknorin Les Pis.
Potag. 221.
1883.
Stevenson, in his Gardeners' Kalendar of this year, names the American, Coped
White, Green, Scarlet, Long Red, Dutch, English Garden, Polonian, and Wood.
Duch. in Lam. Enc.
Breslinge de Suide. Fraisier Brugnon.
Fragaria elatior
Willd.^F. vesca var. pratensis Linn. (See 1762.) Cited by Linnaeus in Fl.
Lap.
1766.
1766.
1737.
Majaufe de Provence. Duch. in Lam. Enc. Fraisier de Bargemont, observed in the

year 1583 by Caesalpinus
Fragarm collina Ehrh. var., according to Vilmorin.
Duch. in Lam. Enc.
Breslinge d'Allemagne.
Fragaria collina Ehrh. Fraisier
etoile.
Vilm.
1768.
Breslinge de Bourgogne.
Fraisier Marteau.
1770.
Le Caperonnier Royal.
Duch.
in
1866.
{See 162^.)-= Fragaria
Downing
Frwf/s 680.
Duch. in Lam. iinc.

mc.= Probably the Prolific
or Conical.
elatior..
Duch. in Lam. Enc.
1770.
Quoimio de Clagny.
1772.
Fragaria Virginiana campestre.
1778.
Mawe and
Abercrombie
strawberries,
Lam.
red-fruited,
Fl. Diet. 163.

1783.
Universal Gardener of this year,
Bryant
in their
white,
greenish,
pineapple-tasted,
with gold-striped leaves, with silver-striped leaves.

let, roundish-leaved large scarlet,
striped-leaved
Virginian:
scarlet.
name:
Wood
double-blossomed,
Common
scar-
Hautboy or Musky:
Oval-fruited, globular-fruited, pine-shaped, green-fruited, red-blossomed, whiteChili:

Round pale red, oblong pale red,
striped leaved, yellow-striped leaved.
round scarlet Carolina, white. Alpine or Monthly: Scarlet-red, white.
278
1786.
Quoimio de Bath. Fraisier de Bath. Duch. in Lam. Enc.= Fragaria grandifiora

Ehrh. Don. Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:545.
Quoimio de Carolina. Fraisier de Carolina. Duch. in Lam. Enc.= Fragaria
grandifiora Ehrh. Frasier Ananas. Vilm.
Quoimio de Cantorberie. Fraiser-Quoimo. Duch. in Lam. Enc.= Fragaria chiloensis.
Don. Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:545.
Duch. in Lam. Enc.= Fragaria vulgaris. C. B. i623.= F.
Fragaria sylvestris.
1786.
montana. Cam. Epit. 765.

1586.
(See 1653.)
Probably the same
as Fresas, Ruell.
15^6.= Fragaria vesca Linn.
mc.= Fragaria wsca Linn. var. c. Don.
Fragaria minor. Duch. in Lam.
1786.
1786.
786.
sylvestris vel
1790.
1798.
1790.
Fragaria W5ca (China). Lour. Coc/tinc/i. 325.
Fragaria collina Ehrh. Don. Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:542.
We
(See 1766.)
hence find the following as the dates of the mention of the species under cultiva-
tion, the synonyms taken from Steudel.-
Fragaria vesca Linn.

1742, 1744,
1586, 1592,
1536,
1597, 1629, 1640, 1651,
1653, 1655, 1680,
1786.
Ehrh.^ F.
Fragaria elatior
1739, 1762, 1765,
vesca var. pratensis Liim.
1576,
1613, 1623, 1629,
1726,
1770.
Fragaria virginiana Ehrh.
1620, 1623, 1627, 1633, 1772.
Ehrh.^F. vesca var. chiloensis Linn. 17 12, 1786.

Ehrh.= F. hispida Duch. 1742, 1766, 1798. {Fragaria
Fragaria chiloensis
Fragaria collina
Pers.)
alpina
1748, 1764.
Fragaria grandifiora
Ehrh.= F. ananassa Duch.= F.
vesca var.
ananas
Ait.
1759,
1762, 1786.
Although
this
confessedly imperfect, shows that strawberry culture
outline,
received some attention preceding the present century, and that a considerable
of varieties
had been secured, yet
and the
it is
in
modem
had
number
times that through the growing of seed-
lings,
reaping a reward for alleged improvements, varieties have
become overwhelming in ntimber. In remote times, even towards the dose of the last
facilities for
century, growers were
nurseryman
is
wont to seek
from the woods and
This increase in varieties
applied to.
in tabular form the
their suppUes
mmiber
of varieties that
may
fields;
best be indicated
now
by
the
giving
have been mentioned by garden writers of
various dates.
Kinds Named.
Estienne
De Re
Hortensi
1545.
1612.
Le Jardinier
Solitaire
1629.
1680.
Parkinson Paradisus
Morison Hist
1692.
Quintinye Complete Gardener
1719.
Toumefort Inst
1765.
Stevenson Card. Kal
1771.
Miller Diet
1778.
Mawe
Card
1786.
Duch.
in
1807.
Miller's Diet
1824.
Pirolle L'Hort.
1826.
Petit
Du
10
9
8
23
Lam. Enc
Franc
Jard. Petit
25
8
14
10
STURTEVANT
279
Kinds Named.
1829.
Noisette
1832.
Don
Man. Jard
28
Hist. Dichl. Pis
112
Downing
Pardee Strawberry Culture
1867.
Fuller Small Fruit Culturist
1869.
Knox Fruit Farm and Nursery
1870.
Jvlerrick Strawberry Culture
Downing
America
106
248
Cat
15
813
1877.
Gregg Fruit Culture

Vilmorin Les Plantes Potagkres
1885.
Thomas
1887.
American Pomological Society
or less
36
42
Fruits, Fruit Trees of
1883.
The modem
America
Fruits, Fruit Trees oj
1856.
1865.
1866.
42
58
Fruit Culturist
135
41
under American culture have usually large berries with more

stmken seeds, with the trusses lower than the leaves, and seem to belong mostly
varieties
to the species represented in nature
by Fragaria
virginiana, although they are supposed
hybridizations with Fragaria chiloensis, and, in the higher-flavored class, with Fragaria
growing seedlings from our improved varieties, reversions

often occur to varieties referable to the Hautbois and Chilean sorts, from which hybridCertain
elatior.
it
is
that, in
ization can be inferred.
One notes
as of
common
some plants
flavored varieties are very likely to furnish

scarcely,
if
at
distinguishable from named
all,
From
and which occasionally throw hollowed
plants unmistakably of the Chilean type.
forms of Fragaria
all
headings:
grandiflora
berries, the reversion occasionally
In other cases
we have
produces
noticed reversions to
classification of cultivated varieties
somewhat
Vilmorin seems to have separated varieties into natural groupings under the
Wood
strawberries, Fragaria vesca Linn.; Alpine strawberries, Fragaria alpina
Pers.; Short-runnered Fragaria collina Ehrh.
Fragaria
large-berried varieties of diminished
lead towards establishing the mingled parentage of our
imder cultivation, and render the
difficult.
Hautbois with which there
vesca.
These circumstances
varieties
and even
of the Hautbois class,
varieties of the
has been opportunity for close comparison.

flavor,
occurrence that seedlings from high-
virginiana
Ehrh.,
Ehrh.;
Chile,
Fragaria
Hautbois, Fragaria
chiloensis
and Hybrid {Fragaria hybrida)
elatior
Duch.;
Under
the
Ehrh.; Scarlet,
Pineapple,
latter
Fragaria
distribution,
to which he does not venture the Latin nomenclatvu-e, he does not recognize sxifficient
identity of character for general description, but one
may
well believe that an extended
acquaintance with varieties will enable a description to be formulated which will make
of this group a species by convenience, or, otherwise expressed, a historical species, with
a number of subspecies (for convenience) which shall simplify the question of arrange-
ment and which will enable us to secure a quicker identification of varieties.

The changes which have been produced, or have appeared tmder cultivation, seem
comparatively few. i. Increased size of plant. Yet in nature we find variability in this
from greater or less fertility or favoring character of the soil and exposure.
This increase of size seems also in a measure to have become hereditary. 2. Increased
respect, arising
size of berry.
In nature
we
find variability in this respect.
justifies the belief that this gain
may
arise
All analogical reasoning
through heredity influenced by long
series
STURTEVANT
280
of selections.
cause for this
Firmness of berry. Present knowledge does not admit of assigning a

This
feature, unless it has been gained through hybridization.
4. Flavor.
3.
seems to be the direct sequence of hybridization, in its more marked aspects; in its lesser
aspects it does not seem to exceed that which occurs between natural varieties.
5. Aspect.
This seems to have been acquired through the action of hybridization, when the influence
of one parent appears to have become predominant.
The whole subject of the influences
noted and to be ascribed to hybridization must be
As an appendix
it
may
left for
be of service to furnish a
list
further study.
of figures of the strawberry plant
which antedate the present century.

According to Sprengel the strawberry is not represented upon the monuments of
ancient Egypt or Greece. Figures occur as in the following list
:
1484.
Fragaria.
499
Fragaria.
S"
Fragariq.
Herbarius maguntae c. Ixiii.

Jacobus de Dondis Aggregator practicus.
Ortus Sanit. c. 188.
536
Fragaria.
Brunf. 40.
S40.
Fragaria.
Dorst., Bot. 131.
542
Fragaria major
et
Fuch. 853;
minor.
ib.,
Fragaria.
Roszl., Kreut. 153.
552
Fragaria.
561
Fragaria.
Trag. Stirp. 500.

Pinaeus Hist. 480.
57
Fragaria.
571
Fragaria.
576
Fragaria andfraga.
583
583
Dod. Pempt. 661.

Fraga
and
Dod. Pempt. 661.
fraga.
Fragaria
586
Fragaria.
587
Fragaria.
S88
588
Tabern. Kreut. 429.

Fragaria. I.
album.
II.
Tabem. Kreut. 429.
Fragum
590
Fragum.
590
Fragum
591
Fragaria and fragu.
591
55
1551, 808.
Matth. Comment. 651.

Matth. Compend. 686.
Lob. Obs. 396.
altera.
Cam. Epit.
Dalechamp
765.
Hist. 614.
Trijolium fragifertim. Tabem. /com. 118.

album. Tabem. Icon. 119.
Lob. /con. 697.
598
Fragaria and fragu major subalbida. Lob. Icon. 697.

Fragaria and fraga. Ger. Herb. 844.
Fragaria and fraga subalba. Ger. Herb. 844.
Fragaria fructu albo. Matth. Comment. 721.
613
Fragum.
613
Tabem. Kreut. 354.

Fraga fructu magno. Eyst. Vem. ord. 7, fol. 8, p. i.
Fraga fructo albo. Eyst. Vem. ord. 7, fol. 8, p. 2.
Fraga fructu rubra. Eyst. Vem. ord. 7, fol. 8, p. 2.
597
597
613
613
613
616
Tabem.
I.
Fragaria album.
Kreut. 353.
II.
616
Dod. Pempt. 672.

and
Dod. Pempt.
Fragaria
fraga.
617
Fragaria.
629
Fraga vulgaris. Park. Par. 527, f. 6.

Fraga bohemica maxima. Park. Par. 527,
Fraga aculeata. Park. Par. 527, t. 8.
Fragdria ferens fraga rubra et alba. Bauh.
629
629
650
6S4
(According to Sprengel.)
Fraga
altera.
Fragaria
672.
Cast. Dur. 192.
vel
fraga alba.
Sweert. Flor.
t.
f.
7.
J. //j5<. 2:3194.
2, f. 7.

1654.
Fragaria velfraga maxima. Sweert. Flor.

vel fraga media:
Sweert. Flor. t.
1654.
Fragaria
1677.
1680.
Fragaria.
2, f. 9.
1680.
1696.
Fragaria.
1696.
Zwing. Theat. Bot. 865.

Fragaria flore pleno fructu rubello. Barrel. 7co. 89.
14.
17
14.
19,
f.
i.
2.
Zwing. Theat. Bot. 864.
Barrel. Icon. n. 90.
^fragaria spinoso fructu.
Weinm.
1739.
Fragaria vulgaris.
1739.
Fragaria hortensis Jrncto maxima.
Weinm.
1742.
Fragaria arborea confiore herbaceo.
Zanon.
1744.
Fragaria vulgaris.
1749.
Fragaria.
Blackw. Herb.
1760.
Fragaria.
Ludw.
1774.
Fragaria chiloensis.
Morandi
Ect.
t.
t.
t.
Iconog.
514,
t.
7, f. 3.
77
(col.).
136
New
Dillen. Elth.
World.
called in Chile quelghen.'-
The
f.
c (col.).
Iconog.
t.
514,
f.
(col.).
ffisi. t. 78.
(col.).
t.
120,
garden strawberry,
Western shores of the
and
t.
f.
alba.
Fraga
F. chiloensis Duchesne,
fruit
2, f. 8.
t.
Chabr. Sciag. 169.

Fraga.
Fragaria hortensis major. Mor. Hist. Ox. S. 2,
Fragaria sylvestris. Alor. Hist. Ox. S. 2, t. 19,
1 7
28 1
This
is
f.
146.
pine strawberry.
a dioecious strawberry, bearing very large
best quality of fruit, according to Molina,^
came
from the Chilean provinces of Puchacay and Huilquilemu. The plant was carried by
Frezier in 17 12 from Conception to Europe and from Europe was carried to the West
Indies.'
Prince
describes the Large Scarlet Chile as imported to this country from Lima,
about 1820, and the Montevideo, about 1840, and 14 other varieties originating from this
species.
green strawberry.
The fruits are
Asia.
F. collina Ehrh.
Europe and northern

rich,
Prince enumerates
pineapple flavor.
F. elatior
flavor
which
The French
many
Temperate
by Shakespeare:
"
The
fruit
has a
musky
describes eight varieties in cultivation.
perpetual strawberry,
My
species generally gathered in
lord of Ely,
when
saw good strawberries
mentioned by
Pickering, C.
strawberries caprons.
'
wood strawberry.
Previous to 1629, the date of the introduction of the Virginian
was the
'
Prince
persons esteem.*
regions.
strawberry, this
is
call this class of
alpine strawberry,
F. vesca Linn,
This species
musky,
as cultivated.*
hautbois strawberry.
Ehrh.
Europe.
greenish, tinged with red, of a
fovir varieties
Virgil,
was
Europe and the
last in
fruit referred to
Holbom,
in your garden there."
Ovid and Pliny as a wild
plant.
Lyte,* in his trans-
282
lation of Dodoens' Herball, refers to

.
as growing wild in 1578 and
it
first
appearing in an
improved variety in cultivation about 1660. A. De Candolle,' however, states that it

was cultivated in the mediaeval period. Gray ' says it is indigenous in the United States,
In Scandinavia, it ripens beyond 70.' Prince * enumerates 10
particularly northward.
Wood, and
varieties of the
"
varieties of the Alpine,
under cultivation.
England was understood to have received the

was such a rarity that a pinch of seed sold for a guinea.
says,
It
The King
1 5
F. virginiana
of
scarlet strawberry.
Duchesne,
Called
by the
first
In
766,
Duchesne
seed from Turin."
Virginia strawberry.
New
The
made bread. This fruit was
1621.
The settlers on the ship
England Indians wuitahimneash.
Indians bruised this strawberry with meal in a mortar and
mentioned by Edward Winslow^ in Massachusetts in
went ashore and regaled themselves with strawberries.*

"
Wood,' in his New England Prospects, say^ strawberries were in abimdance, verie large
"
'
ones, some being two inches about."
Roger Williams says this berry is the wonder
Arabella, at Salem,
of
June
12, 1630,
the fruits growing naturally in these parts.
all
It is of itself excellent; so that
the chiefest doctors of England was wont to say, that
many
was
many
mentioned
one of
could have made, but
God
In some parts where the Indians have planted, I have

fill a good ship, within few miles
compass." This
never did make, a better berry.

times seen as
God
as would
"
1629, but it was a himdred years

more afterwards before attention began to be paid to improved seedlings. Hovey's
Seedling was originated in America in 1834. Prince, in 1861, gives a descriptive list of
fruit
first
in
England, by Parkinson,
or
87 varieties which he refers to this species.
Frankenia portulacaefolia Spreng. Frankeniaceae. sea heath.

St. Helena Islands.
One of the few plants indigenous in the Island of St. Helena
'"
but now, J. Smith says, believed to be extinct. Balfoiu" " says the leaves were used in
St.
Helena as a substitute
Fraxinus excelsior Linn.
still
salt
'
Pickering, C.
Gray, A.
'
The
'
The keys
Bol. 480.
Off.
Rpt.
1879.
1908.
DuChaillu Land Midnight Sun 1:152.
1882.
1861.
Young, A. Chron. Fj7gr. 234. 184 1.

Hutchinson Hist. Mass. 1:25. Ed. of 1795.
New
'Wood, W.
Eng. Prosp.
Williams, R.
'
Parkinson Par. Terr. 528.
15.
Key Narragansett
1904.
Smith, J. Dom. Bot. 444. 1871.

" Balfour,
Treas. Bot. 1:506.
J. H.
1865.
Hist. Coll. 1:121.
(Reprint of 1629).
"I
" Johnson, C.
P.
of the ash were formerly pickled
leaves are sometimes used to adulterate tea.^-
Man.
Prince U. S. Pat.
'
Old World.
and vinegar and were eaten as a condiment, a use to which they are
put in Siberia.
'
ash.
Oleaceae.
regions of the
Temperate
by steeping in
for tea.
1870.
17.^.
1862.
1643.

F.
omus
manna
Linn,
ash.
The manna ash
Alediterranean region and the Orient.

in Sicily
of July to the
end
of September,
and hardens into manna.
liquor exudes spontaneously

years,
and
tree is exhausted
is
cut
is
is
abcJht 5
poimds
Linn, furnishes a
The manna
modem
and medicinal use and are
for culinary
is
cultivated
little
manna
in
some
old, one cut is made every day

from which a whitish, glutinous
Manna
down and only a
and 70 pounds
of select
the melia of Dioscorides, the meleos of
Egypt
indigenous and
is
shoot
collected during nine

left,
Once a week the manna
or five years becomes in turn productive.

yield
is
When the trees are eight or ten years
and Calabria.
from the commencement
when the
283
which
after four
is collected.
manna per acre. This

The seeds are imported
of assorted
Greece.'
called bird tongues.^
Fraxinus
The
tree
into
etccelsior
districts of Sicily .'
is supposed to be a Lichen, Parmelia esculenta, a native of

Persia.
Some believe manna to be the exudation found on
Sahara
and
Asia Minor, the
the stems of Alhagi maurorum Medic, a shrubby plant which covers immense plains in
of Scripture
Arabia and Palestine and which now furnishes a manna used in India.
as
Madden
states, the leaves
and branches
of
In Kvmiaun,
Pinus excelsa Wall., become covered with
a liquid exudation which hardens into a kind of manna, sweet, not turpentiny, which
Tamarisk manna is collected in India from the twigs of Tamarix articulata
is eaten.
Ehr. and T. gallica Ehr., and
Arabs.
Pyrus glabra
knecht,
is
collected
is
used to adulterate sugar as well as for a food by the Bedouin
Boiss., affords in Lviristan
and
is
extremely
like
a substance which, according to Hauss-
oak manna.
The same
traveller states that
Salix fragilis Linn., and Scrophularia frigida Boiss., likewise yield in Persia saccharine
exudations. A kind of manna was anciently collected from Cedrus libani Linn. Australian
manna
is
found on the leaves of Eucalyptus viminalis Labill., E. mannifera Mudie and

that from the second species is used as food by the natives. This
E. dumosa A. Cimn.
an insect secretion and is called lerp. In Styria, Larix europaea

a
exudes
DC,
honeyed juice which hardens and is called manna. In Asiatic Turkey,
Pinus lambertiana Dougl., of
diarbekir manna is foimd on the leaves of dwarf oaks.
manna
latter
said to be
is
southern Oregon, yields a sort of exudation used by the natives, which resembles manna.
Pandaneae.
Freycinetia banksii A. Cimn.
of
New Zealand. The flowers, of a sweetish taste, are eagerly eaten by the natives
New Zealand.* This plant is said by Curl to bear the best edible fruit of the country.**
F. milnei Seem.
According to MiJne,' the
Fiji Islands.
Fritillaria
camschatcensis Ker-Gawl.
The
Eastern Asia.
Pickering, C.
Liliaceae.
1879.
Ibid.
'
Fluckiger and
Hanbury Pharm.
366.
1874.
Madden, E.
Obs. Himal. Coniferae.
1850.
'
Hooker,
W.
W.
J.
Journ. Bot. 4:306.
Bot. Index 107.
'Seemann, B.
Fl.
Viti.
eaten by the Fijians.
Kamchatka
lily.
bitter tubers, says Hooker, are copiously eaten
'
Curl,
fruit is
283.
1842.
1880.
1865-73.
(Omus
europaea)
by the Indians
284
of Sitka
the
and are known by the name
usefiil
emimerated by Dall
is
women
Royle
pleasant.
'
Fuchsia cor3rmbifiora Ruiz.
The
&
fruit is said
F. denticulata Ruiz.
F.
which
says the bulbs are eaten in the Himalayan region.
The
Peru.
among
collect the roots,
when
narrow-leaved fritillary.
The roots are eaten by some
F. lanceolata Pursh.
Peru.
'
roasted in embers, they supply the place of bread.

said he boiled and ate these roots as potatoes and found them wholesome
'
Captain Cook
This plant
In Kamchatka, the
indigenous Alaskan plants.
are used in cookery in various ways;
and
of koch.
&
Pav.
by
Pav.
Onagrarieae.
Smith
J.
Indians.''
fuchsia.
to be wholesome
and not unpalatable.
fuchsia.
acid fruits are edible.^
racemosa Lam., fuchsia.

Santo Domingo.
produces edible, acid
It
Fusanus acuminatus R. Br.
Santalaceae.
fruits.'
native peaches,
quandong nut.
Both the succulent outer part and kernel are edible.* The seeds are eaten
Lindley"says the fruit is as sweet and useful, to the New Hollanders as
Australia.
as almonds.'
almonds are to
us.
F. persicarius F. Muell.
The bark
Australia.
tribe of Australian natives in hot ashes
by the Murray
The native name
very nutritious.
Galactites tomentosa
of the root of this small variety of the sandal tree
Moench.
is
and
eaten.
It has
is
roasted
no taste but
is
quantong.^^
Compositae.
'by Diodorus as an edible thistle
while young, cooked with oil and salt. The tender flower-
plant of the Mediterranean countries, described
and by Dioscorides as eaten,

stem is eaten in the region of the Dardanelles.
Galega
oflScinalis Linn.
Leguminosae.
Europe and western Asia.

Alaska
Dall, W. H.
'Cook Koyoge 3:118.
'
'
Royle,
F.
J.
Brown, R.
'Smith,
'
1773.
Illustr. Bot.
Himal. 1:388.
DoOT. Bo/. 385.
J.
1839.
1868.
1871.
V. S. Pat. Of. Rpt. 351.
1859.
Ibid.
Mueller, F.
Sel.
Henfrey, A.
'"Lindley, J.
"
W.
Hooker,
"
1897.
517.
Unger, F.
goat's rue.
This European herb
J.
1891.
1870.
Feg. Xing. 788.

J.
Pickering, C.
" Gerarde,
Ph. 443.
Bo/. 344.
1846.
Journ. Bot. 9:267.
1857.

Herb. 2nd ed. 1253.
1879.
1633 or 1636.
is
recommended by Gerarde " as a
France,
has recently received attention as a possible substitute for clover.
It
spinach.
285
In
of the flower garden. ^
an inmate
it is
Galium aparine Linn.

GOOSE GRASS.
bedstraw.
Rubiaceae.
The
Northern climates.
catch-weed,
cleavers.
seeds form one of the best of the substitutes for coffee,
and are so used
according to Johnson,^
bur-weed,
in
The
Sweden.
dried plant
is
sometimes used
as a tea.
G. verum Linn,
hundred-fold,
cheese rennet,
yellow bedstraw.
Europe; naturalized in eastern North America. Yellow bedstraw has been used in
some parts of England to curdle milk. In Gerarde's time, this plant was used to color
According to Ray, the flowering
an acid liquor which forms a pleasant simimer drink.'
the best Cheshire cheese.

yield
Garcinia cambogia Desr.
East Indies.
The
sweet pulp.*
by
fruit is of
most palatable
far the
jtaicy,
The
acid pulp.
fruit is
eaten at meals as an appetizer.
It is
smooth, yellowish rind and a yellow, succtilent,
thin,
an exceedingly sharp but pleasant acid and the
aril,
or pulp,
part.
G. cochinchinensis Choisy.
China. The fruit is about the
with water,
Guttiferae.
In the East Indies, the
about two inches in diameter, with a
'is
tops, distilled
size of
a plum, of a reddish color when ripe and has
Amboina
leaves are used in
as a condiment for
fish.^
G. cornea Linn.
East Indies.
G. cowa Roxb.
East Indies.
The
fruit
bears a ribbed and
fruit is eatable
but not palatable.
larger.^
or cowa-mangosteen,
an orange and, were
trifling
G. dulcis
sometimes
The cowa
russet apricot-colored fruit of the size of
degree too acid, would be accounted most delicious.

remarkably fine preserve. In Burma, the fruit is eaten."
is
cowa-mangosteen
cowa.
The
resembles that of the mangosteen but
It
it
not
makes, however, a
Kiu-z.
The berry is the size of an apple, of a roundish-oval figure and bright

yellow hue when ripe. The seeds are enveloped in edible pulp of a darker color than
Moluccas.
the skin and have a pleasant taste.
G. indica Choisy. cocum. kokum.

East Indies. This is a large tree of the coast region of western India known by the
'
Vilmorin
1870.
3rd Ed.
Useful. Pis. Gt. Brit. 137.
Johnson, C. P.
Martyn
'
Fl. PI. Ter.
Johnson, C. P.
Miller Gard. Did.
1807.
Don, G.
Don, G.
Hist.
DicM.
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
Pis. 1:621.
1862.
1862.
it,().
{Cambogia gutta)
1831.
{Stalagmitis cochinchinensis)
1831.
(Stalagmitis celebica)
Card. Ind. 206.
1874.
286
The
natives as the conca.
the size of a small apple and contains an acid, purple
fruit is
has a pleasant, though sour, taste and that the

The oil from the seeds has been used to adulterate
Garcia d'Orta, 1563, says that
pulp.
fruit serves to
butter.'
make a
vinegar.
About Bombay,
from the seeds.
it
is
it
kokum, and the
and oil is obtained

by the Portuguese at Goa, where coctun oil is used
called
It is called bruidas
fruit is eaten,
for adulterating ghee or butter.^
G. lanceaefolia Roxb.
The
Himalayas.
plant yields an edible fruit in India.'
African mongosteen.
G. livingstonei T. Anders.
Tropical Africa.
It is
the PubUc Gardens of Jamaica.*
Malayan Archipelago and considered by many

"
it
Capt. Cook, in 1770, found it at Batavia and says
a crab apple and of a deep red wine-color; on the top of it are the
fruit of the equatorial portion of the
the most delicious of

is
fruit tree in
mongosteen.
G. mangostana Linn,
grown as a
about the
size of
all fruits.
figiu^s of five or six small triangles found in a circle
green leaves, which are remains of the blossom.
must be taken
or rather flesh,
and
bottom
several hollow,
'UTien they are to be eaten, the skin,
under which are found
off,
at the
six or
seven white kernels placed
and the pulp with which these are enveloped is the fruit, than which
be
more
delicious: it is a happy mixture of the tart and the sweet, which is
can
nothing
no less wholesome than pleasant." Bayard Taylor ' says " beautiful to sight, smell and
in
circtdar order
taste, it
hangs among
Cut through the shaded

were the cover of a dish, and
glossy leaves, the prince of fruits.
its
green and purple cf the rind, and
the upper half as
lift
if it
the pxilp of half-transparent, creamy whiteness stands in segments like an orange, but
rimmed with darkest crimson where the rind was cut. It looks too beautiful to eat; but
how
the rarest, sweetest essence of the tropics seems to dwell in
The
delighted taste."
it
'
it is
says
as
fruited in English greenhouses in 1855.

of India
does in the Malay Archipelago.*
Morris
it
melts to your
It is cultivated
but does not there attain the same perfection

it do well in the West Indies,' but
Neither does
cultivated for its fruit in the Public Gardens of Jamaica.
In Burma,
called men-gu.^
it is
G. morella Desr.
is
was
and eastern parts
in the southern
as
tree
it
gamboge.
East Indies and Malay; a small tree common in Siam and Cambodia. The fruit
a pulpy drupe, about two inches in diameter, of a yellow color and is esteemed as a des'
Fliickiger
and Hanbury Pkarm.
Pickering, C.
Royle, J. F.
*
'
Illustr. Bol.
Taylor, B.
Siam
268.
'
Unger, F.
'
Morris Rpt. Pub. Gard. Jam. 35.

Pickering, C.
1879.
1839.
1880.
1892.
Treai. Bo<. 1:519.
U. S. Pat.
1879.
Himal. 1:133.
Morris Rpt. Pub. Gard. Jam. 35.
Black, A. A.
86.
Chron. Hist. Pis. 4S3.
1870.
Off. Rpt. 339.
1859.
1880.
Ckron. Hist. Pis. 642.
1879.

The plant
sert fruit.
furnishes the gamboge, the orange-red gum-resin of commerce.'
It is called cochin goraka
G.
287
and
is
cultivated in the Public Gardens of Jamaica.^
ovalifolia Oliver.
African tropics.
It yields edible fruit.'
G. paniculata Roxb.
Himalayan
is
The
region.
The
fruit is edible.*
fruit of this species raised in
Calcutta
represented as about the size of a cherry, that of native specimens received from Silhet
about twice as
large.^
G. pedunculata Roxb.
Himalayan
juicy envelope, or
acid taste.
It
The
region.
is
aril, is
fleshy part of the fruit
which covers the seeds and
in large quantity, of a firm texture
and
their
of a very sharp, pleasant,
used by the natives in their curries and for acidulating water.
G. xanthochymus Hook. f.
East Indies and Malay. The plant bears a round, smooth apple of medium size,
which, when ripe, is of a beautiful, yellow color. The seeds are from one to four, large,
oblong and immersed in pulp. The fruit is very handsome and in taste is little inferior
'
*
to many of our apples.
Firminger says the fruit is intolerably acid. Drury says that
its
orange-like fruit
is
eaten; Unger,* that
it is
pleasant-tasted.
Gardenia brasiliensis Spreng. Rubiaceae.

This plant affords, according to
Brazil.
J.
Smith,' an edible fruit about the size of
an orange.
G. gununifera Linn. f.
East Indies. The
fruit is eaten.'"
The
fruit is
eaten in the Circar Mountains of
India."
G. jasminoides
Ellis.
The
China.
flowers are used for scenting tea."
Garuga pinnata Roxb. Burseraceae.

Malay and East Indies. The fruit
'
Smith,
J.
is
eaten raw and pickled."
1882.
Morris Rpt. Pub. Card. Jam. 35. 1880.

'Royle, J. F. Illustr. Bol. Himal. 1:133.
*
Unger, F.
'Wight, R.
lUustr.Ind. Bot.i:i2S.
1874.
{Xanthochymus
1879.
{Xanthochymus
linger, F.
Smith,
'
Dom.
J.
Brandis, D.
"Don, G.
1840.
Card. Ind. 207.
Firminger, T. A. C.
'Pickering, C.
Bo(. 334.
Forest Fl. 270.
{Xanthochymus
1874.
Resid. Chinese 201.

Forest Fl. 62.
1859.
1871.
"Fortune, R.
" Brandis, D.
1839.
1859.
1876.
1834.
1857.
{G. arborea)
{G.florida)
pictorius)
pictorius)
pictorius)
288
Gastrodia cunninghamii Hook.
New
The
Zealand.
call it peri; it is
peri-root.
Orchideae.
f.
root of this orchid
is
eaten by the natives of
about i8 inches long, as thick as the finger and
Gaultheria myrsrinites Hook.
New
Zealand,
who
full of starch.'
Ericaceae.
The
Northern California and Oregon.
fruit is scarlet, aromatic,
and
is
said to be
delicious.*
checker berry,
G. prociunbens Linn,
The
tea berry,
wintergreen.
berries are often offered for sale in the
they are pleasantly aromatic and are relished by children.
The leaves are made into a tea by the Indians

G. shallon Pursh.
Northwest
taste.*
The
and eaten
The
oil is
markets of Boston;
used for flavoring.
Maine.
of
salal.
The aromatic, acid

much esteemed by the Indians
Pacific Coast.
fruit is
berries are rather agreeable to the

of the northwest coast
and
is
dried
in winter.'
Gaylussacia frondosa Terr.
&
blue tangle,
Vacciniaceac.
Gray.
dangleberry.
dwarf
huckleberry.
The
North America.
The
fruit is
and is used for puddings.

In the southern states, the berries are
fruit is large, bluish, rather acid
sweet and edible according to Gray.'
eaten.*
&
G. resinosa Torr.
North America.
in northeast America.
says are
more valued
black huckleberry.
Gray,
This plant has several varieties and occurs in woodlands and swamps
The berries are globular, of a shining black color, and Emerson '
in
market than those
cymosum A. Cunn.
Geitonoplesium
and
Islands of the Pacific
of other species.
shepherd's joy.
Liliaceae.
east Australia.
The young
shoots offer a fine substitute
for asparagus, according to Mueller.'"
Gelidium
comeum Lam.
kanteen.
Algae,
js
This seaweed occurs almost everywhere. In Japan, kanteen, or vegetable isinglass,

prepared from it, which is eaten. The cleansed plant is boiled in water, the solution
is
strained
and allowed to
'Black, A. A.
set to
jelly in
Trees. Bot. 1:521.
Brewer and Watson
wooden
W.
J.
'
Brown, R.
'
Emerson, G. B.
'
Gray, A.
Fl. Bar.
Amer. 2:36.
Man.
Elliott, S.
Bo,'.
Emerson, G. B.
Mueller, F.
Trees, Shrubs
Bot. 282.
jelly is
1880.
1859.
1840.
1868.
Mass. 2:452.
1875.
1868.
5o. Car., Ga. 1:496.

Trees, Shrubs
Sii. Pis. 214.
The
1870.
Bot. Cat. 1:455.
Torrey Bot. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. 2:108.
Hooker,
boxes.
1821.
Mass. 2:451.
1891.
(Vaccinium frondosum)
1875.
cut into long prisms,

frozen
and then allowed to thaw
The water runs away as the thawing proceeds,

part will make a firm jelly with 150 parts of
in the sun.
One
leaving a white skeleton of kanteen.
289
water.
Genipa americana Linn. Rubiaceae. genipap. marmalade box.

South America. This plant is cultivated in Brazil, Guiana and other
The
tries for its large, greenish- white, edible fruit.'
has an agreeable flavor.
In Siirinam,
Genista tinctoria Linn.
Leguminosae.
called
it is
The buds
and used
are pickled
Gentiana campestris Linn. Gentianeae. gentian.

Europe. Linnaeus' says the poorer people of Sweden use
brew with
an orange and
box.^
woodwaxen.
dyer's-broom.
of the Caucasus.
Europe in the region

a caper substitute.
fruit is as large as
marmalade
tropical coun-
in sauces as
this species as
a hop to
their ale.
G. lutea Linn,
yellow gentian.
The

an esteemed
is
liquor
root contains sugar
prepared from
It
it.*
and mucilage, and
an inmate
is
of
the
in Switzerland
flower garden in
France.'
Geoffraea superba Htimb.
South America.
of a walnut which
is
&
Gardner
called
Leguminosae.
Bonpl.
almendor.
says this plant produces a fleshy drupe about the size
umari by the Indians.
In almost every house, whether Indian
or Brazilian, he observed a large pot of this fruit being prepared.

is
It is the
not unlike that of boiled beans.
Geranium dissectum Linn.
Geraniaceae.
The
taste of the kernel
almandora of the Amazon.'
Australian geranium,
native carrot.
Europe, northern Asia and Australia. In Tasmania, the roots, called native carrots,
Drummond ' saw a species in Swan River Colony, the perennial root
are used as food.'
a carrot, which was eaten by the natives.
shaped
like
Geum
rivale Linn.
indian chocolate,
Rosaceae.
Northern temperate
Johnson
regions.
*'
Don, G.
Masters,
T.
Lindley, J.
Pis. 3:495.
Med. Econ. Bot.
Vilmorin Fl. PI. Ter. 427.
Gardner, G.
'
Syme,
J.
Treas. Bot. 1:528.
Hooker, W.J.
" Johnson,
1849.
194.
3rd Ed.
1870.
1846.
Treas. Bot. 1:527.
T.
C. P.
10
/orn.
1870.
1789.
Trav. Braz. lOl.
Black, A. A.
1834.
Treas. Bot. 1:525.
Ft. Scot. 1:153.
Lightfoot, J.
*
DicU.
Hist.
M.
1870.
1870.
5o/. 2:368.
1840.
water avens.
says this plant was often used in olden times
to flavor ale and other liquors.
purple avens.
1862.
29
STURTEVANT
G. urbanum Linn,
avens.

herb bennett.
clove-root,
New
Northern temperate regions, Australia and

Lindley,' is used as an ingredient in some ales.
The
Zealand.
root, according to
Gigantochloa apus Kurz. Gramineae. bamboo.

Java. The young shoots are used as a vegetable.*
bamboo.
G. ater Kurz.
This bamboo in Java attains a height of 70 feet and
Java.
The young
Malay. This bamboo attains the height of a himdred

verticillata
Java.
is
bamboo.
G. robusta Kurz.
G.
is
shoots aflord a culinary vegetable.'
Munro.
The
bamboo.
feet.
The yoimg
shoots are
i^
plant grows to a height of 120 feet, with stems nearly a foot thick.
one of the most extensively cultivated
of ail Asiatic
bamboos.
The young
This
shoots are
used as a cvilinary vegetable.*

Gigartina lichnoides Harvey.
Ceylon moss
is
Algae,
ceylon moss.
a seaweed much used
for giving consistence to other dishes.
down
is
almost wholly convertible into
Ginko biloba Linn.
The
It is of
fruit of
East as a nutritive
article of food
and
a very gelatinous nature and when boiled
jelly.*
ginko.
Coniferae.
China and Japan.
in the
maiden-hair tree.
the ginko
is
sold in the markets in all Chinese
towns
not unlike dried almonds, only whiter, fuller and more round. The natives seem
of it, although it is rarely eaten by Europeans.'
In Japan, the seeds furnish
fond
very
an oil used for eating and burning.* The fruit of the maiden-hair tree is called in China
pa-kwo. The Chinese consume the nuts of this tree at weddings, the shells being dyed
and
is
red; they
have a
fishy -taste.'
This tree
is
largely cultivated as
an ornamental
in Europe,
Asia and North America.

Gladiolus edulis Burch.
South Africa.
Pickering, C.
'Mueller, F.
The
edible gladiolus.
Irideae.
bulb-like roots are edible

Set. Pis. 216.
1879.
1891.
Ibid.
*
'
Ibid.
Ibid.
Harvey,
W. H.
'Fortune, R.
Pickering, C.
Smith, F. P.
"Mueller, F.
Man.
Brit. Algae.
Wand. China
118.

Contrib.
1841.
1847.
1879.
Mat. Med. China 103.
Sel. Pis. 217.
1891.
1871.
and
taste like chestnuts
when
roasted.'"
STURTEVANT
Glaucium flavum Crantz.
Papaveraceae.
Europe and the Mediterranean

insipid
Gleditschia triacanthos Linn.
This
North America.
taries, is
This plant furnishes an inodorous and
regions.
and
of a clear yellow color, sweet, edible
oil
29 1
Leguminosae.
for burning.
fit
honey locust.
native of the region about the Mississippi and
tree,
cultivated as an ornamental tree both in this country
and
in Europe.
its tribu-
The pods
contain ntimerous seeds enveloped in a sweet, pulpy substance, from which a sugar
Porcher
to have been extracted.^
says a beer
is
said
sometimes made by fermenting the
is
sweet pods while fresh.
The
and
is
sold as
manna
manna
float grass,
Gramineae.
Glyceria fluitans R. Br.
making puddings and
seeds for
grass,
poland manna.
seeds of this grass are collected on the continent

gruel.'
According to
Von
Hear,''
it
ctdtivated in Poland.
&
Glycine soja Sieb.
Cf
late,
coffee bean,
Leguminosae.
This bean
Tropical Asia.
much
is
it
soja bean,
soy bean.
cultivated in tropical Asia for its seeds, which
India, China and Japan.

has been cultivated as an
are used as food in

as soy.
Zucc.
an ingredient
It is
oil
plant.
of the sauce
known
In 1854,^ two varieties, one
white- and the other red-seeded, were obtained from Japan and distributed through the
agency of the Patent
At the
Office.
late
Vienna Exposition, samples
of the seed were
shown among the agricultural productions of China, Japan, Mongolia, Transcaucasia

and India. Professor Haberland ^ says this plant has been cultivated from early ages
and that it grows wild in the Malay Archipelago, Java and the East Indies. In Japan,
called miso.''
it is
Of
late, its
seeds have appeared
among
the novelties in our seed cata-
According to Bretschneider,' a Chinese writing of 163-85 B. C. records that Shen
logs.
nung, 2800 B.
C, sowed
the five cereals, and another writing of A. D. 127-200 explains
that these five cereals were

the soja bean.
fovirteenth
The use
of this
and sixteenth
wheat, Panicum italicum Linn., P. miliaceum Linn, and
rice,
bean as a vegetable
The
centuries.
first
is
also recorded in authors of the fifth,
Eiu-opean mention of the soja bean
is
by
Kaempfer,' who was in Japan in 1690. In his accoimt of his travels, he gives considerIt also seems to be mentioned by Ray,'" 1704.
able space to this plant.
This bean is
much
cultivated in China and Cochin China."
'
Smith, A.
'
Porcher, F. P.
Res. So. Fields, Forest 229.
Johnson, C. P.
Useful Pis. Gl. Brii. 285.
Treas. Bol. 1:534.
Heer Agr. Ohio 278.

Don, G.
1854.
Kaempfer, E.
Ray
Hist.
" Loureiro
PL
Fl. Cochin.
Preface.
1712.
1704.
441.
{Soja hispida)
1832.
Bol. Sin. 75, 78, 52, 59.
Amoen.
438.
1869.
i8j2.
1879.
Bretschneider, E.
"
1870.
1859.
XV.
Rutgers Sci. School Rpl. 55.

'
There are a large number of
1790.
1882.
varieties.
STURTEVANT
292
Seeds were brought from Japan to America by the Perry Expedition on its retvim and
were distributed from the United States Patent Office * in 1854. In France, seeds were
In 1869, Martens' described 13 varieties.
distributed in 1855.^
Glycosmis pentaphylla Correa. Rutaceae. Jamaica mandarin orange.

Tropical Asia and Australia. This Asiatic tree is noted for the delicious flavor of
It is the
its fruit.*
mandarin orange of Jamaica and
The
Gardens of Jamaica.^
is
grown as a
fruit tree in the Public
ripe fruit is eaten.'
Glycyrrhiza asperrima Linn.
f.
Russia and central Asia.
Leguminosae.
Pallas
'
wild licorice.
says the leaves are used by the Kalmucks as a
substitute for tea.
wild licorice.
G. echinata Linn,
From
Southern Europe and the Orient.
The Russian
licorice is prepared.
the root of this herb, a portion of the Italian
licorice root is of this species.*
G. glabra Linn, licorice.

South Europe, northern Africa and Persia.
Germany and the north

porter.'
The
This plant
is cultivated in England,
used in medicine and in brewing
are employed by the Mongols as substitutes for
of France.
Licorice root
leaves, called nakhalsa
is
tea.'"
G. lepidota Pursh. wild licorice.

North America. The root is eaten by the Indians of Alaska and the northwestern
states."
Gmelina arborea Roxb.
Verbenaceae.
who
The yellow drupe
is
eaten by the Ck)nds of the Satpura
protect the tree near villages."
Gnetum gnemon Linn.

Malay. The seeds
Gnetaceae.
are eaten in Amboina, roasted, boiled or fried,
leaves are a favorite vegetable, cooked
'
'
Paillieux 5oja 5.
XV.
1854.
{Soja hispida)
1881.
'
Martens Gartenbohne
Masters,
'
Morris Rpt. Pub. Card. Jamaica 35.
M.
Brandis, D.
'
Pickering, C.
T.
103, 104, 105.
1869.
Treas. Bot. 1:537.
1870.
Forest Fl. 50.
Sel. Pis. 217.
1891.
'Mueller, F.
Sel. Pis. 218.
1891.
" U. S. D.A. Rpt. 407. 1870.

" Brandis, D. Forest Fl. 364. 1876.
"
1867.
Veg. World 332.
Figuier
(G. citrijolia)
1880.
1874.
'MueUer, F.
"Pickering, C.
and eaten as spinach. *'
1879.
1879.
{G. hirsuta)
and the green
STURTEVANT
This
&
Ruiz
nitida
Gomortega
Pav.
a large tree of Chile called queule or
is
peach; the eatable part
keule.
yellow, not very juicy, but
is
293
is
The
of a
most
and
excellent
a small
grateful
taste.^
jabotapita Sw.
Gomphia
Tropical America.
raw, but that an
oil is
G. parviflora DC.
The
Brazil.
Piso
says the carpels are astringent and are not only eaten
expressed from them, which
is
used in salads.
button tree.
oil
expressed from the fruit
Goniothalamus walkeri Hook.
The
Ceylon.
buttcn tree.
Ochnaceae.
&
f.
Thorns.
is
used for salads.
Anonaceae.
and are
roots are very fragrant
said to contain camphor.
They
are
chewed by the Singhalese.'

Gonolobus hispidus Hook. & Am. Asclepiadeae. angle-pod.
South America. The pod is described by Tweedie* as being very
a toad, and is eaten by the natives.
Goss3T)ium herbaceum Linn.
Tropical Asia.
War
of the Rebellion, cotton seed
came
as a substitute for coffee, the seed having been parched and ground.*
from the seed makes a
fine
salad
oil
resembling
cotton.
Malvaceae,
During the
large,
and
is
also
into
The
oil
some use
expressed
used for cooking and as a butter
substitute.
Gouania domingensis Lirm. Rhamneae. chaw-stick.

West Indies. The stems are used for flavoring cooling beverages.^
Gourliea chilensis Clos.
Tropical
Buenos
Leguminosae.
South America.
chanal.
This plant
is
chanar.
called
According to Tweedie, the pulp of the
Aires.
chanar or chanal in
fruit
is
Chile and
used in flavoring sweet
wines.'
Gracilaria lichenoides L. Harv.
Algae,
agar-agar.
Coast of Ceylon and the opposing portion of the Malayan Archipelago. This seaweed
is highly valued for food in Ceylon and other islands of the East.
It abounds in Burma
and is of superior quality on the Tenasserim Coast.
'
'
Trans. Hort. Soc. Land. $:i04.
Lindley, J.
Don, G.
1831.
Jackson,
J.
R.
Treas. Bot. 2:i2')C).
1876.
Hooker,
W.
J.
Journ. Bot. 1:2^5.
1834.
Stelle
Amer. Agr. Rev. 105.
Smith, A.
1882.
Treaj. Bo/. 1:545.
'Black, A. A.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 1:545.
1870.
1824.
STURTEVANT
294
Bromeliaceac.
Greigia sphacelata Regel.
The
Chile.
sweet, pulpy
frviits,
called chupon, are greedily eaten
by
children.
silk-bark oak.
Proteaceae.
Grevillea sp.?
Swan River Colony, Australia, has a large, yellow, spicate inflorescence

The natives, says Drummond, collect the flowers and suck the honey
species at
nearly a foot long.
from them.
Grewia
They
call
asiatica Linn.
the plant woadjar}

Tiliaceae.
This plant
East Indies.
is
cultivated in India, says Brandis,* for the small, not very
The bark
succulent, pleasantly acid fruit.
Masters
'
says the small, red
used in India for flavoring

in the center, are sour
of this tree
on account of
fruits,
slierbets.
Firminger
and uneatable.
The
is
also
employed
for
making
their pleasant, acid taste, are
says the pea-sized
fruits,
rope.
commonly
with a stone
have a pleasant, acid taste and are
berries
used for making sherbets.'
G. hirsuta Vahl.
A shrub or small tree whose pleasant, acid fruit is much used for making
Tropical Asia.
sherbets.'
G. megalocarpa Beauv.
The black
Tropical Africa.
G.
fruit is edible."
Buch.-Ham.
oppositifolia
The
Hindustan.
berries
have a pleasant, acid taste and are used for sherbets.'
They
are also eaten.'
G. pilosa Lam.
East Indies and tropical Africa.
on the Bassi
hills of
India and
is
The
fruit of
G. populifolia Vahl.
East Indies and tropical Africa. The fruit,
In the Punjab,
in Sind, where it is called gungo.
G.
salvifolia
W.
'
Hooker,
'
Brandis, D.
'Masters,
.'
The
M.
Forest Fl. 41.
T.
Pickering, C.
J.
F.
called gangee.^^
1840.
1870.
Card. Ind. 200.
1874.
1879.
Himal. 1:104.
'Don, G. Hist. DicM. Pis. 1:550.

Drury, H.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 38.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 39.
1874.
" Brandis, D.
Fo'est Fl. 38.
1874.
"Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 43.
1874.
>
it is
1874.
Treas. Bot. 1:552.
Illuslr. Bot.
this, is called
a scanty but pleasant pulp,
small, dry, subacid fruit is eaten in India.'*
Journ. Bot. 2:360.
J.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Royle,
v/ith
Heyne.
East Indies.
a shrub, probably
karanto
eaten.^"
1874.
1831.
1873.
(G. elastica)
1839.
is
eaten
295
G. sapida Roxb.
Himalayan
This plant bears a small but palatable fruit/
region.
much used
for
sherbets.*
G. scabrophylla Roxb.
The
Himalayan region and Burma.
and
G.
fruit,
the size of a gooseberry,
is
eaten in India
'
used for sherbets.*
is
tiliaefolia
Vahl.
Tropics of Asia
and
Its drupe, the size of a pea, is of
Africa.
an agreeable, acid
flavor.^
G. villosa Wild.
The
East Indies.
fruit is of the size of
a cherry, with a sweet, edible pulp and
is
eaten
in India.*
Grias cauliflora Linn.
It
anchovy pear.
Myrtaceae.
West Indies. The anchovy pear is a native of Jamaica, where it forms a high tree.
has for a long time been cultivated in plant houses for the sake of its magnificent foliage.
The
russet-brown drupes and
fruits are pear-shaped,
mango, which they resemble in

extreme southern Florida.*
Guazuma tomentosa H.
West
by Dnxry
&
B.
This plant
taste.'
K.
Sterculiaceae.
Indies; introduced into India.

^
The
is
when young
are pickled like the
cultivated to a limited extent in
bastard cedar.
fruit is filled
with mucilage, which
is
said
to be very agreeable to the taste.
G. ulmifolia Lam.
bastard cedar.
Tropical America.
The
with a mucilage of a sweet and agreeable
In Jamaica, says Lunan," the
hard and woody but is filled

which can be sucked with pleasure.
says St. Hilaire,'"
fruit,
fruit is
taste,
is
eaten by the negroes, either raw or boiled as a
green.
Guizotia abyssinica Case.
This plant
Tropical Africa.
as in India, for the sake .of
'
Brandis, D.
Illiislr.
Brandis, D.
J.
F.
1874.
Illustr. Bot.
Himal. 1:104.
Forest Fl. î.
1874.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 39.
1874.
'Rhind,
W.
Veg.
'Redmond, D.
Drury, H.
'"
St. Hilaire,
" Lunan,
J.
King. 374.
Amer. Pom.
Fl. Bras.
1875.
1873.
Merid. 1:118.
Horl. Jam. 1:60.
1839.
1855.
Soc. Rpt. 55.
Useful Pis. Ind. i^t.
A.
1839.
(G. sclerophylla)
1874.
'Brandis, D.
it is
which yield an oil to pressure, bland
Bot. Himal. 1:104.
Forest Fl. ô.
ramtil.
a native of Abj^nia, where
is
its seeds,
Forest Fl. 42.
'Royle, J. F.
*Royle,
Compositae.
18 14.
1825.
cultivated, as well
like that of
sesame
296
and called
This
ramtil.
much used
oil is
is
used as a condiment and as a burning
oil.'
Compositae.
Sjrria,
This thistle
The young
similar to the artichoke.
is
grown abimdantly
in Palestine
plant, especially the thick stem, with the
brought to the market of Jerusalem under the
is
undeveloped flower-buds,
cardi and is sought after as a vegetable.'
still
Gunnera
It is
for dressing food in Mysore.'
Gundelia toumefortil Linn.
and
sweet and
chilensis
Lam.
and
is
young
name
Halorageae.
The acidulous leaf-stalks serve as a vegetable.* The plant somewhat resembles

The inhabitants, says Darwin,' eat the stalks, which are
rhubarb on a gigantic scale.
The leaves are sometimes nearly eight feet in diameter, and the stalk is rather
subacid.
Chile.
more than a yard
In France,
It is called panke.'
high.
Gustavia speciosa DC. Myrtaceae.

New Granada. The small fruits of this
tree,
remains 24 or 48
hoiu-s,
nothing
is
the
cow plant
Leguminosae.
of Ceylon,
chicot.
where
it is
Kentucky
said to yield
coffee-tree.
STUMP TREE.
NICKER-TREE.
North America.
This
Lam.
canadensis
Gymnocladus
cow plant.
Asclepiadeae.

a mild and copious milk.'
is
it
color.*
lactiferum R. Br.
Gjminema
grown as an ornament.'
according to Himiboldt and Bonpland,
cause the body of the eater to turn yellow, and, after
can erase the
it is
This
which occiu^ in the northern United States and
tree,
in
Canada,
The pods, preserved like those of the tamarind,

The seeds were emploj^ by the early
aperient.
often cultivated for ornamental piu-poses.
are said to be wholesome

settlers of
and
slightly
Kentucky as a substitute for coffee.'*
Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC.
Cosmopolitan
Capparideae.
This plant
tropics.
is
a well-known esculent
throughout equatorial Africa as far as the Congo."

'Black, A. A.
'
Tfeaj. 5o/. 1:556.
Med. 2:256.
Unger, F.
U. S. Pal. Off. Rpl. 358.
'Mueller, F.
'
Voy. H.
Hist. Chili
M.
I :q<).
S. Beagle 279.
1808.
Vilmorin
"
Don, G.
Royle,
F.
"
J.
Browne, D.
Illustr. Bot.
J.
Pickering, C.
1859.
1891.
'
P/. Ter. 478.
(G. oleifera)
1826.
Sel. Pis. 224.
Darwin, C.
'MoMna.
'"
1870.
Ainslie Mat.
1870.
(G. scabra)
{G. tinctoria)
3rd Ed.
(G. scabra)
1832.
Himal. 1:274.
Trees Amer. 219.
1884.
1839.
1846.
Chron. Hist. Pis. 64S.
1879.
in the
Upper Nile and
In India, the leaves are eaten by the
(Cleome pentaphylla)
STURTEVANT
natives,*
and the seeds are used
Jamaica,
it is
as a substitute for
mustard and
considered a wholesome plant but, from
make
repeated boilings to
it
Gynura sarmentosa DC.
being a
its
297
yield
little
a good
oil.^
In
bitterish, requires
palatable.'
Conipcsitae.
In China, the leaves are employed as food.*
Malay.
Gyrophora muhlenbergii Ach.

this lichen is agreeable
and
'
says,
nutritious
rock
Ach.
G. vellea Linn.
rock tripe.
when boiled with
Lichenes.
Franklin
Arctic Simates.
and
is
fish-roe or other
eaten by the natives.
tripe.
This lichen forms a pleasanter food than the
Cold regions.
animal matter,
other species of this
genus.'
Haematostaphis barteri Hook.

Tropical Africa.
shape
similar to
it is
Haemodomm
nutritious
fruit
Drummond
Australia,
The
by the natives.
when roasted.'
ripe.
In size and
sometimes made into a
says seven or eight species furnish roots which
roots of all the species are acrid
silver-bell tree,
Siyraceae.
The
North Carolina to Texas.
Hamamelis
has a pleasant, subacid flavor when
a grape.'
Halesia tetraptera Linn.
is
blood plum.
Haemodoraceae.
sp.?
At Swan River,
are eaten
The
Anacardiaceae.
f.
ripe fruit is eaten
when raw but mild and
wild olive.
by some people and when green
pickle.
virginiana Linn.
Hamamelideae.
witch-hazel.
The seeds are used as food, says Balfour.' The kernels

The source of such statements, writes Gray,*' appears
Northeastern United States.
are oily and eatable, says Lindley.'"
to be the Medical Flora of the eccentric Rafinesque,
nuts in the Southern States, but Gray
*^
who
says the nuts are called pistachio
has never heard of the seeds being eaten.
are about the size of a grain of barley and have a thick, bony coat.
1
'
Ainslie,
Ainslie,
*
W.
Mat. Ind. 2:224.
Drury, H.
W.
Dickie, G.
'Franklin,
1 826.
Mat. Ind. 2:224.
D.
1873.
1826.
Treas. Bot. 1:187.
1870.
{Cacalia procumbens)
Narr. Journ. Polar Seas 773.
J.
Ibid.
^
Card. Chron. 751.
'
Hooker,
W.
Balfour, J.
J.
H.
1864.
Journ. Bot. 2:355.
Man.
Bot. 504.
Veg. King. 784.

1846.
"Lindley, J.
"
Gray, A. Amer. Journ. Set. 24:439.
Ibid.
1840.
1875.
1857,
1823.
They
298
Hancomia
Gomez.
speciosa
Gardner
Biazil.
with red on one
'
says the fruit
The
side.
Hedysarum mackenzii
North America.
about the
most
flavor is
Richards.
is
Richardson
This
says the fruit
is
very delicious.
Good Hope, Mackenzie River, this plant

sweet like licorice and are much eaten in the
lose their juiciness
and
crispness as the season
the licorice-root of the trappers of the Northwest and
is
little
says at Fort
by the natives but become woody and
advances.
Hartt
"
licorice-root.
Leguminosae.
'
a large plum, streaked a
size of
delicious.
furnishes long, flexible roots which taste
spring
mangaba.
Apocynaceae.
is
also used as
a food by the Indians of Alaska.^

Heldreichia kotschjri Boiss.
Helianthus annuus Linn.
North America.
and
of
is
Cruciferae.
This plant has the same properties as the
Cilicia.
Mexico
called in
North America.
*
Watson say
sunflower.
Compositae.
This plant
is
said
'
by Pickering
Gray
chimalati.
cresses.*
'
says
Other botanists ascribe
it
to be a native of western America
probably belongs to the warmer parts
its origin
to Mexico
in all probability the wild sunflower of the California plains
of the cultivated sunflower
Brewer and
and Peru.
is
the original
and that the seeds are now used by the Indians as food.
Elahn,'
749, saw the common sunflower cultivated by the Indians at Loretto, Canada, in their
maize fields; the seeds were mixed with thin sagamite or maize soup. In 16 15, the sun1
flower
was seen by Champlain among the Hurons.*"
seeds are said to be boiled
In Russia, they are ground into a meal, the finer kinds being
eaten in Tartary.
into tea-cakes,
The
and
made
and in some parts the whole seed is roasted and used as a substitute for coffee.
Gerarde," in England, writes:
"
We
have found by
triall,
that the buds before they
be flowered, boiled and eaten with butter, vinegar and pepper, after the manner of
chokes, an exceeding pleasant meat, surpassing the artichoke far in procuring bodily
The same buds with the
artilust.
unto the top (the hairness being taken away) broiled

upon a gridiron and afterwards eaten with oile, vinegar, and pepper have the like property."
stalks neere
In Russia, this plant yields about 50 bushels of seed per acre, from which about 50 gallons
of
oil
are expressed
This
of cattle.
Germany, the
and the
oil is
oil-cake
said to be superior to that from linseed for the feeding
is
used for culinary piuposes in
carefully dried leaf
is
much used
many
'Gardner Trav. Braz. 6$. 1849.

Hartt Geog. Braz. 374. 1870.
^Dall,
J.
W. H.
'Baillon, H.
Alaska
Man.
Bot. 255.
'"
Parkman, F.
" Gerarde,
J.
1879.
1868.
So/. Cal. 1:353.
Trav. No.
P.
1874.
Brewer and Watson
'Kalm,
1897.
Hist. Pis. 3:225.
Pickering, C.
'Gray, A.
-î.
1851.
Amer. 2:309.
Pion. France 395.

Herb. 752.
1880.
1772.
1894.
1633 or 1636.
In Landeshut,
The
seed-receptacles
locally for a tobacco.
'
'Richardson,
places in Russia.
{H. boreale)
STURTEVANT
are
made
and the inner part
into blotting paper
The
the manufactories of the province.
The green
fiber of excellent quality.
in England,
The
The
said to
is
299
of the stalk into a fine writing paper in
when treated like flax, produces a silky

make excellent fodder, and Sir Allen Crockden,
stalk,
leaves
for the purpose of feeding his stock.
grow the plant at Sevenoaks,
leaves, dried and burned to powder, are valuable, mixed with bran, for milch cows.*
The
seeds are also said to be valuable as a food for sheep.
and eaten by the Indians
into a cake
H. doronicoiaes
dried seeds are pounded
of the Northwest.*
Lam
This coarse species with showy heads, of river bottoms from Ohio
North America.
to Illinois and southward,
most probably, say^ Gray,^ the
is
original of the Jerusalem
artichoke.
H. giganteus Linn, giant sunflower.

Eastern North America. The Choctaws use the seeds ground
to a flour and
mixed
with maize flour for making a very palatable bread.*
H. tuberosus Linn.
Jerusalem artichoke.
North America. The name, Jerusalem artichoke,
of the Italian Girasoli articocco, sunflower artichoke.
is
considered to be a corruption
Gray
thinks that this esculent
originated in the valley of the Mississippi from the species of sunflower,
Lam.
was cultivated by the Huron Indians.*
It
In
natives mixing Jerusalem artichokes in their pottage.
1648
''
and at Mobile, Alabama,
in 1775.*
The
H.
doronicoides,
New
England, Gookin found the

They were growing in Virginia, in
sunflower reached Europe in the early part
not mentioned in Bauhin's Phytopinax, 1596, and is

mentioned in his Pinax, 1623 where, among other names, he calls it Crysanthemum e Canada
of the seventeenth century, as
it is
quibusdam, Canada Gf Artichoki sub
It is figured by Columna,' 1616, and

terra, aliis.
Ray," 1686, makes the first use found of the name Jerusalem
In 1727, Townartichoke, though Parkinson used the word in 1640, according to Gray.
"
send ^ says it is a Root fit to be eat about Christmas when it is boiled." Mawe," 1778,
also
by Laurembergius,'"
it
says
"
speaks of
Simmonds, P.
W.
'Hooker,
Romans
L.
J.
in
it
Nat. Hist. Fla.
'Gray, A.
Set. 348.
i
84.
Âmer. Agr. 142.
calls
1889.
Bor. Amer. 1:313.
{H. lenticularis)
1840.
1877.
775.
1877.
Ibid.
''Perf.
Desc. Va. 4.
'Romans
'Columna Minus
1829;
P'mWe
"Mawe
and Abercrombie
"Bryant
Fl. Diet. 33.
"McMahon,
B.
1632.
Gard. Bol.
1778
1783.
Amer. Gard.
8.
1616.
1726.
Unit'.
No.
L'Hort. France.
Laurembergius v4/)^ra^ Plant. 131.
" Townsend 5ee(/ima7i

23.
2:
1775-
cognit. stirp. pars altera. 13.
^ Soisette Man. Jard.

"
Force Coll. Tracts
1649.
Cal. 206.
1806.
much
"
American gardens and
Trap. Agr. 419.

Fl.
Amer. Journ.
'Gray, A.
*
Bryant," 1783, says, "not
by many esteemed.
is
McMahon
'
1632;
1824.
1838.
it
cultivated."
In 1806,
a wholesome, palatable
STURTEVANT
30O
In 1863, Burr
food."
'
describes varieties
with white, purple, red and yellow-skinned
tubers.
The
in the
at the
history of the Jerusalem artichoke has been well treated
by Gray and Trumbull

It was found in culture
American Journal of Science, May, 1877, and April, 1883.

Lew Chew Islands about 1853.* We offer a synonymy as below:
Flos Solis Farnesianus sive Aster Peruanus tubercosus.
Col. 13.
Bauh. Pin. 277. 1623.

Farnesiano Fabii Columnae.
1616.
Helianthemum itidicum tuberosum.
De
Solis flore tuberoso, seu flore
Aldinus, 91.
1625.
Battatas de Canada.
Park. Par. 1629.

Adenes Canadenses seu flos solis glandulosus.
Lauremb.
132.
1632.
Flos Solis pyramidalis, parvo flore, tuberosa radice, Heliotropium indicum.

Peruanus solis flos ex Indiis tuberosus. Col. in Hem. 878, 881. 1651.
Potatoes of Canada. Coles.
1657.
H. R. P. 1665.
Bauh. Frod. 70. 167 1.
Chrysanthemum Canadense arumosum. Cat. H. L. B. 1672.
Helenium Canadense. Amman. 1676.
Chrysanthemum perenne majus fol, integris, americanum tuberum.
Canada &' Artischokki sub
Ger. 1633.
terra.
Chrysanthemum latifolium Brasilianum.
Jerusalem Artichoke.
Mor.
Ray
335Corona solis parvo flore, tuberosa radice. Toum. 489. 17 19.

Helianthus radice tuberosa esculenta, Hierusalem Artichoke. Clayton.
Helianthus foliis ovato cordatis triplinervus. Gronov. Virg. 129.
1762.
Helianthus tuberosus.
1630.
1686.
Linn. Sp. 1277.
1739.
1763.
Helichrysum serpyllifolium Less. Compositae. hottentot tea.

South Africa. This plant is used as a tea substitute under the name of Hottentot
Heliconia bihai Linn.
In the West Indies, the young shoots are eaten by the natives.*
H. psittaconun Linn.
parrot's plantain.
f.
In the West Indies, the shoots are eaten.*
South America.
Helwingia rusciflora Willd.
The young
Hemerocallis sp.?
flavor
Hemerocallis.
Araliaceae.
leaves, says Balfour,' are
day
Liliaceae.
Northern Asia.
upon the
It is
and desirable
used in Japan as an esculent.
lily.
somewhat
difficult,
says Penhallow,' to give testimony bearing
qualities of flowers
and buds from various species of
In certain sections of the Island of Yezo, particularly on the pumice for-
'Burr, F.
Field, Card.- Veg. 37.
'Birdwood
Veg. Prod.
Bomb.
'
1883.
<
Masters Treas. Bot. 1:575.
>
Ibid.
Balfour, J.
false plantain.
Scitamineae.
South America.
Japan.
tea.*
H.
1863.
165.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 1:579.
'Penhallow, D. P.
1865.
1870.
Amer. Nat. 16:119.
1882.
STURTEVANT
3OI
very abundant and, at the time of blossoming,

the fields for miles along the road on either side are almost uniformly golden-yellow. At
such times the Aino women may be seen busily engaged gathering the flowers which they
coast, these plants are
mation of the east
take
home
H. minor
to dry or pickle in
In China, the yoimg leaves are eaten and appear to intoxicate or
The
stimulate to some extent.
by Vilmorin
furnishes a gooseberry-like fruit of
Henriettella fiavescens Triana.
Heracleum cordatum
The
flavescens
root
Presl.
is
Baumg.
This plant
is
This species
is
French flower gardens.
in
little
value.'
Melasiomaceae.
This species furnishes a gooseberry-like
Guiana.
Sicily.
and to be grown
Melasiomaceae.
The plant
Guinea.
flowers are eaten as a relish with meat.'
to be a native of Siberia
Henriettea succosa DC.
H.
are afterwards used in soups.
Mill.
Northern Asia.
said
They
salt.
cow
Umbelliferae.
black, sweet scented
and
fruit of little value.*
parsnip.
is
used as angelica by the
Sicilians.^
yellow cow parsnip.
used as a food and, in Kamchatka, a
spirit called
American cow parsnip.

Subarctic America. The roots and young stems
raka
is
prepared from
it.^
H. lanattun Michx.
along the Pacific and
it is
are eaten
by some
also used by the Crees of the eastern side of the
of
the tribes
Rocky Mountains
as a potherb.'
H. pubescens Bieb. downy cow parsnip.

The young shoots are filled with a sweet, aromatic
natives of the Caucasus,* where
it is
In France,
native.
and are eaten raw by the
juice
it is
grown
in the flower garden.'
H. sibiricum Linn.
In Prussia, this plant
is
sown
in April
and the next year
more
yields
an immense amount
ewes than for any other

especially grown
kind of stock. In 1854, seed from Germany was distributed from the United States Patent
Office.'"
Captain Cook says this plant was formerly a principal ingredient in the cookery
of most of the Kamchatka dishes but since the Russians got possession of the country it
of foliage to be used as fodder.
It is
for
has been almost entirely appropriated to the purpose of

'Smith, F. P.
'Vilmorin
Contrib. Mat.
/Y. PI.
Ter. 507.
Med. China no.

1870.
3rd Ed.
distillation.
1871.
(H. graminea)
'Unger, F.
1859.
(Melastoma succosum)
<Unger, F.
1859.
{Melastoma flavescens)
'Don, G.
1834.
Don, G.
Htst. Dichl. Pis. y.2,^1.
1834.
'Brown, R.
Don, G.
Vilmorin
>

Hist. Dichl. Pis. 3:3:^2.
Fl. PI.
Ter. 163.
U. S. Pal. Off. Rpt.
1854.
1870.
1868.
1868.
3rd Ed.
Preface.
(Berce pubescente)
STURTEVANT
302
cow
H. sphondylium Linn,
parsnip.
Europe, northern Asia and western North America. The people of Ploonia and
Lithuania says Gerarde,* "use to make drinks with the decoction of this herb and leven
or
some other thing made
The young
drinks."
of meale,
succulent
which
used instead of beere and other ordinaire
is
after
stems,
being
Johnson,' in some parts of Asiatic Russia.
and
dried in the sun
tied
from the
they form a kind of beer.
bilberries; fermented,
boiled
distilled
spirit is
envelope, are
their
they acquire a yellow
sweet substance resembling sugar forms upon them, which
In Lithimnia and Siberia, a
of
In Russia and Siberia, the leaf-stalks are
in close bundles, until
up
stripped
These stalks are much used, says
occasionally eaten as a salad in the outer Hebrides.
and eaten as a green vegetable and, when
is
eaten as a great delicacy.
stalks, either alone or
The yoimg
when a
color,
shoots
and
mixed with
leaves
may
be_
just sprouting from the ground, resemble
asparagus in flavor.
H. tuberosum Molina.
The bvdbs
Chile.
the taste
is
'
are frequently six inches long
The plant grows
pleasant.
naturally in
and three broad; the
color
is
yellow;
sandy places near hedges and produces
abundantly.'
&
Herpestis monnieria H. B.
Cosmopolitan
K.
Scrophularineae.
The Indians
tropics.
Hesperocallis undtxlata A. Gray.
The bulb
Mexico.
tropics.
H.
The
leaves as its fibers.
bastard jute,
Malvaceae,
The stem
Deckaner hemp, or bastard

its
Liliaceae.
eaten by the California Indians."
is
Hibiscus cannabinus Linn.
Old World
water hyssop.
eat this herb in their soups.*
jute.
deckaner hemp.
Indian hemp.
yields a hemp-like fiber sometimes called Indian hemp,

It is as much cultivated, says Drury,^ for the sake of
leaves serve as a sorrel spinach.
digitatus Cav.
Brazil
The
and Guiana.
gobo.
H. esculentus Linn.
is
plant
gombo.
gumbo,
ocra.
okra.
Okra has become distributed as a plant of cultivation from Khartum

and Sennar throughout Egypt to Palestine and elsewhere. Schweinfurth * found its seed
Tropical Africa.
pods a favorite vegetable in Nubia and the plant perfectly wild on the White Nile. About
Constantinople, okra is largely cultivated and the leaves are used as a demulcent.' In
'Gerarde,
J.
Herb. loog.
Johnson, C. P.
>
Molina Hist. Chili 1:96.
<Titford,
W.
J.
Hort. Bot.
'Brewer and Watson

Drury, H.
'Unger, F.
1633 or 1636.
Amer.
35.
Heart Afr. 1:97.
''Amer. Journ. Pharm.
May
i860.
181
1.
1880.
Bot. Cal. 2: 158.
1873.
'Schweinfurth, G.
1862.
1808.
1859.
1874.
STURTEVANT
303
is much esteemed for

imparting
the
a mucilaginous thickening to soups, and
young pods are often gathered green and
known
India, the capsule, familiarly
'
pickled like capers; but Firminger
as the bendi-kai,
states that,
though
of
an agreeable
flavor,
the pods,
on accoimt of their slimy nature, are not generally in favor with Europeans. Its seeds
form one of the best coffee substitutes known.^ In the south of France, okra is cultivated
for its pods.
was
It
carried
from Africa to Brazil before
1658,' reached
Surinam before
mentioned by Hughes ^ for Barbados in 1750.

In the. southern United States, okra has long been a favorite vegetable, the green
f)ods being used when quite young, sliced in soups and similar dishes, to which they impart
1686
and
is
gummy
thick, viscous or
consistency.
The
ripe seeds,
said to furnish a palatable substitute for coffee.
growing in gardens in Philadelphia;
and
Okra
is
washed and ground, are also

mentioned by Kalm,^ 1748, as
mentioned by Jefferson as cultivated
is
in Virginia
among garden vegetables by McMahon,' 1806, and all succeedThe green seed pods are used in soups, or stewed
ing writers on American gardening.
and served like asparagus, or when cold made into a salad. The green pods may be preserved for winter use by cutting them in halves, stringing and drying them. The young
before 1781
leaves
The
included
is
and pods are
also occasionally dried, pulverized
stalks of the plant are used
for the
manufacture
esteemed vegetable in southern States and
and stored
of paper.
in bottles for future use.
This plant offers a highly
quite frequently, but neither generally nor
is
extensively, cultivated in northern gardens for use of the pods in soups
and
stews.
The Spanish Moors appear to have been well acquainted with this plant, which was
known to them by the name of bantiyah. Abul-Abbas el-Nebati, a native of Seville, learned
in plants,
its
seeds
who
visited
and
Egypt
which
fruit,
in 12 16, describes in
last,
he remarks,
is
unmistakable terms the form of the plant,

when young and tender with meal
eaten
by the Egyptians.' The references to this plant in the early botanies are not numerous
and the synonymies offered are often incorrect. The following, however, are justified:
Trionum tkeophrasti. Rauwolf, in Ap. to Dalechamp, 31.
Alcea aegyptia Clusius Hist. 2:27, 1601. Cum ic.
Honorius bellus. In Clus., 1. c. 2:311.
1857.
Cum
ic.
Bamia alessandrina. Dur. C. Ap. 161 7. Cum ic.

Quingombo. Marcg. Bras., 31, 1648, cum ic; Piso. Bras. 211, 1658.
Malva rosea sive hortensis. Bauh. J. 2:951. 165 1.
Cum
Ketmia americana annua flore

Med. 150. 1 70 1. Cum ic.
Commelyn,
Of
albo, fructu
these, the last only, that of
non
sulcata longissimo.
Commelyn, represents the type
of
pod
ic.
Hort.
of the varieties
usually to be foimd in our gardens, but plants are occasionally to be foimd bearing pods
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
*Bon
Piso
Jard. 501.
De
Ind. 211.
Commelin
//or/.
'Hughes, G.
'
'
Kalm,
P.
McMahon
Card. Ind. 141.
1874.
1882.
1658.
1:37.
1697.

Trav. No.
1750.
Amer. i:$H.
Amer. Gard.
Cat. 318.
1772.
1806.
94.
1879.
1648.
(Piso)
STURTEVANT
304
which resemble those figured
in the
above
.ceming variety, as in the regions where
in different varieties; in some, not thicker than a

in others, very thick,
is little
recorded, however, con-
particularly affected there
is
is
a paucity
man's
finger,
and not more than two or three inches
and
five or six inches long;
long; in some, erect; in others,
Lunan,' in Jamaica, 1814, speaks of the pods being of different size and
rather inclined.
form
There
list.
culture
1807, mentions that there are different forms of pods
Miller's Dictionary,
of writers.
its
Don^
In 1831,
in the varieties.
'
In 1863, Burr
describes a species, the
H. bamtnia
Link.,
with
American gardens; two dwarfs,

and white-podded.
In 1885, at the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, varieties were grown under 11 different names and from
these there were three distinct sorts only. Vilmorin,* 1885, names but two sorts, the
very long pods.
one pendant-podded and one
describes four varieties in
tall
and the round-fruited.
long-fruited
H. ficulneus Linn.
^^
This species
Tropics of Asia 'and Australia.
is
cultivated in
Egypt as a
vegetable."
H. furcatus Willd.
Old World
tropics.
This species of hibiscus
is
H. hirtus Linn.
This species furnishes a vegetable of Bengal and the East
Indies.'
H. maculatus Lam.
Santo Domingo.
H. micranthus Linn.
This plant
used for food purposes.*
is
f.
African tropics and East Indies.
H. rosa-sinensis Linn.
Old World
of India
H.
'"
tropics.
It is
Chinese hibiscus.
This
is
a well-known ornament of our hot-houses.
and China,'' prepare a kind
sabdariffa Linn.
Old World
Indian sorrel,
tropics.
Two
The
people
of pickle from the petals of the flowers.
roselle.
varieties,
the red and white, are cultivated in most gardens
of Jamaica for the flowers which are made, with the help of sugar, into very agreeable
and
tarts
'
'
jellies,
Lunan,
or fermented into a cooling beverage. '^
Horl.
J.
Jam. 2:12.
Burr, F.
*Vilmorin Teg. Card. 357.

'
1814.
Don, G.
Unger, F.
1831.
1863.
1885.
1859.
Ibid.
'
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
'"Ainslie,
"
"
W.
Drury, H.
Long
Hist.
Ma<. /</. 2:359.
1826.
Jam. 80$.
1774.
1873.
Roselle
is
now
cultivated in most
STURTEVANT
The most
gardens of India.
jelly,
are
made
jellies
and
make a spinach and the
and
a remarkably
tarts are
fruit.
made
fine
There are two
of the calyces
and
In Unyoro and Ugani, interior Africa,
The bark makes
leaves.
305
tarts, as well as
which envelope the
as also in Burma.^
cultivated for its bark, seeds
the leaves
beautiful but short cordage;
seeds are eaten roasted."
Roselle
is
now
rather com-
in Florida.
monly grown
H.
In Malabar,
white.*
capstdes freed from the seeds

it is
and
delicious puddings
of the thick, succulent sepals
and the
kinds, the red
rose of sharon.
S3rriacus"înn.
Old World
In China, the leaves are sometimes
tropics.
made
into tea or eaten
when
yotmg.*
H.
tiliaceus Linn.
The Tahitians suck the bark when the
New
Caledonians eat
breadfruit harvest
is
improductive, and the
it.*
Hippocratea comosa Sw.
Celastrineae.
Santo Domingo and West
The
Indies.
seeds are oily
and
sweet.'
H. grahamii Wight.
In India, the seed
East Indies.
is edible.
'
Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. Elaeagnaceae. sallow thorn, sea buckthorn.

Europe and temperate Asia. The fruit is acid and, though not very agreeable in
The Siberians and Tartars make a jelly from
flavor, is eaten by children in England.
the berries and eat them with milk and cheese, while the inhabitants of the Gulf of Bothnia
prepare from them an agreeable jelly which they use as a condiment with their fish. In
some districts of France, a sauce is made of the berries, to be eaten with fish and meat. '
In Kunawar, the fruit
H.
The
made
fruit is
eaten in the Himalayas."
Hodgsonia heteroclita Hook.
Himalayan
into a condiment.'"
sea buckthorn.
D. Don.
salicifolia
Nepal.
is
regions,
f.
&
Thomas.
Cucurbitaceae.
Burma and Malay.
This plant
immense, yellowish-white, pendulous blossoms.

called katior-pot
1
by
Card. Ind. 200.
1874.
1879.
Ibid.
*
Speke, J. H.
Contrib. Mat.
'Smith, F. P.
Seemann, B.
'Baillon,
H.
"Brandis, D.
"
F.
J.
J.
D.
1880.
1840.
2^9,.
1862.
1874.
Himal. 1:323.
1839.
Himal. Journ. 2:7, 350.
1854.
Illuslr. Bot.
1871.
1865-73.
Useful Pis. Gl. Brit.
Forest Fl. 389.
1864.
113.
Ind. Bot. i: 132.
Illustr.
Johnson, C. P.
Royle,
Vili. 18.
Fl.
Hist. Pis. 6:27.
Wight, R.
" Hooker,
Med. China
a gigantic climber bearing
Its fruit is of rich
the Lepchas, are eaten."*
Firminger, T. A. C.
Pickering, C.
is
brown, whose kernels,
3o6
Hoffmanseggia stricta Benth. Leguminosae.

Mexico. This herb has an esculent, tuberous rootstock.'
Holboellia
latifolia
Berberideae.
Wall.
This
Himalayan regions.
but is mealy and insipid.'
Hordeum
Abyssinia.
is
the kole-pot of the Lepchas; the fruit
This plant
in niunerous varieties.
Koch,' on the Steppes

*
eaten in Sikkim
fruit is eaten.'
red sea barley.

in
Arabia and Abyssinia.^
This
the
is
common
barley of cultivation and occurs
found it growing wild between Lenkoran and Baku;

Schirwan in the southeast of the Caucasus; Kotschy,' in South
Meyer
of
as wild in the region near the confluence of the
it
reports
Barley was
the Volga.
and the
one of the two-rowed barleys cultivated
Parent of cultivated forms.
Forster
called gophla
is
barley.
H. distichon Linn,
Persia.
is
Gramineae.
deficiens Steud.
This
is
Samara and
cultivated, says Pickering,' at the time of the invention of writing
and standing crops are figured under the fifth, seventh and seventeenth dynasties of
Egypt, or about 2440 B. C, 1800 B. C. and 1680 B. C. It is mentioned as among the
things that were destroyed
of the Jewish
made use
by man and
of
Pliny
'^
and
terms
The
flour of barley
barley was the
trace its introduction to their goddess,
Isis.
in the great festival held every year at Eleusis in
antiquissimum frumentum, the
it
first
was the food

of the cereals
Barley was in
all
the Greeks, says Heer,'^ as a sacred grain and was exclusively used
times considered by
in sacrifices
by the plagues of Egypt.^"

The Egyptians claimed that
soldiers."
most ancient
honor of
cereal,
agricvilture.
but, according to
was considered an ignominious food by the Romans. Common barley,

came
to Europe by the way of Egypt; and the Romans were acquainted
says Unger,'*
with the two- and the six-lined barley, and the Greeks with these varieties and the bere
Suetonius,
it
Barley was long the grain most extensively cultivated in England. It appears
on the coins of the early Britons and was not only the grain from which their progenitors,
barley.
the Cimbri,
made
their
bread but from which they
made
their favorite beverage, beer.'*
Herodotus describes beer made from barley as among the drinks

'Havard, V.
'
Hooker,
J.
Proc.
D.
Brandis, D.
Unger, F.
1885.
Himal. Pis. PL X.
Forest Fl. 571.
<MueUer,F.
'
Illustr.
Set. Pis. 232.
1855.
1876.
1891.
1859.
Ibid.
'
Ibid.
'
Humboldt, A.
Pickering, C.
Views Nat. 129.
1850.
1879.
"
Exodus 9:31.
" 2nd Samuel 17:28.
" Heer
Ohio 14:283.
Agr.
"Humboldt, A.
'
Unger, F.
U. S. Pat.
"Johnson, C. W.
1859.
Views Nat. 129.

Off.
1850.
Rpt. 302.
1859.
Journ. Agr. ist Ser. 11:484.
{H. vulgare)
of the Egyptians in his
STURTEVANT
C, and
day, 450 B.
400 B.
Pliny, Aristotle, Strabo
and Diodorus mention
writes that the people of Armenia used a drink
C,
307
made
beer.
Xenophon,
of fermented bariey.
Diodorus Siculus says the natives of Galatia prepared a beer from barley, and barley
is mentioned in Greece by Sophocles, Dioscorides and others.
Tacitus, about A. D. 100,
of
the
Germans.
the
common
drink
beer
was
says
on Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands in

sowed barley at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, in 1606, and it was growing
in Champkiin's garden at Quebec in 16 10.
Barley was grown by the colonists of the
London Company in Virginia in 161 1.' It appears to have been cultivated in the New
Barley was sown by Gosnold
Lescarbot
1602.
In 1629-33, barley was growing at Lynn, Massachusetts.*

be
can
grown in sheltered valleys as far north as 70 in Lapland and 68 in
Barley
At Fort Yukon, Alaska, it has been grown in small patches, according to Dall.^
Siberia.^
Netherlands in 1626.*
winter barley.
six-lined barley,
H. hexastichon Linn,
'
Europe and Asia. This barley is supposed by Lindley to be a domesticated form
'
of H. distichon.
Unger says the six-lined, or winter barley, was cultivated by the
Egyptians, Jews and East Indians in the earliest times and grains of it are found in the
Ears are somewhat numerous, says Lubbock,'"

In the ears from Wangen, each row has
in the ancient lake habitations of Switzerland.
mummies
of the
Egyptian catacombs.
generally ten or eleven grains, which, however, are smaller
grown.
There are now
numerous
in cultivation
and shorter than those now
varieties referred to this form.
H. jubatum Linn, maned barley, squirrel-tail barley.

Seashore and interior salines of the New World. The seeds are
among
known
ous
the Shoshones
of southern
Oregon."
The maned,
an ornamental
in British gardens since 1782 as
especially in request
or squirrel-tail, barley has been
grass.
Its
awned
spikes are danger-
to cattle.
H. vulgare Linn. bere. big barley, nepal barley.

This species furnished the varieties known as bere, or big barley, and appears to be
one of the varieties formerly cultivated in Greece. Its native land seems unknown,
" states it
although Olivier
grew wild in the region between the Euphrates and the Tigris.
in the
its native
of the
It is enuWilldenow " is inclined to
country
place

'
Parkman, F.
'
Ibid.
'
Ibid.
W. H.
'Morton
Unger, F.
"
Ibid.
8th Edition.
1859.
1897.
1869.
" Lubbock Amer. Journ.
"Brown, R.
1894.
1853.
Alaska 441.
Cyc. Agr. 2:67.
Unger, F.
1853.
Pion. France 266.
Enc. Brit. 17:630.

'Dall,
1859.
Set. Art. 34: 181.
U. S. Pat.
region
Off.
Rpt. 302.
1862.
1868.
1859.
2ad
Series.
Volga.
308
merated by Thunberg among the edible plants of Japan. It is cultivated in Scotland as

a spring crop and in Ireland as a winter crop. Nepal barley is cultivated at great elevaThe seed has frequently been sent
tions on the Himalaya Mountains and in Thibet.
Europe as a very hardy kind, of quick maturity, but it is chiefly cultivated in botanical
It is a naked-seeded Epecies with much the appearance of wheat.
It was introgardens.
to
duced into Britain in 1817.*
battledore barley,
H. zeocriton Linn,
Parent of cultivated forms.

Lindley
'
it is
says
undoubted
sprat barley.
This species
interesting only
result of domestication.
casus a kind of grain which he calls
is
occasionally cultivated in Scotland,
and
from a botanical point of view. He says it is an

Koch * collected in the Schirwan part of the CauH. spontaneum and regards as the original wild form
of sprat barley.
arcticus Berk.
Hormosippon
Algae.
This alga abounds in the Arctic regions and affords wholesome food, which is far
preferable to the tripe de roche, as it has none of its bitterness or purgative quality.
Houttuynia cordata Thimb.
Piperaceae.
as a potherb in
China and Japan. The leaves of this plant are said to be used
^
Nepal.* In France, it is an inmate of flower gardens as an aquatic.
Hovenia
Thunb.
Himalayan
dulcis
region,
Himalayan
Rhamneae.
regions,
raisin tree.
China and Japan.
The
tree is cultivated in India for its fruit,
which has a pleasant flavor like that of a Bergamot pear.'' The round fruits, about the
size of a pea, are seated at the end of the recurved, fleshy pedimcle, which is cylindrical,
about an inch long, and is the part eaten.*
Hamulus
lupulus Linn.
Urticaceae.
bine.
hop.
Northern Eiirope and not rare in the United States, especially westward on banks
The scaly cones, or catkins, have been used from the remotest period in the
of streams.
brewing of beer. The hop was well known to the Romans and is mentioned by Pliny
under the name lupus salictarius. Hop gardens are named as existing in France and
Germany in the eighth and ninth centuries, and Bohemian and Bavarian hops have been
known as esteemed kinds since the eleventh century. The hop was mentioned by Joan
di-Cuba in
his Ortus Samtatis as
tioned in the
The
Company.
'
Thunberg
'
Mueller, F.
Morton
*
'
plant
Fl.
Jap.
Sel.
was
J.
F.
of
27,2.
growing in Holland prior to 1485. Hop roots were men16, 1629, of seeds to be sent to the Massachusetts
Mar.
also cultivated in
XXXIIL
Ph.
Cyc. Agr. 2:68.
Humboldt, A.
Royle,
'
Memorandum
1784.
1891.
1869.
Views Nat. 130.

lUustr. Bot.
Vilmorin W. P/. Ter. 516.

'
Brandis, D.
'
Black, A. A.
'
Mass. Records 1:24.
1850.
Himal. 1:331.
Forest Fl. 94.
1870.
1
876.
Treas. Bot. 2:599.
1839.
3rd Ed.
1870.
New
Netherlands as early as 1646, and in
STURTEVANT
"
Virginia in 1648
"
says,
it
The buds
or
309
Gerarde *
Hopps are faire and large, thrive well."
which come forth in the Spring are used to be eaten in
'
their
is said,
first
sprouts
more toothsome than nourishing, for they yield but

Dodoenaeus alludes to this plant as a kitchen herb. He
sallads; yet are they, as Pliny saith,
very small nourishment."

"
says,
before
tender shoots produce leaves, they are eaten in salads, and are a good
its
and wholesome meat."
now
shoots are
Hop
to be found in
Covent Garden market and
are not infrequently to be seen in other European markets.
The ^Bt
hop as a kitchen herb in America is by Cobbett,' 182 1. The

mentioned by Pliny * in the first century as collected from the
allusion to the
use of the young shoots
is
wild plant, rather as a luxury than as a food.
young
Dodonaeus, 1616,
from the hop yard, as does
shoots, as collected apparently
refers to the use of the
also
Camerarius,* 1586,
Emil Pott,*
in summing up the uses of this plant, says that the tendrils furwax
and a jtiice from which a reddish-brown coloring matter can
good vegetable
be extracted. Hop ashes are greatly valued in the manufacture of certain Bohemian
and
others.
nish a
glasswares.
pulp for paper-making can be satisfactorily bleached, and very service-
able unbleached papers
can
also'
in the
be used
and cardboards are made from

manufacture of
this
raw
textile fabrics, and, in
material.
The
fibers
Sweden, yarn and linen
making from hop fibers has long been an established industry and is constantly increasing
The stalks can also be used for basket and wickerwork. The
in importance and extent.
leaves
and the spent hops are
Hydnora africana Thimb.
an offensive smell
It possesses
six inches long
The
candlestick but three-lobed.
especially for sheep.
found growing on the roots of Euphorbia. It consists

and may be compared to the socket of a
is
a tubular fiower from four to
and
jackal's kost.
Cytinaceae.
This plant
South Africa.
of
excellent food for live stock
outside
like putrid
is
of dull
meat.
It
brown and
is,
inside of a rosy-red color.
however, said to be eaten by the
Hottentots.'
Hydrangea thumbergii
The
Japan.
Siebold.
Saxifrageae.
tea-of-heaven.
natives use the dried leaves as a substitute for tea.'
This tea
is
called
ama-tsja, tea-of-heaven.
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Michx.

BREECHES.
Barton
Hydrophyllaceae.
'
hairy waterleaf.
woolen
Kentucky, the young shoots are eaten

in the spring as a salad and are highly prized by all who eat them.
'
'
'
Perj. Desc. Va. 3.

J.
Cobbett,
W.
Pliny
lib.
'
2nd Ed.
Amer. Card. 1^1.
1633.
1846.
21, 50.
Camerarius Epit. 934. 1586.

Pott, Emilin, in Farm. 509.
1879.
'Smith,
'
1649.
Herft. 885.
Gerarde,
says, in
Dom.Bot.
J.
Don, G.
Barton,
208.
1871.
W.
P. C.
Med. Bot.
2:xiii.
1834.
i8l8.
8.
1838.
STURTEVANT
310
H. canadense Linn.
says the roots of this species were eaten
'
Barton
North America.
by the Indians
in times of scarcity.
H. virginicum Linn. Indian salad, shawnee salad.

North America. This plant is called in the western
Indian salad or Shawnee salad, because eaten as such by the
states,
Indians,
according to Serra,'
when
Some
tender.
of the first settlers ate the plant.
Hygrophila spinosa T. Anders.
The
East India and Malay.

courbaril Linn.
Hymenaea
Acanthaceae.
leaves are used as a potherb.'
Leguminosae.
colossal tree of tropical
The pods
and southern subtropical South America.
con-
tain three or foiir seeds, inclosed in a whitish substance, as sweet as honey, which the
Indians eat with great avidity, though, says Lunan,*

melting in the mouth.
It is
apt to purge when
it is
first
gathered.
pulp tastes not unlike a dry cake, being sweet
Brown,' in British Guiana, says this
called algarroba in
Panama,
jatal in Brazil
and
and
simiri in
Guiana.'
Hyoseris lucida Linn.
Egypt.
'
says this plant is the hypocheris of Pliny
Hjrpelate paniculata Cambess.
West
The
Indies.
fruit is
Hyphaene thebaica Mart.

African tropics.
fruits
of irregular form.
is
which are produced
but
its dry,
Hypochoeris apargioides Hook.
The
Chile.
W.
'
Barton,
Serra, C. de.
& Am.
'
Lunan,
J.
'Wilkinson,
'
Smith, A.
Mueller,?.
Bot. 2:xiii.
Hort. Jam. 1:462.
Brown, C. B.
Smith, A.
Camp
Life Brit.
Treas. Bot. 2:(x>9,.

J.
G.
is
1818.
Ph. 23C.
1822.
1877.
1814.
Cuiana
180.
1870.
Anc. Egypt. 2:33.
Treas. Bot. i-.di^.

Sel.
rich,
yellowish-brown color
1870.
1891.
1854.
it
unpalatable.*
Compositae.
Trans. Horl. Soc. Land. 4:445.
Dutt, U. C.
*
Med.
each containing
mealy husk, which tastes almost
husky nature renders
root of this perennial herb
P. C.
in long clusters,
beautiftilly polished, of
scorzonera.'
'
edible after roasting.
In Upper Egypt, they form part of the food of the poorer
classes of inhabitants, the part eaten being the fibrous,
exactly like gingerbread,
is esciilent.
gingerbread tree.
Palmae.
The
and
Sapindaceae.
the size of a plum and
between one and two hundred, are
and are
swine's succory.
Compositae.
Wilkinson
1876.
used for culinary purposes
like that of
STURTEVANT
H.
3II
brasiliensis Griseb.
This smooth, perennial herb has the aspect of a sow-thistle.
Southern Brazil.
is
sometimes used
like
It
endive as a salad.'
H. maculata Linn.
The
H. radicata Linn,
leaves
may
be used as a
salad.^
spotted cat's ear.
Europe and north Africa. This weed of Britain, says Johnson,' has been cultivated
but has fallen into disuse. The wild plant may be boiled as a potherb.
in gardens
H. scorzonerae
F. Muell.
The
Chile.
Hypoxis sp.?
plant has edible roots.*
Amaryllideae.
^
Labillardiere
are eaten
found a species in the forests of
New
Caledonia, the roots of which
the natives.
by
Lam.
H3rptis spicigara
African tropics.
Labiatae.
This plant of tropical Africa
the natives of Gani as a grain.
is
It is eaten roasted
called neeno
by them.
and
They
is
cultivated
by
an
oil
also extract
Schweinfurth '
both black and white, of this strongly smelling plant.
says the tiny seeds are brazed to a jelly and are used by the natives of central Africa as
from the
seeds,
an adjunct to
and
their stews
The Bongo and Niam-Niam,
gravies.
especially, store
large quantities.
Hyssopus
officinalis
hyssop.
Labiaiae.
Linn.
Europe and temperate Asia. Hyssop was once considerably employed in domestic
medicine. From the frequent mention made of it in Scripture, we may infer that it grew
and Egypt.
wild in Syria
In French and Italian cookery, the tops of the young shoots

In 1597, Gerarde
are sometimes used in soups.*

lidge
names
in 1778,
among
Mawe'" describes
American gardens.
Hyssop
'
Black, A. A.
'
Loudon,
Hort. 683.
Johnson, C. P.
J.
Schweinfurth, G.
La Perouse
Heart
A fr.
1:250.
Book Gard. 2:241.

Herb. 464.
" Mawe and Abercrombie
"McMahon,
1891.
2:243.
H.
J.
1862.
UseftU Pis. Gt. Brit. 147.
Sel. Pis. 236.
'Mcintosh, C.
Gerarde,
1870.
i860.
Labillardidre Voy. Recherche
'Speke,
'
includes hyssop in his
B.
1874.
1597.
Cal. 583.
'799-
1864.
1855.
Univ. Card. Bat.
Amer. Gard.
is
more valued
Wor-
for medicine;
generally cultivated in the
list
of kitchen aromatics for
mentioned among European garden plants by Albertus

and in nearly all the later botanies, Ray enumerating
Treas. Bot. 2:1052.
C.
'Mueller, F.
'
is
it is
and says the plant
six varieties,
McMahon
in the thirteenth century
J.
figures three varieties; in 1683,
culinary herbs in England, but says
it
kitchen garden; in 1806,"
Magnus
'
1778.
1806.
312
As an ornamental plant, hyssop is

plant, in nine varieties.
in
American
use
but
its
gardens must be very limited. It
present
deserving of notice
It is said
is mentioned by Paulus Aegnita, in the seventh century, as a medicinal plant.
it
an ornamental
also as
1828, to be occasionally used as a potherb.
by Fessenden,'
naturalized as an escape from gardens in Michigan.
At
present,
In France, hyssop
it
is
has become
grown
in the
flower gardens.'
Olacineae.
Icacina senegalensis Juss.
The
Tropical Africa.
with a
flavor
much
Idesia polycarpa
fruit is
about the
Maxim.
an Orleans plum,
of a yellow color,
Bixineae.
This large-growing tree
Japan.
size of
resembling that of noyau.'
cultivated for its fruits, which are many-seeded
is
berries, the seeds lying in pulp.^

t
Ilex cassine Walt.
Romans
made
dahoon holly,
cassina.
Ilicineae.
yaupon.
says the leaves of the cassina were roasted and
by the Creek Indians.
into a decoction
holly,
the tea and permitted only inen to drink
The Indians
attributed
many
virtues to
Along the coast region of Virginia and Caro-
it.
lina, the leaves of yaupon are used as a tea and are an object of sale.
I, fertilis
Reiss.
This species yields the mild vaaXi, considered equal to the best Paraguay
Brazil.
I.
glabra A. Gray.
Appalachian tea.
Porcher

I.
paraguensis A.
From
Paraguay.
replaces tea in Brazil

I.
this plant
and Buenos
Meerb.
quercifolia
mat^.
St. Hil.
'
tea.'
inkberry.
says the leaves form a tea substitute.
yerba de mate.
comes the well-known mate of South America, which
It is consumed by the thousands of tons.'
Aires.
American holly.
According to Porcher,' the leaves afford a tea substitute
in the south.
I.
Porcher
Illicium
anisatum Linn.
Fessenden
^Vilmonn
New Amer.
fruit,
Card. 164.
1870.
Treas. Boi. 2:iyyj.
Saunders U. S. D. A. Rpt. 217.

Porcher, F. P.
Û.S.D.A.
1828.
3rd Ed.
1831.
1876.
1881-82.
Rpt. 193.
Chinese anise.
about an inch in diameter, forms an
Moore, T.
'
MagnoUaceae.
The
Fl. PI. Ter. 522.
Don, G.
winterberry.
says the leaves are substituted for tea.
Eastern Asia.
'
black alder,
A. Gray,
verticillata
(/.
gigantea)
1869.
1870.
Porcher, F. P.
1869.
Porcher, F. P.
1869.
article of
commerce
313
amongst Asiatic nations. In 1872, Shanghai received 703,066 pounds. The Chinese
mix the fruit with coffee and tea to improve the flavor.' The Mohammedans of India
season some of their dishes with the capsiales,^ and the capsules are largely imported into
Germany, France and
Italy for the flavoring of spirits.'
Imbricaria malabarica Poir.
The
East Indies.
I.
maxima
Sapotaceae.
fleshy fruit is edible.*
Boir.
This species,
Island of Bourbon.
also,
has a fleshy, edible
Inga buorgoni DC. Leguminosae.

Tropical America. The pulp of this legume
I.
I. feuillei
The
seeds are covered with a fleshy, edible pulp.'
DC.
This plant
Peru.
is
called pacay.
I.
insignia
The
is
a native of Peru and
cultivated there in gardens, where
is
white piilp of its long pods
is
it
eaten.'
Kimth.
The pulp
Ecuador.
of the legimie
is edible.'
marginata Willd.
Tropica] America.
I.
edible.*
fagifoUa Willd.
Tropical America.
I.
is
fruit.'
The
legtmie contains a sweet
and sapid edible
pulp.'"
spectabilis Willd.
This plant bears a pod with black seeds in sweet, juicy cotton.
" in his travels,
It is the guavo real of
It was called guavas by Cieza de Leon
1532-50.
white
about
the
seeds.
for
the
Panama and is commonly cultivated
pulp
Tropical America.
I.
Linn.
vera Willd.
Tropical America.
Inocarpus edulis Forst.
The pulp about the
The nuts
is
sweet and
eaten by negroes.*^
is
tahitian chestnut.
Leguminosae.
seeds
of the
ivi,
or Tahitian chestnut, says
Seemann,"
are eaten in the Fiji Islands, roasted or in a green state, and are soft and pleasant to the
'Loudon,
'Ainslie,
'
J.
Mat. Ind. 2:18.
Fluckiger and
M.
Masters,
5
C.
W.
Hanbury Pharm.
T.
1854.
1826.
20.
1879.
Treas. Bot. 2:620.
1870.
Ibid.
Unger, F.
'Royle,
J.
U. S. Pat. Off. Rpi. 333.

F.
Smith, A.
Unger, F.
Illustr. Bot.
1859.
Himal. 1:183.
Treas. Bot. 2:623.
1839.
1870.
1859.
'"Don, G. Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:387. 1832. {I. sapida)

" Markham, C. R.
Hakl. Soc. Ed.
"Sloane, H.
"Seemann, B.
Nat. Hist. Jam. 2: sg.

Fl.
Viti. 70, yi.
1725.
1865-73.
16, 99.
1864.
STURTEVANT
314
much
are
They
taste.
prized
by the
natives of the Indian Archipelago
the inhabitants ahnost live on them.
Labillardi^re
natives of the Friendly Islands and the flavor
is
The
but are by no means pleasant.

Inula crithmoides Linn.
tree
says the fruit
much
very
the principal food of the mountaineers of
it is
says
'
is
and
in
Machian
eaten boiled by the
like that of chestnuts.
Voigt
Fiji.
'
Wilkes *
says the nuts are edible
called in Tahiti, rata.*
is
Contpositae.
The
and eaten as a condiment."
leaves are pickled
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. Convolvulaceae. sweet potato, water convolvulus.

Old World tropics. In the Philippines, the root is cooked and eaten by the natives.'
This species is often planted by the Chinese arotmd the edges of tanks and pools for the
sake of
its
succulent leaves.'
It is largely
cultivated in central China as a vegetable;
is
eaten in the spring and somewhat resembles spinach in flavor.'
I.
batatas Poir.
sweet potato.
This widely-distributed, cultivated plant, originally of South
Tropics of America.
and Central America, had developed many

Columbus.
the
names
West
varieties at the period of its discovery
i"
In 1526, Oviedo
of nine varieties.
not only mentions sweet potatoes in the
have been carried to Spain, and that he had carried them

In Peru, Garcilasso de la Vega " says the apichu are of four
Indies, but says thej' often
or five different colors,
some
red, others yellow, others white,
The camote
author was contemporary with the conquest.

axi and batatas,
mentioned
is
in the fourth
and others brown, and
voyage of Columbus,'- and Chanca, physician
among
sius," 1566, describes the red, or purple,
and the
in Spain, and, in 1576, notes that their culture
mention thereafter
in the early botanies
culture of sweet potatoes
Labillardidre Voy. Recherche
Wilkes, C.
La
is
is
had been attempted
799.
1845.
1879.
Ibid.
'Johnson. C. P.
Pickering, C.
Williams,
S.
Eden
"
W.
1862.
1879.
Mid. King. i:2Sy. 1848.

Mat. Med. China 71.
Contrib.
Hist. Trav. 88, 143.
Gray and Trumbull Am.
(I.
(Limbarda crithmoides)
reptans)
(Convolvulus reptans)
1871.
1577.
Jour. Sci. 248.
1883.
"Vega, G. de la. Roy. Comment. Hakl. Sec. Ed. 2:359.

"
1879.
" Cardanus i?erMm Var.
189.
" Clusius Hm/.

297.
"Williams, E.
"Hughes, G.
1871.
1556.
1576.
Virginians.
1650.
Force Coll. Tracts 3 : No.

1750.
under culture
in Belgium.
Their
frequent.
Perouse 2:153.
Chron. Hist. Pis. ^yj.
pale, or white, sorts as
noted for Virginia before 1650.'^
Pickering, C.
Smith, F. A.
the productions
In Europe, sweet potatoes are mentioned by Cardanus," 1556, and Clu-
of Hispaniola.
The
this
of Yucatan, called in the islands
to the fleet of Columbus, in a letter dated 1494, speaks of ages as
'
by
Peter Martyr,' 1514, mentions batatas as cultivated in Honduras and gives
himself to Avila, in Castile.
'
it
1 1
1844.
In 1750, Hughes "

says that at least 13 sorts are
known
at the Barbados.
two
varieties in France,
Of the
and
in 1863
now known,
varieties
The sweet potato
'
In the Mauritius, Bojer
'
describes
present time, Vilmorin
describes
At the
the round and long forms, white and purple.
Burr describes nine varieties
American gardens.
in
modem
not one type can be considered as
mentioned
315
in its appearance.
Gerarde," 1597, as growing in his garden
in
England by
"
and he says they grow in India, Barbarie and Spaine and other hot regions," a statement confirmed in part by Clusius,' who states in 1601 that he had eaten them in Spain.
This plant ifmoticed by Monardes^ and by Lobel,^ 1570-76. Its cultivation has been
is
'
attempted in different parts of Italy but as yet, so Targioni-Tozzetti wTites, without
The sweet potato reached St. Thomas, off the African coast, before 1563-74.
success.
we
In Ramusio,'
Indians of Hispaniola batata

'"
Portuguese
pilot's relation,
named igname
is
The
root which
Thomas and
at St.
is
is
called
by the
one of the most essen-
food."
tial articles of their
Rimiphius
"
find in the
says that the Spaniards carried this root to Manilla and the Moluccas,
whence the Portuguese distributed it through the Indian Archipelago. It is figured by

Rheede " and Rtmiphius ^^ as cultivated in Hindustan and Amboina. In Batavia, it was
cultivated in 1665." Firminger '* speaks of it as one of the native vegetables in coimnon
cultivation in
parts of India, the plant producing pink flowers with a purple eye.
all
China, Mr. Fortune informed Darwin,'^ the plant never yields seeds.
Islands, Wilkes^* says there are 33 varieties, 19 of
In
is
New
Zealand, Tahiti and
called
Fiji, it is
a tradition among the natives that

wood sewed together.
it
was
which are
of
a red color and 14 white.
by the same name.
first
In
In the Hawaiian
In
New
Zealand, there
brought to the island in canoes composed
of pieces of
Sweet potatoes are mentioned as one of the cultivated products of Virginia in 1648,"
*'
1781.
They are said to have
perhaps in 1610 ''and are mentioned again by Jefferson,
introduced
New
in
to
come
into
been
into
have
1764 and
England
general use. John
'
Bojer.
W.
Hon. Maurit.
Ls
225.
1837.
'
Vilmorin
'
Burr, F.
Gerarde,
'
De
'
Pickering, C.
'
Ibid.
'
Targioni-Tozzetti Journ. Horl. Soc. Land. 141.
'
Ramusio Ge. CoH. Voy. Portugese .â.
'"
"
12
De
Pis. Po/og. 401.
Field, Card.
Herb.
J.
Candolle, A.
(Convolvulus batatas)
1883.
Veg. 99.
1863.
2nd Ed. 926.
1633.
Geog. Bo/. 2:822.
Candolle, A.
Geog. Bot. 2:822.
Pickering, C.
(Batatas edulis)
1855.
1879.
(Convolvulus edulis)
1854.
1789.
1855.
1879.
(Convolvulus edulis)
Ibid.
" Churchill
Co//.
Faji.
2:303.
1732.
"Firminger, T. A. C. Card. Ind. 157. 1874.

" Darwin, C. Ans. Pis. Domest.
2:i$t,.
1893.
Wilkes, C.
"
^^
1'
Per/. Desc. 7a. 4.
True
D eel.
Fa. 13.
1649.
1610.
JeSerson Notes Va. 54, 55.
1845.
Force Coll. Tracts 3

1781.
844.
31 6
*
says that sweet potatoes of excellent quality can be raised about Boston, but they
In 1773, Bartram saw plantations of sweet
are of no agricultural importance in this region.
Lowell
potatoes about Indian villages in the South, and Romans refer to their tise by the Indians
At the present day, sweet potatoes are quite generally cultivated
of Florida in 1775.
and subtropical
in tropical
countries, as in Africa
New
China, Japan, the Malayan Archipelago,
and southern United States as
ica,
York.
They are grown to a
and Madeira.
This species furnishes tubers which are used as sweet potatoes.'
pohue.
biloba Forsk.
Borders of the tropics.
Ellis
says, in Tahiti, the stalks of the
times of famine.
I.
New
G. Don.
batatilla
Venezuela.
I.
in India,
Zealand, the Pacific islands, tropical Amer-
far north even as
small extent in the south of Europe, Canary Islands

I.
from Zanzibar to Egypt,''
pohue are eaten in
a^
digitata Linn.
This species
is
cultivated for food in western
commonly
tropical Africa.'
I.
wild potato.
fastigiata Sweet,
Humboldt
Tropical America.
mentions this species as cultivated in America under
the name, batata.

I.
grandifiora
Lam.
Tropical America.
I.
Ainslie
leptophylla Torr.
This species
when young.
is
The
commonly
often cultivated in tropical regions.'
wild potato \'ine
called
moonflower.
man-root,
is
a showy plant of the deserts of
man-root or man-of-the-earth, being similar in
The Cheyennes, Arapahoes and Kioways roast it for

by no means palatable or nutritious. Its enormous
the ground make its extraction by the ordinary Indian implements a
and shape to a man's body.
size
when
food
size
is
man-of-the-earth.
North America and
pressed by himger but
and depth
work
I.
says, in India, the seeds are eaten
hederacea Jacq.
I.
'
of
much
in
it is
'
difficulty.
macrorrhiza Michx.
Georgia
'Lowell,
*Speke,
'
*
W.
Smith, A.
'
De
'
H.
Henfrey
1821.
Sel. Pis. 240.
Polyn. Research.
W.
De Candolle,
'U.S. D. A.
"Henfrey, A.
says
i:$T,.
Bot. 321.
has edible, farinaceous roots.
1864.
1833.
1870.
1870.
1870.
{Batatas paniculata)
i855-
1826.
Geog. So/. 2:1043.
Rpt. 407.
species
Oct. 27.
Geog. Bot. 2:823.
Mat. Ind. 2:219.

A.
this
1891.
Treas. Bat. I :i2g.
Candolle, A.
.\inslie,
"
Mueller, F.
Ellis,
Florida.
Boston Adven.
J.
J.
>
"
and
1855.
{Pliarbitis hederacea)
STURTEVANT
Baldwin has been informed that the negroes
Dr.
South sometimes eat the
the
in
317
roots.'
I.
mammosa
Choisy.
According to Forster,^ this species
Tropics.
New
gumarra, or gumalla in Tahiti and in southern

I.
I.
name
of umara,
Zealand.
Spanish woodbine.
tuberosa Linn.
The
Tropics.
cultivated under the
is
much
edible tubers are
like the
sweet potato in
size, taste
and form.'
turpethum R. Br.
sweet stem
soft,
is
fire."
fact that this plant should
the true Irish eatable Dulse.
Rhodymenia palmata
over the
The
Algae.
an tmaccoimtable
but Stackhouse
Hebrides.
sucked by the boys of Tahiti.^
Iridea edulis Bory.

"
It is
New
and Friendly Islands and the
Asia, tropical Australia, Society
tells
us that in Cornwall
have been long confounded with

have never seen
I.
edulis eaten,
sometimes eaten by fishermen, who crisp
it is
it
'
Mountains
crested
Irideae.
Iris cristata Ait.
of Virginia
iris.
and southward.
Pursh says the
root,
when chewed,
at
first
occasions a pleasant, sweet taste, which, in a few minutes, turns to a burning sensation
by
far
more pungent than
The hunters
capsiciun.
of Virginia use
it
very frequently to
alleviate thirst.
I.
ensata Thunb.
sword-leaved
Himalayas and northern
iris.
This
Asia.
iris is
cultivated in Japan for the rootstocks,
which furnish starch.^

I.
japonica
Thunb.
Japan.
I.
This species
pseudacorus Linn,
is
grown
yellow
I.
is
used for the same purpose as
I. ensata.
must be
The angular
seeds,
when
ripe, are said to
form a good
well roasted before eating.^
setosa Pall.
Siberia.
I.
Japan and
iris.
Eastern Asia and Europe.

substitute for coffee but
in
This species
sibirica Linn.
is
Siberian
Europe and northern
grown
Japan and
in
is
iris.
Asia.
This species
is
grown
in
Japan and
P'orpose as /. ensata.
'ElUott, S.
De
De
Bot. So. Car., Ca. 1:253.
Geog. Bot. 2:824.
I^SS-
Candolle, A.
Geog. Bot. 2:823.
1855.
'Harvey, W. H.
'
1821.
Candolle, A.
<Unger, F.
Phycol. Brit. 3: PI.
Georgeson Amer. Card. 13: 210.
'Johnson, C. P.
/. ensata.
(Convolvulus turpethum)
1859.
XCVII.
1846-51.
1892.
1862.
is
used for the same
31 8
I.
Spanish nut.
sisyrinchium Linn.
Mediterranean, the Orient and Afghanistan.
This species has been in cultivation

"
England since the time of Gerarde, who calls it Spanish nut and says that it is eaten
It is a native of the
at the tables of rich and delicious persons in sallads or otherwise."
in
Mediterranean region.'
I.
wall
tectorum Maxim,
This species
Japan.
Hook.
Irvingia barteri
iris.
is
in
grown
Japan and
Burton* says the
tree of tropical Africa, called dika.
of the Fans and
The
called ndika.
is
/. ensata.
bread tree.
Simarubeae.
f.
is
fruit
forms the one sauce
kernels are extracted from the stones
and roasted
pounded and poured into a mould. This cheese is scraped and added to boilIt forms a pleasant relish for the tasteless plantain.
meat
and
The French
vegetables.
ing
like coffee,
export
The
to adulterate chocolate.
it
Isatis indigotica Fortune.
The
China.
Cruciferae.
much
used, says Masters,^ at Sierra Leone.
woad.
leaves are used for food.*
&
Jacquinia caracasena H. B.
The berry
Venezuela.
fruit is
K.
Myrsineae.
The
is edible.
seeds are imbedded in a sweet, fleshy pulp,
according to Don.'
Jasminum paniculatum Roxb.

This
China.
J.
sambac
Oleaceae.
called mo-le-hwa in China.
Tropical Asia;
Jatropha urens Linn.
Eupkorbiaceae.
The tuberous
of its stinging hairs.
palm
of
New
violet colored,
having a thin,
seed.'
Jubaea spectabilis H. B.
palm
&
K.
Britten, J.
Burton Anthrop. Rev. Journ. 1:50.
'
Masters,
Bretschneider, E.
Don, G.
'
'
called
The
Palmae.
'
Treas. Bot. 2:1352.
tread-softly.
by the negroes
fruit is
about the
coquito palm,
South America.
Black, A. A.
on account
1863.
Treas. Bot. 2:717.

Bot. Sin. 51.
1870.
(Mangifera gabonetisis)
1882.
1838.
Resid. Chinese 201.
1857.
Treos. Bo<. 1:303.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 2:637.
1870.
size of
a pigeon's egg,
little cokernut.
The sap
Ibid.
Smith, A.
tread-softly
surrotmding a fibrous husk which encloses
1876.
'Fortune, R.
is
eatable flesh
oily,
'
T.
flowers are used for scenting tea.^
roots are said to be eatable like those of the cassava.'
Granada.
of Chile cultivated in
M.
The
Palmae.
Jessenia polycarpa Karst.
homy
flowers are used for scenting tea.*
spurge nettle,
This plant
single,
The
Arabian jasmjne.
Ait.
Brazil.
jasmine.
the sieu-hing-hwa of China.
is
{Cnidoscolus stimtUosus)
of this tree
is
boiled to the
STURTEVANT
consistency of treacle and fonns the

article of trade,
and the crown
being
of leaves
is
de palma, palm honey, of Chile, a considerable
tniel
much esteemed
for domestic use as sugar.
immediately cut
for several months, provided a thin slice
Each
tree is exhausted.
when the sap
off,
shaved
is
nuts of the Coquito palm are often called
West
Indies.
are edible
and the
cokernuts.^
and furnish an
oil.
They
are very rich in starch.^
for
by the Narragansett Indians

seasoning their aliments.' The nuts
called
the Indians to thicken their pottage.
most
is
excellent.
who
do not object to its strong
tree
and
and
The
The immature
kernel of the ripe nut
oily taste.
The
is
fruit is
sometimes
esteemed by those
tree is occasionally
grown as a shade
In 18 13, a sample of butternut sugar was sent to the Massachusetts

Promotion of Agriculture.
for its nuts.
Society for the
black walnut.
J. nigra Linn,
The
little
from the nut was used
oil
used as a pickle and
The nuts are used by the Chilean

and have a pleasant, nutty taste. The
The butternut was
were used by
the top each morning, until the
butternut.
J. cinerea Linn,
wussoquat,
trees are felled
walnut.
Juglandeae.
The nuts
off
The
begins to flow and continues
about 90 gallons.
tree yields
confectioners in the preparation of sweetmeats
Juglans baccata Linn.
319
tree valued for its timber,
kernel of the nut
Madeira nut.
is
common
in the western states of northeast America.
less oily
than the butternut but greatly inferior to the
sweet and
It is eaten
and was a prized food
English walnut,
J. regia Linn.
of the Indians.
madeira nut.
Persian walnut.
This tree extends from Greece and Asia Minor over Lebanon and Persia to the Himalayas.
It is
abundant
Nepal and neighboring countries and is cultivated in

referred to by Theophrastus under the name of karuon.
in ICashmir,
Europe and elsewhere. It is

According to Pliny, it was introduced into Italy from Persia, but it is mentioned as existIn many parts of Spain, France, Italy
ing in Italy by Varro, who was bom B. C. 116.
and Germany, the nut forms an important article of food to the people, and in some parts
of France considerable quantities of
oil
are expressed from the kernels to be used in cook-
In Circassia, sugar is said to be made from the sap.

ing and as a drying oil in the arts.
There are many varieties; those of the province of Khosistan in Persia are much esteemed
and are sent
in great quantities to India.
In Georgia, they are of a fine quality.^ In

In France, there is a variety called
North China, an almost huskless variety occiirs.^

Titmouse walnut because the
it
and
eat the kernel.
shell is so thin
succeed well in Virginia.
In western
'
Smith, A.
Treas. Boi. 2:639.
'
Unger, F.
"
Michaux. F. A.
Ainslie,
W.
'Mueller, F.
Mat. Ind. 1:463.
1870.
245.
1826.
1891.
it is
New York,
1859.
No. Amer. Sylva i:iii.
5e/. P/i.
that birds, especially the titmouse, can break
1865.
called English
it is
walnut and two varieties
occasionally seen in lawns.
STURTEVANT
320
Engelm.
J. rupestris
The
Japan.
small nuts are sweet and edible.*
Japanese walnut.
Maxim.
J. sieboldiana
The
small nuts are of good flavor, borne in large clusters, a dozen or
more
in one bunch.'
Juniperus bermudiana Linn. Coniferae. Bermuda cedar.

Bermuda Islands. In 1609, Sir Thomas Gates' and Sir George
wrecked on the Bermudas and
Cedar
tree, verie
in their account say
J.
verie
number of Cedar trees (fairest

sweete berrie and wholesome to eat."
commtmis Linn,
we have a kinde
Sommers
of Berrie
In Newes from Barmudas,^ 161 2,
pleasant to eat."
are an infinite
"
it
is
were
upon the
"
said,
there
think in the world) and those bring forth
juniper.
North temperate and
The
arctic regions.
berries are used
by
distillers
to flavor
were formerly used in England as a substitute for pepper. In

The
gin.
many parts of Germany, the berries are used as a culinary spice. In Sweden, they are
made into a conserve, also prepared in a beverage and in some places are roasted and
ripe berries
In France, a kind of beer called genevrette
used as a coffee substitute.^
is
made by
fer-
menting a decoction of equal parts of juniperberries and barley.' In Germany, juniper

is used for flavoring sauerkraut.'
In Kamaon, India, the berries are added to spirits distilled
J.
from barley."
In western North America, the berries are an Indian food.
plum juniper.
Greece, Asia Minor and Syria. The sweet,
habbel.
drupacea Labill.
edible fruit
is
highly esteemed through-
out the Orient, according to Mueller.'"
Hook.
J. occidentalis
California juniper.

nutritious,
The
plant bears a large
which has, however, a resinous

New Mexico."
taste.
and tuberculated
The
berry, sweet
berries are largely
and
consumed by
the Indians of Arizona and

J.
sweet-fruited juniper.
pachyphlaea Torr.
The
Mexico.
berries are purplish, globose, half
an inch in diameter and have a
sweetish and palatable pulp.'^

'
1884.
'Georgeson ^wer. C7ard. 12:266. 1891.

'
Newes from Barmudas 20. 1613. Force
Coll. Tracts 3 :
1844.
Ibid.
^
Newes from Barmudas

Phillips
'
H.
Comp.
Johnson, C. P.
Brandis, D.
"Mueller, F.
"U. S. D. A.
" Havard, V.
Brit. Ft.
Fo'resl Ft.
Sel.
1613.

1831.
Barton and Castle

'
13.
Orch. 213, 214.
Med. 244.
536.
Ph. 246.
Rpt. 411.
Proc.
1862.
1877.
1876.
1891.
1870.
1885.
1844
STURTEVANT
J.
Himalayan
is
an intoxicating liquor and
The
Mexico.
for
making
This species
is
spirits.
The
used in India
yeast.^
mexic.\n juniper.
J. tetragona Schlecht.
them as
In India, the sprigs are used in the distillation of
region.
sacred and the resinous twigs are used for incense.'
in the preparation of
32 1
drooping juniper.
recurva Buch.-Ham.
shrub
an inch
berries are half
in diameter,
and the Indians are
said to use
food.'
Wight & Am. Rhizophoreae.

East Indies and Malay. Its fruit is edible.*
Elandelia rheedii
Cucurbitaceae.
Kedrostis rostrata Cogn.
East
'
Royle
says the fruit
is
DC.
Kigelia pinnata
The
Indies.
leaves are eaten as greens
The
fruit is often
and eaten
Grant
The
Lacis sp.
two or more feet long and is
filled
with pulp
says the roasted seeds are eaten in famines.
Samoan
Islands.
The
in the Philippines.'
Koelreuteria paniculata Laxm.

berries,
the Malayan Archipelago and the
Tropical eastern Asia,
ent acidity."
Tamil appakovay.^
Sterculiaceae.
Kleinhovia hospita Lirm.
The
called in
Bignoniaceae.
containing numerous, roundish seeds.
China.
and are
eaten.
tree of tropical Africa.
leaves are cooked
Sapindaceae.
when
roasted, are eaten
by the Chinese,
in spite of their appar-
leaves are used for food.''
Podostemaceae.
Henfrey says some species are used for food on the Rio Negro and other parts
of
South America.'^
Lactuca alpina Benth.
The
Europe.
taste
is
&
Hook.
stem, which
Compositae.
is
milky,
Brandis, D.
Torrey, J.
Forest Fl. 536.
1882.
peeled and eaten raw
1876.
Pacific R. R. Rpl. 4: 141.
1856.
1880.
Note
H.
Hist. Pis. 6:301.
'
W.
Mat. Ind. 2:21.
Ainslie,
squamata)
(J.
*Baillon,
Drury, H.
1826.
"
Royle,
J.
F.
Speke,
J.
H.
Pickering, C.
Illustr. Bot.
Himal.
1873.
i:2i<).
1839.
Contrib. Mat. Med. China

Smith, F. P.
" Bretschneider, E. Bol. Sin.
1882.
52.
Henfrey, A.
" Lankester
Bot. 359.
iqc).
1871.
1870.
Veg. Food g:igi.
II
1864.
1879.
>
"
mountain sow-thistle.
extremely bitter."
'Card. Chron. 17:47.
'
f.
is
1846.
Libr. Entert.
Knowl.
by the Laplanders; the
STURTEVANT
322
prickly lettuce.
lettvce.
Linn,
L. scariola
Europe and the
Lettuce, the best of
Orient.
has great antiquity.
salad plants, as a cultivated plant
all
by an ancedote related by Herodotus, that
It is evident,
appeared at the royal tables of the Persian kings
about 550 B.
lettuce
Its medicinal properties
was praised by Aristotle,' 356

B. C; the species was described by Theophrastus,* 322 B. C, and Dioscorides,' 60 A. D.;
and was mentioned by Galen,* 164 A. D., who gives the idea of very general use. Among
as a food-plant were noted
by Hippocrates,^ 430 B. C;
the Romans, lettuce was very popular.
it
Columella,' A. D. 42, describes the Caecilian,
Pliny,' A. D. 79, enumerates the Alba, Caecilian,
Cappadocian, Cyprian and Tartesan.
Cappadocian, Crispa, Graeca, Laconicon, Nigra, Purpurea and Rubens. Palladius,"

210 A. D., implies varieties and mentions the process of blanching. Martial,'" A. D. loi,
gives to the lettuces of Cappadocia the term
China,
about
and
word
1340, uses the
lettuce
is
in his prologue,
likewise mentioned
by
"
or cheap, impljdng abundance.
vtles,
presence can be identified in the
its
fifth
century."
In England,
well loved he garlic, onions
Turner,'^ 1538,
who
spells the word
and
In
Chaucer,
lettuce,"
lettuse.
It is
mentioned by Peter Martyr, 1494. as cultivated on Isabela Island. In 1565, Benzoni "
'*
saw it cultivated in Brazil.
speaks of lettuce as abounding irL.Hayti. In 1647, Nieuhoff
"
In 1828, Thorburn's "
In 1806, McMahon
16 sorts.
enumerates for American
gardens
seed catalog offered 13 kinds, and in 1881, 23 kinds.
In the report of the

are described with 585
and thirteen kinds as
New York
names
hundred and
1883, one
The numbers
distinct.
For France,
various times are as follows:

in
Agricultural Experiment Station for 1885, 87 varieties
of synonyms.''
Vilmorin
of varieties
describes,
named by
1883, one
hundred
various writers at
in 1612, six; in 1690, twenty-one; in 1828, forty;
For Holland,
thirteen.
'*
in
1720, forty-seven.
For England,
in 1597, six; in 1629, nine; in 1726, nine; in 1763, fifteen; in 1765, eighteen; in 1807, fourteen.
For America, in 1806,
sixteen; in 1885, eighty-seven.
The cabbage and

'Mcintosh, C.
cos lettuces are the sorts
Book Card. 2:5.
Scaliger Aristotle 63.
Theophratus Hist.
'
Dioscorides Vergelius Ed. 220.

lib. 2.
'Columella
10, c.
'
'
Pliny
lib.
lib. 19, c.
Palladius
" Martial
Bodaeus Ed. 761.
1644.
Ruellius Ed. 130.
1532.
Gregorius Ed. 143.
1547.
181-193, 369.
38.
lib. 2, c.
14; lib. 3,
c.
24;
lib. 4, c. 9, etc.
lib. 5, 79.
" Bretschneider, E.
" Turner
1546.
1566.
PI.
'Galen Aliment,
Bot. Sin. 78.
1882.
Libellus 1538.
" Benzoni
Hist. New World.

Smythe Ed. 1857.
" Churchill Coll.
Voy.
" McMahon, B. Amer. Card. Cal.
1806.
581.
'
Thorbum
" N.
Cat.
Y. Agr.
1828.
Sta. (Geneva) Rpt.

" Vilmorin Les Pis.
Potag. 285.
1883.
Expt
principally
1855.
'Hippocrates Opera Comarius Ed. 113.

'
now
1885.
1529.
grown but various other
STURTEVANT
kinds, such as the curled, are frequently,
grown as
sionally
323
and the sharp-leaved and oak-leaved are occa-
In these lettuces there can be offered only the synon^Tny of

those which indicate the antiquity of our cultivated
novelities.
a few of the varieties now known

types.
I.
The Lanceolate-Leaved Type.

Lactuca longifolia.
Bauh. Phytopinat 200. 1596.

Dur. C. 244.
cum ic.
1617.
Lattuga franzese.
Lactuca folio oblongo acuta.
Bauh. Pin. 125. 1623. Prod. 60. 1671.

Bauh. J. 2:999. 1651; Chabr. 313.
Lactuca Ion go at valde angusto folio.
Deer Tongue.
1677.
Greg. 1883.
IL
The Cos Type.

Pena and
although
Lobel,' 1570, say that this
common
to France
form
in the gardens of Italy;
by Rabelais
is
but rarely grown in France and Germany,

^
says it was brought from Rome
and Heuze
in 1537.
Lactuca intyhacea. Lombard Lettuce Ger. 240.

Lactuca foliis endivae.
Matth. Op. 399. 1598.
Lactuca Romana longa dulcis. Bauh.

La Romaine Jard. Solit. 161 2
Romaines.
We
Cos.
Vilm. 307.
2:998.
1651.
Chabr. 313.
1677.
1883.
can reasonably believe the lettuce of Camerarius to be very close to the Florence
was grown as a sport in the garden of the New York AgriExperiment Station in 1886, and the figures by Bauhin and Chabraeus may well
The Lombard
cultural
J.
1597.
be the Paris Cos.
improved forms
lettuce
It is
not to be understood, however, that these figures represent the
of our present culture
but the prototj'pes from which our plants have
shown not only by resemblance of leaf-form but through the study of variables
the garden. Ray, 1686, describes the Cos as having light green and dark green varieties,
appeared, as
in
and
these, as well as the Spotted Cos, are indicated
by Bauhin
in 1623.
III.
Headed Lettuce.
This
is
the sort
commonly grown, and the figures given in the sixteenth century

was even then firmly established. We have the
indicate that the heading habit
following
synonyms
to offer, premising that types are referred to:
Matth. 264. 1554; Pin. 195.

Cast. Dur. 243.
1617.
Luctuca crispa.
Lattuga.
1561.
La
Le Jard. Solit. 161 2. Quintyne 1690.

royalef
Laitue Blonde de Berlin syn. Laitue royale. 295.
1884.
Berlin
B.
Lactuca sativa
sessilis sive capitata.
Lactuca capitata.
Dod. 645.
1616.
Very Early Dwarf Green.

'
'Heuze. G.
Pis.
90.
Aliment
i,
1570.
v.
1873.
hob. Icon. 1:242.
1591.
STURTEVANT
324
C.
Cam.
Lactuca.
1586.
Epit. 298.
Lactuca capitata. Ger. 240.

1597.
Lactuca crispa. Matth. 399.
1598.
Vilm. 1883.
Roezl. 167.
1550.
Batavians.
D.
Lattich.
Green Fringed.
The
from the appearance of the young plant.

forming a true rosette.
last identification is
remarkably
different,
The
old plant is
IV.
Cutting and Miscellaneous.

A.
Lactuca crispa altera Ger. 240.
1597.
Bauh.
Lactuca crispa et tenuiter dissecta.

Chabr. 314.
1677.
Curled Cutting,
Lactuca Joliis querci.
B.
J.
2:1000.
1651.
2:998.
1651.
'
Ray
1686.
219.
Oak-leaved.
Capitatum cum plurihus capitibus.

Egyptian Sprouting.
C.
The minor
variations which are
recognition in former times, the

varieties; thus, Quintyne, 1693,
light green,
we cannot
Bauh.
now
J.
separated into varieties did not receive the same
same variety name covering what now would be several

calls perpignans both a green and a pale form.
Green,
assert
any new types have appeared
in
modem
bottle gourd,
Cucurbiiaceae.
in gardens for the gotird which
is
It is also
eaten.
This gourd
ance of two oval gourds united endwise,
Cut up
stantinople, it
is
in slices,
it
downy herbage
is
or, of
an
East Indies.
is
'
In India, a sweet
A.
Geog. Bot. 2:898.
Firminger, T. A. C.
'Smith, F. P.
*Brandis, D.
and having the appear-
inflated bladder compressed
by a cord
About Con-
exudes from wounds in the bark and
gum
1855.
Card. Ind. 126.
1874.
De CandoUe,
size
crape myrtle.
Lythrarieae.
Ibid.
Walsh, R.
the
cultivated
one of the commonest of the native
moderate
affords a palatable but rather insipid dish.
Ibid.
<
it is
and is cultivated, the gourd when young, being cut and

In Europe, the variety called irompette is eaten.' In China,
sometimes eaten, and the fruit is also eaten but is apt to purge.'
Lagerstromia parviflora Roxb.
De CandoUe,
fruit in India,' in
called dolma
boiled with other foods.'
'
trumpet gourd.
found wild in Malabar,' where
vegetables of India, says Firminger,'' the fruit being of
its soft,
culture.
This plant has been found growing wild with bitter
Tropics.
moist forests around De5a-a Doon.^
it.
1677.
dark green, red and spotted lettuces are named in the old botanies, hence
Lagenaria vulgaris Ser.
around
Chabr. 313.
A.
Geog. Bot. 2:898.
Contrib. Mat.
Forest Fl. 239.
1826.
1855.
Med. China 126.

~
1876.
1871.
is
eaten.'
&
Lallemantia iberica Fisch.
Asia Minor and S^Tia.
Mey. Labiatae.
The seeds are very
and are used
rich in fat
325
for food, as well
as for lighting purposes, in the northwest districts of Persia.
Laminaria digitata Lam.
red-ware,
Algae,
sea-wand,
sea-girdles,
sea-ware.
TANGLE.
The tender
stalks of the
of this
seaweed are eaten.^
badderlock.
L. esculenta Lindbl.
The midrib
Orkney.
young fronds
of the
stem
of this
seaweed
is
eaten.^
L. potatorum Labill.
This plant
used as food by the natives of Australia.'
is
Lam.
L. saccharina
This seaweed
Lamium album
said to be eaten in Iceland
is
Europe and the

greens
L.
by
Orient.
common
the
archangel,
Labiatae.
Linn.
The young
dead-nettle,
countries.^
dumb-nettle.
leaves are boiled in the spring
and eaten
as
people of Sweden.'
archangel,
purpureum Linn,
and other northern
red dead-nettle.
Europe, northern Asia and naturalized as a weed in some places in the United States.
dead-nettle, or archangel, is eaten in Sweden as greens in spring.'
The red
Landolphia fiorida Benth.
Montiero
rubber tree.
This species furnishes the abo of tropical Africa, eaten by the natives.'
Tropical Africa.
'
Apocynaceae.
describes a species of this genus, probably this, as occurring in Angola
called rubber tree.
The
hard and bitter and
the inside full of a soft, reddish pulp in
the size of a large orange,
fruit,
is
yellow
when
and
ripe; the shell is
which the seeds are contained.
an agreeable acid flavor and is much liked by the natives. On the Niger,
according to Barter,' its fruit, which is very sour, is eaten by the natives under the name
This pulp
is of
of aboli.
L. owariensis Beauv.
Tropical Africa.
This a climbing plant, the
fruit of
which
is
the size of an orange
and has a reddish-brown, woody shell and an agreeable, sweetish-acid pulp. It is eaten
Schweinfurth says the fruit exceeds in sourness that
by the natives and is called 060.'
of the citron
and the natives
of Djur-land
manufacture a beverage from
as lemonade.
'
*
'
*
'
*
'
Veg. King. 21.
Lindley, J.
Rhind,
W.
Lindley,
Veg. King. 190.
Veg. King. 21.
J.
Johnson, C. P.
Lightfoot,
J.
Lightfoot, J.
Jackson,
J.
Montiero,
R.
1857.
1846.
Useful Pis. Gt. Brit. zoi.

Fl. Scot.
1:308.
1789.
Fl. Scot, i-.icx).
1789.
Treas. Bot. 2:1311.
Barter Gard. CAron. 17:472.
G.
Heart
A fr.
1882.
i:ig2.
1862.
1876.
Angola, River Congo i:\38.
J. J.
" Schweinfurth,
1846.
1875.
New series.
1874.
(Carpodinus sp.?)
it
as refreshing
326
Lansium domesticum Jack.
A
The
Meliaceac.
tree of eastern Asia, cultivated in China.
Canton markets.
the size of a pigeon's egg, of a yellowish color without and whitish within.
fruit is
It is highly
Its fruit is sold in the
esteemed and
Indies as lansa, langsat,
eaten fresh or variously prepared.
is
East
calls it
one
juicy than that of other species
and
ayer-ayer or bejetlan}
lattseli,
known
in the
It is
In Borneo, Wallace^
of the most delicious of the subacid, tropical fruits.
Lantana
Verbenaceae.
Linn.
trifolia
Tropical America.
is
Sloane says the fruit
is
more
not unpleasant to eat.'
Lapageria rosea Ruiz
The
Chile.
&
Pav.
Liliaceae.
which are of the
berries,
Lapsana communis Linn.
Compositae.
size of
an egg, are sweet and
edible.''
nipplewort.
and naturalized in America. The young leaves in the

and are eaten at Constantinople as a salad. In some
England, the common people boil them as greens, but they have a bitter and
Etuôpe, Orient, northern Asia
spring have the

parts
of
taste of radishes
not agreeable taste.

Lardizabala bitemata Ruiz et Pav.
Chile and Peru.
and
The
Berberideae.
fruit is eatable
grateful to the taste.
It
called
is
and
in
is
The pulp
guilbogin and
sold in the market.
Peru aquilboguil or
sweet
is
in Chile
coguillvochi.^
L. tritemata
Ruiz
&
Pav.
This plant has edible
Chile.
DC.
Larix europaea
and use
The Jakuts
meal, and milk.
Asia.
in a broth of fish,
it
summer and
the larch in the
European larch.
Coniferae.
Europe and northern
collected
is
the larch forests of Russia take

collected
fruit.'
fire,
of northern Siberia grate the inner
kind of sugary matter exudes from the
under the name of manna, or briancono.
When
a juice exudes from the scorched trunks which
is
under the name of orenburgh gum.*
Larrea mexicana Moric.

Mexico.
Travellers
Zygophylleae.
creosote plant.
chew the twigs to alleviate extreme
evergreen with foliage resembling that of Buxus.

'
bark
Seemann, B.
Treas. Bol. 2:659.
Wallace, A. R.
94.
Hort. Jam. 2:294.
'
Lunan,
Mueller, F.
J.
Sel. Pis. 251.

Fl. Scot.
Lightfoot, J.
Don, G.
Malay Arch.
1870.
1869.
1814.
1891.
1:445.
1789.
'Baillon, H.
Hist. Pis. 3:70.
U. S. Disp.Sii.
Greene, E.L.
1831.
1874.
1865.
Amer. Nat. 15:25.
1881.
thirst.'
The
plant
is
a bright
STURTEVANT
Laserpitiuni latifolium Linn.
327
lasewort.
Umbelliferae.
The Romans, says
Europe.
Glasspole,' used the root of lasewort, with cumin,
in
seasoning preserved artichoke.
Latania commersonii
Bourbon
little for
F. Gmel.
J.
The
Island.
fruit is
Palmae.
eaten by the negroes, says Seemann,* but that argues
their taste, as it has a rather disagreeable flavor.
Lathyrus aphaca Linn.
yellow-flowered pea.
Leguminosae.
Europe and the Orient. The seeds, according to

table while young and tender but if eaten abundantly
Lindley,' are served sometimes at

in the ripe state are narcotic, pro-
ducing severe headache.
Europe and the

in the south of
vetch.
lesser chick-pea.
L. cicera Linn,
This species
Orient.
Europe
is
an annual with red
for its peas, but these are of inferior
Pickering,* but their cultivation at the present
says
the sailors of Lord Anson in
The Cape Horn pea was eaten by
default of better vegetables but
is
heath pea.
L. maritimus Bigel.
day seems unknown
by Columbus,
in America.
cape horn pea.
Lam.
Magellan region.
grown
quality and are said sometimes
Vetches were carried to the West Indies
to be very unwholesome.^
L. magellanicus
flowers, occasionally
North America and Europe.
inferior to the worst sort of cultivated pea.*
seaside pea.
The
seeds are very bitter.
In 1555, the people of a
portion of Suffolk County, England, suffering from famine, supported themselves to a great
extent
L.
by the seeds
of this plant.'
montanus Bernh.
heath pea.
bitter vetch,
mountain pea.
Europe and northern Asia. Bitter vetch is a native

portion of Asia and has been cultivated on a small scale
The Highlanders
and chew them
is
of Scotland
of
Europe and the adjoining
in kitchen gardens in Britain.
have great esteem for the tubercles of the roots; they dry
In some parts of Scotland a spirit
to give a better relish to their whiskey.
extracted from them.
The
tubers are sweet in taste and very nutritious and are some-
In Holland and Flanders, the peas are roasted and served as

chestnuts.* According to Sprengel,' the peas are eaten in Sweden and form an article
In England, the plant is called heath pea."
of commerce.
times boiled and eaten.
'
'
Glasspoole, H. G.
Pop. Hist, of Palms 229.
Pickering, C.
Treas. Bot. 2:662.
'
Pickering, C.
Don, G.
'
Ibid.
1879.
1879.
1832.
Pickering, C.
1875.
1856.
1870.
Johnson, C. P.
Don, G.
"
Ohio Slate Bd. Agr. Rpt. 30:533.
Seemann, B.
1832.
{Pisum americanum)
1862.
{Pisum maritimum)
{Qrobus tuberosus)
1879.
(Qrobus tuberosus)
328
DC.
L. ochrus
This
of Eresus
a species of pea mentioned as cultivated by Phanias

It is enumerated among the esculent plants
is
Clemens Alexandrinus.'
and
Egypt by Alpinus.' Perhaps this is the pea exhumed by Dr. Schliemann

state from the ruins of ancient Greece.
of
in
a carbonized
chickling vetch.
L. sativus Linn,
Europe, north Africa and the Orient. This vetch is an annual forage herb, the pods
which
are available for culinary purposes. It is superior, according to Langethal, to
of
vetches in quality of fodder and seed but
makes a pleasant bread but
The
bidden in Wiutemburg by law.

used in
its
The
productive.'
flour
from the peas
use in the seventeenth century was for-
peasants, however, eat
In
without any harm.*
flour in the quantity of one-fourth

is
is less
unwholesome;
is
it
boiled or
many
mixed with wheat
parts of France the seed
soups.''
a forage-plant rather than a vegetable;' but in the south

and southwest parts of Europe, as in Italy and Spain and also in Turkey ' and India,"
This, in
grown
\t is
many
regions, is
for the use of the seed in soups,'* as well as in the
manner
of green peas.'^
vetch has been cultivated in southern Europe from a remote period and
"
by Columella and Palladius."
is
This
mentioned
came from Spain into France

in 1640; but this must refer to some variety, for it appears to have been well known to the
herbalists of the sixteenth century, as Dodonaeus,'* 1556, and others.
It was included
among American
vegetables
by Burr,
1863,
it
who mentions two
varieties, the
one with dun,
This latter form was mentioned by Bauhin, 1623.
the other with white, seeds.

L. tuberosus Linn,
According to Heuze,"
dutch mice,
earthnut pea.
Northern Old World and Uralian
which are eaten
In Holland,
plains.
'*
Don "
says, the plant is culti-
Holland and Germany the

Johnson
"
roots are roasted as food.
Pallas
These tubers
says they are eaten by the Kalmucks.
are small but amylaceous and are sometimes called Dutch mice.
vated for
its roots,
Pickering, C.
2
there.
1879.
{Pisum ochrus)
Ibid.
Ibid.
*
Schliemann Amer. Antiq. 66.
Mueller, F.
Don, G.
Set. Pis. 252.
1880.
1891.
1832.
Bon
Decaisne and Naudin Man. Jard. 4:316.
Jard, 603.
Heuze, G.
"Birdwood
" Bon Jard.
1882.
Pis.
Aliment 2:414.
Veg. Prod.
603.
Bomb.
" Heuze, G.
" Don, G.
"
i860.
lib. 4, c. 6.
Pis. Aliment 2:^1^.
" Dodonaeus Frumen/.

'
1865.
1882.
" Noisette Afo. /ard.

2:377.
" Columella lib.
2, c. 11.
" Palladius
1865.
1873.
120.
113.
Pickering, C.
1873.
1556.
Johnson, C. P.
1832.
1862.
1879.
says in

The
he says
plant
now
is
included
Burr
likewise includes this species
know not upon what
vated in Holland for

said to be
by Vilmorin,' although
scarcely ever cultivated, but that the tubers are often collected from the wild
it is
plant in France.
but we
vegetables for the garden
among
329
much
In 1783, Bryant
authority.
by the Tartars.
They
plants
says this French weed was culti-
which were carried to market.
its roots,
relished

'
In Siberia, the tubers are
are used in Germany.
It
can scarcely
be considered a plant of culture.
chile laurel.
Monimiaceae.
Laurelia aromatic Juss.
Peruvian nutmeg.
Chilean species whose aromatic seeds are used as a spice in Peru.*
Laurencia obtusa Berk.
corsican moss.
Algae,
This forms the greater part of what
now sold in the shops of Britain as Corsican
is called pepper dulse in Scotland, on account of

used as a condiment when other seaweeds are eaten.'
This seaweed
and
is
moss.
pepper dulse.
Lam.
L. pinnatifida
is
Laurus nobilis Linn.
bay.
Laurineae.
The
hot and biting taste,^
sweet bay.
laurel,
leaves are used
its
by
confectioners for flavoring.'
Lavandula spica Cav. Labiaiae. lavender.

Mediterranean regions. This plant appears to be the nardus stricta of ancient writers
and was by them held in high esteem.' There are three varieties, says Burr, in cultivation;
used as a potherb.
it is
It
yields oil-of-spike, used
in Lincolnshire
Mawe,
by
for
our gardens by McMahon,' 1806.
painters on porcelain
and by
named
1778,
and
Lavender
artists in the preparation
It is cultivated in Surrey, England, to the extent of
varnishes.
grown
was mentioned
300
acres.
of
It is also
in Hertfordshire, "where, in 1871, about 50 acres were cropped.
four types: the narrow-leaved with blue flowers, the narrow-leaved
with white flowers, the broad-leaved and the dwarf.

L. vera
DC.
lavender.
This species was used by the Romans to mix with salads '"
occasionally cultivated in our gardens, as the seed appears in our seedsmen's catalogs.
and is
no satisfactory identification of lavender in the writings of the ancients, although

seems to have been well known to the botanists of the sixteenth centiory. Its use as
There
it
is
'Bryant
1883.
Field, Card. Veg. lo^.
'Burr, F.
F/. Diet.
Smith, A.
Treas. Bot. 2:663.
'Harvey, W. H.
Lindley,
J.
'Lindley,
J.
1863.
1783.
1870.
Feg. King. 24.
(L.
LV.
sempervirens)
1846-51.
1846.
Med. Econ. Bot. 2:664. 1870.

Book Card. 2:261. 1855.
Mcintosh, C.
McMahon,
>
B.
Mcintosh, C.
Amer. Card.
Col. 583.
Book Card. 2:7.
1855.
1806.
STURTEVANT
330
a perfume was indicated as early as the fourteenth century and as a medicine even
Its seed was in English seedsmen's lists of 1726* for garden
in the twelfth century.'
culture.
Lecanora
This lichen
found in Armenia and Algeria, blown about and heaped up by the winds.
com in times of scarcity to eke out the scanty supply.
is
ground with
It is
crab's eye.
Lichenes.
Linn.
affinis
cup moss.
L. esculenta Linn,
This lichen was found by Ledebour in the Kirghiz Steppe and in middle Asia,
fre-
quently on a barren soil or in clefts of rocks, whence it is often washed down after sudden
and violent falls of rain, so as to be collected in considerable quantity and easily gathered
The same
for food.
where
it is
was found by
eaten by the natives. In some
species
Paviot,
who procured
it
in his journey to Ararat,
districts of Persia, in 1828, it covered the
to a depth of five or six inches in so short a period of time that the people thought
been rained down from heaven.
This lichen
ground
it had
supposed by some to have been the manna
is
of the children of Israel.
Lecythis grandiflora Aubl.
The
Guiana.
Myrtaceae.
seeds are palatable.'
L. minor Jacq.
New
Granada.
The
fruit is
two inches
in diameter.
The
seeds are of an agreeable
taste.''
pot tree.
L. ollaria Linn,
The
Tropical America.
fruit is
the size of a child's head and
is
prized for its chestnut-
like fruit.'
L. zabucajo Aubl.
The nuts
more than two inches long and one wide,

covered with a longitudinally-furrowed, corky shell and grow in large, hard, woody fruits.
shaped like urns, measuring about six inches in diameter and having close-fitting lids
Gtiiana.
of this species are rather
at the top.*
Ledum
latifolitxm
Jacq.
Northern climates.
Labrador tea.
Ericaceae.
The
leaves
tea during the Revolutionary War.'
are
Lindley
heady.
iPluckiger and Hanbury Pharm. 476.
'
Townsend Seedsman
Don, G.
37.
1879.
1726.
1832.
Ibid.
Unger, F.
Smith, A.
Treas.Bot. 2:667.
'Wood
U. S. Disp. 1546.
Lindley, J.
1870.
1865.
Veg. King. 454.
1846.
1859.
to
said
'
have been used as a substitute
for
says the leaves are used to render beer
331
marsh rosemary.
L. palustre Linn,
Northern and arctic regions.
This plant furnished a tea to Richardson
'
in his arctic
journey.
Lens esculenta Moench.
Leguminosae. lentil.
This was probably one of the first plants brought under cultivation by
mankind for food. Lentils were known to the ancient Greeks, Jews and Egyptians. The
Orient.
cultivation of the lentil
very ancient, as
is
has been found in the Egyptian tombs of the

It has been found in the lacustrine debris of
it
C-
twelfth dynasty, or 2200 to 2400 B.
Switzerland dating from the age of bronze.^
Lentils are
now cultivated extensively through-
out most parts of the East, including Egj-pt, Nubia, Syria and India; likewise in most
and southern Europe. Wilkinson

much attention was bestowed on the culture of this useful
of the countries of central
became remarkable
and
for their excellence, the lentils of
states that in ancient

pulse,
and
Egypt
certain varieties
Pelusium being esteemed both in Egypt
In Egypt and S3ma, the seeds are parched and sold in the shops.
in foreign countries.
In France and Spain, there are three varieties cultivated; the small brown or red sort
preferred for haricots
and
and soups, and the yellow
is
lentil is readily convertible into flour
serves as the base of certain adulterated preparations.*
In England, lentils are but
cultivated, yet two varieties are named: the French, of an ash-gray color; the Egyptian,
with a dark skin and of an orange-red color inside. In 1834, seeds of the lentil were dis-
little
tributed from the United States Patent Office.*
&
Leonia glycycarpa Ruiz
Pav.
tree of Peru, the fruit of
Violarieae.
which
with a rough, netted skin and sweet
is
called achocon.
which
ptilp,
is
The
eaten by
fruits are the size of
the Peruvians
and
a peach,
is
much
relished.'
Palmae.
Leopoldinia major Wallace.
The Indians
Brazil.
of the Rio
burning and washing, extract a
Lepidium diffusum DC.
The
Louisiana.
Negro
plant
collect the fruit in large quantities and,
substance which they use as a substitute for
flotary
eatable as a water cress.'
hoary cress.
L. draba Linn,
The
East Mediterranean coimtries.
plant
is
cooked and eaten in Cappadocia, and
the seeds are substituted for pepper in seasoning.

Voy. Disc. Arctic Reg. 379.
'
Barrow,
'
Schweinfurth in Nature $1 4.
'
De CandoUe,
A.
Orig.
Wilkinson,
G.
Anc. Egypt. 1:167.
'
J.
J.
Journ. Agr. 5:65.
Ph.
Smith,
J.
'Smith, A.
'
Don, G.
Cult. 322.
1854.
Did. Econ. Pis.
(Ervum
1882.
Treas. Bot. 2:670.
1870.
DicU.
1885.
1854.
series.
3.
Hist.
1846.
1883.
New
1853.

'
by
salt.
dittander.
Cruciferae.
is
jara palm.
Pis. 1:221.
1831.
lens)
(Lepidiastrum diffusum)
STURTEVANT
332
poor man's pepper.
dittander.
L. latifolium Linn,
cress of Europe, north Africa,
middle and north Asia.'
In Britain, this cress was
used as a pungent condiment before the various substances now employed for such
purposes became cheap and hence the common name, poor man's pepper. It was sometimes called dittander, and under that name was cultivated in cottage gardens but is now
much
almost entirely discarded as a culinary vegetable.^ Loudon * says it has roots resembling
horseradish, for which it may be used as a substitute, and the leaves are excellent as greens
and
for salads.
it is
says
Lightfoot
much used
L. oleraceum Forst.
New
mentions the use of the pungent leaves for salads, and Mueller
for
some
f.
new Zealand
select sauces.
cress.
found growing abundantly on the seashores. It is

a good antiscorbutic and was eagerly sought after by early voyagers as a remedy for
The natives call it eketera. It is now cultivated in Britain as a potherb.'
sctu"vy.
This plant
Zealand.
L. piscidium Forst.-
fish poison.
f.
This
Pacific Islands.
is
an extremely pungent cress eaten by seamen as a
is
relish
and
antiscorbutic.
nasturtium.
L. sativum Linn,
cress,
De
Candolle
Orient.
'
believes this plant to be a native of Persia,
whence
it
may
have spread into the gardens of India, Syria, Greece, Egypt and even as far as Abyssinia.
It is said by Xenophon, about 400 B. C, to have been eaten by the Persians before they
became acquainted with bread.
Pliny, in the first centvuy, speaks of the nasturtium as
growing in Arabia, of a remarkable size. Cress finds frequent mention in the Greek and
Latin authors. This plant has been cultivated in England since 1548 and is mentioned
by Gerarde
"
who
'
says,
Galen saith that the Cresses
may
be eaten with bread
men many
Velutiobsonium and so the Ancient Spartans usually did and the low-countrie
;
times doe,
who commonly
use to feed of Cresses with bread and butter.
other sallade herbes, as Tarragon and Rocket; and for this cause
McMahon
it is
It is eaten
chiefly
sown."
with
In
'
mentions three varieties for American gardens. The leaves while young
have a warm, pungent taste and are now eaten as a salad, either separately or mixed with
lettuce or other salad plants.
The curled varieties are used for garnishing. Burr '" describes
1806,
and four types are now under
five varieties,
leaved and the golden.
mised that the
modem
*
'
Loudon,
J.
C.
Smith, A.
'
De
'
Gerarde,
McMahon,
"Burr, F.
1:339.
1789.
1891.
Treas. Bot. 2:671.
J.
B.
1870.
Orig. Pis. Cull. 87.
Herb. 2 $0.
Col.. 581.
Veg. 341
" Vilmorin
Veg. Card. 207.
1885.
1633 or 1636.
Amer. Card.
Field, Card.
1862.
i860.
Sel. Pis. 255.
1885.
1863.
common, the
of these various types
1891.
Hort. 687.
Candolle, A.
culture; the
vary somewhat
F/. 5co/.
Lightfoot, J.
Mueller, F.
The synonomy
varieties
Sel. Pis. 2$Z-
Mueller,?.
Johnson, C. P.
'
''
1806.
in degree only:
is
curled, the broad-
as below,
it
being pre-
STURTEVANT
333
I.
Common
Nasturtium
194.
Fuch. 362.
hortense.
1597; Dod.
Gartenkress.
711.
1616.
Roezl. 188.
1550.
Nasturtium.
Matth. 280.
1558;
Cress.
1542;
82.
Trag.
Lob. Obs.
107.
1677.
1598; Chabr. 289.
Op. 425.
Pictorius Ed. Macer 75.
Nasturtio.
1581.
Nasturtttim hortense commune. Bauh. Phytopin. 161.
Pin.
1552;
1576;
Cam.
221.
1561; Ger.
Epit. 335.
1586;
Matth.
1596.
Nasturtium hortense vulgatum. Baugh. Pin. 102. 1623.

Nasturtium vulgare. Baugh. J. 2:912. 1651.
Common Garden Cress. Ray 825. 1686; Vilm. 207. 1885.
Garden Cress.
Townsend
Lepidium saticum.
Common
Common
Cress.
1726.
Linn. Sp. 899.
1763.
Stevenson 1785; Bryant 103.
Small-Leaved.
Cresson alenois commun.
Mawe
1783; Mj/fer's
Z)jrt.
1807.
1778.
Vilm. 194.
1883.
IL
Curled Cress.
Nasturtium hortense crispum. Bauh. Phy0pin. 161. 1596; Pin. 104.
Nasturtium hortense. Limi. Ger. 194. 1597.
Nasturtium crispum augustifolium'. Matth. Op. 426. 1598.
Nasturtium crispum. Bauhin, Joh. Bauh., J. 2:913. 1651.
Nasturtium hortense crispum latifolium. Bavh. Prod. 44. 167 1.
Nasturtium hortense crispum angustifolium. BatA. 43. 1671.
Nasturtium crispum. Chabr. 289. 1677.

Curled Cress. Ray 825.
1686; Townsend 1726; Stevenson 34.
Did. 1807.
Mill.
McMahon
1806;
1783;
1623.
1765;
Bryant
103.
Linn. Sp. 899.

1763.
L'Hort. Franc. 1824; Petit Diet. 1826.
Cresson alenois frise. Vilm. 195.
1883.
Lepidium sativum crispum.

Cresson frise.
Curled, or
Normandy, and Extra-Curled Dwarf.
Vilm. 207.
1885.
III.
Broad-Leaved Cress.
Nasturtium.
Cam.
Epit. 335.
1586.
Nasturtium hortense latifolium. Bauh. Phytopin 160.

Nasturtium latifolium dioscorideum. Bauh., J. 2:913.
Nasturtium latifolium. Chabr. 289. 1677.
Broad-Leaved Garden Cress.
Broad-Leaved.
Mill. Diet.
Townsend
Ray
825.
1596; Pin. 103.
1686; Vilm. 207.
1726; Stevenson 34.
1765;
1885.
Mawe
1807.
Linn. Sp. 899.

1763.
latifolium.
Cresson a larges feuilles. L'Hort. Franc. 1824; Petit 1826.
Cresson alenois d, large feuille. Vilm. 195.
1893.
Lepidium
1623.
1651.
1778;
McMahon
1806;
STURTEVANT
334
IV.
Golden Cress.
Petit 1826; Noisette 1829.
Cresson dorS.
Hort. Trans. 6:
Golden.
sSt,.
182616111x343.
Vilm. 195.
1883.
Cresson aUnois dor6.
Vilm. 208.
1863;
1885.
modem
varieties have not changed through culture,

but an ordinary variation of a pale yellowishCurled cress seems to have been first observed by J. Bauhin, who furnished
It appears as
if
the types of the
as three are quite ancient, and the fourth
green color.
is
his brother, C. Bauhin, with seed preceding 1596.
Leptadenia lancifolia Decne.
The
Tropical Africa.
Asclepiadeae.
natives of the
Upper Nile make spinach of
its
flowers
and
tender shoots.'
Leptospermum pubescens Lam. Myrtaceae. tea tree.

Tasmania and southeastern Australia. The leaves were used by the early
settlers
as a tea substitute.^
tea tree.
L. scoparium Forst.
The
Australia.
leaves were used
by Captain Cook
in his second
voyage as a tea and
are reported as furnishing a beverage of a very agreeable, bitter flavor,
were
when
the leaves
fresh.'
Leucaena esculenta Benth.
Leguminosae.
According to Don,^ this
Mexico.
the guaxe of Mexico, the legumes of which are
is
eaten by the Mexicans.

fraseri A.
Leucopogon
Australia.
berries are said to
1806,' includes
'
in 1832
eclectic
Umbelliferae.
New
Holland."
lovage.
it
H.
J.
Smith, A.
'Andrews

Treas. Bot. 2:674.
1870.
1797.
{L.
1832.
Balfour, J. H.
Treaj. Bo/. 1:453.
1870.
McMahon,
Amer. Card.
Hist.
B.
Cal. 563.
Bridgeman Young Card. Asst. 107.
'Vilmorin Feg. Gord. 316.
cultivated in gardens.
garden medicinal herbs.
it
DicU. Ph. 2:421.
Don, G.
is
in his list of kitchen garden, aromatic, pot
includes
Bridgeman
among
medicine. At the present day, says Vilmorin,' lovage
Speke,
'
of
Lovage grows wild in the south of Eiirope and
Europe.
McMahon,
is edible.
have supported the French naturalist Riche, who
days on the south coast
lost for three
Levisticum officinale Koch.
and
otago heath.
plant whose sweetish, orange-like drupe
The
Australia.
Epacrideae.
Australian currants.
L. richei R. Br.
was
Cunn.
1885.
{Acacia esculenta)
1806.
1857.
1864.
lanigerum)
is
and sweet herbs,
It is
now
'
used in
almost exclusively used
STURTEVANT
in the
Formerly the leafstalks and bottoms of the stems

plant has a strong, sweetish, aromatic odor
manufacture of confectionery.
were eaten, blanched
The whole
like celery.
and a warm, pungent
and
taste
is
who
Lewisia rediviva Pursh.
in America, as in 1806, rather as
appears to have been
Lovage
and was seen
Levisticum officinarum,
calls it
Unwooded
now
probably grown
a medicinal than as a cxilinary herb.

1536,
butter-root,
Portulaceae.
portions of the interior of
in gardens
known
to Ruellius,'
by Chabraeus,^
1677.
spatlum.
Oregon and northern
The root is
spatlum. The root
California.
and eaten by Indian tribes.' The Indians of California call it

large and fusiform, the outer portion of a dingy color, the inner white and
boiled
is
335
farinaceous.
It is considered highly nutritious.*
Licania incana Aubl.
The
Guiana.
melting,
and
Rosaceae.
the size of a large olive and
fruit is
of a sweetish taste; the shell, or nut,
Lichtensteinia pyrethrifolia
An
South Africa.
Cham.
&
Schlecht.
is
is
dotted with red; the pulp
is
white;
bony.*
Umhelliferae.
intoxicating liquor called gli
is
prepared from this plant by the
Hottentots.^
Ligusticum scoticum Linn.
Umbellijerae.
Subarctic seashores; from
Rhode
frequent in the outer Hebrides where
it is
salad, or boiled as greens,' or the root is

is scarce.'
sometimes used as a
It is
green stem
peeled and eaten by the
is
Lilium auratum Lindl.
scotch lovage.
Island,
northward, says
called shunts
potherb in Britain.*"
Indians.'*
The
golden-banded
Liliaceae.
and
is
chewed as a substitute
root
is
Gray.'
This plant
is
sometimes eaten raw as a

for tobacco
when tobacco
In northwest America, the

acrid but aromatic.
lily.
common article of diet with the natives and are

market. When cook'ed, they are sweet, mucilaginous
In Japan, the bulbs are a
Japan.
sold everywhere as a vegetable in the
and without any decided
taste to
make them
objectionable to a newcomer.'^
bulb-bearing lily.
enumerated by Thunberg " among the edible plants of Japan.
L. bulbiferum Linn,
This
lily
is
'
'
Chabraeus
'
Pickering, C.
1536.
Icon. Sciag. 401.
Chron. His.
*U. S. D. A. Rpt. 407.
Martyn
'
Treas. Bot. 1:534.
'Gray, A.
Man.
1807.
1:160.
1789.
1831.
Treas. Bot. 2:681.
Dickie, G.
" Brown, R.
'Mmer. Card.
74.
"Thunberg
F/.
(Hedycrea incana)
1868.
Bot. \^\.
Journ. Agr. 2:379.

'
1879.
1 870.
Fl. Scot.
Lightfoot, J.
604.
1870.
Miller Card. Diet.
1677.
P'.s.
1882.
Zap. 134.
1784.
1870.
1868.
D. P.
STURTEVant's notes on edible plants
336
who
Penhallow,'
lived several years in Yeso, says that
are frequently cultivated
lilies
there for bulbs, which are sold as a vegetable food in the markets and are very fair eating,
being sweet and mealy and resembling a potato.
In China, this
lily is
called shan-ian;
the bulbs are eaten, and the flowers are served as a relish with meat.'
yellow
L. canadense Linn,
The
North America.
This
Miss Bird
Japan.
cultivated in
lily is
Thunb.
L. japonicum
roots are eaten
by the Indians
of the Northwest.'
star lily.
L. concolor Salisb.
China.
lily.
Japan as a food
plant.
Japanese lily.
"
'
found the bulbs of the
white
perhaps this species,
lily,"
culti-
vated and eaten as a vegetable.

L. lancifolium
Thunb.
This .species
Japan.
is
cultivated in Japan as a food plant.*
turban
L. martagon Linn,
The bulbs
Southern Europe.
turk's cap.
lily,
are said
by
Pallas
'
to be eaten
by the Cossacks along
the Volga.
L.
turban
pomponium Linn,
This
Eastern Asia.
for food.'
lily.
lily is
called
by the Tartars
These bulbs constitute an important
askchep,
article of
and the roots are
food in
Kamchatka
collected
'
and are
eaten in China.'"
This species
Japan.
L.
showy
Thunb.
L. speciosum
is
lily.
cultivated as a food plant in Japan."
superbum Linn, turk's cap.

Thoreau " says the bulb
North America.
and
is
dug
in the
autumn
L. tigrinum Ker.-Gawl.
China and Japan.

says that this species
1
Penhallow, D. P.
'Smith, P.P.
tiger lily.
''
says the bulbs are eaten in China.
Amer. Nat. i6:iig. 1882.

Mat. Med. China IM- 1871.
Contrib.
1868.
*Georgeson Amer. Card. 212. 1892.

'Bird Unbeat. Tracks Jap. 1:238. 188 1.
Georgeson Amer. Card. 212. 1892.
'Royle, J. F. lUustr. Bot. Himal. 1:388.
Pickering, C.
Henfrey, A.
"Royle,
J.
F.
"Georgeson

Bot. 377.
"Royle,
J.
1870.
/Imer. Gord. 212.
F.
248, 249.
lUustr. Bot.
1839.
1879.
lUustr. Bot. Himal. 1:38$.
" Thoreau Me. Woods
D. P. Penhallow
cultivated in Yeso for the bulbs, which are sold in the markets
Brown, R.
eaten by the Indians of Maine in soups
for this purpose.
Royle
is
is
1839.
1892.
1877.
Himal. 1:388.
1839.

and are very good
Miss Bird
eating.
'
337
also speaks of its cultivation as a vegetable in
northern Japan.
Limacia scandens Lour.
Menispermaceae.
The drupes
Forests of Cochin China.
are small, smooth,
Limnanthemum crenatum F. Muell. Gentianeae.

Australia.
The small, round tubers are roasted
L. nymphoides Hoffmgg.
&
This plant
Europe.
a good
for food.*
plant,
with
its
yellow flowers and roiind
its bitterness.*
kenilworth
Scrophularineae.
ivy.
pennywort.
eaten in southern Europe, says Johnson,' as a salad and
is
is
Its taste is not unlike that of cress.
antiscorbutic.
Lindera benzoin Meissn.
that, dviring the
benjamin bush,
Laurineae.
'
North America. Barton
and
esculent.*
Link.
Europe and northern Asia. This water

leaves, was formerly eaten in China in spite of
Linaria cymbalaria Mill.
add and
War
spice bush.
says the berries partake of the same spicy flavor as the bark
them
of the Revolution, the people of the United States used
dried and powdered as a substitute for allspice.
Porcher
'
says the leaves were
much
used by the Confederate soldiers for making a pleasant, aromatic tea. L. S. Mote ' says
the yovmg twigs and leaves were often used by the early pioneers of Ohio as a substitute
for tea
and
spice.
Linum usitatissimum
Etuôpe and the
was known to the

for
Flax has been in cultivation since the
Orient.
early Egyptians, as
The
cloth.
weaving
flax.
Lineae.
Linn.
it is
earliest times.
mummies
cloth used in wrapping
has been proved to be
Flax was also cultivated by the early Romans.
of the fibers of this plant.
It
mentioned frequently in the Bible as a material
made
Among
the
Greeks, Alcman, in the seventh century before Christ, the historian Thucydides, and
among
seed
the Romans, Pliny, mention the seed as employed for
is still
are lased
of Ireland, flax
The
is
seeds,
is
extensively
known
used for feeding
grown
Loureiro
Fl. Cochin. 621.
Palmer, E.
Barton,
W.
'
Fluckiger and
New
So. Wales 17:100.
Med. Bot. 2:95.
1880.
Hanbury Pharm.
97.
1871.
1862.
1818.
Res. So. Fields, Forest 393.
Case Bot. Index 83.
grown
1881.
P. C.
Porcher, F. P.
largely
Contrib. Mat. Med. China 135.
'Johnson, C. P.
'
is
1790.
Journ. Roy. Soc.
*Smith, F. P.
which constitutes the linen of commerce.
for its fiber
This plant
'Bird Unheal. Tracks Jap. 1:175.
and the roasted
In Russia, Belgiimi, Holland, Prussia and the north
as linseed, are largely used for expressing an

cattle.
food,
In the environs of Bombay, the unripe capsules
eaten by the Abyssinians.'
as a food by the natives.
human
1879.
1869.
oil,
and the
for seed in the
press-residue
United States.
We
338
mention of the culture of
find
Russia about 969 A. D.
flax in
Flax
is
said to have been
introduced into Ireland by the Romans, or even more remotely, by the Phoenicians, but
the earliest definite mention of linen in Ireland seems to be about 500 A. D. In England,
the statement
made
is
that
it
was introduced
in 1175 A. D.,
some fine linen made in England

commenced with its first settlement, and
and Anderson,
In
New
of Commerce, traces
in 1253.
growing of flax
as early as 1640
it
in his History
England, the
received legis-
lative attention.
Lippia pseudo-thea Schau.
Verbenaceae.
In Brazil, an infusion of the leaves
Brazil.
under the name of capitao do matto.^

Liriodendron tulipifera Linn.
Lindley
Magnoliaceae.
The
root
is
is
highly esteemed as a tea substitute,
saj^ the leaves form an agreealbe tea.
tulip tree,
poplar,
whitewood.
The
used to prepare an agreeable liquor.
Canadians use the root to correct the bitterness of spruce beer and to give
it
a lemon
flavor.*
Lissanthe montana R. Br.
The
Australia.
Australian cranberry.
L. sapida R. Br.
The
Australia.
A. Smith
'
Epacrideae.
large, white, transparent, fleshy fruits are eaten.*
berries are red
says the flesh
is
thin
and acid and are made into
and more
like that of the
tarts in
New South
Wales.*
Siberian crab than of the
cranberry.
L. strigosa R. Br.
The
Australia.
fruit is eaten.^
Litobrochia sinuata Brack.
Seemann
'
Livistona australis Mart.
Lobelia sp.?
is
cabbage palm,
Palmae.
The yoimg and tender
Australia.
The
royal fern.
Filices.
says the leaves of this fern are used as a potherb by the natives of
leaves of this
gippsland palm.
palm are eaten
Archer, T. C.
'Lindley,
J.
Baillon,
H.
<
Smith, A.
'
Don, G.
Smith, A.
'
Don, G.
by Thunberg "to be eaten by the Hottentots.
Smith, A.
'"Thunberg
1865.
1846.
Hist. Pis. 1:177.
i87i-
Treoj. So/. 2:688.
1870.
Treas. Bo/. 2:688.
Fl.
Viti. 350.
Treas. Bot. 2: 6go.

Trail.
2:150.
1796.
1834.
1834.
1865^73.
1870.
(Lantana psuedo-thea)
(Lantana pseudo-thea)
1870.
Seemann, B.
'
Profit. Pis. 126.
Veg. King. 663.
like cabbages.'
lobelia.
Campanulaceae.
roots of one species are said
called karup.
'
Viti.
It
STURTEVANT
Comm.
Lodoicea calUpyge
Seychelles Islands.
The

coco de mer.
Palmae.
The heart
of the leaves
is
339
double cocoanut.
eaten and
is
often preserved in vinegar.
any tree produces, sometimes weighing 40 or 50 pounds, with a

and a circumference of 3 feet. The immature fruit affords a sweet
fniit is the largest
length of 18 inches
and melting aliment.'
Brandis
Lonicera angustifolia Wall.
Caprifoliaceae.
to inaturity.
narrow-leaved honeysuckle.
berry, of the size of a pea,
is
eaten in India.'
In Oregon and California, the fruit
by white
considered good
is
come
fly honeysuckle.
Muhl.

Indians and
says the fruit takes several years to
The sweet
HimalJfyan region.
L. ciliata
is
much used by
the
hunters.*
L. involucrata Banks.
The

Lophophjrtum sp.?
Balanophoreae.
Masters says one species

Loranthus exocarpi Behr.
The
Australia.
and
is
eaten by the Indians of Oregon and Alaska.*
fruit is
is
eaten in Bolivia.'
Loranthaceae.
fruit is
an oblong drupe about one-half inch in length.
It is
sweet
eaten raw.^
Loreya arborescens DC. Melastomaceae.

This species furnishes gooseberry-like
Guiana.
fruits of little value,
according to
linger.'
Lotus edulis Linn.
bird's-foot trefoil.
Leguminosae.
In Crete, the pods aie eaten when young as a string bean
by the poorer inhabitants.'

L. gebelia Vent.
Orient.
The pods
L. tetragonolobus Linn,
are eaten as a string bean about Aleppo.'*
winged
pea.
Mediterranean region. In France, according to Robinson," this pea is activated as

a vegetable. The pods were formerly employed, says Johns,'* as an esculent by the poor
'
Seemann, B.
'Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 545.
1876.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 255.
1874.
*U. S. D.A. Rpt. 414.
1856.
1870.
'Ibid.
Masters,
M.
'
Palmer, E.
'
Unger, F.
Don, G.
"Don, G.
T.
Treas. Bot. 2:(>i)5.
Journ. Roy. Soc.
New
1870.
So. Wales 17:100.
1859.
DicM. Pis. 2:195.
1832.
1832.
Hist.
"Robinson Parks, Card. Paris

"Johns, C. A.
504.
1878.
Treas. Bot. 2:113$.
1870.
1884.
(Melastoma arborescens)
340
of Sicily
pods, says Mueller,' serve as a substitute for asparagus.
The green
and Spain.
French gardens for use as a string bean ' but apparently is not in much
In 1726, Townsend' an English seedsman, says, "I put them here, because
request.
some people eat 'em when they are very young; but in my mind they are not good." In
This plant
1785,
yet in
is
Bryant
reports this pea as in disuse except in
Clusius
England.
'
first
'
In 1588, Camerarius
seen
first
gives no indication
by
Bauhin
J.
cultivation or
of
use.
"
in 1594.
pisum rubrum.
under the name pisum rubrum.

*
Ray describes it in 1686 but
Parkinson,* 1629, calls
mentioned in the second edition of Gerarde, 1638.
it is
of the northern counties of
in a druggist's garden, in 1579, called
speaks of this pea in his Horticulture
The winged pea was

and
saw the plant
some
I.t.is
pisum quadratum
it
recorded in American
Gardens by Burr, 1863.
Lucuma
bifera Molina.
This tree
Chile.
autumnal
in autimin, but the
ders
them
The
Peru.
West
fruit.
tree
cultivated in Peru.
is
Gaertn.
This fruit
is
By
keeping the fruits

taste which ren-
about three inches long with a
&
"Western Peru.
siiffices.
another fruit
is
dark yellowish,
is
marmalade
excellent
fruit is solid in consistence
called
Sel. Pis. 121.
Pis. Potag. 322.
Bryant
Fl. Diet. 302.

ffij/.
Camerarius
'Bauhin,
J.
"RayHtV.
1783.
i7or/. Afei. 91.
" Don, G.
Fig. 26.
1588.
Hist. PI. 2:$$?,.
1651.
1686.
PI. 966.
Hist. Chili
1883.
1601.
2:244.
Miller Card. Did.
Martyn
Molina
1876.
1726.
7.
29.
1807.
1
808.
1838.
"Lunan, J. Hort. Jam. 1:480. 1814.

"
Pickering, C.
"Vega
Roy. Comment.
cultivated for its
not unlike a very ripe pear.
richly flavored that a small
Garcilasso de la
Vega
'*
says,
Indians of Peru, rucma; by the Spaniards, lucuma.
the
'VilmorinLei
Townsend Seedsman
and so
sold in the markets at Lima.''
by
is
covered with a rough, russet-
soft, sweet, tasting
lucuma.
is
is
but, eaten raw, has an aperient quality.'*
K.
'Mueller, F.
'Clusius
diameter and
The
It
sapota.
In the West Indies, this tree
fruit is four or five inches in
makes an
quantity
marmalade tree,
mammee.
f.
and South America.
Indies
The
L. obovata H. B.
"
sloped.
esteemed.'"
colored bark; the pulp

It
little
and agreeable pulp."
mammosa
L.
round and a
fruit is
Roem.
L. caimito
soft
much
It bears ivncs
they become ameliorated and acquire that pleasant
in straw,
so
a year, early in simmier and

alone produces kernels; these axi two and have the
fruit
The
appearance of chestnuts.
some time
sapota.
Sapotaceae.
cultivated in Chile.
is
1879.
Hakl. See. Ed. a:363.
1S71.
It
STURTEVANT
a tolerable
is
known
34I
not delicate nor pleasant, though sweet rather than sour, and not
frtut,
to be unwholesome, but
It is about the size and shape of an

a chestnut in color and size but not good
coarse food.
it is
orange and has a kernel in the center very
like
to eat, being bitter."

L. serpentaria H. B.
Cuba.
This
is
&
K.
a doubtful species foimd in Cuba; the
fruit is edible.'
L. turbinati Molina.
This species
Chile.
By
keeping in straw,
is
by Drury
'
has the form of a whipping-top.
strainer vine.
Cucurbitaceae.
This plant
tropics.
is
cultivated in India for food purposes
to be one of the best of the native vegetables and to be
Roxburgh says
it is little
fruit
ripens into a much-esteemed fruit.^
it
Luffa acutangula Roxb.
Old World
The
cidtivated in Chile.
that,
when the
and dressed with
fruit is boiled
inferior to green peas.
butter, pepper
This club-shaped gourd, about 10 or
eaten boiled or pickled, but the taste
and
much used
is
said
in curries.
and
salt,
12 inches long, is
This is the papefigaye of

insipid, says Don.*
the negroes of Africa, says Oliver,' and presents bitter and poisonous, as well as edible
is
varieties.
L. aegjrptiaca Mill,
bonnet gourd,
dish-cloth gourd,
loop.
Old World
This species is ctiltivated for its fruit throughout tropical Africa.'

tropics.
the sooly-qua of the Chinese, a club-shaped, wrinkled gotird, said to be eaten. It
It is
is
cultivated for food purposes in India, where
Burma a
natives of
delicious vegetable.'
it is
The
are used in Turkish baths for fleshrubbers.
loof,
called ghia.''
interior,
netted
The plant
is
It is considered
fibers,
by the
under the name
grown as a
curiosity in
American gardens.
Lunaria annua Linn.
"
Europe.
and
taste
is like in taste
somewhat
bolbonac.
Crucijerae.
The seed
of the bolbonac
is
honesty,
a temperature hot and dry and sharpe
and force to the seed
sallads as certain other
'
Lupinus albus Linn.
Leguminosae.
field lupine,
wolf-bean.
This plant has been cultivated since the days of the ancient
was cultivated by the Romans as a legtmie but does not seem to have
It
Egyptians.
'Don, G.
Hisl.
DiM.
Pis. 4:34.
Molina. Hisl. Chili i:i2g.
'
Pickering, C.
Don, G.
1838.
1808.
Chron. Hist. Pis. 41$.
'Oliver, D.
Fl.
Trap. Afr. 2:530.
1879.
1834.
1871.
Ibid.
'Royle,
of
of treacle mustard, the roots likewise are
much: they are eaten with
of a biting quality but not
roots are."
penny flower.
J.
F.
'
Pickering, C.
'
Gerarde,
J.
Illuslr. Bol.
Himal. 1:218.
Chron. Hisl. Pis. 818.
Herb. 465.
1633.
1S39.
1879.
{L. pentandra)
STURTEVANT
342
entered the Rhine regions until the sixteenth century.
Theophrastus speaks of lupine
mentioned by Cato, Columella and Pliny. It is

now extensively cultivated in Sicily, Italy and some other countries as a plant for green
manuring and for the seeds, which, when boiled to remove their bitterness, are still an
-in his
History of Plants and
some
article of food in
Patent
it
also
is
In 1854, seeds were distributed from the United States
regions.'
Office.^
blue lupine.
L. hirsutus Linn,
thermos
and
serves
now
This plant was cultivated by the Greeks under the
as food for the poorer classes of people, as
it
did the Cynics.
name
The
It now grows wild throughout

the whole of the Mediterranean region from Portugal and Algiers to the Greek islands
Mainots, at the present day, bake bread from the seeds.
and Constantinople.'
L. littoralis Dougl.
Northwest America.
The
tough, branching roots are used
by the Columbia River

When eaten they are roasted and become farinaceous.
spoken of by Lewis and Clarke. The native name is
Indians as winter food, being dried.

Tytler
says these are the licorice
comnuchtan.
yellow lupine.
L. luteus Linn,
The
food for man.
seeds of this plant constitute a nutritious article of
It is cultivated in Italy.'
L. peretinis Linn,
wild lupine.
its bitter
Unger* says
seeds are eaten from
Canada
to
Egypt
for
Florida.
L. termis Forsk.

its seeds,
which are cooked in
salt
This plant
water and
is
cultivated in Italy
shelled.
The
and
in
peduncles, after being pickled,
are eaten without cooking.'.
Lycium europaetun Linn.
Solanaceae.
box thorn.
Mediterranean regions and the Orient.
This thorny shrub
is
used as a hedge plant
Tuscany and Spain, and the young shoots are employed as a vegetable.' The globose
berry, yellow or red and one-sixth of an inch in diameter, is sweet and without flavor but
in
is
eaten in India.'
Treas. Bot. 2:699.
1870.
XV.
1854.
>
Unger, F.
'Burr, P.
'
>
Don, G.
Treas. Bot. 2:701.
Brandis, D.
1870.
Forest Fl. 345.
1833.
1863.
Unger, F.
'
1859.
1876.
1859.
1832.
STURTEVANT
The
343
Russian box thorn.
L. ruthenictun Murr.
Orient.
small, sweet
and
flavorless berry is eaten in India.'
Lycopersicum esculentum Mill. Solanaceae. gold apple, love apple, tomato.

Bancroft ^ states the tomato was eaten by the wild tribes of
Tropical America.
'
Mexico and by the Nahua nations who called it tomati. Humboldt says
The tomato
tomati and was sown among maize by the ancient Mexicans.
by
Acosta/ 1590, as
Mexico.
was
is
mentioned
called
The names, mala Peruviana and

Europe from Peru, but Phillips,^ we know not
the products of Mexico.
among
del Peru, indicate its transference to
pomi
from what authority,
it
the tomato appears to have been brought to Europe from

In the Treasury of Botany,^ it is said to have been introduced to Europe in the
say-s
early part of the sixteenth centviry.
The
mention of tomatoes
earliest
is
by Matthiolus,^
who
iS54,
calls
them pomi
d'oro
and says they have but recently appeared in Italy. In 1570, Pena and Lobel ' give the
name gold apple in the German, Belgian, French and English languages, which indicates
their presence in those countries at this date.
"
Herboristes."
in England in the gardens of
the French name
of
pommes
In 1578, Lyte
Camerarius, in his Epitome, 1586,"' gives
he gives the names of
of tumatle ex tumatle americanorum.
says they are only grown
which corresponds to Lyte's amorous apples; and,
d' amours,
in his Hortus Medicus, 1588,"
'
Anguillara,
pomum
Indium, and the foreign name
1561, calls
them poma
Peruviana.^''
In
Hernandez's History of Nova Hispania, 1651, he has a chapter on the tomati, which includes
our tomatoes and alkekengis; in 1658, the Portuguese of Java used the word tomatas?^
Acosta,'* however, preceding 1604, used the
word
tomates,
and
Sloane,'* in 1695, tomato.
Gerarde says he received seeds of the tomato for his garden from Spain, Italy and other
hot countries. The date of its appearance in England is hence put for 1596. Gerarde"
says (in his second edition) that these love apples are eaten abroad prepared and boiled
with pepper,
salt
and
oil
and
also as a sauce, but
"
they yield very
little
nourishment to
the bodie, and the same naught and corrupt." C. Bauhin in his Pinax, 1596, calls the
In 1656, Parkinson *^ mentions the tomato as being cultiplant tumatle Americanorum.
1
Brandis, D.
'
Bancroft, H. H.
Forest Fl. 345.
Pickering, C.
1876.
Native Races 1:624, 653,
Hakl.
Acosta Nat. Mor. Hist. Ind.

'
Phillips,
H.
Comp.
Treas. Bot. 2:701.

'
Orch. 225.
Dodoens Herb.
Sex:.
Ed. 1:240.
1880.
1831.
1870.
Matthiolus Cofmn<. 479.
Pena and Lobel
1875.
1879.
15581684.
^diieri. 108.
1570:108.
1576.
Lyte Ed.
1578.
508.
1570.
Camerarius /n7. 82 1
1586.
" Camerarius Hort. Med. 130. 1588.
'
"Gray, A. Amer. Journ. Set. 128.

"Bontius De /mi. 131. 1658.
" Acosta Nat. Mor. Hist. Ind. 266.
" Sloane, H.
" Gerarde,
J.
Cat. 109.
1604.
Hakl. Soc. Ed.
1696.
Herb, ist Ed. 275.
" Parkinson Par.
1883.
Terr. 379.
1904.
1597.
(Reprint of 1629)
1880.
344
ornament and curiosity only; while Miller,* 1752, says they were
much used in soups in his time. In 181 2, they were an article of field culture in Italy,
especially in Sicily, whence they were sent to Naples and Rome, being extensively used
vated
in
for
England
in Italian cookery.
it
As Thunberg ^ does not mention the tomato in Japan in 1776, we may assume that
had not reached the Japanese at that date. Rumphius,' 1755, gives the name as tomatte
by the Malays, which shows it had reached the Eastern Archipelago before this
In 1840, Wilkes * foimd a distinct variety cultivated in Fiji, of a yellow color and
as used
time.
about the
a small
size of
The tomato was even found wild
egg.
in interior Africa
by
Grant,' about i860, but the natives had not learned the use of the fruit and were surprised
at his eating
Long,' 1774, describes the tomato of Jamaica as very large, compressed
it.
at both ends, deeply furrowed
what the
over the sides,
all
filled
with a pulpy
juice,
taste of gravy, for which reason they are often used in soups
which has some-
and sauces and
impart a very grateful flavor; they are likewise fried and served with eggs.
D. J. Brown ' says that, until about 1834, the tomato was almost wholly imknown
in this country as
*
tural Society
an esculent vegetable, and
it is
in the History of the Massachusetts Horticul-
said that in 1844 this vegetable
was then acquiring that popularity
which makes
it so indispensable at present.
Yet they are mentioned as grown in Virginia
'
by Jefferson in 1781. In 1798, according to a writer in the Prairie Farmer, the tomato
was brought to Philadelphia by a French refugee from Santo Domingo but was not sold
in the markets until 1829.
In 1802,
Italian painter, but he found
it
was introduced at Salem, Massachusetts, by an
to persuade people even to taste the fruit.

In 1835,
tomatoes were sold by the dozen at Quincy Market, Boston. In 181 2, they were use in as
a food at New Orleans, Louisiana.'" In 1806, McMahon " speaks of tomatoes as being in
much
it difficult
estimation for culinary purposes but mentions no varieties.
In 1818, Gardiner and
Hepburn say that tomatoes make excellent pickles. In 1828, Fessenden " quotes the name
from Loudon only. In 1832, Bridgeman " says tomatoes are much cidtivated for soups
and sauces.
Thorburn*^ gives directions for their cultivation in his Gardeners' Kalendar
but one variety in his seed catalog of 1828, but offers 3 1 varieties in 1881. T.
offers
'
Martyn
Miller Card. Diet.
'Loudon,
J.
C.
1807.
Enc. Agr. 57.
1812.
'
De CandpUe,
A.
<
Wilkes, C.
'
'
Speke,
H.
J.
Geog. Bot. 2:<)i.
Long, E.
Hist.
Brown, D.
J.
Jam. 3:tj3.
McMahon,
B.
55.
ThoThum
Amer. Gard.
" Gold. T.
Gard. Kal.
S.
Letter.
1803.
1880.
Cal. 200.
"Fessenden New Amer. Gard. 2gi.

"Bridgema.n Young Gard.
1854.
1880.
Trenton
1864.
1774.
Jefferson Notes Va.
"
1845.
'Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. 269.
1855.
A sst.
loi.
181 7.
Apr. 29, 1880.
1806.
1828.
1857.
(Solanum lycopersicum)
for 181 7,
S.
Gold,"
STURTEVANT
of
Secretary
Connecticut
the
Board
of
Agrictiltiire,
"
writes:
345
we
raised
our
first
tomatoes about 1832 as a curiosity, made no use of them though we had heard that the
The editor of the Maine Farmer ^
French ate them. They were called love apples."
"
tomatoes are cultivated in gardens in Maine, and are a useful

and should be found on every man's table." The New York Farmer ^ of
1835, says
the statement of a correspondent that he had
and a Professor Bennett
'
"
article of diet
this year has
planted a large quantity of tomatoes,"
in 1835, in a course of local lectures in the West, refers to the
abundance in the markets
tomato, or Jerusalem apple, as found in
mends their dietetic use.

The ribbed tomato, with
and more or
flattened
introduced into European culture and
is
less
of the
ribbed
fruit,
West and recom-
is
the kind
first
described in the Adversaria of 1570, as well as
by many succeeding authors, and the earlier figures indicate that it has changed but little
imder culture and was early known as now in red, golden, yellow, and white varieties.
parti-colored fruit
is
named by
Jefferson
mentioned by
Bauhin, 1651, and the type of the bronze-leaved
J.
This ribbed type was probably the kind mentioned by
Blackwell, 1770.
as cultivated in Virginia in
eral culture is
It
is
781, as it
was the kind whose introduction
into gen-
noted from 1806 to about 1830, when their growing was becoming general.
has the following synonymy, gained from figures
I.
Synonymy of the Ribbed Tomato.
Poma
Poma
Diosc.
Lob. Obs. 140.
amoris, an Glaucium.
1576.
amoris.
Lyte's Dad. 440.
1578; Cam. Epit. 821.
Sweert. 2:20.
1654.
Poma
Poma
aurea.
Dalechamp
amoris,
pomum
628.
aureum.
rotunda, molli.
Poma
rubro.
et
Aurea mala.
Dod. 458.
Pomi
Dur. C. 372.
Poma
d'oro.
1597;
1591.
Matth. Op. 761.
1598.
Hort. Eyst. 1613; 1713.
1616; 455.
1583.
1617.
Park. Par. 381.
amoris.
Ger. 275.
1587.
Lob. /cow. 1:270.
Solanum pomiferum, fructu

amoris Jructu luteo
1586;
1629.
Amoris pomum.
Blackw. 133. 1750.

Mala aurea. Chabr. 525. 1677; Bauh., J. 3:620. 1650.
Solanum pomiferum. Mor. Hist. s. 13, t. i, f. 7. 1699.
Lycopersicon galeni.
Lycopersicon.
Morandi8:53.
Toum.
62.
1744.
17 19.
Common Large Red. Mawe 1778.

Morelle pomme d' amour.
Descourt
Tomate rouge grosse. Vilm. 555.
Large Red. Biur. 646.
1863.
6:95.
1827.
1883.
In form, these synonyms are substantially of one variety.
panjang and others of the same date mention

Me. Farm.
'
N.
Y.
Farm.
Bennett, Dr.
Oct. 16, 1835.

Sept. 11, 1835.
Me. Farm.
Jefferson Notes Va. 54.
Aug. 21, 1835.

1803.
all
the colors
now
The
descriptions accom-
found.
In 17 19, Tourne-
346
names a pale red,

names but the common
fort
a yellow and a white variety in France, and Mawe, 1778,

In 1854, Brown describes but two varieties,
large red in England.
red,
the large red and the large yellow, for American gardens.
II.
The Round Tomato.

Of the roimd tomato, there are no indications of
the
apparent reference being
first
the Lycopersicum rubra non
seed of
striata,
same variety was catalogued by

the Fiji Island variety was distributed
form; and
its
being
known
to the early botanists,
by Toumefort in 1700,' who places among his varieties

the non striata, not fluted or ribbed, implying the roimd
this
Tilly
In 1842, some
at Pisa in 1723.
in Philadelphia,
and Wilkes'
describes
the fruit of one variety as round, smooth, yellow, the size of a large peach, and the fnut
of
two other
the
first
certain reference to this group.
yellow, oval
varieties as
but gives no other particulars. This is

large, smooth or round, red and the small^
varieties as the size of a small egg,
tomato of Browne,*
Hathaway's
The
may
1854,
belong here.
Here, also
may
be classed such
King Humbert and the Plum, and some
Excelsior,
of the tamate
pamme varieties of the French.

The round form occasionally appears in the plants from seed of hybrid origin, for
when the cross was made between the currant and the tree tomato, some plants thus
The
obtained yielded fruit of the plimi type.
This, however, may have been atavism.
botanical relations
seem nearer to the cherry tomato than to the ordinary forms.

III.
Synonymy of the Cherry Tomato.

The cherry tomato
Antilles,'
is
southern Texas
recorded as growing spontaneously in Peru, in the West Indies,'

'
and
New
Jersey.
There
Avere red
and yellow
*
varieties in
they were the

Europe as early as 1623 and these are mentioned in 1783 by Bryant
in
culture
in
this
but
enimierates
sorts
at
the
time,
Mawe,'
1778,
England
only
general
The
the
red
imder
culture.
and yellow cherry, as
garden
large red, as also
following is its
as
if
synonymy, mostly founded on description:

Solanum racemosum cerasarum. Bauh. Pin. 167. 1623; Prad. 90. 1671.
Solanum amoris minus S. mala aethiopica parva. Park. Par. 379. 1629.
Cujus fructus plane similis erat, mxignitudine, figura,
Rechius Notes, Hemand, 296. 1651.
Fructus
est
cersan instar (quoad magnitudine)
Salanum pomiferum fructu

'
Toumefort
'
Tillus Cat. Horl.
Inst. 150.
'Wilkes, C.
<
1723.
Sloane, H.
Cat. 109.
Descourtilz,
M. E.
'Gray, A.
1719.
Pisa 106.
1845.
1854.
1696.
Ft. Antitl.
Synopt. Ft. 2:226.
Sirychnodendro.
Hart. Reg. Bles. 310.

1669.
molli
rubra
rotunda,
parva
plana.
Ray 3:352. 1704.
Browne U.
colore,
5:279.
1821-29.
1878.
Bryant Ft. Diet. 1783.

Bot.
1778.
etc.
STURTEVANT
212.
Bryant
Mawe
Cherry-fruited.
150.
Toiom. 150.
Lycopersicum frtictu cerasiluteo.
17 19.
1778.
1863.
1827.
Noisette 1829.
Lycopersicum cerasifolium.
Buist 1851.
Vilm. 559.
1883.
Cherry-shaped.
cerise.
This type
17 19.
1783.
Burr 649, 652.

Mill. Diet. iSoj;
Cherry.
Descourt. 5:279, 378.
Morelle cerasiforme.
Tomate
347
'
Toum.
Lycopersicum fructu cerasi rubra.
Solanum lycopersicum.
probably the normal form of the tomato of the gardens to which the
is
It is qtiite variable in
other types given can be referred as varieties.
ing its fruit usually in clusters, occasionally in racemes.
It is
some
now but
respects, bear-
little
grown and
only for use in preserves and pickles.

IV.
The Pear Tomato.

The pear tomato, which
is
to be classed as one of the fancy varieties under cultiva-
It was described
tion, occurs with both yellow, red, and pale yellow or whitish fruit.
by Dunal in 1813, and in Persoon's Synopsis in 1805.' It is mentioned in England in
1
819,
and both
pear tomato
and
is
colors were
mentioned in the United States by Salisbury,^ 1848.
used for garnishing and pickling.
The common names
are,
The
pear-shaped
fig.
L. hxunboldtii Dun.
very like the preceding species, but the racemes of the flowers
are smaller, the calyx segments never being the length of the corolla, and the berries are
one-half smaller, red, and, when cultivated, not less angular than those of L. esculentum.^
This tomato
Brazil.
is
This tomato was noticed by Himiboldt
as under cultivation at
La Victoria, Neuva Valencia,
South America.
It is described by Kunth,^
and everywhere
1823, and by Willdenow, about 1806, from plants in the Berlin garden from seeds received
from Humboldt. The fruit, although small, has a fine flavor. The Turban, Turk's Cap,
in the valleys of Arayus, in
or Turk's Turban, of our seedsmen, a novelty of 1881, belongs here, although this culti-
vated variety
is
probably a monstrous form.
currant tomato.
L. pimpinellifolium Mill,
The
South America.
mon
currant tomato bears
frequently quite large and abundantly

figured
'
by
Feuillee,' 1725,
Dunal,
M.
Don, G.
Synop. Solan, no.
F.
Hist.
Humboldt, A.
DicM.
Feuillee
Peru
Pis. 4:443.
Trav. 2:20.
37,
t.
25.
Linnaeus Sp. PI. 265.
filled.
1816.
1725.
1763.
1848.
1838.
1889.
'Salisbury Trans. N. Y. Agr. Soc. 371.
'
red
fruit,
It
somewhat
larger than a
com-
grows wild in Peru and Brazil and
but not as a cultivated plant.
'Salisbury Trans. N. Y. Agr. Soc. 371.
<
its
currant, or as large as a very large ciurant, in two-ranked racemes, which are
1848.
It is described
by
is
Linnaeus,'
348
*rhe grape, or cluster, tomato
1763.
recorded in American gardens by Burr,* 1863,
is
and as the red currant tomato by Vilmorin,* 1883 and 1885.

It is an exceedingly vigorous
and hardy variety with delicate foliage and fruits most abundantly. The berries make
excellent pickles.
According to the
above groups are true

Two only, the cherry and the currant tomato, are recorded in a truly wild conThe tomato has, however, been under cultivation from a remote period by the
species.
dition.
Nahua and
as
all
test of cross-fertilization,- few, if any, of the
other Central American nations
of our so-called types arose spontaneously
We may
when
from the influences
culture,
any evidence that any
of culture,
it is
not noted.
why did not other forms appear during the interval from 1558 to 1623,
but one sort, and that figured as little variable, received the notice of the early
^^
it is
satinwood.
Ehenaceae.
buxifolia Pers.
The
but
If there is
well ask,
botanists?
Maba
and reached Europe and American
the evidence implies, in an improved condition.
fruit is edible,
the taste sweetish and not unpalatable
scarcely worth the trouble of eating, the seed being so large in proportion to the
pulp.*
M.
inconstans Griseb.
West
and an
The
Indies.
insipid taste.
M. major
Forst.
Fiji Islands
Macadamia
fruit,
It is
at
yellow, then red,
first
is edible,
with an imgrateful smell
an inch in diameter.*
f.
and
In India, the
India.
temifolia F. Muell.
Subtropics of east Australia.
fruit is eaten.*
nut tree.
The nuts have the taste
Proteaceae.
of hazels.*.
Madia
sativa Molina.
Compodtae. madia-oil plant.
Western North and South America.
This plant is ciiltivated in
Chile, France,
Germany
and Italy for the sake of the limpid and sweet oil which is expressed from its seeds.
This
oil is used as a substitute for olive oil.
The seeds yield about 41 per cent to analysis and
from 26 to 28 per cent to the oil-press, according to Boussingault, whose experiment in
1840 gave 635 pounds of
cultivated, requiring
of the
stems and
oil
and 1706 pounds
similar to seed clover, but,
cut, otherwise fermentation injures them.''
'
Burr, F.
'
Vilmorin Feg. Gard. 573.
1885.
1863.
{Solatium racemiflorum)
'Wight, R. Illustr. Ind. Bot. 2:146. 1850.

Don, G. Hist. Dichl. Pis. 4:39. 1838. (Diospyros psidiodes)
'
Unger, F.
Mueller, F.
'
Unger, F.
The
plant
is
easily
owing to the glutinous nature

the seeds require to be threshed and sown as soon as the crop is
management
stalks,
of oil cake per acre.

Sel. Pis. 266.
1859.
1891.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 175.
1870.
STURTEVANT
Maerua
crassifolia Forsk.
This
Arabia.
by
is
349
Capparideae.
an arborescent shrub
called in
Yemen
maeru.
Its fruit is eaten
boys.'
Maesa
argentea Wall.
Myrsineae.
The round, smooth, white
Himalayan region.
M.
berry, the size of a peppercorn,
is
eaten.^
indica Wall.
The very
At Bombay
small, globose, white berry is eaten in Nepal.
called atki*
it is
Magnolia grandiflora Linn. Magnoliaceae. magnolia.

Eastern North America. The flowers are pickled in some parts of Devonshire,
England, and are considered exquisite in flavor.*
M.
yulan.
yulan Desf.
The Chinese
China.
them
pickle the flower-buds, after having
The
Guiana.
The
of
a beautiful red
value.'
little
fruit is eaten.'
poeppigii Mart.
The
Peru.
fruit is eaten.'
Malpighia angustifolia Linn.
West
Indies.
Malpighiaceae
The
fruit is edible.i"
The
fruit is
aquifolia Linn.
West
M.
and
heterophyUa DC.
Peru.
M.
Indies.
dark purple when ripe and
berteriana Sprang.
The
Guadeloupe.
1
Pickering, C.
'
Brandis, D.
fruit is edible.*^

Forest Fl. 283.
1879.
1876.
Ibid.
*
and use
Melastomaceae.
fruit is succulent, edible
furnishes gooseberry-like fruits of
M.
calyx,
for flavoring rice.'
Maieta guianensis Aubl.
M.
removed the
Loudon,
J.
C.
Hort.68g.
'Loudon,
J.
C.
i860.
AubletHii/. P/i. Giwone 1:443.

U. S. Pat.
'Unger, F.
Baillon,
H.
Off.
Rpt. 351.
Hist. Pis. T-iZ.
1854.
1775.
1859.
1881.
Ibid.
"Don, G.
1831.
" Don, G.
HUt.
1831.
Ibid.
Dichl. Pis. 1:635.
(M. conspicua)
is
edible."
color.'
This plant
STURTEVANT
350
M.
cnide Spreng.
The
Santo Domingo.
M.
fruit is edible.'
coccigera Linn.
West
The
Indies.
fruit is small, purple in color
M. emarginata Moc. &

The
Mexico.
M.
when
ripe
and
is
edible.*
Sesse
fruit is edible.'
fucata Ker.-Gawl.
The
Jamaica.
M.
berries are edible.*
Barbados cherry.
glabra Linn.
This tree
Tropical America.
and
planted in most gardens in Jamaica and
The fruit
for its fruit in tropical America.
skinned,
is
cultivated
round, red, of the bigness of a cherry, smooth
contains, within a reddish, sweetish, copiously juicy pulp, several triangular
accommodated to one another as to seem to make one round one
stones whose sides are so
The
with sevtral furrows on the outside.'
Barbados
is
is
and
in preserves
tarts
and the
fruit,
says Schomburgk,'
is
much used
in
taste reminds one of the raspberry rather than
the cherry.
M.
grandiflora Jacq.
The
Martinique.
M.
incana Mill.
Honduras.
M.
The
fruit is edible.
The
obovata H. B.
New
M.
fruit is edible.*
nitida Crantz.
Venezuela.
M.
The
macrophylla Willd.
Brazil
M.
fruit is edible.T
fruit is edible.'*
&
Granada.
K.
The
fnait is edible."
punicifolia Linn.
Tropical America.
The
fruit is
one of the
and
of a pleasant, acid flavor, says Don.**
and
excellent
jellies.
Don, G.
?
1831.
1831-

Sloane, H.
1725.
Lindley,
'
Ibid.
Don, G.
'
J.,
Don. G.
and Paxton,
J.
Flow. Card, a: 18.
1831.
Ibid.
Ibid.
'
size
Liman
Ibid.
"Don, G.
"Don, G.
"Lunan, J.
1831.
'831.
Hort.
Jam. i:^g.
1814.
1852.
and shape
'*
says
it
of a cherry, very succulent,
makes very agreeable
tarts
STURTEVANT
M.
M.
The
fruit is sold in great quantities in the
market of Freetown.'
setosa Spreng.
West
M.
35 1
sugar plum.
saccharina G. Don.
Tropical Africa.
The
Indies.
cow-itch cherry.
urens Linn,
West
The
Indies.
fruit,
Don.'
says
is
insipid
and
is
eaten only by children and
negroes.
Malva
fruit is edible.*
rotundifolia Linn.
mallow.
Malvaceae,
In Egypt, especially upon the banks of the Nile, the

mallow is extensively ciiltivated and is used as a potherb by the natives. This plant
reached northeast America before 1669 and it is mentioned by Josselyn.'' It is now
Etirope and neighboring Asia.
The mallow was formerly among
naturahzed in waste places and in cultivated grounds.

the culinary herbs
'
but
is
used
of its mucilaginous properties.
now
only in infusion or decoction in medicine on account
Unger
says Pythagoras thought
the Romans,
much
of this plant as
was at one time much
a spinach and among

among
esteemed. Mallow and Asphodell were raised at Delos for the temple of Apollo, as a
symbol of the first noitrishment of man. It was known to Camerarius,^ 1588, and was
the Greeks, as well as
known only
to Dodonaeus,' 161 6, as a cultivated plant.
it
At the present day, the young
shoots are used as a salad in southern France and Italy.
M.
cheeses,
sylvestris Linn,
high mallow,
marsh mallow.
'
Eiu-ope and temperate Asia. This mallow is sometimes cultivated in onr gardens
and, on accoimt of its mucilaginous properties, finds use as a demulcent in medicine. It is
'"
Europe and has become naturalized in this country. Johnson says the foliage,
when boiled, forms a very wholesome vegetable, and the flat seeds are eaten by country
a native
of
people.
M.
curled Ihallow.
verticillata Linn,
Europe, Asia and northern Africa.
Manunea americana
American
Linn.
tropics.
Guttiferae.
This plant
mammee
'Don, G.
'Don, G.
1831.
1831.
'Pickering, C.
S.
Disp.i5S2.
Unger, F.
'

5. Z)w/). 1552.
" Johnson,
"
Unger, F.
C. P.
1879.
1865.
Camerarius Hort. Med.
t/.
apple,
This fine tree of the Antilles
Ibid.
*U.
used in China as a vegetable."
is
south American apricot.

cultivated for
its fruit there,
as
some parts of tropical Africa and Asia. The fruit often attains the size of a
head and is of a yellow color. The outer rind and the pvilp which immediately
well as in
child's
is
1859.
1588.
1616.
1865.
Useful Pis. Gt. Brit. $%.
1862.
1859.
STURTEVANT
352
surrounds the seeds are very

"is
but the intermediate
bitter,
and steeped
eaten, cut into slices
flesh is
sweet and aromatic and
wine or made into preserves of various kinds."
in
Mammillaria fissurata Engelm. Cacteae. dry whiskey.

Mexico. This plant is sometimes called dry whiskey from the fact that when chewed
it
produces more or
less intoxication.
M. meiacantha Engelm.
Texas. The oblong,
very good to
scarlet berries are
eat.*
M. simplex Haw.
Tropical America.
juice that
M.
is
vivipara
This species yields a milky
are edible.
sweet and wholesome.
Haw.
The
Upper Louisiana.
and
its berries
Unger' says
flowers are large
and
red; the fruit
is
the size of a grape, green
edible.
Mangifera foetida Lour.
tree of the
who esteem
horse mango.
Anacardiaceae.
The horse mango
the fleshy, strong-scented fruit.*
Don
says
is
it is
by the Burmese,
tmwholesome but is eaten
cultivated
by the Malays.
M.
mango.
indica Linn,
and the
are ciiltivated,
The mango grows abimdantly in India, where many varieties

some is esteemed as most delicious. In north and central
fruit of
India, says Brandis,* the fruit of imgrafted trees
nevertheless, forms an important
flavor.
It,
lation.
The
flavor.
In Burma, the
fruit of
produce good
frviit
of
good
grafts
mango
is
is
is
generally stringy with a strong, tiu-pentine
article of
food for large classes of the popu-
excellent, soft, juicy
and with a
delicious,
aromatic
not generally grafted, for seeds of a good kind, as a rule^
a similar description.
This seems to be the
fruit seen
by
Friar
The mango was introduced to Jamaica in 1782.*

Jordanus,^ about 1300, who calls it aniha.
In 1880, 21 frmtful and superior varieties were growing at the Botanical Gardens in Trinidad.' At Cayenne, it did not exist before the beginning of the present century."
Its
introduction into Brazil was more ancient as the seeds
middle of the eighteenth century."

*
Treas. Bot. 2:714.
'Havard, V.
Unger, F.
*
Brandis.
Forest Fl. 126.
'
Jordanus Fr.
'
Macfadyen 7a>. 1:221.
'
1885.
1859.
1879.
1832.
1874.
Wonders East.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 14.
1863.
1837.
Prestoe Rpt. Bot. Card. Trinidad 32.
in the
In Martinique, by grafting, a dozen very distinct
1870.
Proc.
Pickering, C.
'Don, G.
came thence to Barbados
1880.
" De
CandoUe, A.
Geog. Bot. 2:876.
" De
CandoUe, A.
Printed in 1881.
1855.
1885.
STURTEVANT
varieties
have been
Mauritius, they cultivate a
and
now grown
is
M.
of varieties.
Himalayan
The yellow
region.
common
Manihot palmata Muell.

This
Brazil.
much used
fruit is
and eaten
is
made
in conserves, tarts
and
of the
pickles,
in times of scarcity.*
is
fniit is eaten
by the
natives, although inferior to the
mango.''
sweet cassava.
Euphorbiaceae.
the sweet cassava of eastern equatorial America, where
cultivated from early times.

it is
In Jamaica, starch
Roxb.
worst kinds of the
but
number
rank of tropical frtiits. In the

This tree has been introduced into
in the fh^t
there to a limited extent.
kernels of the seeds are boiled
sylvatica
them
places
flesh,
In India, the unripe
unripe frmt.*
and the
353
established, the qtiality of which, says Berlanger,' in respect to the
abundance and flavor of the
Florida
less cultivated
The
has been
and may be eaten raw
roots of this variety are sweet
than the bitter variety.
it
It is cultivated in
Queensland, according
to Simmonds,* for the production of arrowroot.
M.
bitter cassava,
utilissima Pohl.
The manioc,
Brazil.
cultivated
manioc,
tapioca.
or bitter cassava, of eastern equatorial South America
by the Indians
Europeans and
Guiana and the warm parts
of Brazil,
of
was
Mexico before the
now grown in many tropical cotmtries. The root is bitter

and a most virulent poison when raw but, when grated to a pulp and the poisonous juice
The coarse meal forms cassava.
expelled by pressvire, it becomes edible after being cooked.
The expressed juice, allowed to settle, deposits a large quantity of starch which is known
arrival of
is
The
as Brazilian arrowroot, or tapioca.

sauce,
and from the cakes an intoxicating beverage
The
Brazilians.
fotmd.
boiled juice furnishes cassareep, a condimental
plant
is
extremely productive.
Manioc was naturalized
called ptwarrie
is
brewed by the
In Brazil, some 46 different kinds are
in the Antilles as early as the sixteenth centxiry, says
linger,* although
joxomey around the world by way of the Isle of Bourbon and the
East Indies took place at a comparatively late period. It reached the west coast of Africa
its
earlier,
and the erroneous opinion has been entertained that
Africa to America.
chiefly
on manioc.
In Africa,
It is
at
Angola,
prepared in
Livingstone
many
way^.
The
'
it
says
root
is
was transplanted from

the
Portuguese subsist
roasted or boiled as
it
comes from the ground; the sweet variety is eaten raw; the root may be fermented in
water and then roasted or dried after fermentation; baked, or rasped into meal and
cooked as farina; or made into confectionery with butter and sugar; and the green leaves
are boiled as a spinach.
Grant
some kinds can be eaten raw,

'
'
says
it is
boiled, fried,
Berlanger Trans. N. Y. Agr. Soc. 18:567.
'Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. \2T .
M.
Masters,
*Don, G.
T.
Simmonds, P. L.
Unger, F.
'
Livingstone, D.
'Speke,
J.
Treas. Bot. 2:716.
12
1870.
1832.
Trap. Agr. 34$.
H.
1858.
1874.
'
the staple food of the Zanzibar people, where

roasted or in flour. In India, it is eaten as a
Trav. Research So.
1889.
(M.jantpha)
1859.
Ajr.
462.
1858.
1864.
354
In Burma, the root
staple food.
boiled
is
and
In the Philippines, manioc
eaten.
is
In 1847, a few dozen plants were introduced to this

many
country and distributed from New York City, and in 1870 some were growing in conThe first mention of cassava is by Peter Martyr who
servatories in Washington.
cultivated in
varieties.
'
"
says
iucca
is
whereof the best and most delicate bread
a roote,
is
made, both
in the
In 1497, Americus Vespucius, speakfirme land of these regions and also in Ilandes."
"
their most common food is a certain root
ing of the Indians of South America, says,
no unpalatable taste and

jucha, by others chambi, and by others igname."
which they grind into a kind of

of
them
called
Maranta arundinacea Linn.

South America.
and
This
It furnishes
Brazil.'
flour of
by some
arrowroot.
Scitamineae.
is
this root is
the true arrowroot plant of the West Indies, Florida, Mexico
Cape Colony and Natal arrowroot and Queensland arrowroot

where it was introduced about 1840.' In 1849,
It is also ciiltivated in India,
in part.
arrowroot was grown on an experimental scale in Mississippi, and in 1858 it was grown as
a staple crop at St. Marys, Georgia. The plant is stated to have been carried from the
island of
root
is
1789.
Dominica to Barbados and thence to
Jamaica.''
mentioned by Hughes,' 1751,
and the mode
The Bermuda arrowroot
now most esteemed but
is
Leone and South Africa as
Indies, Sierra
Wilkes
well.
The
of preparing
'
starch
it is
it
is
made from
described
the
by Browne,"
cultivated in the East
found the natives of
Fiji
making
use of arrowroot from the wild plant.
&
Marathrum foeniculaceum Humb.

Mexico and
of Veraguas.
of
New
Its
leaf-stalks,
when
boiled,
have a delicate
flavor not unlike that
French beans.*
Marattia alata Sw.
The
food
M.
Podostemaceae.
This plant resembles seaweed and grows in the rivers
Granada.
young
Bonpl.
is
Marattiaceae.
fleshy caudex of this fern
is
used in the Sandwich Islands as food, when better
scarce.
attenuata Lab.
In the
Fiji Islands,
not unlike spinach.
In
the fronds are used as a potherb; they are very tender and taste
New
Margyricarpus setosus Ruiz
Zealand, the soft part of the stem

et
Pav.
Rosaceae.
native of Brazil, says Loudon,' on arid
that of the mistletoe but differing from

Amer. Journ.
Gray, A.
'MueUer,
P.
Simmonds,
*
Sci. 249.
Sel. Pis. 270.
P. L.
it
1883.
Trap. Agr. 345.
1889.
1879.
Ibid.
Ibid.
'
Wilkes, C.
U. S. Explor. Exped. 3:337-
*Gard. Chron. 548.
Loudon,
J.
C.
i845-
1852.
Arb. Frui. Brit. 2:924.
844-
eaten.
pearl berry.
hills.
in having
1891.
is
It bears pearl-like fruit, resembling
a grateful and acid
taste.
STURTEVANT
Mariscus dregeanus Kunth.
Marlea
355
Cyperaceae.
The
Africa, Asia and Australia.
who say they
roots are boiled
and eaten by the natives
of India,
are as good as yams.'
vitiensis Benth.
and
Australia
Cornaceae.
This tree in
islands of the Pacific.
New
South Wales and Queensland
bears edible fruits.^
Marlierea glomerata Berg.
The
Subtropical Brazil.
cambuca.
Myrtaceae.
the
attain
fruits
of
size
apricots
and are much used
for food.'
M.
guaparanga.
tomentosa Cambess.
The sweet
Brazil.
berries of this tall shrub are of the size of cherries.'*
Marrubium vulgare Linn. Labiatae. horehound.

Europe, Asia and north Africa. This plant affords a popular domestic remedy and
seems in this coimtry to be an inmate of the medicinal herb-garden only. In Europe, the
leaves are sometimes employed as a condiment.
Although a plant of the Old World, it
is now naturalized in the New World from Canada to Buenos Aires and Chile, excepting
within the tropics.'
It is figured
botanists of that period.
esteem, and
Pliny
by
Clusius,' 1601,
refers to
and
Marrubium
mention by Columella.*
finds
it
'
as
of domestic medicine,
mention by
among
many
of the
medicinal plants in high
Albertus Magnus,' in the thirteenth century,
also refers to its valuable remedial properties in coughs.
an herb
finds
We may
hence believe that, as
horehound has accompanied emigrants into
all
the cooler
portions of the globe.
Marsilea nardu A. B.
Marsileaceae.
nardoo.
nardu.
The
spores and spore cases of this plant are used by the aborigines for
These preparations
food, pounded up and baked into bread and also made into a porridge.
furnish a nutritious food, by no means unwholesome, and one free from unpleasant taste
Australia.
man.
but affording sorry fare for
civilized
Martynia fragrans Lindl.
Pedalineae.
Mexico.
cook them.
The Apache Indians gather the half-mature seed-pods of this plant and
The pods when ripe are armed with two sharp, horn-like projections and,
being softened and

'Royle, J. F.
split
open, are used on braided work to ornament willow baskets."
lUustr. Bot.
Himal. 1:414.
'MueUer, F.
Sel. Pis. 125.
1876.
Mueller, F.
Sel. Pis. 270.
1891.
Ibid.
De CandoUe,
A.
Geog. Bot. 2:751.
Clusius /f/. 2:34.

'
1839.
Pliny
lib.
20,
Columella,
Albertus
c.
lib.
1855.
60 1.
89.
10, c. 356.
Magnus
Veg. Jessen
'"U. S. D. A. Rpt. 422.
1870.
Ed.
539.
1867.
(AT. violacea)
356
M.
lutea Lindl.
This species, originally from Brazil, has yellow flowers.'

to be in American gardens nor is its seed advertised by our seedsmen.
Brazil.
in 1824.*
M.
It
is
does not appear
It
reached Evirope
by Vilmorin as under kitchen-garden culture.
described
unicorn plant.
martynia.
proboscidea Glox.
It
Southwestern North America and now naturalized in northeastern America.

cultivation in our gardens for its seed-pods, which
is in
when young
Martynia
are used for pickling.
These seed-pods are green, very downy or hairy, fleshy, oval, an inch and a half in their
It is mentioned
greatest diameters and taper to a long, slender, incurved horn or beak.
under American cultivation in 1841.'
Martynia was known in England as a plant of
ornament in 1738 ^ but has, even yet, scarcely entered the kitchen-garden.
Marumia muscosa
Refreshing drinks are prepared from the berries.*
Java.
M.
Blume
stellulata
Siunatra and Java.
Matisia cordata
Mclastomaceae.
Blimie.
tree of
Refreshing drinks are prepared from the berries.*
Humb. &
chupa-chupa. sapota.
Bonpl. Malvaceae,
Granada.'
The oval fruit, about five inches long and three inches
New
broad, in taste has been compared to an apricot or to a mango.
of
New Granada and
Matthiola incana R. Br.
livida
markets
stock.
Crttciferae.
M.
It is sold in the
Peru.'
This plant
eaten in time of famine.'
is
DC.
Egypt and Arabia.
This plant
Mauritia flexuosa Linn.
f.
Palmae.
Tropical South America.
only affords the
eaten in time of famine.'"
is
The
ita palm,
tree-of-life of
tree-of-life.
the missionaries, says Himiboldt," not
Guaraons a safe dwelling during the
but
its fruit, its
farinaceous pith, its juice, abounding in saccharine matter, and the fibers of
its petioles
risings of the Orinoco,
them with food, wine and thread. The fruit has somewhat the taste of an apple
and when ripe is yellow within and red without.
The sago of the pith is made into a bread.
furnish
'
'
Noisette
Man. Jard.
Kenrick,
W.
New Amer.
Gard. Chron. 60S.

'
Baillon,
H.
537.
1883.
1829.
Orch. 373.
1841.
1843.
Hist. Pis. 7:35.
1881.
Ibid.
'
Jackson,
Smith,
J.
J.
Baillon,
H.
R.
Treas. Bot. 2:i$i6.
Hist. Pis. 3:222.
1876.
1882.
1874.
Note.
Ibid.
" Humboldt, A.
rrati.
1:331; 2:107; 3:9.
1889.
STURTEVANT
The
yuruma and
flour is called
is
is
Bates says the

at least to
or
M.
very agreeable to the taste, resembling cassava bread

the juice, a slightly acid and extremely refreshing
ripe fruit contains first a rich,
common article
and then eaten with
It is boiled
tastes.
pulpy nut and
of food, although the pulp
of Brazil; the sago-like flour
is
last
a hard core.
sour and unpalatable,
is
farina.
This
is
the miriti.
called ipuruma.^
wine palm.
vinifera Mart,
This palm, says Gardner,' produces a great number of nuts about the size
Brazil.
an
of
fruit is
European
palm
ita,
The
fermented.
'
357
From
rather than the sago of India.

liquor
egg, covered with rhomboidal scales arranged in a
and the albuminous substance
spiral.
an
of the nut, there exists
Between these
oily pulp of
a reddish
scales
color,
make into a sweetmeat. In Piauhy,

they prepare from this pulp an emulsion, which, when sweetened with sugar, forms a very
The juice
palatable beverage, but if much used is said to tinge the skin a yellowish color.
which the inhabitants of Crato
boil
with sugar and
of the stem also forms a very agreeable drink.
Maximiliana regia Mart.

This
Brazil.
The terminal
is
is
leaf-bud furnishes a most delicious
Brown
eaten by the Indians.
which
is
cucurite palm,
Palmae.
'
says the nuts are covered with a yellow, juicy pulp,
sweet and pleasant to the
yields a kind of
Medeola
saline flour used
virginica Linn.
inaja palm.
*
and the cuctuite palm of Gmana.*

cabbage, says Seemann,^ and the fruit
the inaja palm of the Rio Negro
The
taste.
outer husk of the
fruit,
says A. Smith,*
by the natives for seasoning their food.

Indian cucumber.
Liliaceae.
The roots are eaten by the Indians, according to Pursh. ' Cutler '"
"
esculent and of an agreeable taste.
Gray says the tuberous, white
Northeast America.
says the roots are
rootstock has a taste like the cucumber.
Medicago denticiilata Willd.

North temperate region
Leguminosae.
of the
bur clover,
Old World.
fine,
shanghai trefoil.
broad-leaved variety of this plant
was found by Fortune to be much used by the Chinese as a winter
M.
black medick.
lupulina Linn,
North temperate region

southern California,
>
Bates,
H. W.
'Gardner, G.
Brown, C. B.
Pursh, F.
'
Camp
S.
Life Brit.
Pop. Hist.
Camp
Fl.
Amer.
Guiana
180.
Palms 261, 262.
Life Brit.
Guiana
180.
1870.
Septent. 1:244.
1814.
1879.
iMan. Bot. $24.
1868.
1844.
D. A. Rpt. 419.
1870.
nattiralized in places in America.
by the Indians."
Sci. 647.
1856.
1849.
"Card. Chron. 815.
" U.
relished
1868.
Treas. Bol. 2:726.
Pickering, C.
"Gray, A.
much
Trav. Braz. 171, 172.
Seemann, B.
Smith, A.
Old World;
Humboldt Liftr.
Nat. Amaz.
Agassiz 7oMr. Broz. 338.
Brown, C. B.
'
seeds are
nonesuch.
Pop. Hist. Palms 252, 253.
Seemann, B.
*
its
of the
vegetable.'^
1877.
1856.
1877.
1879-80.
In
358
M.
platycarpa Trautv.
The
Siberia.
M.
plant furnishes a food.*
lucerne.
alfalfa,
sativa Linn,
The
M.
This plant
is
not edible but, like the caterpillar-plant,
of the singular shape of its seed-vessels.

*
gardens preceding 1616
Melia
vegetable.*
snails.
scutellata Mill,
grown on account
by the Chinese as a
leaves are eaten
azadirachta
and
American gardens
in
bean
Meliaceae.
Linn.
It
was
in Belgian
is
and German
in 1863 or before.*
tree,
china
tree,
sycamore.
false
PRIDE OF INDIA.
East Indies.
a medicinal
M.
known
oil,
or taipoo
oil
by tapping the
oil, is
tree,
and from the
ornament in
and subtropical Japan and China. It

the world.
In southern France and Spain,
different parts of
In our southern states,
it
adorns the streets of
cities
is
cultivated
it is
planted
and has even become
a round drupe, about as large as a cherry and yellowish when

In
sweetish, and, though said by some to be poisonous, is eaten by children.'
The
naturalized.
ripe, is
fruit
made.
tree of Syria, the north of India
in avenues.
India,
as bitter
obtained
is
syrian bead tree.
azedarach Linn,
A
for
kind of toddy
from
fruit is
trunk near the base made in spring, a sap issues which is used
From the fruit, a bitter oil is extracted, called kohombe oD, and is
incisions in the
as a cooling drink.'
The
used medicinally.
bitter leaves are used as a potherb in India, being
made
into soup,
or curry, with other vegetables.^
Mellanthus major Linn.
Sapindaceae.
honey-flower.
Good Hope. The flowers are of a dark brown color, in

Cape
a foot or more in length, containing a large quantity of honey, which
of
natives.'
It is
Melicocca bijuga Linn.
genip
Sapindaceae.
The pulp
Tropical America.
The
'
of the fruit, says Mueller,'" tastes like grapes,
seed
'
<
Burr, F.
Û. S. Disp. 153.

Brandis, D.
'
J.
Vilmorin
"Lunan,
J.
Veg. 398.
1863.
1865.
1874.
Dom.
Bot. 455.
1871.
PL
Ter. 690.
1870.
Sel. Pis. 276.
1891.
Fl.
'"Mueller, F.
Hort.
1859.
1882.
1616.
Forest Fl. 67.
Dutt, U. C.
'Smith,
rarely
Bot. Sin. 53.
Field, Card.
by the
Jam. 1:318.
and the
Lunan " says the tree was introduced into Jamaica

more than one
is covered with a deliciously sweet-
Unger, F.
^Bretschneider, E.
collected
honey-berry.
seeds can be used like sweet chestnuts.
from Surinam.
is
racemes
French flower gardens.'
in
grown
long, erect
1877.
3rd Ed.
1814.
{Trigonelia platycarpus)
STURTEVANT
359
substance like the yolk of an egg, mixed with very fine fibers adhering
Titford ' calls this
tenaciously to the seed; the fleshy part is very agreeable to the taste.
acid, gelatinous
pulp pleasant and cooling.

Melicjrtus ramiflorus Forst.
New
This
Zealand.
The
says A. Smith.^
is
ma hoe.
Violarieae.
the
mahoe
of
Melilotus officinalis Lam.
New
melilot.
Leguminosae.
The
Asia.
Zealand, not the
mahoe
of the
West
Indies,
fruit of this tree is
flowers
melist.
and seeds are the
sweet clover.
chief ingredient in flavoring
the Gruyfere cheese of Switzerland.'
Melissa
Linn.
officinalis
balm.
Lahiatae.
Mediterranean region and the Orient. This aromatic perennial has long been an inmate
of gardens for the sake of its herbage, which finds use in seasonings
and
in the
compounding
and perfiimes as well as the domestic remedy known as balm tea. The plant
a green state has an agreeable odor of lemons and an austere and slightly aromatic
of liquors
in
taste,
and hence
culture
employed to flavor certain dishes
is
was common with the
plant or
it
otherwise,
the Ionian Islands,
duced in 1573.
who
ancients, as Pliny
in the absence of
directs
it
lemon thyme. ^
The
to be planted, and, as a bee-
mention by Greek and Latin poets and prose writers.* In

In Britain, it is said to have been intro-
finds
cultivated for bees.
it is
mentioned
It is
gives a most excellent
France by Ruellius,' 1536; in England, by Gerarde,'
in
and
by Lyte,' 1586, and Ray,*" 1686. Mawe,"

1758, says great quantities of balm are cultivated about London for supplying the markets.
In the United States, it is included among garden vegetables by McMahon,'^ 1806. As an
" and
escape, the plant is found in England
sparingly in the eastern United States."
'
found it wild on the island of Juan Fernandez.
Bertero
1597,
But one variety
is
'
The only
Titford,
W.
'Smith, A.
Don, G.
*
'
lib.
difference noted in the cultivated plant has been in regard to vigor.
Treas. Bot. 2:732.
1812.
1870.
Ph. 2:177.
1832.
Book Card. 2:236.
1855.
Hisl. Dichl.
Mcintosh, C.
Pliny
in our gardens, although the plant is described as being

This would indicate that cultivation had not produced great
J.
also
known
quite variable in nature.
changes.
figure;
21, c. 41.
Theocritus, Idyll iv: 25; Dioscorides
118; Varro
iii:
quoted by Grandsagne, Pliny 8:485.

'
Gerarde,
J.
Herb. $58.
Dodoens Herb. 293.
1586.
"Ray Hist. PI. 1:570.

" Mawe and Abercrombie
" McMahon, B.
1536.
1397.
Univ. Card. Bot.
Amer. Card.
" De CandoUe, A.
*Gray, A. 5j'op/.
" De Candolle, A.
Lyte Ed.
Geog. Bot. 2 : 68 1
F/. 2: Pt.
i,
361.
Geog. Bot. 2:681.
1778
1806.
Cal. 512.
72 1
855.
1886.
721.
1855.
iii:
116; Columella ix: 9; Virgil, Georgics iv; as
360
variegated variety
tion
is
is
recorded by Mawe,' 1778, for the ornamental garden.
This varia-
noted by Vilmorin.^
&
Melocactus communis Link
Otto.
South America and the West
Cacteae.
melon cactus,
turk's-cap cactus.
According to Unger,^ this cactus bears an
Indies.*
edible fruit.
Melocanna bambusoides
The
East Indies.
is
said to
Gramineae.
Trin.
fruit is
large, fleshy like
very
Melodinus monogynus Roxb.
Himalayan
Apocynaceae.
Malay and China.
region,
as large as a moderate-sized apple, which

it
says
A. Smith
yields edible fruit.
The berry
is
red, edible, sweet
Melothria pendula Linn.
is
says the firm, sweet pulp
is
and somewhat astringent.'
The
Indies.
a nutmeg, smooth, blackish when
and
ripe,
in Jamaica, is the size
fruit,
full of
The
lodged within an insipid, cooling pulp.
M.
This plant bears a fruit, says Firminger,*

'
said to be eatable and agreeable.
Royle
Cucurhitaceae.
when
an apple and contains a seed which
be very pleasant eating.*
and shape
of
small, white seeds like other cucumbers,
fruit is
eaten pickled when green and
is
good
fully ripe, according to Sloane.'"
scabra Naud.
The
Mexico.
fruit
an inch
is
long, resembling little watermelons.
It is pickled
and eaten raw."
Memecylon edule Roxb.
Melastomaceae.
Coromandel, tropical India and Burma.
when
They have much pulp
ripe.
The pulp
of the fruit,
Mentha canadensis
A
'
'
Mawe and
'$rnith, A.
Masters,
Firminger, T. A. C.
'Royle,
M.
J.
P.
Smith, A.
'Don, G.
Lunan,
J.
" Don, G.
Drury, H.
1778.
1859.
T.
1876.
Card.
Illustr. Bot.
Itid.
492.
Jam. 2:280.
S.
1839.
1870.
Hort.
1874.
Himal. 1:272.
Treas. Bot. 2:72,^.
New England
1870.
Treas. Bot. 2:1317.
of
an astringent quality. **
eaten by the natives.''
3rd Ed.
" Watson Conirib. U.
"
1870.
Treas. Bot. 2:732,.
Unger, F.
'
is
and
is
mint.
Labiatae.
//. P/. Ter. 692.
'
astringent,
plant found on the wet banks of brooks from
Vilmorin
juicy fruit
of a bluish-black color
though rather
Linn.
The
1838.
(Oncinus sp.)
1814.
Nat. Herb. 14:414.
1832.
1873.
1887.
to
Kentucky and north-
361
ward, and occasionally cultivated in gardens for the leaves, which are used in flavoring.
Indians of Maine eat mint roasted before the
The
M.
fire
and salted and think
it
nourishing.
peppermint.
piperita Linn,
Peppermint is grown on a large scale for the sake

of its oil, which is obtained by distillation, and which finds extensive use for flavoring
There are large centers of its culture in the United
candies and cordials and in medicine.
Europe, Asia and northern Africa.
Europe and Asia. It is grown to a limited extent for the leaves which are used for
Mint is spoken of as if not a garden plant by Ray,' 1724, who describes two
seasoning.
States,
broad and the narrow leaved.
varieties, the
garden
from cultivation.
by Plukenet
There
is
no notice
and Toumefort
M. pulegium
'
is
included
by Mawe,^ among
of
is
peppermint preceding 1700, when
now. an escape
it is
mentioned
as a wild plant only.
The
Asia.
a condiment. Mawe,' in England,

American potherbs in 1806.' It was
in
leaves of pennyroyal are sometimes used as
1778,
calls
in high repute
it
a fine aromatic;
among
it
was among
the ancients and had numerous
by both Dioscorides and Pliny. From the frequent references to

and
Welsh works on medicine, we may infer that it was much esteemed
Anglo-Saxon
virtues ascribed to
in
it
in northern Europe.'
M.
it
pennyroyal.
Linn,
Exirope and neighboring
it
In 1778,
among American garden plants' and
herbs; in 1806, it is noticed
It
has
now
fallen into disuse.
spearmint.
viridis Linn,
Europe, Asia and north Africa; naturalized in America.
known
and
to the ancients
Lusitanus,' 1554, says

It
for Europe.
collected
was
by Clayton
is
mentioned
always
American gardens
in Virginia
Mentzelia albicaulis Dougl.
aU early mediaeval lists of plants. Amatus

and later botanists confirm this statement
in gardens
it is
in
in
This garden herb was well
about
The
739
".
and probably
far earlier, for
it
was
as a naturalized plant.
prairie lily.
Loaseae.
in 1806 '"
oily seeds are
pounded and used by the Indians
in
California as an ingredient of their pinole mantica, a kind of cake.'^
Menyanthes trifoliata Linn. Gentianeae. buckbean. marsh trefoil.

Northern Europe, Asia and America.
The intense bitter of the leaves of the buck'
Ray,
J.
Synop. Method. 234.
'
Ma we
McMahon
Amer. Card.
Col. 583.
Pluc'netius Almag. Bot. 129.
'
Toumefort
Mawe
1724.
Inst.
McMahon,
'
Fluckiger and
B.
Dioscorides
1719.
Amer. Card.
Amer. Card.
Cat. 583.
Fl. Virg. 89.
1762.
J.
1778.
1806.

Amatus Lusitanus Ed. 319. 1554.
McMahon
"Torrey,
Bot.
Cat. 583.
" Gronovius
">
1778.
1700
'
Bot.
1806
Bot.
1806.
U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. 2:67.
1859.
362
bean has led to
its
use as a substitute for hops in brewing.
be collected for the adulteration of beer.
It
Large quantities are said to
has long been employed in Sweden for this
In Lapland and Finland, the rhizomes are sometimes powdered, washed to

purpose.
In the outer Hebrides,
get rid of the bitter principle and then made into a kind of bread.'
when
a deficiency of tobacco, the islanders console themselves by chewing the

root of the marsh trefoil which has a bitter and acrid taste.'
there
is
Mercurialis annua Linn.
Euphorbiaceae. annual mercury.

Europe and north Africa and occasionally found spontaneously growing in the United
States.
Annual mercury, says Johnson,' is eaten in Germany, the poisonous principle
which
it
contains in small quantity being dissipated in boiling.
Meriandra benghalensis Benth.
bengal sage.
Labiatae.
India.
in general use in lower Bengal as a substiBengal sage, says Firminger,'*

tute for sage but it is rather an indifferent substitute.
is
acinaciforme Linn.
Mesembryanthemum
South Africa.
This
is
Ficoideae.
one of the Hottentot
figs of
of the fruit affords, says Mueller,* a really palatable
M.
Haw.
aequilaterale
The
natives.*
fig.
South Africa.
and copious
The
inner part
food.
pig's face.
Australia and South America.
by the
hottentot
This
is
inner part of the fruit
an Australian species whose fruit is eaten

affords a palatable and copious food, accord-
In California, say Brewer and Watson,* the fruit is edible and pleasant.
perhaps the species referred to by Parry as littoral in southern California and as
ing to Mueller.'
This
is
having an edible, juicy
J. Smith,'" the watery and insipid fruit

"
'is eaten by the natives.
Wilhelmi
says two varieties of this genus in Australia have
fruit of an agreeable flavor and are eaten by the aborigines of the Port Lincoln district.
In Australia, says
fruit.
M. anatomicum Haw. canna root. kon.

South Africa.
The Hottentots, says Thunberg,'' come
shrub with the root, leaves and
far
and near to obtain
this
which they beat together and afterwards twist up like

after
which
let
the mass ferment and keep it by them for chewing,
pig-tail tobacco;
they
If it be chewed immediately after the fermentation,
especially when they are thirsty.
it
all,
intoxicates.
'
Johnson, C. P.
'
/ottrn. /4gr. 2:379.
>
Johnson, C. P.
Firminger, T. A. C.
'Mueller, F.
83
Gard. Ind. 158.
Sel. Pis. 185.
Unger, F.
U. S. Pat.
'Mueller, F.
Sel. Pis.
Brewer and Watson
Off.
278.
J.
Hooker,
"
Rpt. 347.
W.
J.
Bot. Col. 251.
Joum.
1874.
1859.
1891.
Thunberg, C. P.
1862.
1880.
1880.
Parry Boi. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv.
"Smith,
"
1862.
1.
Bot. 9:266.
Trav. 2:89.
16.
1882.
1857.
1796.
1859.
{M. perennis)
M.
ice plant.
ciystallinum Linn,
Cape
The
Good Hope.
of
advertised in American seed
'
in
warm, dry
plant.
M.
Parry
countries.
*
found
in 1727.'
It is
881 as a desirable vegetable for boiling like spinach,
the thickness and slightly acid flavor of the fleshy

to be used as a fresh table vegetable for stumner use
it
however, he adds, not without merit as an ornamental
is,
this species
hottentot
edule Linn,
Cape
It
of
says
parts of the leaves have caused
was introduced into Europe
ice plant
^
lists
Vilmorin
or for garnishing.
363
growing in large masses in southern California.
fig.
The mucilaginous capsules, says Captain Carmichael, are the

an agreeable preserve. Figuier ^ says the leaves are pickled as a subthe pickled cucumber, and Henfrey says the foliage is eaten at the Cape.
Good Hope.
of
chief material of
stitute for
M.
forskahlei Hochst.
North
The
Africa.
capsules are soaked and dried
separated for making bread, which, however,
M.
not eaten by other Arabs.
pugionifonne Linn.
South Africa.
M.
is
by the Bedouins, and the seeds
form a good substitute
Its leaves
for spinach.*
tortuosum Linn.
South Africa.
This species possesses narcotic properties and
is
chewed by the Hot-
tentots for the purpose of producing intoxication.'
Mesua
ferrea Linn.
Java and East
ironwood.
Guttiferae.
Indies.
The
fruit is reddish
and wrinkled when
ripe,
It resembles a chestnut in size, shape, substance
that of the chestnut.
Metroxylon laeve Mart. Palmae. spineless sago palm.

This species furnishes a large part of the sago which
East Indies.
"
Europe.
M.
sago palm.
Sumatra and Malacca.

Noisette
Man.
Thorburn
Jard. 538.
Parry Bol. U. S.
plant
employed
is
1829.
1885.
Mex. Bound. Sun.
'Figuier Veg. World
Smith, A.
The
1881.
Ca/.
'Vilmorin Keg. Cord. 275.
'
4:i8.
2: 16.
1859.
1867.
Treas. Bot. 2:738.
1870.
Ibid.
Drury, H.
Smith, A.
Useful Pis. Ind. 291 .

Treas. Bot. 2:1006.
"Seemann, B.
" Ibid.
exported to
This palm furnishes, saj^ Seemann," the best sago of the East Indies.
sagu Rottb.
'
is
taste.*
prickly sago palm.
rumphii Mart,
East Indies.
M.
with a rind like
and
1873.
1870.
1856.
in the preparation of sago for food.
364
Considerable quantities are
where
M.
it
made at
the Poggy Islands, lying

forms the principal food of the inhabitants.'
&
vitiense Benth.
Hook.
ofif
sago palm.
f.
a true sago palm in Viti but its quality, Seemann

the natives until he pointed it out to them.
This
is
Michelia champaca Linn.
The
Malay.
the west coast of Sumatra,
champaca.
Magnoliaceae.
be
fruit is said to
edible,
and
says,
was not known to
fragrant champaca.
in India the tree is cultivated for the
exquisite perfimie of the flowers.'
Micromeria Juliana Benth. Labiatae. savory.

East Mediterranean region. This savory is mentioned by Gerarde,* 1597, as sown
in gardens.
It is a native of the Mediterranean coimtries, called in Greece,
ussopo, in
M.
has disappeared from our seed catalogs.
It
Egypt, pesalem.^
obovata Benth.
West Indies and introduced

was recorded by Burr," 1863, as
much used
in Britain in 1783.
in
The
species has
American gardens but as
for seasoning in its native country.
It is
now
little
two
used.
varieties.
It
It is said to
be
recorded as in cultivation in
Europe.
Microseris forsteri Hook.
and
New
Zealand.
The
by the natives and
eaten.
Australia
New
and
M.
f.
Compositae.
This
Zealand.
root
the native scorzonera of tropical Australia

used as a food by the aborigines.'
The roots are roasted
is
is
They have an agreeable
taste.'
sp.?
This plant furnishes a small, succulent, and almost transparent root,

The root is eaten raw by the Nez Perc^ Indians.'
terish, milky juice.
Milium nigricans Ruiz
Peru.
&
Pav.
Gramineae.
drink called ullpu
Millettia atropurpurea Benth.
A tree
'
of
Griffith,
W.
Palms
Seemann, B.
Gerarde,
'
Fl.
Herb. 461.
279.
W.
1831.
1870.
1879.
1863.
(Satureia Juliana)
{Satureia viminea)
1891.
Journ. Bot. 9:266.
Treas. Bot. 2:1 VSt.
{Sagus laevis)
1850.
1597.
Sel. Pis. 2S0.

J.
leaves are said to be eaten."
1865-73.
Chron. Hist. Pis. 34$.
'U. S. D. A. Rpt. 409.

ô
Brit. Ind. 2$.
Viti.
'Mueller, P.
'Hooker,
The tender

J.
Pickering, C.
'Burr, F.
Leguminosae.
Burma and Malay.
'
Don, G.
obtained from the farina of the seeds.'"
is
1857.
(Scorzonera lawrencii)
{Scorzonella ptilophora)
1876.
" Wallich PI. Asiat.

1:70. Tab. 78.
1830-32.
full of
bit-

elata Allem.
Mimusops
To
Brazil.
Wallace
and
'
cow tree.
Sapotaceae.
this species is referred the massaranduba, or
says of
that the fruit
it
cow
Amazon.
and very good. It is the size of a small apple
abundance when the bark is cut. The milk has
tree,
of the
eatable
is
a rich milk which exudes in
full of
365
about the consistency of thick cream and, but for a very slight, peculiar taste, could
Bates ^ says the fruit
scarcely be distinguished from the genuine product of the cow.
is eaten in Para, where it is sold in the streets.
The milk is pleasant with coffee but has
when drunk pure; it soon thickens to a glue which is excessively tenacious.

He was told that it was not safe to drink much of it. Hemdon ' probably refers to this
tree when he says he obtained from the Indians the milk of the cow tree, which
they drink
fresh, and, when brought to him in a calabash, had a foamy appearance as if just drawn
from the cow and looked very rich and tempting. It, however, coagulates very soon and
slight ranlBiess
becomes as hard and tenacious as
M.
medlar.
elengi Linn,
shaped
when
glue.
This plant
is
which are used in garlands.

about an inch long, is eaten, and
cultivated on account of
The
flowers,
ripe,
the fruits are sweetish and edible
when
oil is
its
fragrant, star-
small, ovoid, one-seeded berry, yellow

,
expressed from the
seeds.''
Dutt
says
ripe.
M. hexandra Roxb.
East Indies and south India.
Java,
it is
M. kauM
is
This plant
is
commonly
cultivated near villages.
In
cultivated for its fruits which are eaten.'

Linn.
Burma, Malay and Australia. This tree is found in gardens in Java. The fruit
edible.'
Dr. Hooker ' states that this tree is cultivated in China, Manila and Malabar
for its esculent, agreeably acid fruit.
M. kummel
It is
the khirnee of India.'
Bruce.
This
the M'nyemvee of interior Africa, a lofty tree whose one-stoned,

dry, orange-yellow or reddish fruit is sweet in taste.'"
Abyssinia.
M,
is
manilkara G. Don.
Malabar and the
This species
Philippines.
the form and size of an olive and

contains but one or
'
Wallace, A. R.
Bates,
H.W.
two
Trav.
Amaz.
28.
L.,
'
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 293, 294.
and Gibbon, L.
635.
1876.
Dutt, U. C.

Forest Fl. 2^1
Z,i6r. 5ct.
is
1876.
Card. Ind. 25$.
1877.
(M.indica)
1859.
{M.
balota)
1874.
Ibid.
"Speke, J. H. Journ. Disc. Source Nile 574.

" Don, G. Hist. Dichl. Pis.
4:35.
1838.
1864.
its fruit,
which
is
of a sweetish-acid flavor
1879-80.
Explor. Vail. Amaz. 1:227.
Brandis, D.
Firminger, T. A. C.
cultivated for
1853.
Humboldt
Nat. Amaz.
Hemdon, W.
'Unger, F.
is
succulent; the pulp
seeds."
'
'
is
1854.
of
and
366
M.
sieberi A.
DC.
naseberry.

Mitchella repens Linn.
The
North America and Japan.
and
Tropical
and highly
flavored.*
squaw-vine.'
insipid, red fruits are
eaten by children.
Ficoideae.
This plant
subtropical regions.
Momordica balsamina Linn.
Cucurbitaceae.
is
a common potherb in upper
India.*
balsam apple.
The balsam apple has purgative
warm water and
the Chinese after careful washing in
M.
fruit is delicious
partridge-berry,
Rubiaceae.
MoIIugo hirta Thunb.
The
Indies.
qualities
but
is
eaten by
subsequent cooking.*
charantia Linn.

the wet season, the fruit
is
This vine
very commonly cultivated about Bombay. In

notched and ridged like a crocodile's back
is
12 or 15 inches long,
and requires to be steeped in salt water before being cooked.* Firminger ' says the fruit
is about the size and form of a hen's
egg, pointed at the ends, and covered with little blimt
tubercles, of intensely bi.tter taste,
also to
but
is
much
constuned by the natives and
Europeans as an ingredient to flavor their curries
is
agreeable
In Patna,
there are two varieties jethwya, a plant growing in the heat of spring and dying with the
first rains, and bara masiya, which lasts throughout the
In France, it is grown in
year.
by way of
variety.
the flower garden.'
M.
dioica Roxb.
East Indies.
is
This species
There are several
edible.^
imder cultivation
is
varieties, says
roots of the female plant are eaten
the small, muricated fruit
the
fruit,
which
is
Monarda didyma
by the
Drury.*
India for food purposes; the root
The
yovuig, green fruits
and tuberous
natives, and, in
occasionally eaten.
is
in
Burma, according to Mason,'

At Bombay, this plant is cultivated for
the size of a pigeon's egg and knobbed, says Graham.'"

Linn.
bee balm,
Lahiatae.
oswego
tea.
From New England to Wisconsin northward, and southward in the AUeghanies. It

mentioned by McMahon," 1806, in his list of aromatic pot and sweet herbs. It is called
Oswego tea from the use sometimes made of its leaves. In France, it is grown in the
is
flower gardens.'^
Vasey U.
'Ainslie,
S.
W.
D. A. Rpt. 166.
Ma/.
/n<i.
Contrib. Mat.
'Smith, F. P.
Pickering, C.
Vilmorin
'
J.
1826.
(Pharnaceum pentagoneum)
Med. China 91. 1871.
'Royle,
1875.
2:345.
Card: Ind. 125.
Fl. PI. Ter. 705.
F.
lUustr. Bot.
1879.
1874.
1870.
3rd Ed.
Himal. i:2ig. 1839.
'
Dntry, H.
'
Useful. Pis. Ind. 296.
1873.
1879.
Ibid.
" McMahon, B.
" Vilmorin
Amer. Card.
F/. P/. rer. 708.
Col. 583.
1870.
1806.
3rd Ed.
{M. punctata)

Moneses
grandiflora S. F. Gray.
North and Arctic

yield of berries
is
regions.
Ericaceae,
The
fruit is
The
scant, however.'
Java and on the Coromandel Coast.
Dun.
mjrristica
This tree of Jamaica

is
one-flowered pyrola.
used as food by the Indians of Alaska.
Monochoria vaginalis Presl. Pontederiaceae.

Asia and African tropics. This species
Monodora
mossberry.
367
is
esteemed as a medical plant in Japan,
young shoots are
Its
edible.^
Jamaica nutmeg.
Anonaceae.
supposed to have been introduced from South America, but
is
with more reason believed to have been taken by the negroes from the west coast of
It is cultivated in
Africa.
Jamaica
which furnish Jamaica nutmeg. The

which imparts to them the odor and flavor of
for its fruits,
seeds contain a quantity of aromatic
oil
nutmegs.'
Monstera
deliciosa Liebm.
ceriman.
Aroideae.
American
This fine plant has been somewhat cultivated in England for

tropics.
and may now be seen in greenhouses in this country. The leaves are broad, perforated and dark, shining green. The fruit consists of the spadix, the eatable portion of
its fruit
and very rich, juicy and fragrant, with a flavor somewhat like that
the pineapple and banana combined. The fruit is filled with a sort of spicule, which,
which
of
luiless
is
of fine texture
the fruit be thoroughly ripe, interferes with the pleasure of
specimens of the
fruit
its
eating.
were exhibited before the Massachusetts Horticultural
Dobrizhoffer,^ in his Account of the Abipones of Paraguay,

"
to a fruit called guemhe which is
the more remarkable for its being so little
again in 1881.
by many who have grown

are its native
a man's
fist
soil.
It is
old in Paraguay, for the northern
woods
In 1874,
vSociety
and
1784, refers
known, even
of that country only
about a span long, almost cylindrical in shape, being thicker than
in the middle but smaller at both extremities,
and resembles a pigeon stripped
sometimes weighing as much as two pounds. It is entirely covered with

Its liquid
yellowish skin, marked with little knobs and a dark spot in the middle.
of its feathers,
soft,
pulp has a very sweet taste but
of tender thorns, perceivable by the palate only,

must be slowly chewed but quickly swallowed.
The stalk which occupies the middle, has something of wood in it and must be thrown
This ponaway. You cannot imagine how agreeable and wholesome this fruit is.
not
is full
by the eye, on which account
it
derous fruit grows on a flexible shrub resembling a rope, which entwines

high trees."
If this description applies to oiu" species, it is certainly
itself
aroimd
remarkable that this
ancient missionary did not refer to the open spaces in the leaves.
Moraea
edulis Ker-Gawl.
South Africa.
>-U. S.
'
Case
D. A.Rpt. ^\^.
Bot. Index 25.
Smith, A.
*
Irideae.
The bulbous
1870.
root
is
(M.uniflora)
1879.
Treas. Bot. 2:752.
eaten
1870.
DobrizhofiFer Acct. Abipones 1:380.
1784.
by the Hottentots.
When
cooked,
it
has
368
'
Thunberg says, in Kaffraria, the roots were eaten roasted,

or stewed with milk and appeared to him to be both palatable and nourishing,
the taste of potatoes.'
much
boiled,
tasting
like potatoes.
Morinda
Linn.
citrifolia
awl
Rubiaceae.
Indian mulberry.
tree.
Malayan Archipelago and neighboring

a great favorite with the Burmese, served in their cur-
Tropical shores in Hindustan, throughout the

Its fruit is
Polynesian islands.
Labillardi^re
ries.'
Its
taste
scarcity,
M.
is
insipid.
and that the
tinctoria
Roxb.
says the fruit
taste
is
Don
the Friendly Islanders, but
among
eaten in Tahiti in times of
is
dyers' mulberry.
ach-root.
According to Brandis,' this species
and alimentary
use.'
M.
Nimmo.
concanensis
cultivated throughout
Moringeae.
The
seeds are exported to Syria and Palestine for medicinal
The unripe
East Indies and India.
fruit is eaten.'
pterygosperma Gaertn. horseradish tree.

Northwest India.
The horseradish tree is cultivated for
as a vegetable and preserved as a pickle, and for

eaten.*
is
saj^ the green fruits are pickled and eaten with curries.
Moringa aptera Gaertn.

Nubia and Arabia.
M.
great request
states that the fruit
very indifferent.

India.
is in
Captain Cook
Dutt
'
says
it
cultivated for
is
used by the natives in their
The
curries.
its
leaves
its leaves,
and
root, says Royle,'"
flowers
and
flowers
pean residents in India as a substitute for horseradish.
its fruit,
is
"
is
eaten
which are likewise
seed-vessels,
imiversally
Ainslie
which
which are
known
says the root
is
to Eurogenerally
used and the pods are an excellent vegetable.
According to Firminger,'* the root serves

as a horseradish and the long, unripe seed-pods are used boiled in curries.
It is also cultivated
by the Burmese
for its pods,
but by Europeans
it is
chiefly valued for its roots.'*
In the Philippines, the leaves and fruit are cooked and eaten.'*
oil
expressed from the seeds

'
Pickering, C.
'
Thunberg, C. P.
Pickering, C.
is
used in salads.'^

Traz).
{Iris edulis)
1879.
Labillardifere Voy. Recherche Perouse 2:153.
'
Brandis, D.
Baillon,
'
H.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 278.
(Vieusseuxia edulis)
1879.
1795.
1:144.
(Af. bracteata)
1799-
1874.
Hist. Pis. y.iyo.
Forest Fl. 130.
1874.
1874.
Ibid.
"
"
"
"
"
Dutt, U. C.
Royle, J. F.
Illustr. Bot.
Ainslie,
W.
Mat. Ind. 1:175.
Firminger Gard. /ji. 130.

Pickering, C.
Ibid.
Ibid.
1877.
Himal. 1:180.
1839.
1826.
1874.
{Hyperanthera moringa)
1879.
In the West Indies, the

Moronobea
grandiflora Choizy.
Moms
says the fruit
nearly of the size of an orange but
is
white mulberry.
Urticaceae.
China and Japan but naturalized
of
is
It is called bacuri.
acid.
alba Linn.
A tree
'
23 stones covered with a white pulp of a pleasant taste, being sweet
oval and contains
and somewhat
Guttiferae.
Arruda
tall tree of Brazil.
369
in Eiu'ope, Asia
and America.
It is
com-
monly supposed, says Thompson,^ that cuttings of the white mulberry were first brought
into Tuscany from the Levant in 1434 and in the course of the century this species had
M.
almost entirely superceded
nigra for the feeding of silk
worms
The
in Italy.
variety
was brought from Manila to Senegal, and some years afterwards to Europe,
and was described by Kenrick,' 1835, preceding which date it had reached America.
multicaulis
In 1773 or 1774,
Wm.
near Charleston,
S.
Bartram
C,
for the purpose of feeding silk
M.
by order
trees planted in Virginia in 1623

species.
There are
many
which some kinds are sweet, some
worms, but
it is
alba,
and
probable that
Assembly were probably
in India
it is
its
The mulberry
cultivated for
of this
its fruit,
acid,
autimm and much
of the food of the inhabitants in

is
of the Colonial
rubra
and of all shades of color from white to a deep

In Kashmir and Afghanistan, the fruit furnishes a considerable portion
blackish-purple.
there
M.
varieties of
M.
alba grafted on
introduction was coeval with the interest in silk culture before 1660.
first
of
noticed large plantations of
of
it is
dried
and
preserved.^
a white, seedless variety called shah-toot, or royal mulberry.
The
two to two and one-half inches long and of the thickness of the small
In its season it forms the
and the tree is inexhaustibly prolific.
In Kabul,
fruits are
from
finger,
very sweet,
chief
food of the
poor.*
M.
&
ceWdifolia H. B.
M.
tree bears
an
edible fruit.'
aino mulberry.
indica Linn,
The aino
Tropical Asia.
and about Bombay
M.
K.
The
Peru to Mexico.
its
mtol berry
dark red
is
cultivated in Bengal for feeding silk worms,*
fruit is sold in
the bazaars for making
tarts.
laevigata Wall.
The
where in India.
fruit is
long, cylindrical, purple fruit
'
Koster, H.
Trav. Braz. 363.
Thompson, R.
W.
New Amer.
Kenrick,
'
Mueller, F.
Pickering, C.
'
Brandis, D.
" Royle,
J. F.
much
is
181 7.
Off.
(M. esculenta)
1835.
1880.
1876.
1861.
Rpt. 529.
Set. Pis. 285.
1891.
Chron. Hist. Pts. 570.

Forest Ft. 409.
Itiustr. Bot.
eaten.'"
1870.
Orch. 225.
Forest Ft. 407.
Harlan U. S. Pat.
'
is
Treas. Bo/. 2:758.
'
Brandis, D.
found wild and cidtivated in the Himalayas and elseThe

long, cylindrical, yellowish- white, sweet but insipid.'
This species
East Indies.
1879.
1874.
Himat.
:337.
1839.
370
M.
black mulberry.
nigra Linn,
Temperate Asia. The black mulberry is a native of north Persia and the Caucasus.
was brought at a very early period to Greece. Theophrastus was acquainted with it
and called it sukamttos. It is only at a late period that this tree, brought by Lucius Vitellus
It
from Syria to Rome, was successfully reared in Italy, after all earlier experiments, according to Pliny, had been conducted in vain. At the time of Palladius and even in that of
Athaneus, the mulberry tree had multiplied but
little in
The
that coimtry.
introduction
under Justinian gave a new importance to this tree, and, from that time
to the present, its propagation in western and northern Europe, Denmark and Sweden
of silk culture
has taken place very rapidly.
superceded
by M.
was planted
France
in
It
M.
states
it
was not fovmd
it
From New England
is
scarcely hardy north of
it is
cultivated
occasionally
for
its
fruit.
New
In 1760,
in Louisiana.
to Illinois
any other
species
by most
people.
The
tree
fruit is preferred, says
Emer-
grows abundantly in northern
In Indian Territory, the large, sweet, black
was observed by De Soto * on the

was seen by Strachey ' on James River planted around
esteemed by the Indians.
route to Apalachee, and the tree
The
and southward.^
Missouri and along the rivers of Kansas.

fruit is greatly
the sixteenth century that this plant was
red mulberry.
rubra Linn,
son,' to that of
till
in 1500.
York, but there and southward

Jeflerys
was not
alba for the feeding of silk worms.^ This species, according to Mueller,'
This
fruit
native dwellings.
M.
serrata Roxb.
Himalayan
This species
region.
The purple
Himalayas.
Mouriria pusa Gardn.
Gardner
Brazil.
fruit is
Kimawar.
It is
mucilaginous and sweet but not very
Melastomaceae.
'
cultivated in
is
common
in the
fleshy.'
silverwood.
says the fruit of this Brazilian tree
much in taste the

much esteemed and is
size of
a small
caulifiora.
In the
about the
is
plum, black in color and resembles
fruit of
province of Ceara, this fruit
carried through the streets for sale
by the
M.
Indians.
is
Eugenia
It is called pusa.
rhizophoraefolia Gardn.
The
Martinique.
value
'
is
set
upon
Unger, F.
Sel. Pis. 285.
T.
Gray, A.
'
Emerson, G. B.
'
Pickering, C.
'
Ibid.
'
Brandis, D.
'
Gardner, G.
1891.
Bot. 444.
1859.
8th Ed.
Nat. Hist. Amer. 1:155.
Man.
markets at
owing to the very small quantity
'Mueller, F.
'Jefiferys,
it,
fruit is regularly sold in the
1760.
1868.
Trees, Shrubs
Mass. 1:315.
Chron. Hist Pis. 770.
Forest Fl. 409.
Trav. Braz. 146.
1876.
1849.
1879.
1875.
St. Vincent,
of sweet
but no high
pulp which tenaciously

The
adheres to the seeds.

seed has the flavor of
Mucuna
outer portion of the fruit
is
371
not pleasant to the taste, but the
filberts.'
capitata Sweet.
Leguminosae.
Malay Archipelago and the Himalayas. This species, according to Elliott,^

tivated in native gardens in India and even among some of the Hill Tribes.
M.
we do
M.
cul-
cochinchinensis Lour.
This sicies
as
is
is
cultivated in Cochin China for its legumes which are served
and eaten
string beans.'
DC.
gigantea
cowitch.
The beans
East Indies.
are eaten by the natives
and are esteemed as both palatable
and wholesome.*
M. monospenna DC.
East Indies.
M.
nivea
negro bean.
This
is
a favorite vegetable with Brahmins.'
DC.
Bengal and Burma.
This species is cultivated by the natives in India. Roxbtirgh

says that, by removing the velvety skin of the large, fleshy, tender pods, they are a most
excellent vegetable for the table, and the full-grown beans are
scarcely inferior to the
large garden beans of Exirope.
M.
DC.
pruriens
cowitch.
The
Tropical Africa.
Drury
cowhage.
cowitch, or cowhage, has,
to its pods of minute prickles, which,
The women,
painful tingling.
reaiBrms this opinion.
if
^y%
Livingstone,' a velvety covering
touched, enter the pores of the skin and cause a
in times of scarcity, collect the pods, kindle
fire of
grass
over them to destroy the prickles, then soak the beans until they begin to sprout, wash
them
in pure water
Zambezi
M.
and
either boil
urens Medic,
Lunan
or
pound them into meal.
says
it
is
is
said
W.
W.
Hooker,
'Elliott,
'
Don, G.
Hooker,
the
poisonous.
J.
Bot. Misc. 1:124.
1832.
1831.
1873.
'
Drury, H.
'
Livingstone, D.
'
Lunan,
Card. Ind. 149.
&
C.
Treas. Bot. 2:1301.
1876.
infusion of the leaves
(Guildingia psidiodes)
(Macranthus cochinchinensis)
1874.
1873.
Exped. Zambesi 503.
Hort. Jam. 1:383.
An
1863.
Bot. Misc. 2:352.
J.
Firminger, T. A. C.
J.
1830.
W.
Drury, H.
'^
name on
by Plumier to have been eaten by the Caribs but
Tiliaceae.
calabur.
Muntingia calabura Linn.
West Indies. This is the guasem of Jamaica.
the Caracas as a tea.'"
'
Its
horse-eye bean.
In Jamaica, the legume

'
them
is kitedzi.
1814.
1866.
is
used in
STURTEVANT
372
Murraya exotica Linn. Rutaceae. Chinese box.

Asia and Australian tropics. The fruit is red and
M.
curry-leaf tree.
koenigii Spreng.
A
The
M.
tree of tropical Hindustan, cultivated for its leaves,
leaves are aromatic
Prom
edible.*
which are used to flavor
and fragrant and, with the root and bark, are used
the seeds, a medicinal
oil
called zimbolee oil
is
curries.
medicinally.
extracted.*
longifolia Bltmie.
The
Java.
Musa
chinensis Sweet.
Chinese dwarf banana.
Scitamineae.
This very delicious plantain, says Firminger,*
China.
The
fruit is edible.*
borne in enormous bunches, each
is
of a rich
and peculiar
flavor.
about lo inches long, of moderate

and uniform shape and thickness, and when ripe are pea-green in color. The bananas
fruits are
fruit
are exceedingly difficult to obtain in perfection, as they are imeatable until quite ripe,
and on becoming ripe, commence almost immediately to decay. This variety, in 1841,
was grown in abundance for the table of the King of France at Versailles and Menton.
In 1867, yoimg plants of this dwarf banana were sent to Florida from the United States
of
Department
there.
Agriculture,
and now they may be seen quite generally
in
gardens
quite frequently fruited in greenhouses, being of easy culture and man"

"
in
Hawkins,' 1593, saw small, round, plantains,
green when they are ripe
It is
agement.
Brazil.
M.
ensete
J.
F. Gmel.
abyssinian banana.
The
dry and inedible, containing a few large, stony seeds,

but, says Masters,* the base of the flower-stalk is cooked and eaten by the natives.
'
Unger says the fruit is not palatable and is rarely eaten, but the white, marrowy portion
Tropical Africa.
of the
young stems,
fruit is
freed from the rind
and cooked, has the
taste of the best
wheat bread
and, dressed with milk and butter, supplies a very excellent, wholesome diet.
occurs even in the Egyptian antiques and seems to have

at
an
The
plant
been more widely distributed
There are large plantations of it at Maitsha

than at the present.
The tree grows about 20 feet high and is a striking ornament in our best
earlier period
and Goutto.
conservatories.
M. maculata
banana.
Jacq.
Mauritius Islands.
banana not
'
Don, G.
Masters,
fruit is
M.
Don, G.
T.
M.
Masters,
Unger, F.
Van Daman
T.
1870.
(Bergera konigii)
1831.
Card. Ind. 181.
Voy. So. Seas 1593.
Hawkins, R.
very spicy and of excellent flavor.
above south Florida.'
1831.
Treas. Boi. 1:136.
'
The
profitable for cultivation
1874.
Treas. Bot. 2:765.,
1874.
1859.
U. S. D. A. Pom. Bid. No. 1:37.
1887.
1847.
This
is
a tender
M.
373
banana.
rosacea Jacq.
This is the vai of Cook, the fahie of Wilkes, the foe of the natives.
Tropical Asia.
was seen by Wilkes in groves in Tahiti, the fruit borne on an upright spike, of the
shape of the banana but twice as large and of a deep golden hue, with pulp of a dark orange
'
It
high flavor and greatly esteemed by the natives.
It is destitute of seeds, of
color.
the Fiji Islands,
it is
The
found cultivated.
fruit is
eaten either roasted or boiled.
says there^ are nearly 20 kinds of wild bananas, very large and serviceable, in the
In India, says Firminger,' this species
tains of Tahiti.
adam's
sapientum Linn,
banana,
fig.
In general, says Humboldt,* the musa,
though hitherto never found
is
in
a wild
"
The names
the term plantain
"
plantain
Forster,' varies almost
ad infinitum,
Ceylon 10 and in
has as great a variety of
banana
Burma
30.
like
is
than
others,
bire,
the
tain
is
The Dacca
is 9 inches long.
In Madagascar,.
In the mountains of the Philippines, a
The banana is cultivated in more varieties

The plantain is abundant in Africa,
travelers.
of the dainties of the
In Peru, according to Herndon
Mosquito Indians, says Bancroft,'"
given to plantains kept in leaves
the leaves used for girdles by
Adam and Eve
12 inches long were
was eaten
flesh
plantain, says
At Tongatabu, says Captain Cook\
till
putrid;
imquestionably of ancient culture, for one of the
from 10 to
The
plantain
man.
and other African
One
abounds.
name
the apple
the plantain, says Roxburgh.'
according to Burton
it
fruit as
are very discriminately applied, but
In Tenasserim, says Simmonds,^ there are 20 varieties,
said to be a load for a

is
"
our apple.
the plantains are as large as a man's forearm.
btmch
in
people in the Torrid Zone,
given to sorts whose fruits are eaten raw.
they have 15 sorts of plantain.
in India
moun-
when
usually restricted to the larger plants whose fruits are eaten cooked,
is
single
kela and,
plantain.
known by every
state,
"
and
while the term banana
in
ram
The
fine fruit.
is
thin, at first of
or pear.
called
a remarkably
fruit is about seven inches long and rather
a very dark red, but ripening to a yellowish-red.
good condition,
M.
is
On
Ellis
it is
Mohammedan
were plantain leaves.
in Louisiana in 1855
grown
eaten boiled.
'
and
is
bis-
The
traditions
is
plan-
that
Plantains with fruit
and probably
earlier.
The
roasted, fried or boiled.
seems probable that the plantain, or banana, was cultivated in South America
before the discovery by Colimibus.
It seems indigenous to the hot regions of the Old
World and the New, or at any rate to have been present in the New World before the
It
discovery by Colimibus, as banana leaves are found in the huacas, or Peruvian tombs,
Wilkes, C.
=
Ellis,
W.
Polyn. Research. i:y).
Firminger, T. A. C.
'Forster 06j. 177.
Simmonds,
Card. Ind. 180.
Trar. 1:49.
'Humboldt, A.
P. L.
1845.
1833.
1874.
{M. rubra)
1889.
1778.
Trap. Agr. ^62.
1889
'Roxburgh, W. Ph. Coram. Coast 3:74. 1819.

'
i860.
Burton, F. Lake Reg. Cent. Afr. 316.
'
'
Herndon, W.
L.,
Bancroft, H. H.
and Gibbon,
L.
Native Races 1:721.
1875.
1854.
STURTEVANT
374
the shrine of the goddess Centeotl.
Hooker
Coromandel.
saw them
fat
banana
"
at
found bananas growing wild on the coast

Rumphius and Blanco
species wild in the Himalayas.
Finla3reon found
and others saw them
"
says the Mexicans offered the
Roxburgh
saw two
in the Philippines.
Cook
Siam.
'
Bancroft
anterior to the Conquest.
of
them
in Tahiti,
in the small island of Pulo-ubi near
and Humboldt mentions the occasional
occurrence of wild bananas in the forests of South America.
Although the cultivated

banana and plantain are usually seedless, yet some wild species produce seeds,
and varieties of the cultivated form occasionally bear seeds. Thus, on the coast of Para,
varieties of
near the Gulf of Triste, and near

seeds; as there are at
The
Burton.*
mentions
'
Cumand, according to Hiunboldt, there are sorts with

Manila, according to Meyen;' and in Central Africa, according to
fruit of these is usually of
Firminger,* at the present time names
kinds of bananas.
In Calcutta, 1503-08, Varthema
poor quality.
says the cultivated varieties in Bengal are
7 varieties,
and
In Tahiti, according to
Carey
In the Fiji
Ellis,** not fewer than 30 varieties of bananas are cultivated by the natives.
In Cercado, on the
Islands, some 9 varieties are in ciiltivation according to Wilkes."
Amazon, Castelanu ' says there

Central Africa, Grant " names 6
is
infinite.
an enormous niunber
Ten
varieties.
of varieties of bananas.
varieties are given for
In
Ceylon and 30
Burma.
for
The garden
Adam
in Seyllan (Ceylon), says MorignoUi,'* about 1350, contains

"
but the plantain has more the character of
plantain trees which the natives call figs:
of
a garden plant than
At
of a tree.
they are not good to
first
eat,
but after they have been
kept a while in the house they ripen of themselves and are then of an excellent odor and
and they are about the length of the longest

"
'^
describes three sorts:
The first sort
1503-08, Varthema
Their color is somewhat
are very restorative things to eat.
better taste,
still
thin.
The
The second
sort
is
The head
>
Bancroft, H. H.
Roxburgh,
W.
Hooker,
D.
J.
Native Races 3:351.
is
often cut
Burton, F.
Jones, J.
Himal. Journ. 1:143.
W.
'Roxburgh, W.
W.
" Hemdon, W.
Speke,
J.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 162.
Hort. Beng. 18.
H.
" Cathay, Way

"Jones, J. W.
and Gibbon, L.
1833.
1845.
Explo.'. Vail.

Thither.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 360.
Trav. Varthema.
1863.
1874.
18 14.
U. S. Expior. Exped. 3:333.

L.,
Note.
1893.
i860.
Card. Ind. 177-182.
" Wilkes, C.
1819.
1854.
1773.
Trav. Varthema.
Firminger, T. A. C.
"Ellis,
1882.
Ph. Corom. Coast y.j^.

Lake Reg. Cent. Afr. 316.
Darwin, C.
'"
yellow,
delicate vegetable.
Cook, Capt. Foy. 3:207.
'
called cianchapalon; these
and the bark
of the flowers of the variety
before the sheath in which they are enclosed expands,
most
is
and they are much superior to the
called cadelapalon,
third sort are bitter."
of one's fingers." In Calicut,
Amaz. 1:177.
1864.
1866.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 162.
1863.
1854.
known
off,
is
very
others.
as kuntela,
being esteemed a
STURTEVANT
375
In the Malay Archipelago, says Wallace,' many species occur wild in the forests and
some produce edible fruits. In 1591, at the Nicobar Islands, near Sumatra, the plantain
was seen by May.' At Batavia, in 1770, Captain Cook fotmd inniunerable sorts but
only three were good eating, although others were used for cooking. In New Guinea, in
he found plantains flourishing in a state of the highest perfection. Le Maire,* 1616,
In New Holland Captain Cook found the plantain tree
bearing a very small fruit, the pulp well-tasted, but full of seeds, and in another place
1770,
says this fnut is called tachouner.
Both the banana and plantain are
said to be so full of stones as scarcely to be edible.
now
cultivated in Australia in
many
varieties.
"
"
In Polynesia, Mendaiia, in 1595, mentions very fine plantains at Mendana Islands

and elsewhere. In 1606, de Quiros saw plantains as appears from his memorial to the
"
"
*
King of Spain. In 1588, Cavendish had plantains brought out in boats to his ships
and in 1625 Prince Maurice ' of Nassau mentions bananas as brought to his ships. Easter
Island,
when discovered
in 1722,
had
"
In 1778, Captain Cook discovered
plantains."
the Sandwich Islands and found there the banana, and Wilkes,' in 1840, says bananas
and plantains are abundant. The Fiji Islands were discovered by Tasman in 1643, and
they were visited by D'Urville in 1827, although there had been intervening arrivals of
'
found there five or six varieties of banana with insipid
Europeans. In 1840 Wilkes
and three
fruit
varieties of plantain cultivated to
and Samoa.
of Tahiti
a great extent, as also the wild species
Tahiti was discovered by Wallis in 1767 and visited
by BougainIn 1777 Captain Cook speaks of the plantain as

and by Cook in 1769.
Ellis * says the
being cultivated there and also of wild plantains in the mountains.
When
plantain and banana are indigenous and also cultivated in the native gardens.
ville in 1768,
Captain Cook discovered Wateroo Island, he found plantains and he mentions them at
Atooi, the
Annamooka
The banana
Islands.
mentioned by Ramusio,' 1563-74, as being found in Africa. At the

"
island of St. Thomas, off the coast of Guinea, he says
they have also began to plant
It produces fruit like the figs
that herb, which in one year grows to the height of a tree.
called
muse
Hawkins
'"
is
in Alexandria,
"
and
the plantain
says
describes the fruit as having
square,
some
triangle,
called abellana in this island."
tree
many
St.
Trap. Nat. 254.
varieties:
of a
John,
"
Enc. Brit. 18:269.

Wilkes, C.
'
Ibid.
'
Ramusio
Ellis,
W.
in his
"Hawkins, R.
1904.
Coll.
1770.
Voy. So. Seas 1593.
1845.
1833.
Voy. Portugese ^3^.
some
and
lesser,
"
some round, some
no conserve
is'
better,
Adventures in the Libyan Desert, mentions
1859.

Co//.
great,
"
1895.
G.
some
spanne long
'May, Capt. H. Voy. 1591. Hakl. Voy. 10:196.

Le Maire and Schoutin Voy. 161 5. Dalrymple
Lives, Voy. Cavendish, Drake 141.
1854.
'
In 1593, Sir Richard
found inmost parts of Afrique and America," and
most ordinarily
nor of a more pleasing taste."

Wallace, A. R.
it is
is
1789.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 49.
1847.
376
the banana as growing in some of the valleys and in the osais of Siwah.
Grant
'
found the
ood of the countries one degree on either side of the equator. There
and wine-maldng sorts.
plantain the staple
are half a dozen varieties, he says, the boiling, baking, drying, fruit
The
fruit dried,
from Ugigi,
like
is
Normandy
pippin; a variety
when green and
yields a wine resembling hock in

grows wild in the greatest luxuriance. The tree
an excellent vegetable, while another
flavor.
Uganda, this fruit

watery matter contained
is
in
cannot procure
The banana
elsewhere.
it
who
the females,
in the stock serves the natives of
extract from
certain parts about
and a
Long
says,
very large and the
for water,
when they
scarcely ever eaten in the ripe state, save

delicious liquor.
is
Biuton
'
by
says, in
Lake Tanganyika, the banana
is the staff of life and is apparently an

In the hilly countries, there are said to be about a dozen
aboriginal of these latitudes.

varieties,
is
an unfermented and
it
Uganda
boiled
single
bunch forms a load
for a
man.
It is
found on the islands and on the
mountains of Usagara. The best fruit is that grown by

the Arabs at Unyamyembe, but this is a poor specimen, coarse and insipid, stringy and full
of seeds.
Upon the Tanganyika lake, there is a variety larger than the horse-plantain of
coast of Zanzibar
India, of
and
rarely in the
which the skin
dull yellow
is
brick-reddish, in places inclined to a rusty brown, the pulp
and contains black
seeds.
The
flavor
is
harsh, strong
"
it
and
drug-like.
"
of the Canary Inlands, says

In 1526, Thomas Nicols,* writing of the
plantano
"
is like a cucumber and when it is ripe it is blacke and in eating more delicate than any
Oviedo,* 1516, says the banana was transplanted hence to the Island of
conserve."
Hispaniola, but the Dominique variety, which is supposed to be the one, does not answer
In the Cape Verde Islands, plantains are mentioned as
to the description of Nicols.
seen
by Cavendish
The
at S. Jago in
586 and also at Fogo Island.
leaves of the banana, according to Prescott,' have been frequently found in the
huacas of Peru, and plantains and bananas were brought to Pizarro on his
in 1527.
Garcilasso de la
Vega
'
visit to
Tumbez
says that in the time of the Incas the banana, in the
He
regions, formed the base of the nourishment of the natives.
describes the musa of the valley of the Andes; he distinguishes also the small, sweet and
warm and temperate
aromatic dominico and the

indigenous to the
common banana
New World
Oviedo
or arton.
'
contends that
it is
not
but was introduced to Hispaniola in 1516 by Father Thomas
de Berlanger and that he transplanted it from the Canary Islands, whither the original
Acosta ' says "it is the fruits they use
slips had been brought from the East Indies.
in general in all places, although they say the first beginning comes
"
there is a kinde of small planes, white and very delicate,
also says
most at the Indies and
from Ethiopia." He
which in Hispaniola they
'
Speke,
J.
H.
call
There are others which are stronger and bigger
dominiques.
Long, C. C. Cent. Afr. 126. 1877.

Burton, R. F. Lake Reg. Cent. Afr. 316.
<
Nicols,
1864.
i860.
Thomas Foy. Hakl. Voy. 6:129.

W. Hist. Amer. 476. 1856.
1904.
'Robinson,
Prescott,
'
W. H.
Cong. Peru i:i29-
De CandoUe, A. Geog. Bot.

Robinson, W. Hist. Amer.
Acosta Nat. Mor. Hist. Ind.
2:921.
476.
i860.
Note.
1855.
1856.
Note.
1880.
STURTEVANT
and red
377
There growes none in the Kingdom of Peru but are brought from the
of color.
from Mexico, Guemavaca and other vallies. Upon the firme land and in some
There is a tradition current
islands there are great store of planes like unto thick groves."
the
dominico
arton
and
varieties were cultithat
the
in Mexico, says Humboldt,'
platans
Indies, as
vated long before the arrival of the Spaniards. Piso,.^ 1648, says the plant was imported
In Coltimbus'
into Brazil and has no Brazilian name, but Lery,' 1578, says it is called paco.
fourth voyê, at Costa Rica, in 1503, Las Casas
"
says
the country produced bananas,
According to Irving,' bananas were

plantains, pineapples, cocoanuts, and other fruit."
^
In 1565, Bensoni,'
In 1538, De Soto saw plantains in Cuba.
likewise seen on Guatemala.
in his History oj the
and the
little
New World says, " the plantain is a fruit much longer than it is broad,
In 1593, Hawkins writes that
are much better than the large ones."
^
ones
the best he has seen in Brazil
is
on an island called Placentia and these are
"
small
and
roimd and green when they are ripe, whereas the others in ripening become yellow. Those
of the West Indies and Guj-nne are great, and one of them sufficient to satisfie a man."
In
159s, Captain Preston
Island,
and Sommers
'
had plantains brought them from Domirjca
and the same year Captain Drake found great
Herrera,*"
"
who wrote a
stores of
them
Nombrede
at
Dios.
General History of the Indies from 1492 to 1554, says, at Quito,
dry figs but eaten green their taste cannot be ascertained."

"
About 1800, Humboldt ate the fruit of the dominico variety on the banks of the Amazon.
the plantans have the
relish of
At the present
time, says Hemdon,'^ plantanos, which
of plantains of
which
Montana.
is
last there are several species, are the
The people
them raw,
eat
roasted,
boiled,
name
of all kinds
most common
fruit of the
the general
baked and
fried.
At Santa
Barbara, California, they were growing in the mission gardens in 1793."
M. simianim Kurz.
From Malacca
cultivation
to the
and are
Muscari racemosum
called
Mill.
Sunda
About 50
Islands.
It surpasses
peesangs.
Liliaceae.
varieties of this species are
M. sapientum
The bulbs
Irving,
'
Irving,
W.
W.
h.
Geog. Bot. 2:921.
1855.
A.
Geog. Bot. 2:924.
1855.
Pickering, C.
Columbus
2: 34^.
1849.
Columbus 2:322.
1849.
Pickering, C.
'
Benzoni Hist.
'
Hawkins, R.
New World
1572.
Hist.
1879.
Voy. So. Seas 1593.
'Preston and Sommers 1595.
" Herrera
1879.
" Pickering, C.
Hakl. Voy. 4:62.
Amer. Stevens Trans. 5:61.
U. S. D. A.
i857-
1740.
Pom. Bui. 1:37.
1847.
1904.
"Humboldt, A. Polil. Essay New Spain 2:2^2. 181 1.

" Hemdon, W. L., and Gibbon, L. Explor. Vail. Amaz.
" Vancouver, G. Voy. No. Pacific 4:401. 1801.
"Van Deman
under
flavor.'*
are eaten in Crete, Zacynthus
Corcyra, as well as in Italy, according to Sprengel."
De CandoUe,
De Candolle,
deUcacy of
grape-hyacinth.
Mediterranean and Caucasian region.
>
in
1879.
1887.
86.
1854.
and
378
Mussaenda frondosa Linn.
Rubiaceae.
and the neighboring
large shrub of tropical eastern Asia
common
Ghauts of
in the
and
India,
its
M3nica cordifolia Linn. Myricaceae. myrica.

South Africa. The farmers use the wax from the
eat this
M.
wax
This shrub
islands.
is
strange-looking, white, calycine leaves are eaten.'
berries for candles,
but the Hottentots
either with or without meat.*
candleberry myrtle.
faya Ait.
Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands.
This
is
a small tree whose drupaceous fruits
are used for preserves.'
M.
sweet gale.
Of northern climates. The French
gale Linn,
broth to give
in
The
beer as an agreeable substitute for hops.
M.
Canada
call it laurier
and put the leaves into
In England, the leaves are sometimes used to flavor
a pleasant taste.*
it
berries are
employed
France as a
in
spice.'
nagi Thunb.
Tropical Asia
and
This
subtropics.
is
the yang-mae of China, the yamomomoki of
cultivated in these countries, being held in esteem for its subacid
Japan and is commonly

fruits, which are eaten both raw and cooked.
They are roimd, one-seeded drupes
of deep
red color, with a
tuberculated or granulated surface resembling that of the fruit of the
strawberry tree.*
Forttme
The
wild variety san,
called sophee in Silhet,
is
a species, probably
refers to
this, called
yang-mae in China.
Chinese fruit tree usually grafted upon
fine
where the
fruit is
eaten both raw and cooked.'
It
M.
flavored fruit, though with too large a stone in proportion to the fleshy part
Royle,' might probably be remedied by cultivation.
The
repay the trouble of culture.

the bazaars of the hills.
Myristica acuminata Lam.
M.
It is
but
this,
says
This fruit tree would probably
fruit is eaten in India, saj^
Brandis,"'and
is
sold in
nutmeg.
Myristiceae.
This species yields nutmegs in Brazil, in the Philippine
Madagascar.
in
sapida.
has an agreeably-
Islands
and
Madagascar.
fragrans Houtt.
western peninsula of
Thunberg, C. P.
Mueller, F.
Kalm, P.
'
Johnson, C. P.
Moore, T.
F.
Brandis, D.
in
many
1879.
1891.
1772.
Treai. SoJ. 2:1319.

Iliuslr. Bot.
1862.
1876.
Resid. Chinese 64, 65.
1857.
1876.
Himal. 1:347.
Forest Fl. 495.
of the adjacent islands.
1795-
Amer. 2:345.
Treas. Bot. 2:1319.
'Fortune, R.
J.
Trav. 1:167.
Trav. No.
Moore, T.
found wild in Giolo, Ceram, Amboina, Booro, the
is
Guinea and
Sel. Pis. 289.
Royle,
New
tree
Pickering, C.
">
nutmeg.
The nutmeg
Moluccas.
1874.
1839.
It
has been intro-
STURTEVANT
379
duced into Benkoelen on the west coast of Sumatra, Malacca, Bengal, Singapore, Penang,
Brazil and the West Indies, but it is only in a very few localities that its cultivation has
Nutmegs and mace
been attended with success.'

entirely
miles.
They
physicians.
one
now brought
into the
market almost
from the Banda Islands, the entire group occupying no more than 17.6 geographical
The earliest accounts of the nutmeg are in the writings of the Arabian
known
are
to have been
and are mentioned under the name

also
are
of
at
first
imported
overland into Europe
karua aromatika in the addition to Aetius,
by Symeon Sethus.' The fruit is much like a peach, having a longitudinal groove on
side, and bursts into two pieces when the enclosed seed, covered by the false aril or
arillode,
which constitutes the substance known as mace,
nucleus of the seed,
is
The
exposed.
seed
itself
shell,
may be removed when dry and which encloses the
the nutmeg of commerce.
which
has a thick, hard, outer
anise, myrrh,
sweet chervil, sweet cicely.
Myrrhis odorata Scop.
Umbelliferae.
South Europe and Asia Minor.
This plant was formerly much cultivated in England
as a potherb but
is
now
The leaves were eaten either boiled in soups

The leaves and roots are still eaten in Germany
fallen into disuse.
or stews, or used as a salad in a fresh state.
and the seed
is
used occasionally for flavoring.
In
are eaten boiled and the green seeds are chopped
an aromatic
Silesia,
according to Bryant,' the roots
up and mixed with
salads to give
them
This aromatic herb can scarcely be considered as an inmate of
flavor.'*
American gardens, although so recorded by Burr,^ 1863. In 1597, Gerarde,^ says the leaves
"
are
exceeding good, holsom, and pleasant among other sallade herbes, giving the taste
of Ainse
unto the
seems to refer to
most
use in
its
of the early botanies.
Myrsine
capitellata Wall.
Tropical Asia.
M.
Mawe ' records that it is used rarely in England. Pliny *

ancient Rome under the name anthriscus. It finds notice in
In 1778,
rest."
The
Myrsineae.
small,
round drupe
is
eaten, according to Brandis.'
semiserrata Wall.
The
Himalayan region.
Myrtus arayan H. B.
&
This species
Peru.
K.
is
pea-sized drupe, with a soft, fleshy exocarp,
'
Fluckiger and
Pickering, C.
'
Johnson, C. P.
Ibid.
'
Burr, P.
'
'
451.
1879.
1879.
Usejul Ph. Gt. Brit. 121.
Herb. 883,
J.
Mawe and
Pliny
Hanbury Pharm.
Field, Card. Feg. 399.
Gerarde,
lib.
and
fruit.
{M. moschata)
1862.
1863.
1597.
22, c. 38.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 286.
1876.
"Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 285.
1876.
"Watson
eaten.*"
Myrtaceae.
cultivated for ornament
subacid flavor."
'
is
Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 412.
1887.
1778.
The
fruit is of
rich, spicy,
38o
M. communis
myrtle.
Linn,
Southern Europe and the Orient. In Greece, myrtle was sacred to Venus and was
a coronary plant. Its fruit is eaten by the modem, as it was by the ancient, Athenians.*
The dried fruit and flower-buds, -says Lindley,* were formerly used as a spice and are said
to be so used in Tuscany.
still
M.
molinae
M.
Bam.
where
Chile,
it is
called tetno.
'
says,
may
be used for
coffee.
cranberry-myrtle.
nununularia Poir.
Chile to Fuego
Molina
Its seeds,
and the Falkland
Hooker
Islands.
describes the berries as fleshy,
sweet and of agreeable flavor.
M.
ugni Mohna.
Chilean guava.
Chile.
Don says the fmit is red and musky. The natives express the juice and mix
with water to form a refreshing drink. Mufeller * says it bears small but pleasantly aromatic berries. The fruit is said to be agreeably flavored and aromatic
It fruits abund'
it
antly in the greenhouses of England, but
Nandina domestica Thunb.
its flavor
Berberideae.
does not recommend
This species
evergreen shrub of China and Japan.
fruits, which are red berries of the size of a pea.'
Nannorrhops ritchieana H. Wendl.
The
Napoleona imperialis Beauv.

Western tropical Africa.
pulp and a rind containing
Narcissus
On
is
is
extensively cultivated for
Palmae.
Baluchistan and Afghanistan.

as well as the flesh of the fruit,
as a table fmit.^
sacred bamboo.
An
its
it
leaf-bud, or cabbage,
and the young
inflorescence,
eaten.'
commonly
Myrtaceae.
Henfrey "says
much
this plant bears
a large fmit with an edible
tannin.
Amaryllideae. narcissus.
the upper Nile, Grant " found a narcissus about eight inches high, with white
sp.
and with
flowers having a waxy, yellow corona
leaves tasting of onions.
The
leaves,
cooked with mashed ground-nuts, he says, make a deHcious spinach.

Nasturtium amphibitun R. Br.
North temperate
'
Hooker, W.
'Lindley.J.
'Molina
Hisl. Chili 1:123.
'Don, G.
Sel. Pis. 291.
J.
Don, G.
Sel. Pis. 291.
Dom.
Bot. 371.
1808.
"Henfrey, A.
" Speke,
J. H.
young leaves are eatable
1834.
(Temus moschata)
1832.
1891.
1871.
Pop. Hist. Palms

Bot. 266.
cress.
1891.
Seemann, B.
"
1853.
Mueller, F.
'Smith,
Journ. Bot. 1:1 iS.
J.
water
Merat says the
regions.
Veg. King. 737.
'Mueller, F.
Cruciferae.
14.5.
83 1
1856.
(Chamaerops rilchiana)
1870.
1864.
in the spring."

N. indicum DC.
Indian cress.
East Indies, China and Malay.
N.
officinale
38 1
water
R. Br.
This cress found
its
way
into the gardens of France.'
cress.
North temperate regions. The young shoots and leaves of water cress have been
used as a salad from time immemorial. Xenophon ^ strongly recommended its use to
the Persians, and the
Romans recommended
it
to be eaten with vinegar as a

"
those whose minds were deranged; hence the Greek proverb,
Eat
cress
remedy for
and learn more
The first attempt to cultivate water cress by artificial means in Europe is said
'
to have been at Erfurt, about the middle of the sixteenth century.
Booth
Gerarde
by
*
and Lord Bacon wrote strongly in its favor, but, according to Don,' it has been cultivated
wit."
acres in
many
At the present
London only since 1808.

extent and the demand
as a salad near
time,
cultivated in plantations
it is
for this popular salad herb during the season can
mentioned among garden esculents by McMahon,'

In India, this herb is much prized and is
1806, and by succeeding writers on gardening.
In America,
scarcely be supplied.
it is
sought after by the Mohammedans.'
N. palustre DC.
marsh cress.
A wild plant of Europe and northern America, common in wet ditches.

used as a
According to Dall,' this cress
cress.
Pickering
Andes and
from
says the American cinnamon
forests to the eastward
a tree of the eastern slope of the equatorial
and are used as a
Its dried calices are
tree of Guiana.
bitter, its seeds yield
The timber
is
much valued
'
Though
tree of northern
now
Sapindaceae.
North America.
ash-leaved maple,
This
tree,
says Hough,"
being planted in Illinois for sugar-making.
Bcxjth,
W.
B.
'Don, G.
Treas. Bot. 2:778.
Book Card.
Hist. Dichl.
1870.
1855.
169.
Ph. 1:155.
1831.
McMahon, B. Amer. Card. Cat. 5S1.

'
Mat. Ind. 1:95. 1826.
Ainslie, W.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 187.
Dall, W. H.
Pickering, C.
" Smith,
A.
Treas. Bot. 2:780.
" Hough, F. B.
make
is
the
very
into a
Elem. For. 240.
Vasey U. S. D. A. Rpt. 163.
1870.
1882.
1872.
1806.
1868.
1879.
box elder.
is
tapped for sugar in
Vasey

1859.
Unger, F.
Mcintosh, C. Book Card. 169. 1855.
Mcintosh, C.
fruit, of
the fruit
a starch which the Indians mix with rotten wood and
Negundo aceroides Moench.

Canada and
The
in ship building.
kind of bread.'"
bitter, disagreeable
is
brought also
spice.
size of a small apple, has a single seed about as large as a walnut.
sometimes
greenheart.
N. rodioei Hook,
is
cultivated in the region about Quito.
is
It is
eaten in Alaska.
American cinnamon.
Laurineae.
Nectandra cinnaniomoides Nees.
is
(Sisymbrium nasturtium)
says experiments
382
in Illinois
show the box
more sap and a more saccharine sap than the sugar
elder to give
-maple and that this sap makes a whiter sugar.
sugar from
sap, and Richardson
its
Douglas
says the
says this is the tree* which yields
Crow Indians make

most of the sugar
in
Rupert's Land.
luteum
Nelumbiiun
Willd.
Nymphaeaceae.
are
children
by
water-lotus,
water
chin-
YELLOW NELUMBO.
QUEPIN.
sought for
American
acrimonious when
and
The seeds are very agreeable to eat and are eagerly

The long and thick, creeping roots, says Rafinesque,*
Indies.
Indians.'
fresh but are easily deprived of their dangerous juice
by washings
and are then an agreeable food to the Indians.

N. speciosum Willd.
lotus.
The
Northern Africa and tropical Asia.
lotus
is
an eastern flower which seems from
time immemorial to have been, in native estimation, the type of the beautiful.
It is
held
sacred throughout the East, and the deities of the various sects in that quarter of the world
are almost invariably represented as either decorated with
its flowers,
on a lotus throne or pedestal, or holding a sceptre framed from

that the flowers obtained their red color
Kamadeva wounded him with the
w th
by being dyed
Lakeshmi
seated or standing
its flowers.
It is
the blood of Siva
love-shaft arrow.
is
fabled
when
called the lotus-born,
from having ascended from the ocean on its flowers. The lotus is often referred to by the
Hindu poets. The lotus floating in the water is the emblem of the world. It is also sym-
mountain Meru, the residence of the gods and the emblem of female beauty.
Both the roots and seeds are esculent, sapid and wholesome and are used as food by the
Egyptians. In China, some parts of India and in Ceylon, the black seeds of this plant,
bolic of the
not unlike
flavor
little
acorns in shape, are served at table.
and not unlike the pine cones
large quantities are grown.*
and the roots are pickled
The
of the Apennines.
seeds
and
for winter use.'
The
found them of delicate
In the southern provinces of China,
slices of its hairy root are
served at banquets
In Japan, the stems are eaten.'
are not dissimilar in taste to our broad beet with a

seeds are also eaten like filberts.
Tennent
somewhat sharp
These stalks
after-taste.
The
roots furnish a starch, or arrowroot, in China, called
gaou fun.^
Nemopanthus
fascicularis Rafin.
Ilicineae.
The
Northeast North America.
mountain holly.
berries,
according to Pickering,'" are eaten by the
Indians.
No. Amer. Sylvai:i%.
Nuttall, T.
'
Richardson,
Don, G.
'
'
J.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. 1:124..
Rafinesque, C. S.
Tennent,
J.
E.
Fortune, R.
'
">
Don, G.
1865.
Arctic Explor. 2: 2%(>.
Ft.
La. 23.
Ceylon
123.
1817.
1859.
Wand. China 307.
1847.
1831.
Pickering, C.
Chron. Hist. Pis. ill.
Hanbury, D.
Sci.
Pickering, C.
Papers 240.
1851.
1831.
1879.
1876.
1879.
(.N. canadensis)

distillatoria Linn.
Nepenthes
pitcher plant.
Nepenthaceae.
This plant has been introduced into India and
Ceylon.
the mission gardens and
is
grown
383
is
in conservatories in Europe
now common
in
some
The
and America.
of
leaves
are broad, oblong, smooth, with a very strong nerve running through the middle, ending
in a long tendril, generally twisted, to
which hangs a long receptacle or bag, which, on
being pressed, yields a sweet, limpid, pleasant, refreshing liquor in such quantity that
the contents of six or eight of them are sufficient to quench the thirst of a man.'
Nepeta cataria Linn. Labiatae. catnip.

Europe, Orient and the Himalayas. Catnip holds a place as a condiment.''
Townsend
'
it
says
used by some
is
in
England
In 1726,
to give a high relish in sauces.
It is
mentioned among the plants of Virginia by Gronovius,^ as collected by Clayton preceding

1739-
N. glechoma Benth. alehoof. ground ivy. nepeta.

Europe and naturalized in northeastern North America.
repute
'
the poor in England as a tea
among
The
leaves are in great
and in ancient times were used
for flavoring ale.
Nephelium lappaceum Linn. Sapindaceae. rambutan. rampostan.

Malay Archipelago, where it is found in the greatest abundance but does not appear
This tree yields the well-known and favorite rambutan fruit which in
to be cultivated.
appearance very much resembles a chestnut with the husk on and, like the chestnut, is
covered with small points which are soft and of a deep red color. Under this skin is the
fruit,
and within the
perhaps
N.
litchi
is
fruit
a stone; the eatable part thereof
more agreeable than any other
Cambess.
small in quantity, but
it
lichi.
China, Cambodia and the Philippines.
The Chinese
fruits of China.
is
in the whole vegetable kingdom.
recognize
two or three which are
This tree furnishes one of the most
some
15 or 20 varieties, but Williams
distinctly marked.
'
common
says there
has been cultivated for ages in

of
to
food
the people, a single tree often prothat country and furnishes a large amount
of
It
is
now
cultivated
in
bushels
fruit.
four
Bengal and the West Indies. In
ducing
are only
Trinidad, says Prestoe,' the fruit
grape and
A. Smith,'
is
is
is
It
of the consistence
invariably relished as delicious
by
and
flavor of
a high
class
variety, says
nearly round, about an inch and a half in diameter, with a thin, brittle shell
of red color covered all over with rough, wartlike protuberances; others are larger
shaped.
'
When
Ainslie,
fresh,
W.
Williams,
'
F/.
J.
S.
36.
Virg. 8g.
1826.
1883.
726.
1762.
Med. Econ. Bot. 221.
W.
with a white, almost transparent, sweet,
filled
Pis. Potag. 354.
Townsend Seedsman
Gronovius
they are
Mat. Ind. 2:93.
^VOmoTin Les
Lindley,
1849.
U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 1:450.
Prestoe Rpt. Bot. Card. Trinidad 28.
Smith, A.
Muscat
The most common
all.
Treas. Bot. 2:784.
1870.
1880.
1850.
(Dimocarpus
Printed in
881.
litchi)
and heart-
jelly-like pulp,
384
surrounding a rather large, shining, brown seed; after they have been gathered some time,
the pulp shrivels and turns black, and the fruit then bears some resemblance to a prune.
N. longana Cambess. longan.

East Indies, Burma and southern China, where it is much cultivated for its fruits,
which are sold in the Chinese markets. It is also grown in Bengal. The longan is a smaller
than the
fruit
lichi,
varying from half an inch to an inch in diameter and
with a nearly smooth, brittle skin of a yellowish-brown color.
It contains
is
quite round,
a similar semi-
transparent pxdp of an agreeable, sweet or subacid flavor.'
N. rimosum G. Don.
This species furnishes a fruit which
Malay Archipelago.
Nephrodium esculentum Don.
is
eaten.'
Filices.
In Nepal, says Unger, the rootstocks of this fern are eaten by the natives.*
Nephrolepsis cordifoiia Presl.
Mexico, Japan and
New
Polypodiaceae.
This
Zealand.
ladder fern.
fern, says
tubers like small potatoes, which are used for food
Neptunia oleracea Lour.
being crisp
New
used in Cochin China in salads,
is
and juicy but not

Hook.
tarairi
Nesodaphne
The
Zealand.
Smith, produces undergroimd

of Nepal.
Leguminosae.
This plant
Tropics.
J.
by the natives
its
spongj^ floating steins
easily digested.^
taraire tree.
Laurineae.
f.
plant bears an ovoid and deep purple fruit used
by the
aborigines,
but, as the seeds contain a poisonous principle, they require to be well boiled in order
to
make them
harmless.*
N. tawa Hook.
New
tawa.
f.
The
Zealand.
fruit is edible
but the seeds are poisonous unless well boiled
before eaten.*
Nicotiana andicola H. B.
Peru.
&
K.
Solanaceae.
This plant grows on the back of the Andes and
N. chinensis Fisch.
Treas. Bot. 2:784.
1870.
Unger, F.
Unger, F.
Loureiro
Cochin. 654.
'
Smith, A.
Fl.
1859.
1859.
1790.
Treas. Bot. 2:786.
1870.
Ibid.
Humboldt, A.
De
'
similar to cultivated tobacco.'
This species is only known in a cultivated state.* It is everywhere cultiCochin China and China.' This is the species which Le Conte "" thinks probablj-
'Smith, A.
'
is
tobacco.
China.
vated in
tobacco.
rmti. 2:507.
Candolle, A.
1889.
Geog. Bo/. 2:850.
1855.
Ibid.
" LeConte,
J.
Amer. Journ. Pharm.
Sept. 1859.

existed in
the best
385
China before the discovery of America, and he furthermore says that from
Cuban tobacco
obtained.
tobacco.
N. clevelandi A. Gray,
Professor Rothrock
California.
smoked the
is
This tobacco
leaves.
this
is
'
is
of the opinion that the early natives of California
excessively strong
and was found
in association with
the shell-heaps which occur so abundantly on the coasts of southern and central California.
N. glutinos* Linn, tobacco.

South America. According to Humboldt,'
&
N. loxensis H. B.
The Andes.
this species is cultivated in
tobacco.
K.
This species
is
by Humboldt
said
N. paniculata Linn, tobacco.

South America. This species
to be similar to cultivated tobacco.
yields the tobacco of Russia.
removed, dried in the shade and buried beneath hay

yellow
Europe.
ricks,
The young
when they become
of
leaves are
a brownish-
color.*
N. quadrivalvis Pursh. tobacco.

Western North America. This tobacco
Indians.
the dried
is cultivated by the Arikara and Mandan

The tobacco prepared from it is excellent and the most delicate is formed of
flowers.* The calyx is very fetid and is preferred to any other part.
N. repanda Willd. tobacco.

Mexico. This species is used, according to Masters,'
of the most highly esteemed cigars.
N. rustica Linn, tobacco.
Mexico.
This species is found in old
by the
relic of cultivation
Indians.^
even become wild in Africa.

It fxunishes
Europe.
It is
the East
fields
from
in the
New York
manufacture of some
westward and southward,
It is cultivated in all parts of the globe
and has
supposed to be the kind originally introduced into
Indian tobacco, also that of the Philippines, and the
kinds called Latakia and Turkish, according to Masters.*
It is the yetl cultivated
by the
ancient Mexicans.'
N. tabactun Liim.
tobacco.
South America.
This
is
the principal
species
of cultivated tobaccos, a native of
America and known to the outer world only after the discovery. It was first seen by
Europeans in 1492 when Coltunbus '"saw the natives of Cuba having in their mouths a
'
Rothrock,
'
Humboldt, A.
J.
T.
Set.
Amer. 99.
1880.
Trav. 2:507 note.
1889.
Ibid.
Enc. Brii. 18:520.

Pursh, F.
Masters,
'Gray, A.
Masters,
Fl.
M.
T.
Treas. Bot. 2:787.
Synopt.
M.
T.
Humboldt, A.
" U.
1859.
Amer. Septent. i:i\i, 1^2.
Fl.
No. Amer. 2:241 pt.
Treas. Bot. 2:787.

Tratr.
1:226.
13
1889.
1853.
1814.
1870.
1870.
i.
1886.
386
roll of
leaves of which they were inhaling the smoke.
Yet
it
has been maintained by some,
a Spanish writer, 1787, that the custom of smoking tobacco is of much

greater antiqtiity than the date of the discovery of America, and Le Conte, 1859,^ deems
this probably true.
Yet the absence of the mention of a custom so peculiar as smoking
as
Don UUva,
by
all
the earlier writers and travelers seems conclusive evidence against such assertions.
The word
not properly denote the herb but the tube through which the smoke
It did
The name
was inhaled.
of the tobacco pipe in the
tobacco in some form or other was used by almost
from the northwest coast to Patagonia.'

tribes;*,
Eskimos
among
and
'
Hayti and
tobacco, says Hiunboldt,' belongs to the ancient language of
Santo Domingo.
among
all
Delaware language was haboca, and

the tribes of the American continent
was observed
It
in use
among
the
New
'
the Indians of the whole eastern coast by the early colonists;

"
of the northwest,
who swallow
the
smoke and
England
among the
revel in a temporary elysixmi;
"
among the Ingaliks of the Yukon, who smoke

Columbians.' The Snake Indians cultivated,* it and the Cali-
the Konigas for chewing and snufifing;
and among the
snufi;
fornia Indians also planted
it
in gardens as early as 1775.*
In general, the medicine-pipe
a sacred pledge of friendship among all the northwestern tribes. The Aztecs smoked
tobacco in pipes after meals,'" inhaling the smoke, and also took the dried leaf in the pulver-
is
ized form of snuff."
Nahua
the
Among
Bancroft,** three kinds of tobacco were used,
says
signifying tobacco in general, the picycti
yetl,
Humboldt
use in Yucatan.
by
natives,
all
*'
and the
quauyetl.
Columbus foimd
the
it
in
says tobacco has been cultivated from time immemorial
the native people of the Orinoco, and, at the period of the conquest, the habit of
smoking was foimd to be spread
De
of Peru, according to
la
alike over
both North and South America.
Vega," did not smoke
it
but used
it
in the
The Indians
form
of snuff for
medicinal purposes.
Cortez
'^
European who saw the plant, in 15 19, at Tobaco, a provby some that he sent several plants to Spain this year
circiunstance the plant derived its name. It seems certain that if the plant
seems to be the
ince of Yucatan,
and from
this
and
it is
was then introduced,

'
Prescott,
Mourt
Stille,
Relation 230.
W.
Prescott,
^dj,.
1874.
Native Races 1:354 note.

1843.
Conq. Peru 1:140.
i860.
Native Races 2:287.
Humboldt, A. Trai;. 2:507. 1889.

"
HakL Soc. Ed.
Vega Roy. Comment, i
:
^^
Journ. Agr. 1:756.
1829.
1875.
1849.
Conq. Mex. 2:126.
" Bancroft, H. H.
1802.
1841.
Native Races 1:76, 133, 199,
Astoria zî.
W. H.
W. H.
1843.
Mass. Hist. See Coll. 8:
Chron. Pilgr.
Bancroft, H. H.
"
1889.
A.
Prescott,
1 859.
Conq. Mex. 1:154 note.
Bancroft, H. H.
Irving,
Sept.
Trap. 2:506.
W. H.
'Young, A.
'
did not became an object of commerce and seems not to have
it
Amer. Journ. Pharm.
'Humboldt, A.
first
asserted
1875.
1882.
188.
1869.

been communicated to any other nation, for
brought from America, about 1559, that
commenced.
it
was
certainly
from Portugal, where it was

Europe and the East
general diffusion over.
was introduced into France by John Nicot, ambassador of France

Portugal, who, at Lisbon, was presented with a specimen of this plant
In 1560,
Court of
at the
its
387
it
Humboldt^ says from Yucatan.
recently brought from Florida'
So
late as the reign
Henry IV, tobacco was raised only in gardens and was used only for medicinal purposes.
In the reign of Louis XIII, it began to come into request as a luxury and to be taken in
of
the form of snuff.
About
this date, it
was introduced by
St.
Croix into Italy and, about
the beginning of the seventeenth century, Pope Urban VIII issued a
bill
prohibiting the
was about the beginning of the seventeenth century that the tobacco plant was introduced into Russia, either from Portugal
or from Italy by the way of Astrakhan, but the notices of it at this date are obscure. About
using of snuff in churches during divine service.
the middle of the sixteenth century,
Tobacco reached India
and
its
According to some,
passed in Persia.
spread from Italy over
Germany and
Holland.*
and about 1625 or 1626 Amurath IV, Sultan of Turkey,

use on pain of death, and a similar law about this time was
in 1605
passed a law prohibiting
it
It
it
reached Hindustan and China between 1560
Lobel asserts that tobacco was cultivated in England as early as the year
1565.
was brought to England by Drake in 1570, who that year made

his first expedition against the Spainards, but Drake did not return until 1573.
Its introto
in
at
which
ascribed
duction is, however, usually
time, says Humboldt,*
Raleigh
1586,
*
1570.
whole
it
says
Phillips
fields of it
were already being cultivated in Portugal.
In 1586, tobacco was in cultivation in Virginia by Raleigh's colonists.

it
was
first
cultivated
by the use
of a spade
and
in 161 6
it
In
161
1,
was cultivated to such an extent
It was activated in New Netherlands

occupied even the streets of Jamestown.
as early as 1646 and was introduced into Louisiana in 17 18.' In 1640, tobacco culture
that
it
in Connecticut
was stimulated by
legislation
which required the colonists to use tobacco
of Connecticut growth.
Gesner,
and he used
who
it
died in 1564,
for
is
said to have been the
first
botanist
who mentions tobacco,
chewing and smoking.*
wild fennel.
Ranunculaceae.
Nigella arvensis Linn.
Europe, Mediterranean region and the Orient.
The seeds are used as those of
A'^.
sativa
as are also the leaves.
wild fennel.
N. damascena Linn,
This species
is
grown
as a condiment.'
'
Stille,
A.
Humboldt, A.
Trat;.
'
Journ. Agr. 1:761.
Dutt,
2:507.
1874.
1889.
1829.
J.
C.
'Phillips,
H.
Cotnp. Kitch. Card. 2:T,y).
Humboldt, A.
Tran. 2:508. note.
'
U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 236, 237.
'
Hallam
Lit.
Europe 1:240, 241.
Archer Bot. Soc. Edinb. 8: 163.
1877.
1889.
1853.
1856.
1866.
1831.
in
Turkey
for its seeds,
which are used
STURTEV ant's notes on edible plants
388
fennel flower,
black cumin,
N. sativa Linn,
nutmeg flower,
nigella.
roman
CORIANDER.
East Mediterranean and Taurus-Caspian countries and cultivated in various parts
The seeds are employed in some parts of Germany, France and Asia as
of the world.
In eastern countries they are commonly used for seasoning curries and other
a condiment.
dishes, and the Egyptians spread them on bread and put them on cakes like comfits.'
The seeds, on account of their aromatic nature, are employed as a spice in cooking,
This plant is supposed to be the gith of
particularly in Italy and southern France.*
Columella and Pliny, in the
first
The melanthion
in the ninth.
century; of Palladius, in the third and of Charlemagne,
of Coltmiella, in the first century,
Black cvmiin finds mention as cultivated in most of the botanies of the
for his gith.
teenth and seventeenth centuries;

as also
by Burr
in 1863;
and
is
recorded
is
now found
by Vilmorin
in the lists of
Nipa fruticans Thunb. Palmae. nipa.

Eastern portion of tht Malayan Archipelago.
sugar, vinegar, yeast
a red color and agreeable
and
The
much
flavor,
among
some
six-
plants of the garden,
of our seedsmen.*
The spathe
is
convertible into syrup,
nitre-bush.
Zygophylleae.
Russia, north Asia and Australia.

of
'
The pulpy kernels are used for making sweetmeats.'
and strong spirit.'
Nitraria schoberi Linn.
saltish
seems a descriptive name
plant produces a fruit of the size of an olive,
relished
by the
natives.*
The
berries,
though
insipid, are eaten in the Caspian district.
N. tridentata Desf.
lotus tree.
Syria, north Africa and the tropics.
This has been supposed, says Masters,'" to be
the true lotus tree of the ancients.
Noronhia emarginata Thou. Oleaceae.

A shrub of Madagascar. The plant
Maiuitius where the pulp of the fruit
is
is
now, according to Hooker," cultivated in the
esculent.
Nothoscordum fragrans Kunth. Liliaceae.

Africa, MauritiuF, North America and Mexico.
as a garlic to season
'
Smith, A.
smoked
sausage.'*
Treas. Bot. 2:ygo.
'Noisette Man. Sard. 2:447.

'
Vilmorin Lej. Pis. Fo/ag. 374.

Burr, F.
'Vick
Car.
'
Titford,
G.
M. T.
W. J.
W. J.
Masters,
" Hooker,
"
J.
1863.
W. Ma*. Ind. 453.

Treas. Bot.
Masters, M. T.
Ainslie,
'Gmelin.
1883.
Keg. 429.
1884.
Seemann, B.
'
1870.
i860.
Field, Card.
The Jews
Fl. Sibir.
1826.
2:791.
2:237.
1856.
{Cocos nypa)
1870.
I747~i769.
Treas. Bot. 2:791.
Bot. Misc. 2:167.
1870.
1831.
1812.
{N.
billardieri)
of
Jamaica use
this plant

Nuphar advena Ait.
North America.
yellow pond
Nymphaeaceae.
New
In
England, Josselyn
'
lily,
389
spatter-dock.
found the roots of the water
lily
with
eaten by the natives and tasting like sheep-liver.
yellow flowers, after long boiling,
R. Brown'' says the seeds are a staple article of diet
among
the Klamaths of southern
Newberry saw many hundred bushels collected for winter use among the Indians
and says the seeds taste like those of broom com and are apparently
'
Oregon.
of the western coast
very nutritious.
N. luteum
& Sm. yellow water
Sibth.
lily.
Etu-ope and the adjoining portions of Asia.

flowers
by the Turks,* and
its
roots
and
refreshing drink
leaf- stalks are eaten
N. polysepalum Engelm.
California.
This variety furnishes an important
by
is
made from
its
the Finns and Russians.*
article of food, in its seeds, to the
Indians.'
Nymphaea
alba Linn.
North temperate region.

in the preparation of
flatter-dock,
Nymphaeaceae.
white water
lily.
In France, the rootstocks, according to Masters,' are used
a kind of beer.
N. ampla DC.
North America and West Indies.
The
farinaceous rootstocks are eaten.
Australian water lily.

The porous seed-stalk is peeled and eaten either raw or roasted. The
stalks containing brown or black seed are used while those with light-colored seeds are
The large, rough tubers, growing in the mud with the floating leaves attached,
rejected.
N. gigantea Hook.
Australia.
are roasted and are not unlike potatoes, being yellow and dry
N. lotus Linn.
Egyptian water
lily,
when cooked.*
lotus.
Tropical Africa and eastern Asia.
The rootstocks contain a sort of starch and are

The small seeds, called bheta, are fried in heated sand
and make a light, easily digestible food.
The roots are also eaten in Ceylon and the
seeds are chewed by children.' The tubers are much sought after by the natives as an
article of food or as a medicine.
The capsules and seeds are either pickled or put into
curries or ground and mixed with flour to make cakes.
eaten by the poorer classes in India.
N. steUata Willd.
'
Josselyn, J.
'Brown, R.
'
Newberry
New
This water
Eng. Rar. 72.
1855.
1879.
Ibid.
Masters,
M.
Palmer, E.
Dutt, U. C.
"
1868.
Brewer and Watson 5o<.

'
distinctly figured, says Pickering,'" in
1672.

'
lily is
Pickering, C.
T.
1880.
Co/. 1:17.
Treas. Bot. 2:797.
Journ. Roy. Soc.
New
1870.
So. Wales 17:101.
Mat. Med. Hindus 109, no.

1879.
1877.
1884.
39
the cave temples at Adjunta and in Brahmanical cave temples. In the upper Nile region
it is called macongee-congee, and the flowers and roots are eaten by the Wahiyon.'
Nyssa capitata Walt.

On the banks of
ogeechee
Cornaceae.
lime.
The
rivers in the Carolinas.
of an acid similar to a lime, from which
it is
and
fruit is large, orange-colored
known by
the
name
full
of Ogeechee lime.*
N. multiflora Wangenh. black gum. pepperidge. sour gum. upland tupelo.

Eastern North America. The fruit is pleasantly acidulous and is often used
for
preserves.'
Its fruit, according to
under the name of Ogeechee lime

Ochrocarpos africanaOUver.
The
Tropical Africa.
and the pulp
thick,
is
ogeechee lime,
large tupelo.
N. uniflora Wangenh.
Eastern America.
Browne,^
Ocimum
Savannah market
Guttiferae.
fruit is twice
the size of a man's
fist;
the rind
is
brown and
yellow and excellent.'
is
soft,
basilicum Linn.
size
and appearance.
Between the
pulpy juice of rosewater flavor, considered very agreeable
Its fruit is delicious to
by some.'
wild olive.
sold in the
purpose of a preserve.
for the
O. longifolius Benth. & Hook. f.

East Indies. The fruit is similar to an acorn in
stone and the rind
is
the
Labiatae.
taste.''
sweet
basil.
Western and tropical Asia. A fragrant and aromatic plant of

as a culinary plant, has been celebrated from a very early period.
tropical Asia, which,
Mcintosh
says
it
was condemned by Chrysippus more than 200 years before Christ as an enemy to the
Diodorus and Hollerus entertained equally superstitious
sight and a robber of the wits.
notions regarding it.
Philistis, Plistonicus and others extolled its virtues and recom-
mended
the seeds of
the better
had been formerly condemned. Pliny says the Romans sowed

this plant with maledictions and ill words, believing the more it was ctirsed
would prosper; and when they wished for a crop, they trod it down with their
as strongly as
it
it
it
and prayed to the gods that it might not vegetate. It seems to have been first cultivated in Britain in 1 548 and is now valued for the leaves and leafy tops, which are much
employed for seasoning soups, stews, sauces and various other dishes. It reached America
feet
before 1806 as
seeds, according to
'
Speke,
J.
H.
'Pursh, F.
then mentioned by
it is
Amer.
Seplent. 1:177.
Sel. Pis. 299.
as a well-known plant.
1814.
1864.
(.N. candicans)
1891.
Browne, D. J. Trees Amer. 427.

'Don, G. Hist. DicU. Pis. i:6ig.
1846.
1831.
(N. candicans)
(Mammea
africana)
Card. Ind. 207.
1874.
{Calysaccion longifolium)
1879.
{Calysaccion longifolium)
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
Pickering, C.
Book Card. 2:4. 1855.

'McMahon, B. Amer. Card. Cal. 199. 1806.
"Bird Unbeat. Tracks Jap. 1:238. 1881.
Mcintosh, C.
Miss Bird,'" are eaten in Japan.
Fl.
'Mueller, F.
McMahon
Sweet basil
STURTEVANT
O. gratissimiun Linn.
This species
East Indies.
and
is
recorded as indigenous in India, the South Sea Islands
According to Loureiro,^
Brazil.'
39 1
it
occurs in the kitchen gardens of Cochin China.
Porskal * gives as the Arabic

England in 1752 by a Mr. Miller.'
In French gardens, this plant is called basilic en arbre. Vilmorin *
name, hobokbok.
thinks, however, that the French form may be the 0. suave Willd., but of this he is not
It
was cultivated
in
certain.
Ocotea pretiosa Benth. & Hook. f. Laurineae.

A Brazilian tree which yields a bark whose properties are similar to those of
cinnamon.'
Odina schimperi Hochst.
Anacardiaceae.
This plant
Abyssinia.
The
the m'oooomboo of the upper Nile.
is
fruit is scarcely
edible, according to Grant.'
Oenanthe peucedanifolia PoUich.

wild parsley.
Umbelliferae.
Europe and adjoining Asia. The roots have occasionally been
eaten.'
O. pimpinelloides Linn, meadow parsley.

Mediterranean coimtries. Its fleshy tubercles, according to Lindley,' have occasionally been eaten.
O. sarmentosa Presl.

Indians.
are black, but,
They
The tubers form one of the dainty dishes of

when boiled Hke potatoes, they burst open
the Oregon
lengthwise,
showing a snowy-white, farinaceous substance, which has a sweet, cream-like taste with
slight parsley flavor.'"
O. stolonifera Wall.
East Indies, Java and China.
The
Oenocarpus bacaba Mart. Palmae.

Guiana and the Amazon. The
adulterating olive
>
MueUer, F.
Loureiro
'
oil
and

Fl.
'Vilmorin
Us
Speke,
J.
H.
Pickering, C.
and
colorless,
1775.
Pis. Potag. 33.
1883.
1870.

1864.
1879
Ibid.
Û.
S. D. A. Rpl. ÔT.
{Helosciadium
1870.
u Georgeson i4OTer. Card. 653. 1891.
"Smith, A.
Treaj. Bo/. 2:804.
i"?"-
sweet
for lamps.
1807.
xiv.
Treai. 5o/. 2:738, 739.

'
bacaba oil palm.

fruit yields
1876.
Martyn
c.
served as a green in Japan."
1790.
Forskal
Aeg.-Arab
is
excellent for cooking
Sel. Pis. 143.
Fl. Cochin. 369.
plant
californicum)
oil,
used at Para for
It is called bacaba.'*
STURTEVANT
392
batava palm.
O. bataua Mart,
This
Brazil.
adulterating olive
the patawa of the
is
oil
at Para
and
Amazon and
yields
colorless,
The
Bates* says this is one of the palms called bacaba.

esteemed by the natives who manufacture a pleasant drink from it.
Brazil.
Oenothera biennis Linn.
used for
somewhat resembling
fruit is
much
German rampion.
This plant was formerly cultivated in English gardens for
when
roots are used as scorzonera
is
evening primrose.
Onagraceae.
edible roots, which,
taste,
oil,
bacaba wine palm.
O. distichus Mart,
its
sweet
for cooking.'
wholesome and
boiled, are
and the young shoots
The
parsnips.
nutritious.*
in salads.''
The
In
Germany the
roots are sweet to the
may be used as scorzonera, but the plant

It is said by Loudon ' to be cultivated in
roots
cultivated in France only as a curiosity.*
Germany, and, in Camiola, the roots are eaten in salad. It first reached Europe in 1614.^
It is given by Burr * for American gardens in 1863, under the name German
Rampion.
Olax zeylanica Linn.
malla.
Olacineae.
It is said the leaves are
Ceylon.
Olea europaea Linn.
olive.
Oleaceae.
used as potherbs and as salads.'
The
olive has
been
in cultivation
from the
earliest periods
found wild in Syria, Greece and Africa and even in Spain but whether
or
truly indigenous
escaped from cultivation is in doubt. The olive belongs to the fruits
which were promised to the Jews in Canaan. Homer mentions green olives in the garden
of history.
of Alcinous
It is
and
Laertes, which were brought
by Cecrops, the founder
of Athens, to Greece.
The
cultivated tree
first
brought to Italy, says Unger,i<'s7i B. C. and, at the time of Pliny,
was distinguished from the wild
over the Alps to Gaul and Spain.
At the time
tree
by
of Cato, the
Dioscorides.
This tree was
had been carried
Romans were acquainted with
only 9 kinds of olives, in the time of Pliny with 12 and at the present time with 20. Kumboldt " saj^ that, under the reign of Tarquin the Elder, this tree did not exist in Italy,
in Spain or in Africa. Under the Consulate of Appius Claudius, the olive was still
very
but, at the time of Pliny, the olive
rare in
Rome,
Spain.
It is said
'
Smith, A.
'
Bates, H.
by
Treas. Bot. 2:804.
W.
Nat.
Johnson, C. P.
Loudon,
'
Loudon,
J.
'
Linnaeus Sp.
'
Burr, F.
Wight, R.
Hort. 653.
C.
Hort. 653.
PL
492.
Illustr.
1862.
i860.
1883.
i860.
1763.
U
"Unger, F.
" Humboldt, A.
Libr. Set. 694.
'
C.
1870.
Humboldt
Amaz.
J.
had already passed
into France
others, however, that the olive was brought to France
1863.
Ind. Bot. ilioi.
1840.
1859.
Essai sur Geog. Pis. 4:26.
1807.
1879-80.
and
by the
393
Phocian colony which inhabited Marseilles, 680 B. C. It is now extensively ooltivated

in Italy, southern France, Spain, Portugal, northern Africa, western Asia and Australia,
and, of late years,
In
three
1560,
culture seems to be
its
plants
and from
carried to Chile
making rapid progress
were carried to Lima,
in southern California.
Peru, one of
these
became
this origin flourishing plantations
was stolen and
established.'
In 1755, the olive was introduced into South Carolina and, in 1785, it is reported as
In this year, also, the South Carolina Society imported cuttings
successfully grown.^
of olives.
"In 1833,
two
varieties
were introduced at Beaufort, South Carolina, and are
said to have succeeded fairly well.'
In 1869 and 1871, mention
is
made
of the fruiting of
In 1760, the olive was introduced into Florida by a colony of
olives at this place.
New
Greeks and Minorcans who founded
opposite St. Augustine, was remarkable for
Smyrna, and about 1760 Anastasia Island,

In 1867,
its fine olive trees.'*
On
gathered in gardens in St. Augustine.
fine
crops were
Cvunberland Island, Georgia, a number of
trees bore
trees
abundantly for many years prior to 1835 s^nd, in 1825 at Darien, some 200
were planted.*
In 1854, olive trees were under cultivation in Louisiana, and
speaks of olive trees there yielding palatable fruit and excellent oil but
referred
to the wild olive, 0. americana. In 181 7, an attempt by a colony
have
may
in
Alabama was made, a grant of land being given conditionally on
to cultivate the olive
Jefferys,* 1760,
he
success, but the enterprise

is
was not prosecuted and
fell
In California, the olive
through.
said to have been planted in 1700.'
The use
of the fruit for the expression of
and these products are largely an
an
object
Cephalonia,' according to Mrs. Brassey,
oil
of
and
for pickling
very extensive,
from southern
export
the press cake
is
Europe. In
used by the peasants as a
is
staple diet.
Olneya tesota A. Gray. Leguminosae. ironwood. olneya.

Mexico. This tree grows in the most desolate and rocky parts of Arizona and Sonora.
The seeds
are eaten raw or roasted
by the
Indians.
When
they equal peanuts with no perceptible difference in

Arizona store them for winter use.'
care
taste.
is
taken to parch them
The Mohave Indians
Ombrophytiun sp.? Balanophoreae. mountain maize.

Peru. These plants, according to Poppig, are boiled and eaten
spring
in
up suddenly
Markham, C. R.
Peru after rain and are called mountain maize.'"
1855.
1880.
'
Couper Farm.
1848.
'
*
Hist.
Mass
Libr. 3: 196.
Jefferys, T.
Hort. Soc. 39.
Masters,
M.
T.
1760.
1880.
Brassey Sunshine, Storm East iiiyg.

V. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 411.
">
Porcher, F. P.
1880.
1870.
Treas. Bot. iiSii.
1870.
1869.
1864.
like fungi.
of
They
STURTEVANT
394
Omphalea diandra Linn. Euphorbiaceae. cobnut.

West Indies. This tree is cultivated in Santo Domingo and Jamaica under the name
from the resemblance of the flavor
of noisettier, or cobnut,
The embryo is
pean nuts.
The
and requires to be
Euro-
extracted.'
cobnut.
O. triandra Linn,
The
America.
Tropical
deleterious
of the seeds to that of the
seeds are edible after the deleterious
embryo is extracted.*
the raw state are deli-
cobnut in Jamaica. The kernels of the nuts in

cately sweet and wholesome. When roasted they are equal, if not superior, to any chestnut.
By compression, they yield a sweet and fine-flavored oil.'
tree
is
called
Oncoba spinosa Forsk. Bixineae.

Tropical Africa and Arabia. This
is
a large tree called in Yemen onkoh.
is
eaten by boys.^
The
Fiji Islands.
much esteemed by
Anacardiaceae.
fleshy disk of the fruit, which
the Fijians,
into a liquor resembling cider.
This
is
when
vegetable and,
fictitious
Adams
India.
Onobrychis
and fermented
The
heart, or cabbage, is delicately white
says the cabbage
is
certainly
raw
a most delicious
state, it fiunishes
salad.
Dioscoraceae.
Lotir.
Royle
ripe, is
is edible.*
boiled, resembles asparagus or kale; in its
cucumbers and an excellent
Oncus esculentus
'
bruised in water
when
nibung palm.
Palmae.
the nibung of the Malays.
with a very sweet, nutty flavor.'
of a beautiful red
is
who use it extensively

The kernel, when boiled,
Oncosperma filamentosum Blume.

Malay.
fruit
vitiensis A. Gray.
Oncocarpus
The
says this plant has large, farinaceous and edible tubers.
crista-galli
Lam.
Leguminosae.
hedgehog.
Mediterranean region. This singxilar plant is grown in vegetable gardens as a curiosity

on account of the peculiar shape of the seed-pods. It has no utility. Its seed appears
in some of our seedsmen's lists.
Ononis arvensis Linn.
rest-harrow.
Leguminosae.
Rest-harrow, according to Gerarde,' furnishes a food.
Europe.
or crops of this shrub before
the thomes come
"
pleasant sauce to be eaten with meat as sallad, as Dioscorides teacheth."

'
Treas. Bot. 2:812.
'
Ibid.
'
Lunan,
'
1870.
Hori. Jam. 1:201.
J.
Pickering, C.
1814.
Seemann, B.
Fl.
Seemann, B.
Adams, A.
Royle, J. F.
'Gerarde,
J.
Viti. 51.
Voy. Samorang 2:426.

Illustr. Bot.
Herb. 1^2^.
1879.
1865-73.
1856.
1848.
Himal. 1:379.
1633.
1839.
The tender
forth, are preserved in pickle,
sprigs
and be very
395
cotton thistle.
Compositae.
naturalized in eastern North America.
north
the
Orient
and
Africa,
Europe,
receptacles of the flowers, says Lightfoot,' and the tender stalks, peeled and boiled,
Onopordon acanthiiun Linn.
be eaten in the same manner as artichokes and cardoons.
from the seeds has been used
Johnson
says an
oil
The
may
expressed
for ctolinary purposes.
Opuntia camanchica Engelm. & Bigel. Cacteae. bastard fig.

Americfc Southwest. The fruit is much eaten by the Indians, and the leaves are
roasted.'
has vary sweet, juicy
It
pulp.''
O. engelmanni Salm-Dyck. Indian fig.

American Southwest. The fruit is palatable and the leaves are roasted by the
Indians.' The large, yellowish or purple fruit is of a pleasant taste and is much relished
by the inhabitants
of California.^
prickly pear.
O. rafinesquii Engelm.
Mississippi Valley,
Missouri, Arkansas
Illinois,
The
and north to Wisconsin, east to Kenone and one-half to two" inches
tucky and south to Louisiana and Texas.

long, less than half that in diameter, naked by the disappearance of the
somewhat acid or
the
The
sweetish.'
fruit is
bristles,
and
edible,
leaves are roasted and eaten by the Indians, as
also
is
fruit. *
O. tuna
indian
Mill,
fig.
tuna.
New
Southern CaHfomia, Mexico,
tuna
is
Granada, Eciiador and the West Indies.
cultivated in the Los Angeles Valley, California, for
The
and forms hedges
its fruit
The Indians and Mexicans are very fond of the fruit, which serves
food during its season.' The fruit of the tuna, which grew wild, says Prescott,'"
15 or 20 feet high.
them
for
had to
satisfy at times the cravings of appetite of the Spaniards
march upon Mexico

J.
Smith,"
is
O. vulgaris
in 15 19.
collected
and
the lava slopes of Mt. Etna, the
sold in the markets, forming
barberry
Mill,
On
under Cortez
an extensive
fruit,
in their
according to
article of food.
prickly pear.
fig.
Central America, northward to Georgia, southward to Peru and introduced into
southern Evirope where
it
has been cultivated for a considerable period.
About the
close
of the last century, the fleet of Admiral Collingwood took a stock of the leaves of this
plant, salted,
among
Lightfoot, J.
f/. 5co(.
Johnson, C. P.
'
their provisions
1:459.
from Malta.
1789.
1862.
Usejul Pis. Gl. Brit. 150.
U. S. D. A. Rpi. 417.
1870.
Engelmann and Bigelow Pacific R. R. Rpt. 4:40.

*U. S. D. A. Rp'. 417. 1870.
'
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 417.
>"
N.
Bigelow,
J.
Prescott,
W. H.
"Smith,
J.
1870.
Conq. Mex. 1:424.
Diet. Econ.
In
Ph. 219.
1856.
1843.
1882.
1856.
1856.
1856.
Sicily, this
cactus flourishes on the
396
The
bare lavas.
are very juicy, sweet, wholesome and refreshing.
figs
Catania and
much
variety with
this is
Hogg seems to think that

the kaktus of Theophrastus, now called in Athens the Arabian fig, arabosuke,^ but
in this
he
red fruit is cultivated at
dark
is
esteemed.*
mistaken.
Orchis coriophora Linn.
bug orchis.
Orchideae.

is
is
In the Levant,
Asia.
its
dried root
is
cooked and eaten
'
and
also used to furnish salep.^
O. longicruris Link.
This orchid furnishes a portion of the salep of commerce.'
spotted orchis.
O. mascula Linn,

In the Peloponnesus,
its
The spotted
dried root
orchis yields part of the inferior English salep.
cooked and eaten.'
is
O. militaris Linn.
North Asia and Europe.
known
This orchid produces a starchy, mucilaginous substance

as salep, obtained by macerating the pulp in water.'
gandergoose.
O. morio Linn,
salep orchis.
Europe and adjoining Asia. In the Levant, the dried root

is one of the species which furnishes salep to commerce.'
is
cooked and eaten.*
This
O. p3rramidalis Linn.
Europe and north

commerce."
This
Africa.
one of the species used to furnish salep to
is
O. ustulata Linn.
This
Europe.
is
one of the species which
fiu-nish salep to
commerce."
Large quanti-
are prepared in Macedonia and Greece, but the finest comes from Turkey.
ties of salep
In the Himalayas and Kashmir regions, many species of bulbous-rooted orchids yield salep,
which is largely used as food by the natives.
Oreodoxa oleracea Mart.
West
of
This
Indies.
cabbage palm.
Palmae.
is
a white color internally and of delicate flavor, serves as
W.
'
Hooker,
'
Ibid.
'
Pickering, C.
Journ. Bot. 1:121.
J.
'
Ibid.
'Smith,
'
"
J.
1879.
1879.
Chron. HisK Pis. ^02.
Dom.
Bot. 1B3.
{Cactus opuntia)
1834.
Pickering, C.
1879.
1871.
Pickering, C.
1879.
Fluckiger and
Hanbury Pharm.
1879.
654.
Ibid.
Ibid.
" Masters, M. T.
" Seemann,
B.
The terminal bud,

a vegetable.'^
Seemann " says
the cabbage palm of tropical America.
Treat. Bot. 1:88.
1870.
{Areca oleracea)
1856.
STURTEVANT
the heart
made
is
into pickles or,
when
397
The
boiled, is served at table.
makes a
pith
sort
of sago.
Origanum heracleoticum Linn.
This species has been identified with the Cunila gallinacea

the early botanies, is said to have reached England in
of Pliny.i
mentioned
It is
winter sweet marjoram.
Lahiatae.
in
1640'' and is recorded in American gardens in 1806.' It finds mention by Burr in 1863
but seems fiow to have disappeared from our seed-lists. It is frequently mentioned by
early garden writers under the name winter sweet marjoram and has a variegated variety.
an aromatic of sweet
It is
flavor
and
much used
is
and
for soups, broths
stuffings.
sweet marjoram.
Sweet
marjoram was introduced into British gardens in 1573.* This
Europe.
the species usually present in the herb garden. It is supposed to be the amaracus
O. majorana Linn,
Pliny,*
who speaks
of
as cultivated.
it
in the thirteenth century
and
is
It is also
mentioned as
quite extended, and at Bombay

said to have reached Britain in 1573
culture
It is
is
gardens in 1806.'
much
ctiltivated in the early botanies.

is
it
'
and when
and was a well-known inmate
speaks of
this species as
Its introduction into Britain is said to
gardens in 1806
by
is
Its
'
modem
in
American
highly aromatic and
dried, for flavoring broths,
Southeast Europe, Asia Minor and Syria.

Pliny
Magnus
soups and
is
stiiffings.
pot marjoram.
O. onites Linn,
Sicily.
of
considered sacred to Siva and Vishnu.''
This biennial, always treated as an annual,
used, both in the green state
'
the marjorana of Albertus
is
''
Bvirr in 1863.
Pot marjoram
a perennial species from
have taken place in 1759."
but does not appear to have been

Its
is
called onitin, or prasion, in the first century.
name does not now
much
It
was
in
American
cultivated, although recorded
occur in our seed-lists as
it is
inferior to the
preceding variety.
O. vulgare Linn,
North
Africa,
wild marjoram.
and
adjoining Asia. This
Europe
organy.
ized in eastern America.
Pliny
lib.
McMahon,
B.
Albertus
21,
c.
1855.
35.
Magnus
Feg.
Jessen Ed. 537.
'Bird.vood Veg. Prod. Bomb. 242, 368.
">
Mcintosh, C.
Book Card. 2:239.
McMahon,
Amer. Card.
Pliny
lib.
B.
"Mcintosh, C.
"Don, G.
1867.
1865.
i855-
Cal. 199.
1806.
20, c. 67.
"McMahon,
B.
Boo* Cord. 2:239. 1855.

Amer. Card. Cal. $'&i. 1806.
1838.
Book Card. 2:2iS.
1855.
"Mcintosh, C.
become sparingly natural-
used in cookery only in
Book Card. 2:239. 1855.

Amer. Card. Cal. 199. 1806.
Book Card. 2:239.
Mcintosh, C.
lib.
it is
20, c. 62.
Mcintosh, C.
PUny
saj^
species has
defatolt of
Mcintosh " says that the leaves and tender tops are
other majorams.
'
Don
"
one of the
in constant
demand
398
and that the leaves are used

'
in
many
places as a substitute for tea.
Lightfoot
says in
some parts of Sweden the peasantry put the leaves into their ale to give it an intoxicating
It is included among garden herbs by Burr.*
quality and to prevent its turning sour.
Omithogalum pilosum Linn.
The
South Africa.
Liliaceae.
f.
according to Pallas,
roots,
are eaten
by the Greeks
of the
Crimea.
O. pyrenaicum Linn.
star-of-bethlehem.
Prussian asparagus,
Evu-ope and adjoining
In England, the young shoots of
Asia.
this plant
are used
as asparagus.
O. umbellatum Linn,
dove's dung,
star-of-bethlehem.
Northern Africa, Asia Minor and Europe.

The bulbs, says Johnson,' are very nutriand form a palatable and wholesome food when boiled. In the East they are often
tious
eaten and were probably the dove's dung mentioned in the Bible.
Orontium aquaticum Linn. Aroideae. golden club.

North America.
The seeds of this species were gathered and dried by the Indians.
were
The
Repeated boilings
necessary to fit them for use, the product resembling peas.*
root
is
acrid but
rendered edible by roasting.^
is
Orthanthera viminea Wight.
Northwest India.
Asclepiadeae.
In India, the flower-buds, raw or cooked, according to Brandis,'
are eaten as a vegetable.
Orthosiphon rubicundus Benth.
East Indies and Biirma.
Oryza sativa Linn.
Labiatae.
The
tubers are said to be eaten in Madagascar.*
Gramineae.
rice.
This important grain, which supplies food for a greater nimiber of

than
are
fed on the produce of any other known plant, is supposed to be
beings
i"
of Asiatic origin,
linger
say it is indigenous to fiuther India and the Isle of Simda.
Tropical Asia.
human
Barth " says
grows wild in central Africa, and recent travelers mention the plant as
Rice had been introduced into China 3000 years before
growing wild in South America.
it
Fl. Scot. 317.
Lightfoot, J.
Burr, F.
'
Pallas, P. S.
'
Smith, A.
"
Treas. Bot. 2:823.
Porcher, F. P.
Henfrey, A.
'
Unger, F.
" Barth, H.
1803.
1870.
Trav. No.
Brandis, D.
1863.
Trav. Russia 2:449.
Johnson, C. P.
Kalm, P.
'
1789.
Amer.
I'.^Sg.
1862.
1772.
Forest Fl. 335.

Bot. ^27.
1869.
1870.
1874.
(Ocimum

Trav. Disc. No., Cent.
A jr.
sp.)
1859.
2:345.
1857.

Christ.
Syria.
399
Even in the time of Strabo, rice was cultivated in Babylon, Khuzistan and
The Arabians brought it to Sicily.^ It was found by Alexander's expedition under
cultivation in Hindustan but the account of Theophrastus seems to imply that the living
plant continued
unknown
in the Mediterranean countries.
to Celsus, Pliny, Dioscorides and Galen.
in the tenth century but Targioni-Tozzetti
in Italy only as
an
was known
says that in the year 1400
import from the East.
article of
Rice was known, however,
According to some, rice
Its cultivation
in
was
it
Lombardy
known
still
was introduced
into
Piedmont and Lombardy in the end of the fifteenth, or commencement of the sixteenth,
century, either directly from India by the Portuguese or through Spain and Naples by
the Spaniards.
It
was not cultivated
in fields in
Lombardy
until 1522.
who caused
Rice was introduced into Virginia by Sir William Berkeley in 1647,
a bushel of seed to be sown, and the yield was fifteen bushels of excellent
is
stated to have been
that
Ashby
This grain
by a Dutch brig
about a peck of paddy with
brought into Charleston, South Carolina,
first
from Madagascar in 1694, the captain of which left

Governor Smith, who distributed it among his friends for
is
rice.^
half
cultivation.^
Another account
sent a bag of seed rice, 100 pounds, from which in 1698 sixty tons were
shipped to England.^
of the West in 17 18.*
The
was introduced into Louisiana by the Company

Upland, or mountain rice, was introduced into Charleston, South
culture of rice
Carolina, from Canton, in 1772.'
Father Baegert,* 1751-68, speaks of rice as flourishing
in California.
The
At the Madras
varieties of rice are almost endless.
exhibitor sent 190 varieties
exhibition of 1857, one
from Tanjore; another sent 65 from Travancore; 50 were

and from these 107 varieties of paddy were
received from Chingleput; 50 from Paghot;
In Moon's Catalogue of Ceylon Plants}" no less than 161 varieties

"
are envunerated as growing in Ceylon, and Carey describes 40 varieties in Coromandel,
selected as distinct.'
all
well
known
siumner
rice,
The most
to native farming.
rice
and spring
and South Carolina.
Rice in the husk
Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx.
North America.
The
rice.
The
grain
large
mountain
and
'
Unger, F.
'
Targioni Tozzetti .lourn. Hort. Soc. Land. 137.
Per}. Desc. Va. i^.
1859.
1853.
Ibid.
Ibid.
'
Ibid.
'
Smithsonian
'
"Ainslie,
"
W.
Inst. Rpt. 356.
"Nuttall, T.
1864.
1863
Mat. Ind. 1:341.
Roxburgh, W.
1854.
1649.
Hort. Beng. 25.
1826.
1814.
Gen. No. Amer. Pis. 1:40.
is
rice,
valley
that raised in North
1818.
rice.
affords a fine
the attention of agriculturists.'*
the world
called paddy.
is
Gramineae.
is
general divisions are into upland
finest rice in
1838.
and abundant
farina, deserving
STURTEVANT
40O
O. cuspidata Benth.
Nevada, Arizona and
which
seed,
their crops
New
and made into bread by the Zimi Indians, who, when
become wandering himters
fail,
&
Osmanthus americana Benth.
Hook.
The
Carolinas and southward.

of
This grass produces a small, black, nutritious
Mexico.
groiuid into flour
is
after these seeds.'
Oleaceae.
f.
fruit is eatable
American olive,
devil wood.
according to Pursh.'
The
fruit is
no value according to Vasey.*
fragrant olive.
O. fragrans Lour,
The
Himalayan region, China and Japan.

China and Japan.'*
scented flowers are used for flavoring
teas in
Osteomeles
Osyris arborea Wall.
The
and China.
Islands of the Pacific
fruit is said to
be white and sweet.*
Santalaceae.
In Kimiaun, the leaves are used as a substitute for
East Indies.
Owenia acidula
F. Muell.
tea.*,
Meliaceae.
This plant bears a dark red or crimson fruit the edible part of which
Australia.
raw and
It is eaten
red.
Rosaceae.
anthyllidifolia Lindl.
is
The pulp
The
of the fruit
when
ripe
is
wholesome.'
sour plum.
O. venosa F. Muell.
Australia.
very acid.*
sweet plum.
O. cerasifera F. Muell.
Australia.
is
Oxalis acetosella Linn.
wholesome.'"
is
ripe pulp
oxalis.
Geraniaceae.
wood
sorrel.
North temperate
This plant has for a long period been one of the minor
regions.
vegetables in gardens although it seems to have been but rarely cultivated even in locali-
where the pleasant acidity of the leaves

in the Royal Gardens in France, and it
ties
it
morin
'
'''
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 419.
'U.
*
S.
Fl.
D. A. Rpt. 168.
Meyen, F.
J.
'Gray, A.
F.
'
Palmer, E.
'
Jackson, J. R.
"
1870.
New
So.
Treoi. So*. 2:1324.
IbM.
Quintyne Comp. Card. 186.
"ViXmorm
Les Ph. Potag.
1854.
Himal. 1:322.
Journ. Roy. Soc.
2,91.
{Olea americana)
1846.
1693.
1883.
1839.
Wales 17:102.
1876.
Quintyne," 1690, grew
among garden
esculents
by
Vil-
leaves have been used in Iceland from time
{Olea americana)
1814.
Geog. P/i. 392.
Iltustr. Bot.
described
{Olea americana)
1875.
Treas. Bot. 2:828.
J. F.
esteemed in salads.
{Ericoma cuspidata)
1870.
Septent. i:y.
Smith, A.
'Royle,
">
Amer.
is
The
but as one not often grown.
'Pursh, F.
is
1884.
STURTEVANT
immemorial as a spring salad
'
4OI
and are likewise thus used by the French peasantry,^ as
well as elsewhere throughout Europe, but the references
imply generally the use of the
wild plant.
O. barrelieri Linn.
South America.
The
O. camosa Molina,
oca.
Chile.
'The
acid leaves are eaten in America.'
tubercles are the oca of Peru.*
O. cemua Thvmb.
The
South Africa.
O. compressa Linn.
leaves are eaten.'
f.
The
South Africa.
acid leaves are eaten at the
Cape
of
Good Hope.'
O. comiculata Linn.
Borders of temperate and tropical regions.
In India, the leaves are used as a pot-
herb.^
O.
crassicaixlis Zucc.
This seems one of the best of the wood sorrels which yield an
Peru and Mexico.

edible root.'
It
has nutritious tubers and edible leaves.'
O. crenata Jacq. arracacha. oca.

Peru.
This species is cultivated in South America for its tuberous
about the size of hen's eggs, the skin being full of eyes like a potato.
when
these tubers,
plant
is
boiled or roasted, very agreeable to the taste.
cultivated about
Lima
for its very acid leaf-stalks.
land in 1829 but was found to be watery and insipid.
roots,
which are
Hemdon '"
calls
Carruthers " says the
was introduced into EngThere is a red and a yellow

It
variety.'*
O. deppei Lodd.
South America and Mexico.
The
size.
roots are served boiled.
The plant produces fleshy, edible

The yotmg leaves are dressed like
roots of moderate
sorrel,
or used as greens, and the flowers are excellent in salad, alone or mixed with
'
Johnson, C. P.
Noisette
Man.
BaiUon, H.
Useful. Pis. Ct. Brit. 65.
Jard. 322.
Hist.
Ph.
1862.
1829.
s: 2,2.
1878.
Ibid.
Unger, F.
Baillon,
'
H.
Dutt, U. C.
Mueller, F.
Unger, F.

Hist. Pis. ^-.^2.
Mai. Med. Hindus 124.

Sel. Pis. 312.
1859.
1878.
1877.
1891.
1859.
" Hemdon, W. L., and Gibbon, L. Explor.

" Carruthers, W.
Treaj. 5o<. 2:830.
1870.
" Bon /ar<i. 543. 1882.
" Morren Card. Chron.
68.
1841.
Vail.
Amca.
iiiî.
1854.
put in soups
com
salad.''
STURTEVANT
402
It
was introduced
into cultivation in
England in 1827
'
and
is
now
also cultivated in
France, the stalks and leaves being used.'
scurvy grass.
O. enneaphilla Cav.
The
Falkland Islands.
&
O. frutescens Ruiz
The
Peru.
is
plant
eaten.*
Pav.
acid leaves are eaten in America.*
O. plumieri Jacq.
South America and
Its leaves are eaten.
Antilles.
O. tetraphylla Cav.
Mexico.
It yields edible roots of
O. tuberosa Molina,
Oca
Chile.
vary from the
oca.
cultivated in the
is
size of
not high quality.'
Andes from Chile to Mexico
for its tubers,
which
peas to that of nuts and, says linger,' are of no very pleasant taste.
O. violacea Linn.
North America.
This species
Oxycoccus macrocaipus
Temperate
regions.
Pers.
is edible.''
Vacciniaceae.
cranberry.
The American cranberry grows
consin and extends to the Pacific coast.
It is
in bogs from Virginia to Wismentioned by Roger Williams ' under the
New England. The fruit is boiled

and eaten at the present day by the Indians of the Columbia River imder the name soolaThe fruit is an article of commerce among the tribes of the Northwest. About
bich.
name sasemineash and was
eaten by the Indians of
few vines were cared for at Dennis, Massachusetts, but not imtil about 1840 can
the trials at cultivation be said to have commenced, and not until 1845 was the fact
1820, a
established that the cranberry could be utilized as a marketable commodity.
now
are
very extensively grown at Cape
Cod and
in
Cranberries
New Jersey and Wisconsin. Under

In New Jersey, in 1879, a
favorable conditions, the vines are exceedingly productive.
Mr. Bishop raised over 400 bushels on one acre and parts of acres have yielded at the
rate of 700 to 1000 bushels per acre, but such prolificacy is exceptional.
There are several
recognized varieties.
O. palustris Pers. cranberry, mossberry.

Northern climates.
This is the cranberry of Britain which
tion.
The
The
fruit is
is
latter is a plant of peat bogs in the northern United States
'
Loudon,
'
Smith,
J.
J.
C.
Hort. 654.
Dom.
Bot. 495.
i860.
1871.
'
Ross Voy. Antarct. Reg. 2:269. 1847.

Hist. Pis. $132.
*Baillon, H.
1878.
'
Unger U.
1859.
Ibid.
'
Ibid.
Williams, R.
in occasional cultiva-
considered of superior flavor to the American cranberry but
Key. 1643.
Narragansett Hist. Coll. 1:121.
1866.
is
smaller.
and on uplands
in the
STURTEVANT
surface
403
"
the
authority says that on the Nipigan coast of Lake Superior
One
British territory.
flaming red with berries, more deHcious than anything of the kind
is
have ever
tasted."
Cx3ma digyna
Hill.
Mountains
to 80
and
of the north
The
north.'
mountain sorrel.
Polygonaceae.
arctic region, northern
and eaten by the Alaska Indians, who are very

Oxystelma esculentum R. Br.
Australia.
America as
far as latitude 64
leaves are chopped with scurv>' grass or water cress
Royle
'
Aclepiadeae.
says this plant
Pachira aquatica Aubl.
and are fermented
partial to this dish.^
described as being edible.
is
malabar chestnut.
Malvaceae,
The mealy seeds of this tree, when roasted, taste like chestnuts.
and flowers are used as a vegetable.^ There is nothing better than this
Tropical America.
The yoimg
leaves
chestnut cooked with a
little salt.'
P. grandiflora Tussac.
West
The
Indies.
seeds are eaten as chestnuts are.*
P. insignis Savign.
Mexico and Guiana.
The
seeds,
young leaves and
flowers serve as food.^
Pachyrhizus angulatus Rich. Leguminosae.

Tropical Asia, Central America, the East and West Indies, Mauritius and
The
root,
a single turnip-formed tuber, when young,
inhabitants of India and the Matiritius.*
when
when
boiled, or
dried,
is
eaten, both
Its coarse roots furnish
and pounded
into a flour.'
raw and
Fiji Islands.
boiled,
by the
food to the poor in China,
In the Malay Archipelago, the plant
produces a large, edible, tuberous root.'" The Fiji Islanders, who call the plant yaka or
ivayaka, obtain a tough fiber from the stems, with which they make fishing nets." In
China and Cochin China, where it is cultivated, the tubers, which are cylindrical and
about two
feet long, are eaten boiled as
but are deleterious
if
'
Kane, E. K.
Arctic Explor. 2:^60.
1857.
DaU,
W. H.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 422.
1870.
F.
J.
Illustr. Bot.
Himal. 1:274.
Unger, F.
'
Belanger Trans. N. Y. Agr. Soc. 568.
'
Tussac
'
Unger, F.
Fl. Antill.
Don, G.
W.
Pickering, C.
"Smith, A.
"Loudon,
J.
Ph. 2:361.
U. S. Pat.
Off.
Chron. Hist. 680.
Treoi. Bo/. 2:834.
C.
"Smith, F. P.
App.
Smith
''
says the tubers are eaten
kind of arrowroot
XVIIL
1839.
{Carolinea princeps)
1859.
(Carolinea princeps)
1858.
1808-1827.

Hist. Dichl.
Williams, S.
"
4:12.
are.'^
not thoroughly cooked.
'
Royle,
yams
Arb. Frut. Brit.

Contrib. Mat.
{Carolinea insignis)
1859.
1832.
Rpt. 474.
i860.
1879.
1870.
2:()^<).
Med. China
1844.
88.
1871.
{Dolichos bvlhosus)
is
made from
the root
404
in
some
The
places.
when cooked and have a
color
It
as food.*
and
The
Indies.
is
says they are of a dirty white
slightly starchy, insipid flavor.
plant has large, tuberous roots, which, as well as the seeds, serve
called yalai
by the people
of
New
Caledonia, and the roots are roasted
eaten.*
Rubiaceae.
Paederia foetida Linn.
off
'
potato bean.
P. tuberosus Spreng.
West
Seemann
roots are eaten in Viti.
East Indies, Malay and Hindustan. This is a long, cylindrical plant, which gives
a most offensive odor when bruised. The leaves, boiled and made into soup, are con-
sidered wholesome
Paeonia albiflora
and
suitable for the sick
This species
Northern Asia.
mix with
Island of
who
also
roots are
powder the
their tea.
Panax fruticosum Linn.

Tropical Asia,
The
to be seen in ornamental gardens.
is
used as food in Mongolia, being boiled and eaten by the Tartars,

seeds to
writes.
paeony.
Ranunculaceae.
Pall.
and convalescent, as Dutt
Panax.
Araliaceae.
Malay and Polynesia.
Temate by
This aromatic plant
the natives for food and for medicine.
is
The
much
cultivated in the
boiled leaves are eaten
as greens.*
Pancratium maritimum Linn.

This plant
Europe.
bulbs were shown
said to
have properties resembling those
of the squill.
The
food specimens at the International Exhibition of 1862.*
among
Pandanus leram Jones.
Pandaneae.
In the Nicobar Islands, the immense fruit cones consist of several
Nicobar Islands.
single,
is
sea daffodil.
Amaryllideae.
wedge-shaped
fruits,
which,
when raw,
are uneatable, but, boiled in water
subjected to pressure, they give out a sort of mealy mass.
This
is
and
the melori of the
Portuguese and the larohm of the natives. It is also occasionally used with the fleshy
The flavor of the
interior of the ripe fruit and forms the daily bread of the islanders.
mass thus prepared strongly resembles that
of
apple marmalade and
is
by no means
impalatable to Europeans.
f.
breadfruit, pandang. screw pine.
The terminal bud is eaten under the name of cabbage; the tender white base of the
*
leaves is also eaten raw or boiled, during famines.' Kotzebur says it constitutes the chief
P. odoratissimus Linn.
>
Seemann, B.
Fl.
Viii. 63.
U. S. Pat.
Unger, F.
1865-73.
Off. Rpf. 311.
1859.
'
Labillardi^re Voy. Recherche Perouse 2:217.
'
Dutt, U. C.
'
Rumphius
Herb. Ambon. 4:78.
'Bjt. Soc. Edinb.S: 163.

'
Royle,
J.
F.
lUustr. Bat.
Hooker, W.J.
{Dolichos tuberosus)
1799.
1877.
1741-1755.
1866.
Himal. 1:408.
Bo/. Jl/tic. 1:309.
1830.
1839.
\'
STURTEVANT
food of the people of Radack.
chewed raw
It is
405
for the aromatic juice
and
also
is
baked
in pits.
by the
eagerly eaten
P. sp.?
New
and
Australia
screw
screw
breadfruit,
P. pedunculatus R. Br.
Fraser
Holland.
pine.
saj's
this plant is called breadfruit
and
is
natives.
pine.
Under the name
of kapupu, a staple article of food
is
prepared in
the- islands of the
Gilbert group from the soft, central portion of the fruit heads of species of pandanus.^
Adams'
among the Meia-co-shimah
says,
Islands,
he
had the
first
curiosity to taste the
and juicy but very insipid. When perfectly

mature, he continues, they certainly look very tempting and resemble large, rich-colored
fruit of the
screw pine and found
The
pineapples.
stones,
it
refreshing
though very hard, contain a pleasant kernel.
Pangium edule Reinw. Bixineae.

Java. The bark is used for poisoning
fish,
and the
nuts,
when macerated
in water,
are rendered partially wholesome but are used only as a condiment.*
Panicum colonum Linn.
Gramineae.
millet.
This millet grows wild in parts of India in
Tropics.
in times of scarcity to be
P. decompositum R. Br.
sufficient plenty to
be collected
employed as food.*
Australian millet.
The
East Indies and Australia.
aborigines convert the small, millet-Hke grains
into cakes.'
P. miliaceum Linn,
millet.
This species was cultivated in southern Europe in the time of Hippocrates

'
and was known to the Romans in the time of Julius Caesar. It is the
Tropics.
and Theophrastus
kegchros of Strabo,
who
against famine.'
It
who say
Sarmatians,
It is also
and
W.
'
Hooker,
Card. Chron.
Simmonds,
is
the best protection
of
no other grain but milkt and barley.

Columella "
referred to as cultivated in Italy
is
1830.
W.
Phillips,
H.
1848.
1871.
Trap. Agr. 338.
1889.
Sel. Pis. 316.
1891.
8th Ed.
Set. Pis. 318.
1891.
8th Ed.
Pickering, C.
Hooker,
Bot. 403.
P. L.
Unger, F.
"
and
Voy. Samarang 2:302.
Dom.
J.
'MueUer, F.
"
'*
and
as constituting the principal food of the
by Pliny
know
that the Ethiopians
1878.
Mueller, F.
"
thrives excellently in Gaul

'
Bol. Misc. 1:250.
J.
Adams, A.
Smith,
it
described
by
In the embassy of Theodosius ''to Attila, 448-9 A. D., beyond the Danube,
'
states that
mentioned by Hesiod
Virgil."
'
is
J.
Journ. Bot. 1:214.
1859.
1879.
'834.
Comp. Kitck. Card. 1:334.
Virgil Georgics lib.
"Guizot, F. P. G.
i,
183 1.
line 216.
Hist. Civil. 3:220.
1857.
4o6
millet
was brought the party as
and Johann Schultberger/ 1396-1427, speaks

and at Zepun on the Black Sea. In France,
provisions,
of millet as the only grain crop of Siberia
time almost exclusively for forage; in Germany
this millet is cultivated at the present
and
for the grain
also for fodder; in
cultivated largely in southern

in Italy
and
in Spain.
It
England it
and western Asia,
appears to be but
it
was a
millet,
unknown
as an agricultural crop.
in northeastern Africa
little
Jared Elliot,' 1747, speaks of seed being sent
but he says
is
known
It is
and to some extent
as an agricultiu^l crop in America.
him under the name
of East India wheat,
with small grain, the bigness of a turnip or cabbage seed and
In 1822 and 1823, there are records of large crops of seed and hay
grown in this country imder the name of millet, but these may have been of other species
than this. There are many varieties grown. Some 30 kinds are given for Ceylon. At
of a yellowish color.
exhibition of 1857, seven kinds were shown.
Madras
the
P. pilosum Sw.
South America.
This grain
cultivated in India as a bread com, under the
is
name
bhadlee.^
finger grass.
crab grass,
P. sanguinale Linn,
This grain grows in abundance in Poland where it is sometimes

Cosmopolitan.
cultivated for its seed and is in cultivation in waste ground in America, naturalized from
Europe.
ment
In Europe, the small-hulled fruit fiuiiishes a wholesome and palatable nourish-
manna
called
grit.''
This
the
is
common
Papaver nudicaule Linn. Papaveraceae.

This poppy was found by Kane ' at
and
seas
it
crab grass, or finger grass, of America.
arctic poppy.
all
the stations on his two voyages to the Arctic
extends probably, he says, to the fvirthest limit of vegetation.
The
and especially the seeds, which are very oleaginous, are a great resort in scorbutic
and very agreeable to the taste. Pursh ' gives its habitat as Labrador.
leaves,
affections
oriental poppy.
P. orientale Linn,
This species was observed in the
fields
about Erzerum,
a very fine species of poppy which the Turks and Armenians call aphion
as they do the common opium. They do not extract the opium from this kind but eat
the heads as a delicacy when they are green, though very acrid and of a hot taste. ^
Armenia.
This
is
corn poppy,
P. rhoeas Linn,
field poppy.
Europe, the Orient and north Africa.

cultivated as an
is in
'
oil
the continent of Europe, this poppy
plant, the oil being esteemed next to that of the olive.
French flower gardens.*

Schiltberger, J.
Elliot, Jared.
Treas. Bot. 2:841.
linger, F.
81
1879.
1870.
Fl. PI. Ter. 822.
1859.
{Digitaria sanguinale)
1856.
F! Amer. Septent. 2:366.
'Toumefort Koy.ieran/ 2:118.

Vilmorin
Kane, E. K.
Pursh, F.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 41.
Trav. 1397-1427.
Essays Husb. 51.
'
On
1814.
1718.
1870.
3rd Ed.
(.Pavot coquelicot)
The
is
plant
STURTEVANT
407
opium poppy.
P. somniferum Linn,
There are several
Greece and the Orient.
varieties of the
opium poppy,
which
of
'
the two most prominent are called white and black from the color of their seeds. The opium
poppy is a native of the Mediterranean region but is at present cultivated in India, Persia,
Asiatic
Turkey and
It is
of procuring opitun.
seeds.
by way of experiment,
occasionally,
This poppy
is
in northern
grown
in the United States, for the ptirpose
France and the south of Germany for its

by the ancient Greeks and is
supposed to have been cultivated
mentioned by Homer as a garden plant. Galen speaks of the seeds as good to season
bread and says the white are better than the black. The Persians sprinkle the seeds of
poppies over their
rice,
and the seeds are used
in India as
a food and a sweetmeat.
seeds are also eaten, says Masters,' in Greece, Poland and elsewhere.
seeds are
made
to peld by expression a bland
In Sikkim, Edgeworth
refreshing during fatigue
and abstinence.
employ yotmg
intoxication, and
it,
and an
says the fruit

Parietaria
Sapindaceae.
drink,
edible.
is
less to
other countries.-
wild plum.
vinous beverage and a vinegar are prepared
though slightly purgative, oil is expressed from

the size of a cherry, savory and edible.
oflBicinalis
Linn.
oil.
smoke or chew opium to produce
edible,
its seeds.*
Mueller
pellitory.
Urticaceae.
Southern Europe and the Orient.
and
used as a substitute for olive
is
as well as an agreeable food, remarkably
depraved use has extended more or
this
Pappea capensis Eckl. & Zeyh.

South Africa. The fruit is
from
oil
Carpenter* says the peasants of Languedoc
The Chinese
poppies as food.
which
oil,
remarks, the seeds afford
The
In France, the
This plant
is
mentioned by Theophrastus as cooked
eaten.*
Parinarium campestre Aubl.
French Gxiiana.
P. excelsum Sabine,
Tropical Africa.
Rosaceae.
The drupe
is
small, oval, yellow.
The
single seed
rough-skinned or gray plum.
The
supplied in the markets.
fruit is greatly
esteemed by the negroes and
in the greatest
It is
abundance and
produced
and shape of an Imperatrice pliun, with a coarse skin of a grayish
dry, farinaceous, small in quantity
The
but otherwise resembling
and
of
an
Masters,
Hooker,
<
Smith, A.
'Mueller,?.
'
'
it
fruit is
oblong in form, twice the
in flavor
and appearance.'
Treas. Bot. 2:844.

Set. Pis. 323.
1870.
1891.

Pickering, C.
1879.
Sabine, J.
Ibid.
color.
is
plentifully
about the
The
size
piolp is
insipid taste.*
M. T. Treas. Bot. 2:842. 1870.

W. J. Journ. Bot. 2:269. 1840.
Veg. Phys. Bot. 203.
'Carpenter, W. B.
1844.
'
'
is
gingerbread plum.
P. macrophyllum Sabine,
Tropical Africa.
is edible.''
Trans. Hart. Soc. Land. 5:451.
1824.
size of that of P. excelsum
STURTEV ant's NOTES ON EDIBLE .PLANTS
408
P.
montanum Aubl.
The drupe
French Guiana.
rind, and the nut, or kernel,
P.
nonda F. Muell.
is large,
Paris polyphylla Sm.
This species bears edible, mealy, plum-like
has a thick, acrid
fruit.*
Liliaceae.
The
seeds are eaten
by the Lepchas
of the Himalayas.
are sweet but mawkish.'
Parkia africana R. Br.
and then
bruise
African locust.
Leguminosae.
The
Tropical western Africa,

seeds
fibrous,
nonda.
Northeast Australia.
They
smooth and
ovate,
sweet and edible.*
is
natives of Sudan,
and allow them to ferment
who
call
the tree dours, roast the
become
in water until they
when
putrid,
they are carefully washed, pounded into powder and made into cakes, which are excellent
sauce for all kinds of food but have an unpleasant smell. An agreeable beverage is preSweetmeats are also made
pared from the sweet, farinaceous pulp surrounding the seeds.
of
it.^
The pods contain a
yellow, farinaceous substance enveloping the seeds, of which
the negroes of Sierra Leone are fond,
This
is
a nutritiA^ and agreeable food from

P. biglandulosa Wight
The
&
Parmentiera edulis DC.
The
Mexico.
tree
is
fruit
its
being similar to that of the monkey-bread.
mimosa
called
by the negroes
nitta,
seed-pods.
by the Malays, who
The former
relish
them as
well as the
Bignoniaceae.
resembles a cucumber in shape, with a rough siirface and
aril of
&
Paspaliun ciliatum H. B.
This
Brazil.
is
the seeds
K.
is
Tropical Africa.
Don, G.
Gramineae.
a perennial and a lauded cereal grass of
Hooker,
tropical
South America.'
J.
D.
F.
Don, G.
Himal. Pis.
Illustr. Bot.
1832.
1891.
Treas. 801.2:847.
Seemann, B.
'
Illustr.
a food grass called Jundunjii in west Africa.'
is
Ph. 2:478.
Sel. Pis. t,2^.
Smith, A.
J.
This
Hist. Dichl.
Mueller, F.
Royle,
eaten.
edible.'
P. exile Kippist
'
is
Passifloreae.
The
Madagascar.
mealy
taste like garlic.^
middle-sized.*
Paropsia edulis Thou.
>
which furnishes
Arn.
seeds are eaten
Malay.
matter which surrounds them.
The
its flavor
the fruit mentioned by Park as a
PI. 24.
Himal. 1:183.
Treas. Bot. 2:848.
1870.
1834.
Mueller, F.
Set. Pis. 224.
Henfrey, A.
Bo/. 399.
1891.
1870.
1855.
1870.
1839.
STURTEVANT
409
koda millet.
P. scorbiculatum Linn,
Old World
This grain
tropics.
grown to some extent
is
in
most parts
of India.
The
with the Hindus, particularly with those who inhabit the hill
the
most
barren
and
parts of the coimtry, for it is in such districts it is chiefly
regions
cultivated, being an unprofitable crop and not sown where others more beneficial will
seed
an
is
article of diet
used only by the poorest
It is
thrive.'
Graham'
wholesome.
unwholesome.
related
is
very
common
and
is
the agrion krithon, furnishing good bread and gruel but which, at
It is
Greeks until by degrees they became accustomed to
killed the horses of the
first,
it,
as
by Theophrastus.
Passifiora alata Ail.
Peru.
is
says this millet
not reckoned very

and cheap about Bombay but
says Elliott
classes,
passion flowers.
Passifloreae.
plant of climbing habit,
grown
in greenhouses for its flowers.
The
fruit
edible.
P. boumapartea Baxt.
This species
Tropical Africa.
and blue
The
flowers.
The
ctdtivated in greenhouses for its beautiful red, white
is
edible.
blue passion flower.
P. caerulea Linn,
Brazil.
friiit is
fruit is egg-shaped, the size of
a Mogul plum and yellow when
ripe.*
the gardens of Egypt.
It is cultivated in
P. coccinea Aubl.
The
Guiana.
aril of
the fruit
is edible.^
P. edulis Sims.
and the West
Brazil
and the
somewhat
flavor
egg, green at
and cooling
first
ripe, is
of the fruit
an orange.*
like that of
when
but,
The pulp
Indies.
is
The
orange-colored, the taste acid
fruit in India is
of a beautiful plimi color
'
and
of
the size of an
an agreeable and
taste.'
P. filamentosa Cav.
South America.
P. foetida Linn,
Brazil
smell,
all
though
Elliott,
wild water lemon.
The
fruit is yellow, enclosed in
Trop. Agr. 340.
1889.
'
Pickering, C.
Don, G.
'
'
fruit.'
1863.
1879.
1834.
Don, G.
1834.
Don, G.
1834.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Smith,
J.
Masters,
Card. Ind. 197.
M.
T.
a netted calyx and has a pleasant
the other parts of the plant have a disagreeable odor
P. L.
W.
has edible
love-in-a-mist.
and Jamaica.
Simmonds,
2
It
1874.
1882.
Treoi. Bo/. 2:851.
1870.
when
touched.
STURTEVANT
410
The
about the
fruit is
Golden Pippin apple, white within, membranous and
of a
size
contains numerous seeds involved in an agreeable, sweet-acid pulp.'

P. herbertiana Bot. Reg.
New
Australia.
According to Fraser, in
quantities and
affords a grateful flavor.*
Holland the oval
fruit is
produced in great
maypops.
P. incamata Linn,
Subtropical America from Virginia to
Kentucky and southward.
It
has been culti-
vated by the Indians from early times. This is the maracock observed by Strachey'
"
of the bigness of a green apple, and hath manie azurine or blew
on the James River,
kemells,
Hke as a pomegranat, a good sommer cooling
water lemon.
P. laurifolia Linn,
In Jamaica, the fruit
Tropical America.
It is the size of
delicate.
fruit."
an egg and
Titford
the seeds are lodged.
'
says the fruit
much esteemed, says Lunan,* being very

a very agreeable, gelatinous pulp in which
is
full of
is
very good.
P. ligularis A. Juss.
The
Tropical America.
fruit is edible.'
P. lutea Linn.
West
Indies.
The plant
fruit.'
passion flower.
P. macrocarpa Mast,
The
bears edible
Rio Negro region of South America and cultivated in greenhouses for

fruits are very large, sometimes weighing as much as eight pounds.
attached to the seeds or the juicy pulp
is
its
large flowers.
The
fleshy aril
the part eaten.'
conch apple, conch nut. sweet calabash, water lemon.

The fruit is roimd, smooth, about two inches in diameter, of a dingy
P. maliformis Linn,
West
color
Indies.
when
ripe.
It
has a pale yellow, agreeable, gelatinous pulp, which
is
eaten with
wine and sugar.'

P. quadrangularis Linn,
granadilla.
Tropical America. The fruit is of an oval shape and of various sizes from that of
a goose egg to a middling-sized muskmelon; it is of a greenish-yellow color, having a spongy
rind about a finger in thickness, which becomes soft as the fruit ripens, contains a succulent
pulp of a water color and sweet smell,

'
Lunan,
J.
Horf. Jam. i:<^66.
W. J.
'Strachey, W.
'
*
'
Hooker,
Lunan,
J.
Titford,
Masters,
'
'
1830.
Hort. Jam. 1:39.
W. J.
M. T.
1814.

Treas. Bot. 2:?,î.
1812.
1870.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Don, G.
Hist. Dichl.
of a very agreeable, pleasant, sweet-acid taste
1814.
Bot. Misc. 1:247, 248.
Trav. Va.
is
Ph. 3:51.
1834.
1849.
STURTEVANT
and contains a multitude
4II
which are eaten with the pulp.' Titford " says

cultivated in tropical America and in India and is grown
of black seeds,
The
granadilla
in conservatories for
its flowers.
it is delicious.
is
be wanted, the flowers must be
If fruit
artifically fertilized.
P. serrata Linn.
Mauritius.
has edible
It
PaxUlinia cupana H. B.
The
Brazil.
&
fruit.*
K.
Sapitidaceae.
seeds are mingled with cassava and water
ing the favorite drink of the Orinoco Indians.*
This bread
drink.*
made by the
is
Indians and
About 16000 poimds

and water and forms a diet
highly esteemed in Brazil.
is
The bread
from Santarem.'
are exported
and allowed to ferment, formseeds form guarana bread.
The pounded
is
grated into sugar
a substance called gtiaranine, which
Its active principle is
is
identical in
com-
position with the thein of tea."
P. subrotunda Pers.
Royle
says this plant has an edible
Pavetta indica Linn.
oftener
is
Pectinaria articulata
Henfrey
'
says the seeds are eaten.
Riibiaceae.
The
Asia and tropical Australia.

natives but
aril.
made
Haw.
fruit,
which
is
of
Pedalium murex Linn.
color, is
eaten by the
Asclepiadeae.
"
Thimberg says this thick plant without
by the Hottentots, and also by the colonists.
South Africa.
pickled,
a green
into a pickle.'"
leaves,
is
eaten, after being
Pedalineae.
The
leafy stems, says Drury,'* are used in thickening butter-
milk, to which they give a rich appearance.
Roxbvirgh
in the habit of diluting their merchandise with water
"
says venders of buttermilk are
and then thickening the mixture
plant, which makes the adulterated article seem rich and of the best sort.
"
A. Smith
says that water becomes mucilaginous by being simply stirred with the fresh
with this
branches of this plant.

'
Lunan,
Hort. Jam.
J.
Titford,
W.
1:^4. 1814.
Amer. 91. 1812.
Hort. Bot.
J.
Lindley, J.
Veg. King. 333.
Moore, T.
Treas. Bot. 2:853.
'
Simmonds, P. L.
Hemdon, W.
'Smith, A.
Royle,
J.
1870.
Trap. Agr. 26.
and Gibbon,
L.
rreaj.5o<. 2:853.
F.
'Henfrey, A.
"Ainslie,
L.,
1853.
W.
Illustr. Bot.
So/. 234.
Thunberg, C. P.
"
Drury, H.
"Wight, R.
"Smith, A.
1870.
1826.
1796.
Treas. Bo/. 2:855.
1839.
(P. sorbilis)
Trav. 2:171.
/con. P/5. 4: PI.
Amaz. 1:266.
1870.
Himal. 1:137.
Mat. Ind. 2:28g.
"
1889.
Explor. Vail.
(Stapelia articulata)
1873.
1615.
1870.
1850.
1854.
Note.
412
Pedicularis langsdorffi Fisch.
Arctic regions.
Ainslie
'
lousewort.
Scrophularineae.
says the leaves are employed as a substitute for tea by the
inhabitants of the Kurile Islands.
Pelargonium acetosiun Soland.
Cape
The buds and
Good Hope.
of
stork's bill.
Geraniaceae.
acid leaves are eaten.*
P. peltatum Ait.
At the Cape
South Africa.
Good Hope, the buds and
of
acid leaves are eaten.'
P. triste Ait.
South Africa.
Syme
says the tubers are eaten at the
Cape
of
Good Hope.
P. zonale L'H^rit.
The
South Africa.
leaves
Peltandra virginica Rafin.
and
stalks are eaten in
arrow arum.
Ariodeae.
Yemen.^
Virginian
wake
robin.
Bartram told Kalm that the Indians ate the boiled spadix
When the berries are raw they have a harsh, pungent taste,
and
berries as a luxury.
which they lose in great measure upon boiling. The Indians also eat the roots cooked
but never raw, as they are then reckoned poisonous.'
Peltaria alliacea Jacq.
This plant
Central Europe.
Pemphis acidula
garlic cress.
Cruciferae.
Forst.
is
an edible by
classed as
botanists.
Lythraceae.
The
Tropical Asia and islands of the Pacific.
leaves are used as a potherb along the
shores.'
Pennisetum dasystachyum Desv.

Guiana.
collecting
Gramineae.
Barth, in Travels in Northern Africa, says, at Agades, the slaves were busy
and pounding the seeds
of the karengia, or uzak, which constitutes a great part
Livingstone says the seeds are collected regularly by the slaves over a large
of their food.
portion of central Africa and are used as food.

P. typhoideum Rich,
spiked millet.
'
supposed by Pickering to be a native of tropical America.
extensively cultivated about Bombay and forms a very important article of food to
This grass
Tropics.
It is
In Africa, Livingstone
the natives.*
'Ainslie,
is
W.
Mat. Ind. 1:128.
'Baillon, H.
Hisl. Pis. 5:32.
"*
found
it
cultivated in great quantities as food for
1826.
1878.
Ibid.
Syme,
'
J.
Forskal
Kalm,
T.
Fl.
P.
'Lindley,
Treas. Bof. 1:856.
Aeg. Arab. XCIII.

rrai).
J.
Pickering, C.
iVo.
1870.
1775.
^mer. 1:98, 387, 388.
Veg. King. 575.
1772.
(Arumvirginicum)
1853.
1879.
Ibid.
" Livingstone,
D.
Trav. Research. So. Afr. 350.
1858.
STURTEVANT
man.
says
diet
This species
it is
much
among
cultivated in
is
many
varieties in India,
where
and that the grain
cultivated in Coromandel,
the natives of the northern Circars.
The
is
it is
by the native farmers of Bengal
who
a native.
a very essential
Drury
'
ari;icle of
seeds, says Unger,^ constitute the
principal article of food for the negroes in various parts of Africa.
cultivated
413
eat the grain
Four
and feed
varieties are
their cattle with
the straw.'
Pentaclethra macrophylla Benth.
Tropical Africa.
The
opachalo.
seeds
Leguminosae.
known
tree,
Gabun
by the
eaten
are
in
as owala and in the
natives,
who
Eboo country
also extract a limpid oil
as
from
them.*
Pentadesma butyracea Sabine.
The
Tropical Africa.
The
fruit is eaten.'
tallow tree.
yellow, greasy juice, which flows from
mixed by the inhabitants of Sierra Leone with

not used by Europeans on account of the strong, turpentine flavor.^
the fruit
is
when
butter tree,
Gutttferae.
cut, is
it is
Pentatropis cjrnanchoides R. Br.
Asdepiadeae.
AbjTssinia, Persia and northwest India.
Peplis portula Linn.
by Dioscorides as
Athens,
it is
West
P. bleo
Indies.
Mill.
The
fruit is yellow, edible, pleasant to
by the
New
the taste and
Asdepiadeae.
The young
leaves are eaten as a potherb in Japan. ''
Ph. Ind. 335.
Drury, H.
Useful
Unger, F.
U. S. Pat.
Off.
Horl. Beng.
1873.
Rpl. 306, 307.
1859.
1876.
1870.
Hisl. Dichl.
Ph. 1:619.
1831.
'
Pickering, C.
Chron. Hht. Ph. ^90.
1879.
'
Pickering, C.
1879.
Smith, A.
Treas. Bot. 2:863.
1870-
Ibid.
" Seemann, B.
(PenicUlaria spicata)
1814.
7.
Treas. Bo/. 2:1327.
Treas. Bot. 2:860.
Don, G.
leaves are eaten as a salad in
natives.'"
South Africa.
Roxburgh, W.
Jackson, J. R.
The
Granada.
Pergularia edulis Thunb.
barbadoes gooseberry.
Cacteae.
is
used
in the
DC.
called bleo
<
is
for preserving.'
Mexico and
it is
esculent;
mentioned by Theophrastus as cultivated,

mentioned also by Pliny, Varro and Columella. About
This plant
eaten in salads.'
PeresMa aculeata
West Indies
Asia.
Its follicles are eaten.''
water purslane.
Lythrarieae.
their food but
Treas. Bot. 2:863.
1870.
(A sclepias spiralis)
Panama and
are
STURTEVANT
414
Perilla arguta Benth.
Labiatae.
An infusion of this plant is used, says Mueller,' to impart to

China and Japan.
other
The plant is an inmate of French
and
substances a deep red color.
table vegetables
flower gardens.*
Periploca aphylla Decne.
Asclepiadeae.
The
Northwest India, Afghanistan, south Persia, Arabia and Egypt.

says Brandis,' are sweet and are eaten, raw or cooked, as a vegetable.
Persea
gratissima
Gaertn.
AVOCADO.
AVOCATE.
ahuacate.
alligator
pear.
VEGETABLE MARROW.
The avocado has been
tree of tropical America.
Bourbon and Mauritius
abacate.
Laurineae.
f.
flower-buds,
naturalized on the islands of
one of the most highly-prized fruits.

The fruit is like a large pear, with a green, leathery rind and a tender, juicy flesh which
The flesh, made into a sauce with citron juice and sugar, has a
incloses a hard nut.
In
delightful taste.
Amida
which
is
'
is
fruit
insipid
but tender and
soft, tasting like artichokes.

it
melts upon the tongue*
very pleasant and that there are in Brazil two varieties, one of
^
Morelet
called cayenne.
says
the variety in Central America called avocate
with a thin, smooth, leathery skin of a green color, spotted with red,
It contains a large, oval stone, which, when the fruit
large pear.
much a
resembling
ripens
is
is
it is
be called vegetable butter as
may
it
says the fruit
a ptdpy
the flesh
itself,
Moritz Wagner says
In Brazil,
since 1758.
and
ready to
is
eat,
becomes loose and
The pulp
rattles in its center.
coffee color, unctuous, without odor, resembles fresh butter
and
is
is
of
a delicate
eaten with a spoon.
to the stranger, but it finally recommends itself by

The second variety is called by
and
its wonderfully delicate, agreeable
peculiar flavor.
It differs from the first by the contraction of the part nearest the
the Indians omtchon.
This fruit
stem,
by
rarely palatable at
is
its
sharp, conic base,
first
by
its thick,
with which the skin adheres to the pulp.
wrinkled, light green skin and
A third kind is also
by the tenacity
known, called anison.
not as highly esteemed as the others and has a very strong, peculiar odor.
It is
In Jamaica,
says Long,' there are two species, the green and the red, the latter preferred, but the quality
of the fruit varies; that produced in a wild state is small and often bitter.
The pulp is in
imiversal esteem
and lime
and
is
juice or pepper
relish the fruit at first

is
very dangerous.
and
but
Mueller, F.
Sd. Ph. 330.
PL
Brandis, D.
It
salt.
it
soon becomes agreeable.
3rd Ed.
1870.
Forest Fl. 330.
1876.
Unger, F.
'
Koster, H.
'
Morelet Trav. Cent. Amer. 264, 265.
'
Long
ifti/.
J.
U. S. Pat.
Off.
Rpt. 348.
Trav. Braz. 2:36^.
1859.
1817.
/am. 3:808. 1774.

Hort. Jam. 1:37.
1814.
is
generally eaten with sugar
Lunan
{Laurus persea)
1871.
says few people

In an immature state, the fruit
flavor.
a limited extent in south Florida.
1891.
Ter. 839.
'Lunan,
has a delicate, rich
It is cultivated to
Vilmorin
Fl.
by some vegetable marrow and
called
STURTEVANT
Petasites japonicus'F. Schmidt.
in high
by
415
Compositae.
The young, tender
Sakhalin Islands.
to be largely used
petioles of the leaves are said
The
the Japanese of Yeso as a food.
esteem among the Ainos, although devoid of
by Penhallow
name is Juki.
The plants are
native
flavor.
It is held
cultivated
for their succulent petioles.'
Peteria scoparia A. Gray.
New
This
Mexico.
is
Legumino<;ae.
a stout, spiny, suflruticose herb with a small, edible, tuberous
rootstock.^
Peucedanum ambiguiun Nutt.
The
and konse by the Indians
of
biscuitroot.
Umbelliferae.
root
is
breadroot.
called breadroot or biscuitroot
Oregon and Idaho.
The Canadians
It is easily
by
travelers
When
call it racine blanc.
fresh, it is like the parsnip in taste and, as the plant dies, the root
white with an agreeable taste of mild celery.
konse.
becomes
brittle
reduced to flour and
and very
is
much
used for food.*

P. farinosum Geyer.
The round
to oblong, white root
is
gathered by the Oregon
Indians.
P. foeniculaceum Nutt.
The
roots are eaten
by the
Indians.*
P. geyeri S. Wats.
The tubers
are an Indian food.'
&
P. graveolens Benth.
Europe and
Masters
says this
narrative.
Hook.
f.
dill.
This hardy, biennial plant was introduced to Britain in 1570.

supposed to be the plant which is called arrise in the New Testament
Asia.
Dill is
of Pliny, Palladius
is
commonly regarded as the anethon of

and others. The name dill is found in
Dioscorides and the anethum

writings of the Middle Ages,
a garden plant in the early botanies. In England, it was called

spoken
It also occurs in the
by Turner,' 1538, which proves its presence at that date.
and
of as
dill is
dyll
Archbishop of Canterbury, in the tenth century.' Dill was in

American gardens before 1806.' It seems to be spontaneous in the far West as its roots
are used as food by the Snake and Shoshoni Indians, by whom it is called yampeh}" It is
vocabulary of
Alfric,
Amer. Nat.
Penhallow, D. P.
Havard, V.
Proc.
U. S. Nat.
D. A. Rpt.4.0T. 1870.
Brown, R. Bot. Soc. Edinb. 9:380.
*U.
Masters,
'
1885
S.
'Havard, V.
'
1882.
i(>:i20.
Mus. 501.
M.
1868.
Ton. Bot. Club Bui. 22:110.

T.
Treas. Bot.
i:()f>.
1870.
1895.
{Anethum graveolens)
Turner Libellus 1538.

U. S. D.A. Rpt. 405.
1870.
1879.
1806.
41 6
cultivated for its leaves
and
The former
seeds.
are used as flavors in soups and sauces,
and the seeds are added to pickled cucumbers to heighten the flavor.
are
much used
for culinary
and medicinal purposes.
Indian bazaar and form one
The Indians
the tops in soups the same as

says the roots are used as food by the Indians of the West.
'
Beckwith
P. ostruthium Koch,
The
Europe.
P. palustre Moench.
Europe.
P. sativum Benth.
boil
we use
masterwort.
foliage
The
seeds are to be found in every
of the chief ingredients in curry powder.*
symrnium.
P. nudicaule Nutt.
celery.^
The
In India, the seeds
was formerly
boiled
marsh hog's fennel,
and eaten as a potherb.*

milk parsley.
roots are used in Russia as a substitute for ginger.'
&
Hook.
parsnip.
f.
Europe and North America. The parsnip is a biennial, the root of which has been
in use as an esculent from an early period.
The Emperor Tiberius, according to Pliny,*
was so fond of parsnips that he had them brought annually from Germany, from the
neighborhood of Gelduba on the Rhine, where they were said to be grown in great perThe wild plant, according to Don,' is a native of Europe even to the Caucasus;
fection.
in North America, on the banks of the Saskatchewan and Red River; in South America
about Buenos Aires; and

plant
is
is
naturalized in northeastern America.
spindle-shaped, white, aromatic, mucilaginous
The
root of the wild
and sweet, with a degree of acrimony.
From the
seeds of the wild variety in the garden of the Royal Agricultural Society at
Cirencester,* originated the highly-appreciated garden variety known as Student.
It
has been supposed that the pastinaca of the
Romans
included the carrot and the parsnip,
and that the elaphoboscon of Pliny * was the parsnip. Pliny describes the medicinal virtues
of the elaphoboscon and says it is much esteemed as a food.
The references, however,
do not prove
be cultivated, nor do the references to the pastinaca satisfactorily

One is willing to accept such evidence as we find that the cultivated
this plant to
indicate the parsnip.
known to the ancient Greeks and Romans. Among the early botanists,
there is much confusion in names between the carrot and the parsnip.
The root must,
however, have come into general use long before these records and perhaps its cultiye
parsnip was
Germany, as it seems to have been imknown to Ruellius,'* 1536, but is recorded

" in
Fuchsius
by
Germany, 1542, who gives a figure but calls it gross zam mosen. The
started in
'
Drury, H.
'
Pursh, F.
'
Beckwith Pacific R. R. Rpt. Survey 2:121.
1855.
Johnson, C. P.
1862.
'
Ibid.
Booth,
W.B.
'Don, G.
'
Useful Pis. 0} Ind. 43.

Fl.
lib.
1814.
Treoi. Bo/. 2:851.
1870.
1834.
Journ. Roy. Agr. Soc. 15:125.

Pliny
1873.
Amer. Septent. 1:1^.
1854.
22, c. 37.
" Ruellius Nal.
Slirp. 1536.
^'PxichsMS Hist. Stir p
1542.
>:
STURTEVANT
parsnip
is figiired
by Tragus
Roeszlin,' iSSo, under the
by
name
pestnachen and in 1552
by the poor and
as having a sweet root, used especially
kitchens than
417
better
is
recorded
known
in the
fat.
is a S3Tionjnmy founded on pictures and descriptions combined, all

our
long parsnip-form of root but some indicating the hollow crown, upon
representing
which some of the modem varieties are founded, especially Camerarius in 1586:
The
following
Fuch. 751.
Sisarum sativum magnum.

Pestnachen.
Roeszl. 106.
1542.
1550.
Matth. 353. 1558; 500. 1570; 548. 1598; Pin. 318.

Lob. Ofo. 407. 1576; /com. 1:709. 1591.
vulgi.
De Pastinaca. Pastenay, gerlin oder moren. Pictorius 94. 1581.
Pastinaca domestica. Cam. Epit. 507.
1586; Dur. C. 837.
1617
Pastinaca sativa.
1561.
Pastinaca domestica
Pastinaca sativa
Pastinaca
vulgi, Matihioli.
Dalechamp
1587.
719.
1597; Dod. 680.
Ger. 870.
latifolia sativa.
Bauh.
Pastinaca sativa
latifolia, Germanica, luteo flore.

Long parsnips of the moderns
1616.
J. 2: pt. 2, 150, 151.
In 1683, the long parsnips are figured in England as in great use for a
1651.
delicate,
sweet
by Ray,^ 1686; Townsend,* 1726; Mawe,* 1778; and Miller,' 1807.

The rotmd parsnip is called siam by Don,' 1834. Its roots are funnel-shaped, tapering
food;' are spoken of
very abruptly, often curving inwards. There is little known of its early history. It was
noted in the Bon Jardinier for 1824 as also by PiroUe ^ inLe Hort. Frangais; by Mcintosh,'"
;
Burr " and other more recent
The
writers.
parsnip was brought to America
by the
earliest colonists.
It is
mentioned at
Margarita Island by Hawkins," 1564; in Peru by Acosta,'' 1604; as cultivated in Virginia

in
1609" and 1648;"
among
in Massachusetts in
1629" and
the Indian foods destroyed by Gen. Sullivan
'*
as
common
in western
in 1630;''
New York
and was
in 1779.
P. tritematum Nutt.

'
'
Roeszlin Krauterb. 106.
Tragus
5<i>/).
Worlidge,
Ray
'
J.
PL
Hist.
Martyn
Don, G.
roots are of the size of peanuts
1550.
1552.
Syst. Hort. 175.
1683.
1686.
410.
Townsend 5ee<iimoM
Mawe and
'
441.
The
22.
1726.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. y.T,i<).
{Pastinaca sativa)
1778.
1807.
1834.
1824.
"Mcintosh, C. Book Card. 2:230. 1855.

" Burr, F. Field, Card. Veg. 50. 1863.
" Hawkins
Hakl. See. Ed. 27. 1878.
Voy.
" Acosta Nat. Mor. Hist. Ind. 261. 1604.
" True Decl. Va.
1610. Force Coll. Tracts
13.
Perf. Desc. Va. 4.
"
1649.
Higginson Mass. Hist. Soc.
"
Coll. ist ser.
New Eng. Annoy. 1630. Anon. The

" Conover, G. S.
14
1844.
8.
1838.
1:118.
first
recorded
1879.
poem
in America.
and are
collected very
41 8
by the
largely
They
when roasted
taste.
When
Indians.
dried,
they are hard and
the food of some
afford a good proportion of
about the
size of
and
cultivated in India
fusiform root
of
an agreeable
taste.'
The aromatic
is
and
Turkish gram.
is called,
in Hindustan, moot.
It
used principally for feeding domestic animals but
man.^
This bean
cultivated for
is
use in India by the natives
its
The
W. Mey.
P. adenanthus G. F.
East Indies.
is
moth bean.
Leguminosae.
is
a variety that does not twine and
also serves as a food for
occurs,'
tribes.*
haws, are eaten.
Phaseolus aconitifolius Jacq.

East Indies. This bean
is
and have a mild, sweet
one of the grateful vegetables of the Indians.*
is
Peumus boldus Molina. Monimiaceae. boldu.

The white, buttery pulp of the fruit
Chile.
fruits,
brittle
its
seeds.
variety with edible roots
mentioned by Graham.
is
P. asellus Molina.
This species was in cultivation by the natives of Chile before the conquest.
Chile.
The bean
is
spherical
P. calcaratus Roxb.
and pulpy."
rice bean.
The
plant
is
a twining
This bean
generally cultivated in India for
its pulse.
one.''
corkscrew-flower,
caracol.
P. caracalla Linn,
is
snail-flower.
Under the name
of caracol, this species is often grown in the gardens of

North
South America,
America, southern Europe and sometimes in India for its large,
showy and sweet-scented flowers.* It seems doubtful if the pod or pulse is eaten.
Tropics.
P. derasus Schrank.
South America.
assigns
are used as a vegetable.'
civet bean,
P. lunatus Linn,
Tropics.
The beans
The lima bean
its original
lima bean,
is
vmquestionably of American origin, and
Beckwith Pacific R. R. Rpt. 2: 121. 1855.

Fl. Amer. Septent. J iigy.
Pvirsh, F.
1814.
Molina
Hist. Chili i: 128.
Unger, F.
Set. Pis. 333.
'Roxbury, W.
Booth, W. B.
Unger, P.
1808.
'Mueller, F.
De
Candolle
habitat to Brazil, where the variety macrocarpus Benth. has been found
Seeds have been found in the
growing wild.**
'
sieva bean.
1808.
Hort. Beng. 54.
1814.
Treas. Bot. 2:874.
1870
" De Candolle, A.
" Squier Per 78.
1877.
1859.
1891.
1859.
1885.
mummy
graves of Peru by Squier," at
(Seseli triternatum)
STURTEVANT
Pachacamac, and by Reiss and Stubel at Ancon.'
wth
the seeds white, blotched or speckled
red
419
In southern Florida, the lima bean

is
found growing spontaneously in aban-
and various forms are recorded by authors under
doned Indian plantations,

specific names
as found in America and other countries; as P. bipunctatus Jacq., P. inamoenus Linn.,
P. puberulus H. B. & K., P. saccharatus Macfad.,^ P. derasus Schrank (Martens), P.
In the mentions of beans by voyagers, this form
rufus Jacq.
the kidney bean, and hence
we cannot
offer precise
is
statement of
not discriminated from
its occtorrence
from such
authoritieifti
The lima bean

has
it
any modem
is
now
Indian or Sanscrit name.
the Mauritius and that
much
it is
says
widely distributed.
it is
cultivated
It
has not been found wild in Asia nor
Ainslie
'
says
it
was brought to India from
the Vellore, or Duffin, bean of the southern provinces.
and
is
seldom
if
Wight
ever found in a wild state, and the large-podded
This bean is not

is said to have been brought by Dr. Duffin from the Mauritius.^
mentioned by the early Chinese writers,' but Luoreiro mentions it in Cochin China in
A dark red form came to Martens from Batavia and an orange-red from farther
1790.
sort
from Sierra Leone; the form bipunctatus came from

the Cape of Good Hope to Vienna;* and Martens received it from Reunion under the name
pais du cap. Jaquin, 1770, fixed its appearance in Austria, but it first reached England
India.'
Martens
in 1779.
"
received
also
it
The form inamoenus was
advances, as
De
the slave trade
considered
by Linnaeus
to belong to Africa, but
Candolle remarks, no evidence of this habitat, and
we may remark
he
that
be responsible for the transmission very quickly of South American
may well
species of food plants of convenient characters for ship use to the African coast.
P. derasus
Schrank, considered by Sprengel a variety of P. inamoenus, was found at Rio Janeiro.'"
The lima bean

it
is
the scimitar-podded kidney bean and sugar bean of Barbados;"

"
bushel bean," "very

Jamaica by Lunan;'^ it may have been the
white and mottled with a purple figure," of the Carolinas in 1700-08,'' as this descrip-
was mentioned
flat,
in
tion applies very closely to the lima beans
now spontaneous
in Florida.
Two
Carolina, or sieva, and the lima, were grown in American gardens in 1806.
some
ties,
scarcely differing, are
now offered
for sale
A.
1885.
Ibid.
'
Ainslie,
W.
Wight, R.
'
Mat. Ind.
Icon.
Bretschneider, E.
Ph.
On
Martens Cartenbohne
'
:28.
1826.
3: PI. 755.
Study.
96.
No
1870.
1869.
Ibid.
Martyn
Miller's Card.
Did.
1807.
Ibid.
"
"
Martens GortenioAwe
Schomburgk
96.
1869.
Hist. Barb. 605.
1848.
" Lunan,
Hort. Jam. 1:434.
J.
1814.
" Lawson Hist. Car.
i860.
130.
" Martens Garie6oAne
96.
1869.
date.
Eight varie-
by our seedsmen; Vilmorin entmierates
four for France; the speckled form occurs in Brazil
De CandoUe,
types, the
"and
in Florida; a black form {P.
STURTEVANT
420
derasus) in Brazil; the blood-red in Texas;' the dark red with light or orange-ruddy spots
in the
Bourbon Island; the
black, white-streaked in
Cochin China; and the large white,
the small white or sieva, the red, the white sort striped and speckled with dark red
In central Africa, but two seeds are ever found in
the green are found in our gardens.
pod;' in our
follows
most improved
and
varieties there are five or
even
six.
The synon^-my
is
as
Phaseoli magni late albi. Lob. Icon. 2:60.

1591.
160.
B. peregrinil. genus alterrun. Clus. //ts/. 2:223.
(Seen in 1576.) Fig.
sive
radiato
semine.
Bauh.
Phaseolus, lata, striata,
J. 2:267.
1651.
Fig.
P. novi, orbis, latis, totus candidus similaci hortensis afinis. Bauh. J. 2:268.
Fig. Chabr. 137.
1673.
1651.
Fig.
Linn. Sp. 10 16.

1763.
Linn. Sp. 1016.
1763.
Jacq. Hort. I, t. 100, ex. Mill. Diet.
Phaseolus lunatus.
P. inamoenus.
P. hipunctatus.
P. rufus.
Jacq. Hort.
13,
I,
t.
34, ex. Mill. Diet.
P. saccharatus. Macfad. 282. 1837.

P. puberulus. Kunth. Syw. 6:106.
1825.
Bushel or Sugar Bean. A Treat. onGard.
Sugar Bean. Maycock Barb. 293. 1830.
Lima Bean. McMahon 1806.
This bean requires a

central
Europe
warm
(1818?).
season and hence
is
not grown so
much
in northern
and
Vilmorin' describes three varieties and names two
as in this cotmtry.
Martens,* however, describes six well-marked types.
others.
Types of Lima Beans.

1.
The
large,
white lima
this places its appearance in
is
among
Europe
those figtired
in 1591.
by Lobel
'
and by
According to Martens this
J.
Bauhin,' and
is
the Phaseolus
This type was in American gardens ' in 1828 and probably before.
The Potato lima is a white bean, much thickened and rovmded as compared with
inamoenus Linn.
2.
the
first.
This type seems to be
fairly figured
by
Lobel,* 1591,
and seems to be the
Phaseolus limensis Macfad.,' justly esteemed in Jamaica.

3.
is
The
small, white lima, or sieve, Faba, Carolina, Carolina sewee
esteemed on account of
its
greater hardiness over the other types.
and West Indian,
It is also well figured
by Lobel, 1591, tmder the name Phaseoli parvi pallico-albi ex America delati. On account
names and the hardiness of the plant and from the fact that it probably was
of the
cultivated
by the
Indians, this
may be
'
Martens Gartenbohne
Schweinfurth, G.
Heart Ajr.
i:2^().
1883.
Martens Gartenbohne
'
Lobel Icon. 260.
'Bauhin,
J.
96.
96.
1869.
1869.
Hist. PI. 2:268.
Fessenden
'
Lobel Icon. 260.
1874.
1591.
New Amer.
'
1651.
Card. 36.
1591.
Macfadyen, Jam. 280.
the bushel or sugar bean, which was esteemed
837,
1828.
STURTEVANT
very delicate, appeared in various
Virginian gardens before 1818.'
taneous growth, very

"
poles
in the Carolinas.
and was
The
The Bushel
bean, a spon-
was trained on
figure,
a synonym of the bushel bean,
if
sieva,
says:
mottled with a purple
American gardens before 1806.
in
"
Lawson,* 1700-08,
and
42 1
marbled, and green and was grown in
colors, as white,
white,
flat,
is
the white form
Vilmorin mentions a variety of
the sieva
spotted with red.

4.
The
speckled lima has white seeds striped and spotted with a deep, dark red.
figures of Lobel, 1591,
under Phaseoli
rubri,
very well represent the cultivated variety, as
also a sort said to be growing spontaneously in Florida in

5.
The
large red cannot be traced;
from Texas,
6.
Leone and Batavia.
Sierra
The small red answers well

who put its appearance at
Martens,
These
number
be claimed as
originations.
times.
is
although grown
in size.
by
the
all
Uma
which sooner or
now known, but
beans
later will
appear and
will
careful reflection will convince that our varieties are all
form
originations imder culture within
modern
recorded in Cochin China by Loureiro; a white,
is
Clusius in 1601; a black, as Phaseolus derasus Schrank,
by
The P. bipunctatus
figured
reported in Brazil.
at
from the next but
1770.
and that there have been no
black, white-streaked
black-streaked form
is
fields.
to the description given of Phaseolus rufus Jacq.
of other types described
of ancient occurrence
abandoned Indian
be the blood-red bean Martens received
may
It differs
with their synonyms, include
six beans,
there are a
it
The
Jacq. has not as yet reached
Reunion under the name
of pais
du
cap.
ovir
seedsmen,
Martens describes several
others with a yellow band about the eye and variously colored; and one with an orange
ground and black markings occurs among the beans from the Peruvian graves at Ancon
at the National
Museum.
P. multiflorus Willd.
is
scarlet runner.
This species has tuberous, poisonous
Mexico.
and
dutch caseknife bean,
The young pods
in the garden.
grown
It
roots.'
and
are tender
has annual, twining stems

well flavored.
In Britain,
the green pods alone are used; in Europe, the ripened seeds, though in Holland
they are
<
for
both
the
and
seed.
In
it
is
mentioned by Firminger as grown.
grown
India,
pod
Burr
'
describes three varieties.
exclusively for ornament.
culture of the Scarlet

it is
In 1806,
In 1828, Fessenden
Runner
is
very
said to have been procured
by Tradescant;
'
first
Lawson,
Treat. Card. 275.
J.
Balfour, J.
H.
in
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
Burr, F.
1874.
Field, Card. Veg. 497, 498, 499.
'McMahon Amer. Card. Cal. 580.

'
Fessenden New Amer. Card. 36.
Martyn
1870.
Card. Ind. 151.
Miller's Card.
Did.
1806.
1863.
{Vicia coccinea)
1828.
1807.
(P. coccineus)
it
among garden
Ray's time, 1686,
to bring
i860.
Treas. Bot. 2:874.
says this bean was cultivated

beans.
The
In Johnson's edition of Gerarde, 1630,
1818.
Hist. Car. 76, 77.
mentions
'Randolph
'
modem.
ornament; Miller, about 1750, was the

vegetable.
McMahon
it
it
into repute in
was grown
for
England as a
STURTEVANT
422
P. miingo Linn,
mung bean.
Tropical Asia.
Elliott
'
says this
is
one of the most useful and largely cultivated

more esteemed than the black. It is culti-
of the Indian pulses, the green variety being
by the modem Egyptians, and Schweinfurth
vated, according to Delile,'
it is
says
eaten
by the Bongo tribe of central Africa.

P. pallar Molina.
This species was cultivated by the natives before the Conquest.
Chile.
The beaas
are half an inch long.*
P. retusus Benth.
prairie bean.
Western North America and common on the

are about the size of peas;
when
still
green, they
The
prairies west of the Pecos.
make an
acceptable dish
'
seeds
after thorough
cooking.
P. triolobus Ait.
This bean
which are eaten by the poorer
cultivated in several varieties for
is
its seeds,
classes.
P, tuberosus Lour.
Cochin China.
P. vulgaris Linn,
This bean has edible, tuberous roots.'
common bean,
and
its culture
haricot,
When
kidney bean.
the bean was
first
extended over nearly the whole of the
known-,
New
it
was an American
World.
It finds
plant,
mention by
the early voyagers and explorers, and, while the records were not kept sufficiently accurately to justify identification in all cases with varieties now known, the mass
nearly
all
of the testimony is such that
included.
and
direct.
we cannot but
The evidence for the antiquity

The nvmiber of names given
believe that beans, as at present grown, were
bean in America
of the
is
both circvunstantial
in the northern parts of America, alone, indi-
cate an antiquity of culture: as, sake or sahu on the St. Lawrence (Cartier); ogaressa
the Hurons (Sagard); tuppuhguam-ash,
"
by the Abenaki
malachxil
by the Delawares (Zeisberger)
these few cases, for illustration,
were grown by the Indians
"
Bega:
we
find
no common
root.
De
Their ordinairie food
W.
is of pulse,
Candolle, A.
Schweinfurth, G.
'Havard, V.
'
Don, G.
1863.
Geog. Bot. 2:962.
'
HearM/r.
1855.
1:249.
1874.
1808.
Proc. U. S. Nat.
of varieties that
from early voyagers.
Verazanno, in a letter written in July,
Elliott,
The mmiber
another indication of antiquity of culture, but this fact
is
1524, says of the Indians of
whereof they have great
colour and taste from ours, of good and pleasant taste."
'
by
(Elliott);
of varieties will receive illustration in quotations
John
by the northern Algonquins
Kennebec (Rasle) mushaquissedes by the Pequods (Stiles)

and okindgier on the Roanoke. Moreover, in
a'teba'kwe
of the
twiners,"
Mus. 501.
1832.
1885
Norum-
store, differing in
Evidently this
first visitor
to

the
423
New
England coast had not seen kidney beans previously.' In 1605, Champlain,
"
Kennebec region, says:
With this com they put in each
three or four Brazilian beans {Febues du Br^sil), which are of different colors. When
writing of the Indians of the

hill
they grow up they interlace with the com, which reaches to the height of from
and they keep the ground very
feet;
tions beans
ber
among
"
also mentions
Lescarbot
1629-33.^
New
free
England
from weeds."
Indians,'
Florida, plant their
Indian's beans
"
as
among
five to six
In 1614, Capt. John Smith men-
and when the Pilgrims
Miles Standish unearthed from a pit not only
19, 1620,
Wood
the
com
first
"
but
Novem-
landed,
a bag of beans."
the foods of the Massachusetts Indians,
says that the Indians of Maine, 1608, like those of Virginia and
"
com in hills,
and between the kernels
of
com they
plant beans
marked
with various colors, which are very delicate: these, because they are not so high as the
com, grow very well among
'
it."
The most complete enumeration of varieties is, however,

"French beans: or rather, American beans. The her-
given in Josselyn, before 1670:

balists call
them kidney-beans from
their shape
and
they strengthen the kidThey are variegated much, some being bigger, a great deal, than others; some
neys.
effects: for
white, black, red, yellow, blue, spotted: besides your Bonivis
kidney-bean that
But these are brought into the country; the

In 1535, Cartier, at the mouth of the St. Lawrence,
proper to Roanoke.
is
'
others are natural to the climate."
foimd beans of every
color, yet differing
from
ours.
In 1609, Hudson, exploring the river which

limits of
In 1653,
what
now
is
and Calavances, .and the
New
Rensselaer County,
now
York,
bears his name, found, within the

"
beans of the
last year's
growth."
'
"
Von
der Donck, in his Description oj the Netherlands, says:

Before the arrival
of the Netherlanders (16 14) the Indians raised beans of various kinds and colors but
gen-
be eaten green, or to be pickled, except the blue sort, which are abtm"
In 1633, DeVries
dant."
proceeded in the yacht up the (Delaware) river, to procure
'"
beans from the Indians."
erally too coarse to
'
"
Beans
"
were seen by Newport, 1607, in ascending the James River," but Heriot,
"
1586, describes the okindgier of Virginia,
called
by us beans, because
in greatness and
partly in shape they are like to the beans in England, saving that they are flatter, of more
and some
divers colours,
ful in
leaf also of the
Divers Voy. Amer.
New
Disc.
J.
New
'Wood, W.
Lescarbot
i/ji^.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 61.
Prince Soc. Ed. 2:64.
C3iamplam Voy.
Smith,
Eng.
is
much
different."
1865.
Nouv. France 825.
'Josselyn, J.
Foy. 59.
N. Y. Hist.
Soc. Coll.
1612.
Set. Arts 132.
ser.
1:300.
1841.
Gray and Trumbull Amer. Journ. Sci. Arts

"Hazard, S. Annals Pa. 31. 1850.
Pickering, C.
" Pinkerton
" Lawson,
J.
Co//.
Aug. 1883.
1865.
2nd
Voy. 12:595.
Hist. Car. 130.
1840.
1878.
1616.
16.
Eng. Prosp. 75.
"
stem
says:
Hakluyt, R.
'
The
pied.
"
'^
In
700-08,
The kidney-beans were here before the English came, being very plentiIndian corn-fields. The bushel-bean, a spontaneous growth, very flat, white and
Lawson
''
181 2.
i860.
134.
1879.
1883.
i.
1838.
424
was trained on
(This is undoubtedly the lima, as it

poles.
a
creditible
answers to the description given by
very
person who secured for me samples
from a spontaneous plant in Florida: the trunk as large as a man's thigh, and the plant
mottled with a purple
figure,
'
known
some years
for the past twenty-five years,
yielding as
much
as fifty bushels of
and the seeds smaller than the cultivated lima, very flat, white and mottled with
Indian rounceval or miraculous pulse, so called from their large pods and great
purple.)
pods,'
increase; they are very good,
and so are the
bonavis, calavances, nanticokes
of other pulse, too tedious to mention, which
we
settled in America."
Bonavis
bum, a New York seedsman,
we
and abundance
find the Indians possessed of
when
first
perhaps Bonavista, a variety of bean sold by Thor-
is
The bonavista bean (Long) of Jamaica, is said

name for Dolichos sinensis Linn., as used
pea is the Barbados name for D. barbadensis Mayc.
in 1828.
to be Lablab vulgaris; calavances
the Barbados
is
by Long, a red bean; and galavangher
"
True Declaration of Virginia, London, 1610, p. 12,

the two beans (planted with
the com) runne upon the stalks of the wheat, as our garden pease upon stickes."
In 1528, Narvaes found beans in great plenty in Florida and westward, and de Vaca
In
in New Mexico or Sonora in 1535.

De Soto, 1539, also found beans in abim"
and mentions that the granaries were fvill of maes and small beans," but we have
no due to the species. Beans are also mentioned in Ribault's Voyage, 1562, as ctdtivated
found beans
dance
by the Florida
Indians.
The mention
of beans in
Mexico
is
frequent.
time of the Toltecs; beans were a product of the
Acosta in 1590; Alarcon speaks of their
The
1758.
native Mexican
says that they were the
etl
name was
ciilture
The Olmecs raised beans before the

Nahua tillage;^ they are mentioned by
by the Indians
of the Colorado River in
ayacotle, according to Humboldt,
when
of the Aztecs;
and Bancroft
boiled in the
"
pod exotl.
"
"
a sort of bean ' or
In November, 1492, Coliunbus, in Cuba, found
with faxones and habas very different from those of Spain;"
fields
planted
and red and white beans
were afterwards seen by him in Honduras, according to Pickering.* Gray and Trumbull
quote Oviedo as saying that on the island and on the main many bushels are produced
yearly of these and oi fesoles of other sorts and different colors.*
The Indians
of Peru, according to
de
la
Squier found lima beans in the
purutu.''
at Pachacamac, Peru;' Wittmack,
by Reiss and
Strobel,
who
Vega, had three or four kinds of beans called
mummy
covering of a
woman from
identified the lima
beans and also three kidney beans with P.
vulgaris purpurens Martens, P. vulgaris ellipticus praecox Alefield,

ticus atrofuscus Alefield.'
^
De
'
Bancroft, H. H.
Soto Disc. Cong. Fla.
'Knox,
J.
Coll.
1557.
Native Races 2:347.

Voy. 1:83.
'
Pickering, C.
Roy. Comment.
Vega, G. de la
Squier, E. G.
De
Sci. Arts 130.
Chron. Hist. Pis. sys.

'
Peru
Candolle, A.
78.
1851.
1882.
1767.
1883.
1879.
Sci. Arts 131.
1883.
1877.
the huaca
studied the beans brought from Peruvian tombs
1885.
1871.
and P.
vulgaris ellip-
STURTEVANT
425
In Chile, Molina says that before the country was conquered by the Spaniards, 13
little from the common European bean, were culti-
or 14 kinds of the bean, varying but
One
vated by the natives.
of these has a straight stalk, the other 13 are climbers.*
Commentators have qtdte generally considered P. vulgaris as among the plants cultivated by the ancients, and De Candolle,^ who has given the subject much thought, thinks
the best argument
the
Roman
is
faseolus
in the use of the
and
modem
nameis derived from the Greek fasiolos and
In 1542, Fuchsius' used the
phasiolus.
German word
Faselen
used the same word for the pea, as did also Tragus
for the bean; in 1550, Roeszlin
in
Fuchsius gives also an alternative name, welsch Bonen and Roeszlin, welsch Bonen
1552.
and welsch Phaselen
for the bean; the
Tragus, 1552, and Kyber,* 1553.
same word,
welsch Bonen,
is
given for the bean by
This epithet, welsch or foreign, would seem to apply
to a kind not heretofore known.
Albertus Magnus,'
who
lived in the thirteenth century,
used the ward faselus as denoting a specific plant; as "faba etfaseolus

"
He
cicer, Java, faseolus."
egwfninis,"
also says,
"Et sunt
faseoli
et
pisa
et
aim genera
multorum colorum, sed
granorum habet maculam nigram in loco cotyledonis." Now Dolichos unguiculatus

Linn, is a plant which produces beans with a black eye (the black eye appears in many
varieties of cowpea of the southern states) and is stated by Vilmorin to be grown in Italy
quodlibet
in
Of
many varieties.
19 bottles of true beans, each with a distinct name,
synonyms, not one has a black eye.

named varieties of cowpea all have a
of
cowpea which
black.
is all
The
circle of
estates the
black about the white eye, also one variety
black has a white eye, and one red-speckled form does not have the
It seems, therefore, reasonable to
was a Dolichos.
many, however,
seeds of Dolichos unguiculatus, as well as 12
In the
list
conclude that the faselus of Albertus
of vegetables
Magnus
Charlemagne ordained to be planted on
his
word fasiolum occurs without explanation. '
now
Passing
to the
Roman
writers.
Columella
speaks of longa fasellus, an epithet
which well applies to the pods of the Dolichos; he gives directions for
field culture,
not
and recommends planting in October. Pliny says the pods are eaten
with the seed, and the planting is in October and November. Palladius" recommends
the planting of faselus in September and October, in a fertile and well-tilled soil, four
'"
for garden ctilture,
'^
modii per jugerum.
Virgil's
epithet, vilemque phaselum, also indicates field cultiire, as
to be cheap implies abimdance.
the Greek writers, Aetius," in the fourth century, says the Dolichos and
Among
^MoUna.
De
'
1808.
Hist. Chili 1:91.
Candolle, A.
'Roeszlin Kreuterb. 149.
Tragus
Stirp. 611.
Kyher Lexicon 40^.
'
Albertus
De
Candolle, A.
Columella
"Pliny
" Palladius
c.
1553.
Veg.
Jessen Ed. 118, 167,515.
lib. 10, c.
lib. 18,
1550.
1552.
'
Magnus
1885.
1542.
378;
lib. 2, c.
1885.
10; lib. 11, c. 2.
33.
lib. 10, c. 12; lib. 11, c. i.
"Virgil GeoAgici 1:227.
"
Theophrastus Hist. PI.
Bodaeus Ed. 925.
1644.
1867.
426
now
the Phaseolxis of the ancients were
This word lobos of Aetius

Forsk., a bean with low
From
one
is
these
called
by
and other
lobos,
and by some
tnelax kepea.
recognizable in the Arabic loubia,^ applied to Dolichos lubia
is
with a black point at the eye.
stalks, the seed ovoid, white,
clues to be gleaned here
and there from the Greek authors,

was a Dolichos, and that the
disposed to think that the low bean of the ancients
word phaselus referred to

ing of a field crop.
The Roman
There
used.
se^ms the
among
first
bean whenever used throughout the Middle Ages in speak-
this
references to Phaseolus
culture and so
no
is
to a low-growing bean fitted for field
all refer
be found of garden culture.

Aetius
to a garden sort, for he says the lobos are the
clear indication to
the Greeks to refer
only kind in which the pod
eaten with the bean; and, he says, this lobos
is
tnelax kepea (Smilax hortensis), the Dolichos
some
all
Galen's use of the word
and Phaseolus
of
is
called
by
his predecessors.
or the pod plant, wovdd hence imply garden culture in
lobos,
Greece in the second century.
The word loubion is applied by the modem Greeks to Phaseolus vulgaris, as is also
the word loba in Hindustani. The word lubia is used by the Berbers, and in Spain the
The words fagiuolo in Italian, phaseole in French,
form alubia, for Phaseolus vulgaris.^
are also used for this species.
while the forms change, as

interpret these
in
some
of its
names to
refer to the
'
says the dolichos
The word dolichos seems
table.
by
name used
in
specific sense to
the word squash in America, that
common form
remain
we may
of their time, to a Dolichos (even
now
varieties called a bean) in ancient times and to a Phaseolus now.
Theophrastus
of
It is so ea.sy for
is illustrated
is
a climber, bears seeds and
to be used in a generic sense.
a climber by the ancient authors.
The
dolichos of
Galen
is
not a desirable vege-
There
is
is
no other mention
the faselus of the Latins
he says that some friends of his had seen the dolichos (a name not then introduced in
Rome) growing in fields about Caria, in Italy. We may, therefore, be reasonably certain
for
that the pole beans which were so
common in the sixteenth century were not then cultivated.
The English name, kidney beans, is derived, evidently, from the shape of the seed.
Turner, 1551, uses the name first, but these beans were not generally grown in England
until quite recent times.
and Worlidge,
delicate food.
in Quintyne,* 1693,
du
oftener on rich men's tables;
memory of man they were a great rarity, although

The French word haricot, applied to this plant, occurs
them aricos in one place, and haricauts in another. The
Brisil,
says the
who
calls
Le Jardinier Solitaire, 1612, and Champlain,* 1605, uses the term

De Canindicating he knew no vernacular name of closer application.
word does not occur

doUe
them as
1683, says that within the
now a common,
febues
Parkinson, 1629, speaks of
in
word araco
is
Italian
and was
originally used
for Lathyrus ochrus;
it
is
apparently thus used by Oribasius and Galen.

The two species of Linnaeus, Phaseolus vulgaris and P. nanus, correspond to the
Delile, A.
R.
De CandoUe,
Mem.
A.
Pis. Cull. Egypt. 24.
1824.
1885.
'
Theophrastus ffii/. P/. Bodaeus Ed. 914. 1644.

'Quintyne Comp. Card. 142, 185. 1693.
'Champlain Koy. Prince Soc. Ed. 64. 1878.
De CandoUe,
A.
1885.
STURTEVANT
popular grouping into pole and dwarf beans.
But there
naeus's sjoionyms for P. nanus apply to a Dolichos

tions of Phaseolus vulgaris italicus humilis
this to
be remarked, that Lin-
and not to a Phaseolus,
minor, albus
s.
is
cum
History answer well to the cowpea, as does also C. Bauhin's
427
for the descrip-
orbita nigricante of Bauhin's
Smilax
silique
sursum
'
rigente
and do not apply to the bush bean.

The figures given by
Camerarius,' 1586, by Matthiolus,* 1598, and by Bauhin, 1651, are all cowpeas, although
the names given are those used for the true bean, thus indicating the same confusion
s.
Phaseolus parvus
italicus,
between the species and the names which kept pace with the introduction of new varieties
of the bean from America, for Pena and Lobel,' 1 5 70, say that many sorts oifabas Pheseolosve
were received from
coming from the
sailors
New
World.
Bush Bean.
(P. nanus Linn.)
The
is by Fuchsius,' 1542, and his drawing resembles

be
found
not the true bush, but sHghtly twining.
may
today
figtires a bush bean, as does Matthiolus,' 1558, Pinaeus,' 1561, and
first figure of
the bush bean
closely varieties that
very
In 1550, Roeszlin
'
Dalechamp,'" 1587.
times in
Matthiolus says the species
common
in Italy in gardens
the seed of various colors, as white, red, citron and spotted.
fields,
The dwarf bean
figures the white bean.
is
and often-
Dalechamp
not mentioned by Dodonaeus," 1566 nor in
is
of varieties cultivated in Jamaica
is given by Macfadyen,'^ i837> which

and red the streaked, in which the seeds are marked
with broad, linear, curved spots; the variegated, the seeds marked with rubiginose, leaden,
more or less rounded spots; and the saponaceous, with the back of the seeds white, the
1616.
list
includes the one-colored black, yellow
sides
and concavity marked with spots so as to resemble a common soap-ball.

Gerarde," 1597, does not mention this bean in England but it is mentioned by
1724, in varieties which can be identified with those
In 1765, Stevenson'* names
all.
morin "
describes 69 varieties
'Bauhin,
J.
'Bauhin, C.
'
'
1651.
1586.
1598.

//ii/. 5<i>/).
708.
Roeszlin Kreuterb. 149.
1570.
1542.
1550.
Pinaeus //m<. Pis. 140.
" Dalechamp
1558.
1561.
" Dodonaeus Frument. 1566; Dod. Pempt.

"
Macfadyen Jam. 1:283. 1837.
"Gerarde,
"Martyn
J.
Herfe. 1038.
Miller's Card.
1587.
1616.
1597.
Did.
1807.
" Stevenson Card. Kal. 66. 1765.

" Mawe and Abercrombie Univ. Card.
" Vilmorin
others.
1623.
Matthiolus 0/)era 341.
Fuchsius
varieties; in
and names
Hist. PI. 2:258.
Ptnai 339.
Les Pis. Potag. 250.
1883.
Bot.
1778.
Miller,'*
grown at the present time, five in

'*
names 11; in 1883, Vil1778, Mawe
428
Pole Beans.
(P. vulgaris Linn.)
Pole beans are figured by Tragus,' 1552,
Germany from
and
Italy
calls
who speaks
them
of
as having lately
come
into
welsch, or foreign and enimierates the various colors
them
as red, purplish-white, variegated, white, black and yellowish. Dodonaeus,'' 1566 and
1616, figures the pole bean; as does Lobel,* 1576 and 1591; Clusius,^ 1601; and Castor
'
In 1597, Gerarde
Durante,' 1617.
red and yellow.
'
Barnaby Googe
figures four varieties in
England: the white, black,
speaks of French beans, 1572, indicating by the
the sotirce from which they came.
In 1683, Worlidge
names two
sorts as
name
in
grown
by Mortimer,' 1708. In France, 1829,

enumerated by Noisette;" and in 1883, Vilmorin " describes 38 varieties and
English gardens, and the same varieties are given

19 sorts are
names
others.
\
Philljrrea latifolia Liim.
Oleaceae.
This species
its olive-like
Gramineae.
Europe, north Africa and
made
now
made
also
in the
Canary
Islands,
grown
in
some parts
Phlomis tuberosa Linn.
and the straw
of the
call
'
'
'
'
Worlidge, J.
60 1
Man.
1591.
1617.
1597.
1864.
1683.
1864.
Jard. 361.
1829.
" Vilmorin Les Pis. Potag. 246.
1883.
" Parsons, S. B.
"
Downing, A. J. Fr. Fr. Trs. Amer. 576.
" Johnson, C. P.
" Loudon,
"
Its roots are eaten
Syst. Hort. 197.
'Card. Chron. 1013.

Noisette
Herb. 10^8.
''Card. Chron. 1181.
J.
C.
Pickering, C.
is
yield
as
from 30 to 34
is
much
very nutritious.'*
sok.^^
1576; Icon. 2:60.
Herb.
Durante, C.
Gerarde, J.
'
is
Tragus 5/j>p. 611. 1552.

Dodonaeus' frmen<. 1566.
cultivated
as 50 bushels.
Canary grass
is
Labiatae.
the plant bodmon
Lobel Obs. 511.
is
United States as a cultivated plant.
Southern Europe, east and north Asia.
who
for
they are used in the same
The common
into groats for porridge.'^
chaff is superior for horse food
sparingly
''
In Italy, the seeds are grovmd into meal and
birds.
and puddings, and,
Canary grass
bushels of seed per acre in England, but occasionally the yield
The
^ and
Spain
canary grass.
naturalized in America.
which are fed to canary
into cakes
manner and
cultivated in Sicily, Italy
frmt.
Phalaris canariensis Linn.
for its seeds,
is
1859.
1890.
Enc. Agr. 832.
1866.
1879.
1862.
(Oka
latijolia)
cooked by the Kalmucks,

Phoenix acaulis Buch.-Ham.
429
Palmae.
The
astringent fruits are eaten
by the Lepchas, who
call
the tree schap}

P. dactylifera Linn,
date palm.
Northern Africa and Arabia.
The
of mankind.
In the East, the date tree has ever been the benefactor
wandering tribes in the desert circles around tbe date tree,

and the Arabian poets ascribed such high importance to it that they maintain that the
noble tree was not formed with other plants but from the clods which remained after
the creation of
life
of the
The
Adam.
native land of the date palm seems to have been originally
the region along the east side of the Persian Gtdf, whence
it
has been distributed in
the earliest periods of commerce to Arabia, Persia, Hindustan and westward over the
Hartt
whole of north Africa.
mentions a few date palms which bore
fruit at
Macei,
tree is in gardens in Florida,
whence they were probably received from
the United States Patent Office about i860.
In 1867, Atwood' says numerous, large
Brazil,
and
and the
beautiful specimens
says the date
may
be seen in the gardens of
St.
Augustine.
cultivated to a limited extent in south Florida.
is
Redmond,^
1875,
In the oasis of Siwah,
John found four kinds cultivated: the Sultani with long, blue fruit; the Farayah, white
ones of a kind said not to be grown in Egypt; the Saidi, or common date; and the Weddee,
St.
good only for camels and donkeys. Some yellow dates, he says, were much less elongated
than others he had seen, with more flesh in comparison to the size of the stone and very
luscious.
The female
flowers of the date are fertilized artificially.
In Sind, in Arabia
done before the flower-sheaths open; a hole is made in the sheath

and
of the female flower and a few bits of the male panicle are inserted.
At Multan, India,
elsewhere, this is
Mr. Edgeworth
'
in former times
it
The
states that there
is
a date tree which bears a stoneless
was considered a royal
tree,
fruit furnishes, fresh or dried, the staple
and the
fruits
food of large regions.
head cut from among the mass of leaves is also eaten.

used as a drink or distilled into a kind of spirit.
fruit
and that
were reserved for royal use.
The sap
is
The
large, succulent
sweetish and
may
be
P. farinifera Roxb.
dwarf palm
exterior, or
woody
common
in the country
between the Ganges and Cape Comorin. Its

matted together; these envelope a large
part, consists of white fibers
quantity of farinaceous substance,
which the natives use
for food in times of scarcity.'
P. htimilis Royle.
East Indies,
Burma and
The
China.
fruit, of
a purple-black
eaten in India.'
'
'
Treas. Bol. 2:1340.
1876.
Hartt Ceog. Braz. 425. 1870.

Atwood U. S. D. A. Rpt. 145.
1867.
Redmond Amer. Pom.
1875.
'
Edgeworth Journ. Agr. Hort. Soc. India.
'
Seemann, B.
'Brandis, D.
Soc. 55.
Pop. Hist.
Palms ii\.
Forest Fl. $=,5.
1874.
Nov.
1856.
20, 1867.
color, is
sweet and
is
430
P. pusilla Gaertn.
The
East Indies and south China.
shining, black berry has
a sweet, mealy
pulp.'
P. reclinata Jacq.
The
Tropical and south Africa.

for coffee.*
This species
are said to be
much
is
this source.*
Phragmites communis Trin.
and
is
the Coromandel coast and in Guzerat
"
bennels.
Gramineae.
eat the roots of the
Durand and Hilgard
'
inferior character.'
The sap
is
drunk
called tart.*
In 1751-68, Father Baegert
Cosmopolitan.
water."
fruits
fermented or boiled down into sugar and molasses.
made in Bengal, on
The fruit is of a very
in India, either fresh or fermented,
fomian peninsula
a wine; the
to yield in western Africa
large portion of the sugar
comes from
into use as a substitute
wild date.
In India, the juice
East Indies.
drawn
by the negro tribes.
relished
P. sylvestris Roxb.
'
by Williams
said
is
seeds are frequently
common
state that this
'
reed.
says he saw the natives of the Cali-
reed, just as they

is
were taken out of the
the grass from which the Indians of
Tejon Valley extract their sugar, and it is elsewhere stated that the gum which exudes
from the stalks is collected by the Indians and gathered into balls to be eaten at pleasure.
The gum is a sweet, manna-like substance.
Phiynium capitatum
Scitamineae.
Willd.

its
leaves
wrapped around
Annam and tropical China,

food previous to boiling to impart color and grateful
Lovuêiro observed this plant in

articles of
flavor.'
Phyllanthus acidissimus Muell.
Euphorbiaceae.
Philippine Islands, Cochin China
and
East Indies, tropical Asia and Madagascar.

berry, are green, three or four-furrowed
sotir, sorrel-like flavor,
says
it is
It is
commonly used by the

MueUer, F.
Sel. Pis. 163.
'
Williams, B. S.
Brandis, D.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Card. Ind. 172.
Treai. Bo'. 2:1125.
1876.
'
Smithsonian
Pacific R. R. Rpt. %:-i^.
"
Unger, F.
xmfit to
fruit.'"
Inst. Rpt. 364.
and
is
1876.
1874.
1874.
1864.
1856.
1879.
1859.
(Cicca racemosa)
1874.
(Emblica distichus)
Card. Ind. i8S.
cooling.
sold in the bazaars.
V. S. Pa!. Off. Rpt. 337.
Firminger, T. A. C.
those of a goose-
Firminger
'^
be eaten raw but making a delicious stew.
Choice Stove, Greenhouse Pis. 32.
Forest Fl. 555.
Pickering, C.
fruits, in size like
1876.
Ibid.
The
and somewhat acid and
natives for pickling
'
'"
plant furnishes an edible
otaheite gooseberry.
P. distichus Muell.
of
The
.China.
STURTEVANT
43 1
emblic.
P. emblica Linn,
This tree
Tropical Asia.
The
the Indian Archipelago.
is
fovind wild
and
fruits are eaten
ctiltivated in various parts of India
by the
natives in the
made with sugar is

and eaten.' The fruits
and
Konkan and Deccan.^
In India, a preserve of the ripe fruit
considered a wholesome article
of diet;^ the fruit
are exceedingly acid in a
state.
is
also pickled
Dried, this fruit forms the emblic myrobalan, used as a medicine
and
raw
for dyeing
and tanning.
DC.
Phyllarthron bojeranum
The
Madagascar.
Bignoniaceae.
fruit is edible.''
DC.
P. comorense
In the Maritius Islands, the fruit

Phyllocactus biformis Labour.
The
Honduras.
is
a shining, deep crimson
and contains numerous seeds imbedded
Europe and Japan.
jellies.*
Cacteae.
fruit is of
Physalis alkekengi Linn.
used for
in
soft,
strawberry tomato,
Solanaceae.
Arabia and even in Germany and Spain, the
is
It
was
a florence
flask,
its red,
smooth, round,
was described by Dioscorides. In

which have a slightly acid taste, are
It
fruits,
by Dioscorides and
keravoulia.''
ground cherry.
P. angulata Linn,
The
and subacid and
fruit is sweetish
The
perfectly ripe.*
like
winter cherry.
called struchnon halikakabon or phusalis
named by the modem Boeotians
Tropics.
shaped
This species has long been grown for
berry-like fruits enclosed in bladder-like leaves.
eaten for dessert.
color,
pinkish pulp of a sweetish, subacid taste.*
is
commonly eaten with
leaves are used as a vegetable in central Africa.
safety
if
This species
is
found widely dispersed over tropical regions, extending to the southern portion of the
United States and to Japan. It is first described by Camararius,' 1588, as a plant hitherto
unknown and an excellent figure is given. It was seen in a garden by C. Bauhin '" before
1596 and
figured in the Hortus Eystettensis,^^ 1613.
is
Pickering, C.
1879.
'
Dutt, U. C.
1877.
'
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 454.
Seemann, B.
(Emblica
officinalis)
1874.
Treas. Bot. 2:880, 881.
1870.
Ibid.
Smith,
.A.
Hooker, W.
Nuttall, T.
'
Treas. Bot. i:îg.

J.
1870.
Journ. Bot. 1:132.
(Disocactus biformis)
1834.
Ca.mera.nus Hort. Med. 70.
" Bauhin, C.
^^
'^
speaks of
its
presence
and variety are figured by Dillenius," who obtained the variety from Holland
'
'
Bauhin
Linnaeus describes a variety with entire leaves, and both
in certain gardens in Europe.

his species
J.
1588.
Phytopin 297.
Hortus Eystel.
1818.
Fig. 17.
1596.
1613 (also 1713).
"Bauhin, J. Hist. PL 3:609.

" Dillenius Hort. Elth.
14.
1651.
1774,
f.
12, t. 12; p. 12,
f.
11, t. 11.
432
When
in 1732.
appeared in owr vegetable gardens
it first
is
not recorded.
Its
synonymy
seems to be as below:
Halicacabum
sive
Cam. Hort. 70. 1588. cum. ic.

Baiih. Phytopin. 297. 1596; Pin. 166.
1623;
Solanum Indicutn.
Solanum vesicarium Indicum.

1686.
681.
Halicacabum sen Solanum Indicum. Camer. Hortus. Eystet. 1613. cum.

Solanum sive Halicabum Indicum. Bauh. J. 3:609. 1651. cum. ic.
1719.
Alkekengi Indicum majus. Toum. Inst. 151.
1750.
Pops. Hughes Bar6. i6i.
Physalis angulata Linn. Gray Syn.
This species was
New York
Fl. 2: pt.
I,
ic.
234.
strawberry tomato.
P. lanceolata Michx.
the
the strawberry tomatoes grown at
among
Experiment Station in 1886
Agricultural
and occurred
in
two
the ordinary sort and another with broader leaves and more robust growth.
is
Ray Hist.
given by Gray
as from
varieties;
Its habitat
Lake Winnipeg to Florida and Texas, Colorado, Utah and
New
Mexico.
ground cherry.
P. obscura Michx.

P.
ground
cherry tomato,
Barbados gooseberry,
alkekengi.
peruviana Linn,
winter CHERRY.
CHERRY.
This species
Tropics.
produces an edible ground cherry.'
It
is
sometimes grown in gardens for its fruit. It is a hardy,

fruit half an inch in diameter, yellow, semitransparent
an inflated, membranaceous calyx. The fruit has a juicy
annual plant, which bears a roundish
and enclosed
at maturity
pulp and, when

agreeable.
through
names
garden
in
a pleasant, strawberry-like
first tasted,
flavor,
but the after taste
is
not so
This South American species seems to have become fairly well distributed
Birdwood records it as cultivated widely in India and gives native
'^
cultivation.
in the various dialects,
Descourtilz
Vilmorin.*
by
vegetables
and Speede ' mentions
it also.
gives a
Drvunmond,^ who introduced the plant into Australia,

pletely naturalized
Gray,' 1878, says
it
This species
in. his region.
differs
was introduced into cultivation
In France,
Carib
it is
name,
classed
among
sousourouscurou.
after ten years, reports
it
as com-
but slightly from P. pubescens.*
several years ago but has
now mainly
disappeared.
purple ground cherry,
P. philadelphica Lam.
purple strawberry tomato,
purple
winter cherry.
North America.
fruit is edible.*
NuttaU, T.
Birdwood
The
Veg. Prod.
Bomb.
'
Hooker,
W.
J.
Nuttall, T.
1842.
1883.
Journ. Bol. 2:347.
'Gray, A.
4.
4.
SynXtpt. Fl. 2: Pt.
Gen. No.
Amer
1818.
1865.
173.

Although the habitat of
1840.
1883.
i.
233.
1878.
Pis. i:iiO.
1818.
this species is given
STURTEVANT
'
by Gray
as in fertile
Pennsylvania to
soil,
and Texas, yet
Illinois
433
it
seems to be the
^
by Hernandez in his Mexican history, published in 1651. It is described
under the names given above. The petite tomato du Mexique, as received from
miliomail figiired
by
Bitrr
'
Vilmorin, in 1883, can be assigned to this species, as can also a strawberry tomato grown
in 1885 at the New York Agricultviral Experiment Station.
ground cherry,
P. pubescens Linn,
North America.
The
This
husk tomato,
the camaru.*
is
It is also
strawberry tomato.
found wild in the United States.
This species has a wide range, extending from
fruit is edible.^
New York
to Iowa,
Florida and westward from Texas to the borders of California and southward to tropical
America. It is described by Marcgrav ^ and Piso ' in Brazil about the middle of the
seventeenth century, and Feuille,' 1725, mentions
it
has been introduced into
'
many
regions.
and
as cultivated in the Mauritius
Loureiro
England
it
in
in all the tropical countries;
descriptions of garden vegetables in France

in
as cultivated
records
and America.
and wild
in Peru.
It
Cochin China; Bojer,'"
and
it
also occurs in the
was cultivated by Miller

and was described by Parkinson in 1640. It had not reached the
1807 but had before 1863. Its synonymy seems as given below:
It
in 1739
kitchen garden in
Camaru. Marcg. 12. 1648; Piso 223.

Halicacabum sive Alkekengi Virginense.
luteo.
Alkekengi Virginianum, fructu
1658.
Ray
Toum.
681.
1686.
151.
1719.
Alkekengi Virginianum, fructu luteo, vulgo Capuli. Feuille3:5.

1725.
Alkekengi Barbadense nanum, Alliariae folio. Dill. Elth. 10. f. 9. t. 9.
1774.
Linn. Sp. 262.
Physalis pubescens.
1762.
P. virginiana Mill,
strawberry tomato.
North America.
This species has also been grown from seedsmen's strawberry tomato.
a low, spreading
It is
plant.
P. viscosa Linn.
The berry
Phytelephas macrocarpa Ruiz et Pav.

Tropical America.
The seed
at
first
is edible.''
Palmae.
ivory palm.
contains a clear, insipid
allay their thirst, afterwards this liquor becomes milky

as hard as ivory."
This hard albimien fiunishes a
fluid,
and sweet;
with which travelers
at last the fruit
is
vegetable ivory of commerce.
'
Gray, A.
Hernandez AÔTa
'
Synopt. Fl. 2: Pt.
Burr, F.
'Nuttall, T.
Piso Hist.
T.
Nat. Braz. 12.
'
Piso
Ind. 223.
1658.
Feuillee Obs. 3:5.
1725.
"
Martyn
1878.
1651.
1863.
1870.
Rerum
F/. CocAin. 133.
" Boier, W.
233.
Treas. Bot. 2:?,i2.
'
'Loureiro
i.
295.
M.
Masters,
De
ffii/. Afeae.
1790.
Hort. Maurit. 237.
"Nuttall, T.
" Seemann, B.
1818.
1648.
1837.
1807.
Gen. No. Amer. Pis. 1:12,0.
1818.
1856.
almost
STURTEVANT
434
Phyteuma spicatum Linn. Campanulaceae. spiked rampion.

Europe. The roots, which are thick and fleshy, were formerly
or in salad, but the plant
is
no longer used
in England,
though
still
eaten, either boiled
in favor in
some
parts
of continental Europe.'
PhjTtocrene gigantea Wall.
Burma.
fountain tree.
Olacineae.
watery and drinkable sap flows from
sections of the porous stem.*
P. pahnata Wall.
Malays.
watery and drinkable sap flows from sections of the porous stem.'
Ph3rtoIacca acinosa Roxb.
Indian poke.
Phytolaccaceae.
Himalayas and China. This plant is cultivated in Jaunsar and Kamaon, India,
where its leaves are eaten boiled as a vegetable.^"' In 1852, it was cultivated in Germany
as a spinach.'
but
its
it
This species has been recommended in France as a culinary vegetable
does not appear to have met with
young shoots as asparagus were both
P. decandra Linn,
Originally from
garget,
pocan.
North America,
much
success.
said to possess
scoke.
Its leaves
an
cooked as spinach and
excellent flavor.^
Virginian poke.
this species has
been distributed throughout Mexico
Brazil, the Sandwich Islands and the region of the Mediterranean, even to Switzerland.
used as a vegetable, and Barton * says the yoimg shoots are brought
In Louisiana, says
in great abundance to the Philadelphia market as a table vegetable.
It is occasionally
Rafinesque,'
called chou-gras
it is
P. octandra Linn,
and the leaves are eaten boiled
in soup.
calalu.
It is
Guiana and Jamaica. From this species comes a palatable, wholesome green.
cultivated in most kitchen gardens in Jamaica.'" In Mexico, it is called verbachina.
In
China, it is an edible plant."
Picea excelsa Link.
Norway spruce.
Conijerae.
Norway, Russia and the mountainous parts
of Europe.
The spray
is
used in making
beer. '2
P. nigra Link,
Johnson, C. P.
'Baillon,
H.
double spruce.
black spruce,
North America.
Great quantities of spruce beer are

1862.
Hist. Pis. s-.ôt.
made from
1878.
Ibid.
<Brandis, D.
Royle, J. F.
Unger, F.
'Smith, A.
"
Barton,
W.
Forest Fl. 371.

lUustr. Bot.
1874.
Himal. 1:326.

Treoi. Bo/. 2:895.
P. C.
RafinesQue, C. S.
1870.
Med. Bot. 2:217.

Fl.
La. 31.
1839.
1859.
(P. esculenla)
{Pircunia esculenta)
1817-18.
1817.
"
1812.
Titford, W. J.
u Smith, F. P. Con'rib. Mat. Med. China 171. 1871.
" Masters, M. T.
Treas. Bet. 1:2.
(Abies excelsa)
1870.
"Emerson, G. B.
Trees, Shrubs of
Mass. 1:99.
1875.
(Abies nigra)
the
new
shoots."
STURTEVANT
Picraena excelsa Lindl.
bitter ash.
Simarubeae.
435
quassia.
This tree yields the bitter wood known as Jamaica quassia.

are said to use the chips as a substitute for hops.'
West
Indies.
Picridium vulgare Desf.
french scorzonera.
Compositae.
Europe and the Mediterranean

gardens, where it is much esteemed.^
duced intoEngland in 1882.
the United States, the species
This salad plant
region.
It is also
is
cultivated in Italian
used somewhat in France
It is also of recent introduction into

is
Brewers
The young
noted by Burr,* 1863.
'
and was
intro-
French culture.*
In
and the roots
leaves
are eaten.*
Picris echioides Linn.
Europe and north

in the
ox-tongue.
Compositae.
Africa.
'
Johnson
sajrs this
plant has been used as a potherb
when
young
state.
P. hieracioides Linn.
Temperate Asia, Australia,
New
The
Zealand and Europe.
used as a
plant
is
where
it is
potherb.*
Pimenta
officinalis Lindl.
West
The
The
Indies.
allspice, or
allspice,
Myrtaceae.
pimento.
allspice tree is cultivated in the
West
Indies,
pimento, berries of commerce are of the size of a small pea and in order
are supposed to resemble a combination of cinnamon, cloves

is
also cultivated
now
in the
Pimpinella anisum Linn.
came from
Umbelliferae.
The
anise.
He
It is also
anesum, green or dry,
is
Dioscorides says the
mentioned by Theophrastus.'"
desirable in
quotes Pythagoras as praising
it
whether raw or cooked.
in the beginning of the third century, gives directions for its sowing.
in the ninth century,
'
'
M.
Masters,
commanded
'
Bon
Noisette
'
Burr, F.
Jard. 549.
Unger, P.
Man.
1870.
(Picrasma
Don. G.
"
U. S. Pat.
i860.
1863.
Off. Rpt. 328.
1859.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:S66.
Theophrastus Hist.
Pliny
excelsa)
1882.
Jard. 2:422.
{Scorzonera picroides)
1862.
Ibid.
"
seasonings or
PI.
1832.
Bodaeus Ed. 744.
lib. 20, c. 72.
" Palladius lib.

3, c. 24; lib. 4, c. 9.
"
Fluckiger and Hanbury PAarw. 310.
1879.
1644.
Palladius,*'
Charlemagne,'*
sown on the imperial farms
1826
Johnson, C. P.
that anise should be
Treas. Bot. 2:886.
'
T.
all
he says, are sprinkled in the under crust of bread and are used for
seeds,
flavoring wine.
This tree
seeds are used as a condiment.*
Crete, the next best from Egypt.

"
Pliny," in the first century, says
sauces."
The
East Indies.
and nutmeg.
Anison was known to the ancient Greeks.
Greece and Egypt.

best
common.
(Helminthia echioides)
in
436
thirteenth century.
Germany. Anise is mentioned also by Albertus Magnus' in the
to
1542, as Boore,- in his
it sems to have been grown in England as a potherb prior
"
These herbes be seldom
Dyetary of Helth, printed in that year, says of it and fennel,
used but theyr seedes be greatly occupyde."
and
common name
gives the
as
It is classed
thirteenth century.
Roman
among
Ruellius" records anise in France in 1536
name Albertus Magnus used

herbs by McMahon,* 1806.
fennel, the
culinary
In the seventeenth century, Quintyne records the use of the loaves in salads.
now
seeds
The
serve to flavor various liquors; in Italy, they appear in diverse pastries; in
Germany they
are put into bread; in England, in special bread, in rye bread
In Malta,
in cheese.
the plant
in the
localities in Spain,
grown on a large
is
France, southern Italy,
scale for the seed,
and even
Germany and Russia
which also enters commerce in northern
The plant is indigenous to Asia Minor, the Greek islands and Egypt
found undoubtedly growing wild. There is no indication of its having
to
be
nowhere
but
formed varieties under cultivation, except that Bauhin records one sort having rounder
India and Chile.
is
and smaller seeds than the common
variety.
Pinanga dicksonii Blume. Palmae.

East Indies. This is a wild species, the nuts of which are
as a
utilized
by the poorer classes
substitute for the betel-nut.*
Pinus cembra Linn.
Coniferae.
Russian cedar,
swiss stone pine.
According to Gmelin,' the seeds form about

Nuttall ' says an oil is extracted from them.
Southern Europe and northern Asia.
the sole winter food of the peasantry in Siberia.

P. cembroides Zucc.
Western United
States.
The
seeds are as large as large peas, says Newberry,* the
and the Indians eat them whenever they can be obtained. The edible
nuts are collected, says Parry,* by the Indians along the Mexican boimdary, and Torrey
flavor agreeable,
when
says,
fresh or slightly roasted, they are very palatable.
P. contorta Dougl.
Western United
the
liber.
Along both
many
of the
young
In times of scarcity, says R. Brown,*" the Indians
States.
sides of the trail in the passes of the Galton
trees of this species are stripped of their
the ground to a height of six or seven

'Albertus
feet.
The Indians
Magnus Veg. Jessen Ed. 476. 1867.

'
McMahon,
'
Drury, H.
B.
Nuttall, T.
Newberry
1806.
igg.
Kckering, C.
'
1536.
Amer. Card.
1873.
Chron. Hist. Pis. 6^2.
1879.
No. Amer. Sylva 2: 168.

1865.
1857.
Parry Bot. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. 21.
"Brown, R.
'Û. S. D. A. Rpt. 411.
1870.
(Ahies wUliamsonii)
1859.
1868.
and Rocky Mountains,
bark for a foot or so above
of Alaska, says Dall," in the spring
'Flucldger and
'
will eat
STURTEVANT
are in the habit of stripping off the outer bark
from the trunk, and
this
the season advances
it
and scraping the newly formed cambivun
eaten fresh or dried.
is
437
When
fresh
it is
not unpleasant but as
tastes strongly of turpentine.
P. coulter! D. Don.
The
California.
seeds,
are
Nuttall,'
says
of
the
size
of
an almond and are
edible.
nut
P. edulis Jilngelm.
pinon pine.
pine,
The nut
The
below and about El Paso.

are very fond of
bhotan
P.
The
from
eaten, is collected
flexilis
upper Rio Grande, with those
has a slightly terebinthine taste but the
New
Mexicans
tree
called cheel*
is
this tree
In Kamaon, a kind of manna,
in a dry winter.
James.
Western United
nepal nut
The cones
Himalayas.
expand and to get the seeds

and they form a staple food
mixed with
It is
flour.
in winter."
The
States.
P. gerardiana Wall,
life
of the
pine.
Himalayan mountains.
is
sweet and edible, about the size of a hazelnut.
Mexicans
it.*
P. excelsa Wall,
which
fruit
is
New
used as an article of trade by the
It is
They
large seeds are used as food
by the Indians.*
pine.
are plucked before they open

out.
and are heated to make the
scales
Large quantities of the seeds are stored for winter use,
of the inhabitants of
common
saying in
Kunawar.
They
are eaten ground
Kunawar, says Brandis,'
"
and
one tree a man's
are oily, with a slight but not tmpleasant tvupentiny flavor
and
are called neozar.
&
P. koraiensis Sieb.
korean
Zucc.
pine.
Korea, Kamchatka, China and Japan.

P. lambertiana Dougl.
most part
equal to that of sugar and
condiment. *
pounded
'
'
The
M.
J.
*Brandis, D.
Brandis, D.
'Mueller, F.
'
Nuttall, T.
is
resin
1865.

Forest Fl. 512.
Col.
5e/. P/i. 354.
trees
and pleasant-tasting kernel and are eaten roasted or
by the Indians.'
Forest Fl. 509.
which exudes from partially biimed
and smell and acquires a sweetness nearly
sometimes used for sweetening food. It has, however, decided

oftener used by the frontiersmen as a medicine than a
seeds have a sweet
Newberry
is
Nuttall, T.
Pickering, C.
'
and
into coarse cakes
Bigelow,
The
loses its terebinthine taste
cathartic properties
tree produces edible nuts.'
sugar pine.
giant pine,
Northwest coast of America.

for the
The
1856.
1879.
1874.
2: 124.
1880.
1874.
1891.
1857.
1865.
438
emodi pine.
p. longifolia Roxb.
The
Himalaya Mountains.
seeds, says Brandis,* are eaten in India
and are
of
some
importance as food in times of scarcity.
&
P. monophylla Torr.
nut pine, stone pine.

The seeds are of an almond-like
Frem.
flavor
and are consvimed
in qtiantity by the natives.'
P. parryana Engelm.
The
California.
seeds are eaten
by the
Indians.*
stone pine.
P. pinea Linn,
Southern Europe and the Levant. This pine is said by Grigor* to be cultivated
for its fruit about Naples.
It was known to the ancients, and with the Greeks was a tree
The
sacred to Neptune.
commonly called pignons by the French and pinocchi

eaten as dessert, made into sweetmeats or used in puddings
seeds are
by the Italians. They are

and cakes. They are very commonly used in Aleppo and
digger pine.
P. sabiniana Dougl.
This
California.
in Turkey.'
one of the nut pines of California and furnishes a most important
is
The seeds are as large
food to the Indians, says Brewer.*
having, however, a slightly terebinthine taste.
as large beans, are very palatable,
Thousands
of beings, red-skiimed but
human, look to this pine tree for their winter store of food.'
scotch pine.
P. sylvestris Linn,
Northern Europe and Asia.
In Norway, the inner bark furnishes a bark-bread.'
much bark
In Sweden, in times of scarcity,
cakes.'
The
is
collected
mixed with a small portion
kiln-dried; grovind into flour,
from the
it,
and made
into thin
inner part of the bark, says Morlot,'" properly prepared, furnishes
boiled a very edible broth; the Laplanders are quite fond of
meal of
forests for food, being
of oatmeal
they bark the tree
it.
arotmd up to a certain height.
all
When
The
when
they prepare a
tree then dies
and
thus the routes of migration in Lapland are marked by a track of dead pines which
continually widening.
P. torreyana Parry.
This pine bears large and edible
California.
'
Brandis, D.
"Mueller, F.
'
*
Forest Fl. 508.

Sel.
Ph. 357.
W.
J.
Journ. Bot. 1:205.
'
1888.
Newberry Pop. Set. Monthly 32:36.

Morton Cyc. Agr. 2:609. 1869.
'Hooker,
'
1874.
1891.
Newberry
Balfour, J.
H.
Johnson, C. P.
Man.
1834.
Cal. 2: 127.
Bot. 599.
1880.
1857.
1875.
1862.
"Morlot, A. Smithsonian Inst. Rpt. 301). i860.

" Brewer and Watson Bot. Cal. 2: 125. 1880.
seeds.*^
is
STURTEVANT
Piper amalago Linn.
West
439
Piperaceae.
Browne
Indies.
'
says the seeds
may
replace pepper for seasoning.
betle pepper.
P. betle Linn,
The
leaves are
chewed with betel-nut by the Malays and
other Indian races.

P. capense Linn.
staart pepper.
f.
The pepper
South Africa.
used by the country people in Kafifraria as a
is
spice.'
P. chaba Hunter.
The
Indian Archipelago.
spike, collected
long pepper which
and dried before
is
imported by the Dutch
is
the fruit-
reaches maturity.
it
DC.
P. clusii C.
Tropical Africa. This spice was imported as early as 1364 to Rouen and Dieppe
from Liberia under the name pepper.
In tropical western Africa, it is used as a
condiment.'
P. cubeba Liim.
cubeb pepper.
f.
Pereira * states that as early as 1305 the product of this

Malay, Java and Penang.
tree was used as a condiment in London, although now it is considered a medicine.
P.
long pepper.
longum Linn,
shrub indigenous to Malabar, Ceylon, eastern Bengal, Timor and the Philippines
and cultivated along the eastern and western coasts of India. ^ Its fruits consist of very
small, one-sided berries or grains embedded in a pulpy matter, green when immature,
and becoming red as

as
it is
it
The
ripens.
P. methysticum Forst.
intoxicating drink vmder the

into a bowl
and water
ripe.
gathered in the green state to form pepper,

This is the long pepper of commerce.
f.
Sandwich Islands and the
it is
fruit is
then hotter than when perfectly
is
Fiji Islands.
name
of
poured on.
The
root of this plant
used to form an
The root is chewed, thrown

then strained through cocoa-nut husks, when
am, kava or kawa.

It is
ready for use.
pepper tree.
P. nigrum Liim.
Indigenous to the forests of Travancore and Malabar, whence

into Siunatra, Java, Borneo, the
Indies.'
fruits.
Malay
The white pepper
'
Lunan,
'
Thunberg, C. P.
'
Fluckiger and
U. S. Disp. 340.
J.
Horl.
has been introduced
is
is
the berries gathered
formed from the decorticated
mentioned by Roman writers of the Augustan age and, in the

demanded 3000 pounds of pepper as a part of the ransom of the city
It is frequently
century, Attila
it
peninsula, Siam, the Philippines and the West
This tree ftunishes the black pepper of commerce which
before they are perfectly ripe and dried.
fifth
is
Jam. 2:51.
1814.
Tran. 1:170.
Hanbury Pharm.
1795.
589.
1879.
1865.
'Fluckiger and
Hanbury Pharm.
524.
1879.
Fluckiger and
Hanbury Pharm.
576.
1879.
440
of
An
Rome.
account of the growing of pepper in India
is
given by Mandeville,
who
traveled there in 1322-1356.
long pepper.
P. sannentoslun Roxb.
The
fruit,
according to Wight,
is
gathered and sold as long
pepper.
mountain long pepper.
P. sylvaticum Roxb.
The
spikes,
both green and
ripe,
are used in Bengal
as
long pepper.'
P. umbellatum Linn.
The
Tropics.
Piptadenia peregrina Benth.

Brazil
and
be boiled and eaten.*
may
leaves
Leguminosae.
British Guiana.
The native
black parica.
tribes intoxicate themselves with the
fumes
of the burning seeds.'
Pipturus velutinus Wedd.
Urticaceae.
This species bears a sweet but rather insipid
Moluccas.
Pisonia alba Span.
fruit.*
tree lettuce.
Nyctagineae.
East Indies, Malay and common in the gardens about Madras. In taste, the leaves
somewhat resemble lettuce, but Wight says, to his taste, it is but an indifferent substitute.'
Pistacia atlantica Desf.
mastic tree.
Anacardiaceae.
The Moors
eat the fruits
and bruise them to mix with
their
dates.'
mastic tree.
P. lentiscus Linn,
Southern Europe, northern Africa and western Asia; introduced into the United
States by the Patent Office in 1855 for trial in southern California and the Gulf States.'
Mastic
is
the resin obtained from incisions in the bark of this tree and
pally in the Island of Scio
and
in Asiatic Tvirkey.
Mastic
is
is
consumed
produced princi-
in large quantities
chewing to sweeten the breath and to strengthen the gums. The tree is
From
cultivated in Italy and Portugal but is said to produce no resin in these climates.
by the Turks
for
the kernel of the
fruit,
P. mexicana H. B.
This
Mexico.
&
is
an
oil
may
be obtained, which
is fine for
K.
a small tree with edible nuts found by Bigelow near the mouth
of the Pecos.*
'
'
Hcxjker,
W.
Wight, R.
'Wight, R.
Loudon,
'
Pickering, C.
'Sloane, H.
J.

J.
Journ. Bot. 2:132.
1879.
1707.
1840.
1843.
(Moms
Ph. 5:P\. 1765.
1852.
(P. morindifolia)
Icon.
C.
1844.
u. s. Pal. Off. apt.
Lvin.
Havard, V.
U. S. Nat. Mtts. 511.
Proc.
table use.
1855.
1885.
paniculatus)
STURTEVANT
terebinth.
cyprus turpentine,
P. terebinthus Linn,
44I
Southern Europe and Mediterranean region. This is the cultivated form of P. vera,
grown in Palestine and S\Tia.' The plant is a large and stout tree of the Mediterranean
The nuts
and furnishes Cyprus turpentine.
flora
are shaped like the
filbert,
pointed, the kernel pale, greenish, sweet and more oily than the almond.
terebinthus of Theophrastus,^
and the senawher or snowber
was introduced into the United States
tree
cultivated in the Mediterranean regions.
United States Patent Office in 1854.*

contains a kernel, oily and mild to the
and
all
The
species
for trial ctdture in 1859.'
The
Mediterranean and the Orient.

is
It is the
pistacia nut.
P. vera Linn,
but
of the Arabs.
long and
The
taste.*
The nut
kinds of confectionery.*
is
is
and Syria
the nut were distributed from the
indigenous to Persia, Bactria
Seeds of
fruit is oval,
The nuts
about the
are used in
size of
ices,
eaten raw like almonds and
an
olive
and
creams, conserves
is
much esteemed
by the Turks, Greeks and Italians.
There are several varieties, of which the Aleppo is

In Kabul, pistacia trees are said by Harlan * to yield
one year, followed always by a crop of blighted fruit destitute of a kernel
considered the best for
a crop of
fruit
its fruits.'
the next.
Pisum arvense
Linn.
field pea.
Leguminosae.
grey pea.
This is the pea most commonly cultivated in Egypt and it is also grown
In China, this pea is eaten and seems to have been introduced from the cotmtry
Eurasia.
in India.'
of the Vigurs, ditring the T'ang time.'"
This species is considered by Lindley as the original

In Scotland and England, some 13 or more varieties of the
of all OMX cultivated peas.
A variety allied to this species has been found in the ancient lacustrine
pea are grown.
field
deposits of Switzerland."
Egyptian pea.
P. jomardi Schrank.
This species
Egypt.
P. sativum Linn.
edible
is
and
is
perhaps cultivated.**
pea.
Eiu-ope and northern Asia. The pea in India goes back to a remote period as is
shown by its Sanscrit name. The discovery of its seed in a tomb at Thebes proves it to
have been an ancient Egyptian plant. It was seen in Japan by Thunberg,'' 1776. Its
'
U. S. Pat.
Unger, F.
Theophrastus
U. S. Pat.
Off.
U. S. Pat.
Off. Rpt.
J.
Hooker,
W.
'Loudon,
J.
U. S. Pat.
De
"Unger, F.
1859.
1859.
XXXIL
Joum.
1854.
Bot. 1:109.
1844.
1834.
Arb. FnU. Brit. %:^(>.
C.
1861.
Off. Rpt. 533.
Candolle, A.
" Heer, O.
Rpt. 323.
J.
Smith, F. P.
"
Rpt. 20.
C.
Loudon,
Off.
lib. 3, c. 14.
Geog. So/. 2:960.
CoTUrib. Mat.
Garden.
July
U. S. Pat.
Thunberg, C. P.
Fl.
1844.
Note.
1855.
Med. China
172.
15, 1876.
Off. Rpt. 3,17.
1859.
XXXlll.
1784.
Jap.
1871.
STURTEVANT
442
culture
There
among
is
Romans
the
evident from
is
its
mention by Columella, Pliny and Palladius.'
every reason to believe, from the paucity of description, that peas were not then
in their present esteem as a vegetable
The
leguminous order.
first distinct
and were considered
mention
inferior to other plants of the
of the garden peas is
by
Ruellius in 1536,
who
says there are two kinds of peas, one the field pea and trailing, the other a climbing
pea,
whose fresh pods with
common
were eaten.
Green peas, however, were not a

vegetable at the close of the seventeenth century. The author of a life of Colbert,
their peas
1695, says: "It is frightful to see persons sensual

price of 50
crowns per
French Court, as
"
This kind of pompous expenditure prevailed
litron."
be seen by a
will
Madame
letter of
This subject of peas continues to absorb
the pleasure of having eaten
enough to purchase green peas at the
all
them and the
de Maintenon, dated
"
others," says she,
desire to eat
them
having supped- at the Royal table
and
well
May
at the
10, 1696.
the anxiety to eat them,
again, are the three great
matters which have been discussed by our princes for four days past.
after
much
Some
ladies,
supped too, returning to their
at the risk of suffering from indigestion, will again eat peas before going to bed.
both a fashion and a madness."
In England,
it
is
Monasticon,
among
it is
It is
"^
not until after the
monastic communities that
even
own homes,
we read
Norman Conquest and
of green peas being used.
stated that at Barking
Ntmnery the annual
the establishment of
In Fosbrook's British
store of provisions consisted
other things of green peas for Lent, and, in Archaeologia in Order and Government
of a
Nobleman's House, they are again mentioned. In 1299, the English forces, while
besieging a castle in Lothian, were compelled to feed on the peas and beans of the sur-
At the
and Lapland.
rotinding fields.'
fest
present time, in varieties, they are grown as far north as
Peas were early introduced to the American Continent, but,

the word peason refers sometimes,
by Peter Martyr as grown
it is
in notices of this plant,
In 1493, peason are mentioned
probable, to beans.
at Isabela Island
Hammer-
in 1535, peason are
by Columbus;
mentioned
as grown by the Indians of Hochelaga, now Montreal; and in 16 13, peas were
obtained from the French traders grown by the Indians of the Ottawa River ;^ in 1540,
by
Cartier
peas are mentioned in
New
Mexico by Alarcon and
"
small, white peas
"
by Coronado;
were cultivated by the Florida Indians, as related by Ribault.* In 1602,
peas were sown by Gosnold on the Elizabeth Islands off the coast of Massachusetts,
in 1562, peason
according to Smith;
good as ever
Columella
lib. 2, c. 10; lib.
Glasspoole, H. G.
n,
c. I.;
Pliny
lib. 18, c.
Rpt. Ohio State Bd. Agr. 30:519.
Pinkerton Coll. 12:656.
as
grown by the
New
lib. 10, c. 6.
1875.
1812.
Parkman, F.
Pion. France 379.
1894.
'
Hakluyt, R.
Divers Voy. Amer.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 102.
'
Pinkerton CoW. Voy. iy.20.
"
Higginson, Rev. Francis.

Desc.
'
31; Palladius
'
J.
store of green peas,"
1843.
Third Voy.
Cartier, J.
Smith,
"
was a
"
as
eat in England," growing in the governor's garden, according to Rev. Francis
'Card. Chron. 71.
in 1629, in Massachusetts, there
In 161 4, peas were mentioned by Smith
Higginson.'
'
'
New
Eng.
1840.
1812.
New
16.
Eng. Plant.
1616.
Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll.
ist Ser. 1:118.
1838.
1792.
England
STURTEVANT
In 1690, Bancroft
Indians.
and, in
1775,
Alabama.
Romans^
'
443
says Spanish peas were grown by the Indians of Mexico,
green peas
says
were obtained the year round at Mobile,
In 1779, Gen. Sullivan's expedition against the Indians of western
York destroyed the growing peas
of
the Indians
who occupied the
New
territory
near
Geneva.'
If
we
trace the antiquity of the various forms which include varieties,
we
find the
innumerable and occur with white and green seed, with smooth and
with wrinldhd seed, with seed black-spotted at the hiltmi, with large and small seed, as
varieties noted are
and small
well as with plants of large
aspects, dwarf, trailing,
and tall
plants,
and those with
edible pods.
White and Green Peas.

pea, or
what Vilmorin
Lyte, in his edition of Dodonaeus, 1586, mentions the trailing
as the half-dwarf, as having round seed, of color sometimes
classifies
white, sometimes green.
Smooth Seeded.
Pisum minus, a
by the Greeks,
pots;
at
first,
Dodonaeus, in his Frumentorum, 1566, describes
tall
then green.
pea, called in
Germany
this
form under
erweyssen; in Brabant, erwiten; in France,
ochron; the pods containing eight to ten round peas of a yellojv color
This pea was called in England, Middle Peason, in 1591.^
The first certain mention of wrinkled seed is by Tragus in 1552,

These
are also recorded in Belgian and German gardens by Dodonaeus
under Phaseolus.
in his Frumentorum, 1566, under Pisum majus, the dry seed being angular, uneven, of a
Wrinkled Seed.
white color in some varieties and of a sordid color in others.
He
calls
them roomsche
and the plant he says does not differ from his Pisum
Pena and Lobel,* 1570, describe
the same pea as in Belgian and English gardens, under the name Pisum angulomm
hortorum quadratum Plinii, with seed of a ferruginous and reddish color. Lobel,' 1591,
erwiten, groote erwiten, stock erwiten,
minus and indeed he uses the same figure for the two.
figures the seed, using the
name Pisum quadratum, and
it
seems to be the Great Peason,
Branch Peason of Lyte in 1586, as he gives Dodonaeus' common

Garden
names as synonyms. In 1686, Ray' describes this class \mder the name Rouncival and
Peason, or
Pisum majus, or Rowncivall Pease, in 1597, as being the

same. This word Rouncival, in white and green varieties, was used by McMahon * in
'
The
1806, and Rouncivals by Gardiner and Hepburn in 1818 and Thorburn in 1828.
'"
calls it honey-combed
first good description of the seed is, however, in 1708, when Lisle
refers to Gerarde's picttire of
or
pitted.
Knight,
'
Bancroft, H. H.
'
Romans
a nurseryman of
Native Races 1:652.
Conover, G.
Lobel /con. 2:66 and index.
'
Pena and Lobel ^dners.
1570.
1591.
'
Ray Hist. PI. 892. 1686.

'
Gardiner and Hepburn Amer. Card. 59.
" Lisle î6. 169. 1757.

" Townsend Seedsman 2.
1879.
1591.
396.
Lobel /con. 2:66 and index.
1875.
775.
'
S.
Bedfordshire, before
Cat. 582,
1726.
1806.
181 8; Thorb. Cai
1828
1726,'' did
much
for
the
STURTEVANT
444
and sent out several wrinkled
of the pea
improvement
varieties.
the wrinkled peas do not seem to have been in general esteem.

seed rough, uneven, and shrivelled, the plant
was
tall,
in
Up
to Knight's time
The Knight
American gardens
pea, the
in 182 1,'
and
a number of Knight's peas are under cultivation at present.
These are mentioned as an old sort by Townsend' in 1726 and

name of Black-eyed Marrowfat.
Black-eyed Peas.
are
now grown under

Dwarf
Peas.
There
to 1665.
is
the
These are mentioned by Toumefort

no earlier distinct reference.
'
in
700 and are referred by him
These are the ordinary trailing peas as mentioned by the

the Pisum minus of Camerarius, 1586.
Half-Dwarfs.
earlier
botanies, as, for instance,
These are the forms described by the early botanies as requiring
Tall Peas.
as the
Pisum majus
Pisum
of Camerarius, 1596, the
of Fuchsius, 1542,
and
sticking,
Phasioli or
faselen of Tragus, 1552.
Edible- Podded or Sugar Peas.
The pods and peas
of the large, climbing pea, as also
the green pods of the trailing form, are recorded as eaten by Ruellius * in 1536, and this
manner of eating is recorded by later authors. We now have two forms, those with straight
and those with contorted

by Ray
in
The
pods.
first
686 and Toumefort in
of these
700.
is figured by Gerarde,* 1597 is described

The second form is mentioned by Worlidge '
;
'
by Ray as Sickle pease. In the Jardinier
Frangais, 1651, Bonnefonds describes them as the Dutch pea and adds that imtil lately
they were very rare. Roquefort says they were introduced into France by the French
in 1683 as the Sugar pease with crooked pods,
ambassador in Holland about 1600.'
American
In 1806,
About
of Varieties.
1683,
Stevenson," 34 kinds; in 1783, Bryant
'^
Thorburn's Calendar, 1821, contains 11
sorts,
W.
Amer. Card.
'
Cobbett,
'
Townsend Seedsman
2.
Toumefort
1536.
Herb. 1045.
1597.
'Gerarde,
Inst. 394.
J.
Hist.
Worlidge,
1719.
PL
891.
J.
Syst. Hort. 197.
Ray
'
Card. Chron.
1686.
Hist. PI. 891.
89.
1683.
" Stevenson Card. Kal.

90.
Fl. Diet. 305.
" McMahon, B.
1683.
1686.
1843.
-ji.
Meager Eng. Card.

Bryant
1846.
154.
1765.
1783.
Amer. Card.
New York
soap-bark tree.
tree has long, twisted fruit, sweet to the taste but
1726.
'
"
this seed catalog of 1828 has 24 sorts;
f\ill.
Leguminosae.
The
'
and
Vilmorin describes 149; in the report of the
Pithecolobium bigeminum Mart.
'
among
">
Meager names 9 kinds in English culture; in 1 765
names 14; in 1806, McMahon" has 22 varieties;
Station for 1884, 93 varieties are described in
"Ray
includes three kinds
esculents.
Number
in 1883,
McMahon
Col. 582.
1806.
STURTEVANT
inducing dysentery and
therefore,
it,
was prohibited by Alexander.*
445
It is called ta
nyen in
Burma, where the natives are extravagantly fond of the seeds as a condiment to preserve
fish, notwithstanding sometimes disastrous consequences.^
P. dulce Benth.
American
The sweet pulp
tropics.
of the
and
In Manila, the species
eaten.
is
In Mexico,
cultivated in India as a hedge plant.

boiled
pod
is
sweet, firm pulp in the curiously twisted pods
it is
grown
is
The
wholesome.'
called guamuchil,
for its fruit,
is
plant
which
extensively
and the
fruit is
eaten.
is
The
eaten.*
P. lobatum Benth.
saman Benth.
P.
rain tree,
This
Tropical America.
Mexico and the West
many
The pulp about the
Indies.
Linn.
This species
1686
in
seed
is
eaten by the
natives.''
In
buckshorn plantain, star-of-the-earth.

and Middle Europe. The leaves are used in France as
Plantagineae.
is
mentioned as grown
of the other botanists of the sixteenth
Ray"
by
zamang.
a Mexican tree yielding edible pods.'
is
Mediterranean countries
salad.'
saman.
eaten by the negroes.'
it is
Plantago coronopus
seeds are eaten as a condiment.^
cat's claw.
P. imguis-cati Benth.
the West Indies
The
Burma.
large tree of
in gardens
by Camerarius,'"
and seventeenth
centuries;
cultivated in England and as not differing
as
1586,
it
is
and by
described
from the wild plant
except in size and in the other accidents of culture. Townsend,'^ 1726, says the seed
"
in all the Seedsmen's Bills, tho' it is seldom in the Gardens."
It is described
is now
"
by Vilmorin among French vegetables. During the three hundred years
which we find it pictured, we see no evidence of any essential changes produced by
and
in
figured
cultivation.
cart-track plant,
P. major Linn,
plantain.
Europe, Asia and North America.
In China, this plant was formerly eaten as a
potherb.'*
'
Pickering, C.
'
Ibid.
Mueller, F.
Sel.
'
'
Forest Fl. 575.
Mueller, F.
Sel. Pis. 28.
Pickering, C.
Bon
"
" Townsend Seedsman
(Inga saman)
1586.
1686.
18.
1726.
Les Pis. Potag. 169.
" Smith, F. P.
1879.
1832.
1882.
Hist. PI. 879.
"VWmoTn
(Inga didcis)
1891.
Ray
1879.
1876.
Jard. 478.
{Inga bigemin)
1891.
27.
Brandis, D.
Don, G.
'"
Ph.
Pickering, C.
1879.
Contrib. Mat.
1883.
Med. of China 172.
1871.
446
seaside plantain.
p. maritima Linn,
Shores of Europe and of the United States from

says the French boil
Jersey northward.
them
leaves in a broth on their sea voyages, or eat
its
Kalm
as a salad.
It
likewise be pickled like samphire.
may
Platonia insignis Mart.
The
Brazil.
whilst the seeds
Guittiferae.
fruit, called
&
is
said to
be very sweet and delicious,
of almonds.'
Zucc.
Saxifrageae.
tea-oe-heaven.
In Japan, the leaves are used as a tea substitute.*
Japan.
Plectranthus tematus Sims.
Comoro
is
pacoury-uva in Brazil,
have the flavor
Platycrater arguta Sieb.
and
New
Labiatae.
and Madagascar.
Islands
This perennial plant was carried to the Mauritius
there cultivated as a potherb.
&
Plectronia parvifolia Benth.
Burma and Malay.
It is called in
Hook.
Madagascar
ontime.*
Rubiaceae.
f.
The leaves of this thorny shrub are largely consimied by

The pulp enclosing the seeds is eaten by the natives but, to
natives in their cvuries.
the
the
'
In India, says Ainslie,* the fruit is eaten by the

European taste, is not very palatable
and the leaves are also used as food, being put in curries as seasoners.
natives,
Plegerina odorata Arruda.
This plant produces an oval or oblong drupe, very
Brazil.
yellow at ripening, the kernel of which
little
smaller than
an
egg,
covered with a sweet, aromatic and nutritious
is
pulp.'
P. rufa Arruda.
The
Brazil.
fecula,
fruit is
an irregular drupe, of which the kernel
somewhat aromatic, pleasant and

It is sold in
person.
nutritive.
It is large
is
covered with a sweet
enough to
the markets of Brazil and by some inhabitants
it is
now
satisfy
P. umbrosissima Arruda.
The sweet
Brazil.
Plukenetia comiculata Sm.
'
Kalm,
Treas. Bot. 2:goi.
'U.
*
S.
Trav. No.
P.
The
'Wight, R.
'
'
Amer. 2:345.
Ph. 385.
Ind. Bot. 2:76.
W.
Mat. Ind. 2:63.
1826.
Koster, H.
Trav. Braz. 378.
1817.
Martius Mat. Med. Bras. 77.
1854.
Ainslie,
1772.
1870.
Chron. Hist.
lUiistr.
leaves are said to be eaten as a vegetable.^*
1870.
D. A. Rpt. 199.
Pickering, C.
markets of Pemambuco.*
Euphorbiaceae.
1879.
1850.
(Canthiunt parviflorum)
(Webera tetrandra)
Ibid.
"Royle,
J.
F.
Jllustr. Bot.
Himal. 1:329.
1839.
one
cultivated.*
STURTEVANT
447
Poa abyssinica Jacq. Gramineae. teff.

A mountain plant of Abyssinia, cultivated eveiywhere there, at a height of from
2500 to 8000 feet where gentle heat and rain favor its development. Its seeds furnish
the favorite bread of the Abyssinians in the form of thin, highly leavened and spongy
Four
cakes.
varieties of this grain are cultivated.'
sidered by the Abyssinians wholesome and digestible,
he
this,
doubtful of
is
its
containing
much
^
Parkyns writes that
but so far from being
nutritive property
"
fancy yofeself chewing a piece of sour sponge and you

is considered the best bread in Abyssinia."
P. flabellata Hook.
and as
will
teff is
con-
satisfied of
for its taste,
he says,
have a good idea of what
f.
'
Fuego and the Falkland Islands. Ross saj^ the lower part of the culm in the tussock is so fleshy and juicy that when a tuft of leaves is drawn out from a tussock-bog,
an inch
flavor
of the base,
like
about the thickness of a
Two men
nuts.
finger, affords
almost
subsisted
entirely
a very sweet morsel, with
upon
this
substance for
14
months.
Podocarpus andina Poepp. Coniferae. plum fir.

This species forms a stately tree bearing at fruiting season clusters of
Chile.
edible,
cherry-like fruits.*
white
P. dacrydioides A. Rich,
New
Zealand.
The
pine.
white, sweet fruit
is
eaten by the natives.^
The drupe
is
also
eaten.
P. spicata R. Br.
New
Zealand.
black
pine.
yoimg shoots are made into a beverage
Its
like spruce beer.'
It
has sweet, edible drupes.

P. totara G. Benn.
New
Zealand.
Podococcus barteri
Western
mahogany
The
Mann &
The berry
P. peltatum Linn,
is
Parkyns,
Ross,
<
U. S. Pat.
Unger, F.
J.
M.
C.
Mueller, F.
The
fruit is edible.
Himalayan may apple.
Berberideae.
"
may
Off. Rpt. 306.
raccoon-berpy.
(Eragrostis abyssinica)
1859.
1856.
Voy. Antarct. Reg. 2:269.
Ph. 292.
apple,
and leaves are poisonous.
1847.
1891.
Ibid.
Masters,
'
Masters,
M.
M.
Mueller. F.
T.
Treas. Bot. 1:378.
1870.
T.
Treas. Bot. 2:908.
1870.
Set. Pis. 376.
wild lemon.
Certaine ground apples, a pleasant fruite
Life Abyss. 1:306.
Set.
Palmae.
edible but the roots
mandrake,
Northeast America.
'
H. Wendl.
tropical Africa.
Podophyllum emodi Wall.

India.
totara pine.
pine,
fruit is eaten.'
1891.
8th Ed.
(Dacrydium taxifolium)
"
were seen by
448
'
Porcher says the fruit is

Newport on James River.
extremely delicious to most persons but to many is an
relished
by many persons.
aperient.
In France,
it is
It is
grown
in the flower gardens.*
&
Polyalthia cerasoides Benth.
astringent.'
taste.
Atumaceae.
f.
The fruits, cherry-shaped and dark red, are eaten by the natives but
The plant has black berries, fleshy, smooth and of an acid-sweet
East Indies.
are
Hook.
Polygala siberica Linn.
Temperate and
Polygaleae.
The
tropical Asia.
roots
and tender leaves were eaten
in
China in
the fourteenth century.'

P. theezans Linn.
Java and Japan.
The Japanese and Javanese use
the leaves as tea.'
milkwort.
P. vulgaris Linn,
This plant
is
said to
be
tised
in
adulterating
green
tea.'
Polygonatum japoniciun C. Morr.

Japan.
It is called
P. multiflorum All.
&
Decne.
Liliaceae.
amatokoro by the Japanese and the root
is.
used.*
Solomon's seal.
Northern regions. The root, says Johnson,' macerated for some time in water,
The
yields a substance capable of being used as food and consisting principally of starch.
young shoots form an excellent vegetable when boiled and eaten like asparagus and are
largely
is
well
consumed
known
The European form of the species, mentioned by

who eat it boiled, and the Indians
"
upon the root. Parkman states that the roots of Solomon's
in
Turkey.
to the negroes in Jamaica,
America also feed
Titford,'"
in
North
Seal were
used as food by starving Frenchmen.
solomon's seal.
P. officinale All.
Eiu-ope and
Siberia.
in times of scarcity
'
Porcher, F. P.
Vilmorin
'Don, G.
Pickering, C.
'
Bretschneider, E.
'
Ibid.
H.
W.
Bot. Sin. $1.
Hist. Pis. s:S4.
J.
1831.
1879.
1879.

Hort. Bot. Amer, 56.
UseftU
{Gautteria cerasoides)
1882.
1878.
" Parkman, P. Pion. France

438.
"
C. P.
Pis. Gt.
Johnson,
1869.
3rd Ed.
Johnson, C. P.
Titford,
1870.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. i-.gS.
'Pickering, C.
'
'
Baillon,
roots have been used, sa}^ Withering,
but they require boiling or baking before use.
//. Ter. 899.
/^/.
The
181
1862.
(Convallaria midtiflora)
1862.
{Convallaria polygonatum)
1894.
Brit. 270.
m.ade into bread
STURTEVANT
Polygonum alpinum
All.
alpine knotweed.
Polygonaceae.
Southern Eiirope and northern Asia.
This plant
or kapousta, by the Baschkirs kamouslouk and
bistort,
P. bistorta Linn,
449
is
is
called
by the Russians
kizlez
eaten.'
snakeweed.
"
are by some boiled in the spring and eaten as

and
bitter to the taste in a raw state, says Johnson,'
Though very astringent
greens."
the root contains an abundance of starch and, after being steeped in water and roasted,
Northern regions.
The
leaves
becomes
sia
edible.
and Siberia
considerable quantity of the root thus prepared
in times of scarcity, as a substitute for bread.
of England, the
is
consimied in Rus-
In the southern counties
young shoots were formerly in request as an ingredient in herb puddings
and as a green vegetable but they are now little used. The root, called ma-sku by the
western Eskimos, says Seemann,* is an article of food with them and, after being roasted
in the ashes, is not unlike a potato,
though not so
soft
and
nutritious.
P. multiflorum Thunb.
China and Japan.
The
roots are used as food.^
P. odoratum Loiir.
This species, according to Loudon,' is cultivated throughout Cochin

for eating with boiled meat and fish.
Cochin China.
China as an excellent vegetable
serpent grass.
P. vivipaxum Linn,
Its roots,
regions and mountains south to the shore of Lake Superior.
*
according to Gmelin,' are collected by the Samoyedes and eaten. Lightfoot says the
people of Kamchatka and sometimes the Norwegians, when pressed with hunger, feed
Arctic
upon the
In Sweden
roots.
it is
called mortog or swinegrass.^
Polypodium fragrans. Polypodiaceae.

East Siberia. This fern is called
polypody.
serlik
by the Bouriates and
is
used as a substitute
for tea.">
Polystichum munitum Kaulf.
The
Polypodiaceae.
roots of this fern, says Hooker," are roasted on the embers and constitute an
article of food for the Indians of the northwest.
Pickering, C.
'Lightfoot, J.

Fl. Scot. 1:206.
Johnson, C. P.
Seemann, B.
'
Loudon,
'
J.
C.
Pickering, C.
Lightfoot, J.
'
Journ. Anlhrop. Soc. Land.
Thunberg, C. P.
Tra:;.
4:123.
1862.
3:CCCin.
Enc. Agr. 935.

Fl. Scot.
:2oy.
1879.
1789.
1879.
Pickering, C.
1879.
J.
15
1865.
1796.
Pickering, C.
" Hooker, W.
(P. undulatum)
1879.
1789.
Fl. Bor.
Amer. 2:261.
1840.
(Aspidium munitum)
450
Pometia pinnata Porst.
Sapindaceae.
This species

edible fruit.
Populus alba Linn.
Northern regions.
is occasionally used
Linn,
The
its
sweet and
soft,
inner bark of this species, of P. nigra Linn, and P. tremula
in northern Eiu-ope
new wool
by the economical Indian
The
layer,
Algae,
slokam.
by the inhabitants
It is
jtdce.
a favorite
of Peru.*
sloke.
In England, this membranous seaweed
brought to table served with lemon
article of
is
stewed to a pulp and
food with
many
persons.'
layer.
P. vulgaris Agardh.
Northern regions.
This seaweed
Branches of oak are placed
and
making
Anonaceae.
berries as well as the flowers are eaten
Northern regions;
for flour in
cut fine and mixed with his tobacco
is
of Alaska.
Porphjrra laciniata Agardh.
laver appears
and Asia as a substitute
of the poplar, says Dall,'
Porcela nitidifolia Ruiz et Pav.

Peru.
planted around dwellings for
white poplar.
Salicineae.
The
bread.'
is
'
is
cultivated in the neighborhood of Tokio, Japan.
is
in the shallow waters of the
bay
in spring time;
from October to the following March and
collected
is
on these the
sold as food
in the markets.
Portixlaca lutea Soland.
This plant
Society Islands.
yellow purslane.
Portulaceae.
used as a vegetable in the Society Islands and in
is
New
Zealand.
purslane.
P. oleracea Linn,
A
world.
native of tropical and subtropical regions but
The
now
spread over nearly the whole
fact that this plant is recorded as having reached
would seem to indicate
as recent in Europe.'
its origin
Theophrastus and Dioscorides and
Unger
'
England only in 1582
says
it is
the andrachen of
a widely-distributed plant of the Mediterranean
is
In the
region, occurring everywhere and readily entering the loose soil of the gardens.
thirteenth century, Albertus Magnus ' does not mention its culture in gardens and apparently refers to the wild form,
"
the stems extending over the
soil."
In 1536, Ruellius
'
describes the erect, green-leaved, cultivated form, as well as the wild, procumbent form,
and
in this he
'Gray, A.
followed
is
V. S. Explor. Exped. 259.
Johnson, C. P.
DaU,
W. H.
*Don, G.
'Harvey,
Alaska&i.
W.H.
Mcintosh, C.
'
Unger, F.
'
Albertus
1862.
1897.
Ph. 1:92.
1831.
Book Card. 2:171.
U. S. Pat.
MagnuE
Off.
Veg.
(Nephelium pinnatum)
1854.
Hist. Dichl.
'
of the succeeding botanists.
by many
XCU.
Rpt. 355.
1859.
Jessen Ed. 548.

1536.
1846-51.
1855.
1867.
Fig.
Three varieties are
STURTEVANT
45 1
and the large-leaved golden.

The golden varieties are
not mentioned by Bauhin in his Phytopinax, 1596, nor in his Pinax, 1623, but are mendescribed; the green, the golden
tioned as
nearly
known
well
if
all
Le Jardinier
Le Jard.
Quintyne
Pourpier dori.
Red
in
or Golden.
199.
Ray
figured b)'
synonymy:
following
236.
is
variety
1719; Vilm. 518.
1883.
1693.
Portulaca saliva lutea sive aurea.
Golden' purslane.
The green
1612.
Solitaire,
The golden has the

Solit. ^yS.
1612; Toum.
the earlier botanists.
Ray
1688.
1039.
Townsend
1688;
1039.
19.
1726;
Mawe.
1778; Burr 392.
1863.
In England, Mcintosh
and are sometimes used

cultivated in
says the young shoots and leaves are used in
'
French and Italian soups and in
in
sold in btmdles at
Mocha '
salads
This purslane
pickles.
and, in
summer
is
used by the natives
Burma,
Maine coast brought him
in
which
the
Indian
com, and of which they
grows
large quantities among
"purslane,
made no more account than of weeds." Cutler, 1785, says it occurs in cornfields and is
eaten as a potherb and "is esteemed by some as little inferior to asparagus. It was prefor
Yemen,^
a potherb.*
In 1605, Champlain
viously mentioned
by Josselyn'
In 1819, Cobbett
in America.
'
is
says the Indians on the
prior to 1670.
mentions
it
in his
Purslane has never been
much valued
American Gardener, as " a mischievous
weed that Frenchmen and
Both use it in salad,

pigs eat when they can get nothing else.
Richard Hawkins,* at the Island of Saint Anna, ofE Cape Saint
"
"
of the hearbe ptu^lane
which was very useful to his
Thomas, foimd great store
that
is
to say, raw."
Sir
Purslane
scurvy-suffering crew.
is
mentioned by NieuhofE
also
'
as cultivated in
Brazil
in 1647.
P. quadrifida Linn.
Old World
tropics.
This species
is
much uged
as a potherb in India.'"
P. retusa Engelm.

Potentilla anserina Linn.
Temperate
regions.
This species
Rosaceae.
is
eaten by the Apache Indians.
goose grass,
goose tansy,
supported the inhabitants for months together.
Boiled
parsnips.
'Mcintosh, C.
Book Card. 2:171.
'
Pickering, C.
Chr on. Hist. Ph. 611.
'
Ibid.
Ibid.
'Champlain Voy.
Josselyn, J.
'
Cobbett,
W.
Hawkins, R.
New
J.
F.
Lightfoot, J.
1855.
Eng. Rar. 81.
Amer. Card. 157.

Voy. So. Seas.
Illuslr. Bot.
1879.
1604-1610.
"Royle,
"
silver-weed.
In some of the Hebrides, says Lightfoot," the roots have often
1846.

1732.
Himal. 1:221.
Fl. Scot. 269.
1878.
1672.
1789.
1839.
1847.
or roasted,
they taste like
STURTEVANT
452
shrubby cinquefoil.
P. fniticosa Linn,
North temperate
This plant
regions.
is
called in Siberia kouril-skoi-tchai or Kurile
The leaves are used by peasants and Tartars as a
tea.
rock cinquefoil.
prairie tea.
P. rupestris Linn,
Europe and
used as a substitute
This plant
northern Asia.
tea.'
called
is
where
for tea, as also in Siberia
by the Mongols
it
is
and
khcdtalsa
is
called polvoi-tchai or prairie
tea.*
tormentil.
P. tormentilla Neck,
Northern Asia and Europe.

is
gum and
converted into
Johnson
'
says
by long
boiling the tannin of the root
the roots so treated have occasionally been eaten in times of
scarcity.
Poterium sanguisorbaLinn.
burnet.
Rosaceae.
The young and tender leaves of burnet taste somewhat

and are employed in salads. It is rarely ctaltivated in the gardens
our books on gardening. Three varieties are described by Burr: the
North temperate
regions.
like a green cucvimber
but occurs in
all
Smooth-leaved, the Hairy-leaved and the Large-seeded.
The
seminal variation and a subvariety only.
following
This latter he deems but a
synonymy seems
clear:
I.
Pimpinella sanguisorha minor laevis. Bauh. Phytopin. 282.

Poterium sanguisorha, var. B. Linn. Sp. 141 1.
Burr 319. 1863.
Smooth-leaved.
1596.
IL
Fuch. 790.
Sanguisorha minor.
Pimpinella and Bipinelia.

ic.
1:718.
1542.
Ang. Burnet Advers. 320.
1570; Lob.
Obs. 412.
1576;
1591.
Small or Garden Pimpernell.
Lyte's Dod. 152.
1586.
Pimpinella minor.
Lugd. 1087. 1587.

Pimpinella sanguisorha minor hirsuta. Bauh. Phytopin. 2^2.
Pimpinella vulgaris sive minor. Ray 401.
Poterium sanguisorha. Linn. 5^. 141 1.
Hairy-leaved Burnet.
The garden
culture of burnet
however, a hundred years

it
Burr 319.
later,
1863.
implied in Lyte's Dodoens' Herhall,* 1586.
is
does not mention
its culture.
in the royal vegetable garden in France, and, in 1726,
plant for Sallads."
Mawe,'
1778, says
it
'
Pickering, C.
1879.
Pickering, C.
1879.
'
Johnson, C. P.
Dodoens
'Ray
'
i7tj<. P/.

152.
401.
1586.
1862.
Lyte Ed.
1686.

Mawe
Bot.
Ray,'
In 1693, Quintyne
Townsend
'
says
it is
"
grew
a good
has long been cultivated as a salad plant; while
'
/ferft.
1596.
1686.
1778.
Burnet
unnecessary.
so frequently cultivated in gardens that to describe
it is
Bryant,' 1783, says
recorded for American gardens in 1832 and
is
a long-grown plant.
less,
Pourouma
It is
This
is
Uriicaceae.
taste.
small shrub the leaves of which are eaten in Sikldm.^
francos.
Umbelliferae.
Bumes
region.
even by his fellow
was then doubt-
Urticaceae.
Prangos pabularia Lindl.
Himalayan
would be
a cultivated plant of the Amazon, says Bates,' bearing a round, juicy
Pouzolzia viminea Wedd.
East Indies.
it
it
in the Mauritius.^
bunches and resembling grapes in
berry, in large
Premna
now grown
cecropiaefolia Mart.
Brazil.
453
travelers,
integrifolia Linn.
says this plant is greedily
cropped by sheep and
is
eaten
a statement confirmed by Kinnier.'
headache tree.
Verbenaceae.
AinsUe
says the leaves are eaten by the inhabitants of
the Coromandel coast.

P. latifoUa Roxb.
The
East Indies.
leaves have a strong but not disagreeable odor
and are eaten by
the natives in their curries.'
Primula
officinalis Jacq.

P. vulgaris Huds.
primrose.
Primulaccae.
The
cowslip,
leaves are eaten in salads.'
primrose.
The flowers are picked when first open and fermented

Europe and adjoining Asia.
with water and sugar. The liquor, when well prepared, is pleasant in flavor and very
some
intoxicating, resembling in taste
many
pose.
of the sweet wines of the south of France.
In
parts of England, primrose flowers are collected in large quantities for this pur-
The
leaves also are wholesome and
be eaten as a salad or boiled as a green
may
potherb.'
Pringlea antiscorbutica R. Br.
This plant was
Antarctics.
observed by Hooker
'
''
Bryant
Bojer,
Fl. Diet. 107.
W.
Bates, H.
W.
Brandis, D.
'
Pickering, C.
Ainslie,
W.
'
Drury, H.
'
De
first
discovered
on Kerguelen's Land, a
Nal. Amaz.
1837.
Humboldt
Forest Fl. 405.
Chron. Hist.
Mat. Ind. 2:210.
Libr. Sci. 1:728.
Pis. 328.
1879.
1826.
1873.
Candolle, A. P., and LaMarck, J. B.
"Hooker,
J.
D.
1879-80.
1876.
Johnson, C. P.
by Captain Cook and was subsequently
cold, himiid, barren, volcanic
1783.
Hort. Maurit. 127.
'
'"
kerguelen's land cabbage.
Cruciferae.
Flore Franc. 3:446.
1862.
Bot. Antarctic Foy. 2:239.
1847.
(P.veris)
1805.
rock of the
454
Its rootstocks are
southern ocean.
from three to four
feet long
and
lie
close to the ground,
Ross*
-bearing at their extremities large heads of leaves closely resembling cabbages.'
says the root tastes like horseradish, and the young leaves or hearts resemble in flavor
and
coarse mustard
For 130 days
cress.
his
crews required no fresh vegetables but
this.
Prinsepia
utilis
Rosaceae.
Royle.
In India, an
Himalayan region.
food and for burning.'
Printzia aromatica Less.
South Africa.
oil is
expressed from the seeds, which
Compositae.
Henfrey
says the leaves are used as a tea at the Cape of
Prionium palmita E. Mey. Juncaceae. palmite rush.

South Africa. The plant grows in the beds of rivers and the heart
Prioria copaifera Griseb.
Panama under
the
The enormous
name
is edible.*
seeds have edible embryos.'
They
are sold
cativa.
Pritchardia filifera Linden.
Palmae.

a height of 50
Cal., attaining
Good Hope.
Leguminosae.
Jamaica and Panama.

in
used as
is
This species
feet.
The
is
fruit is
found in rocky canons near San Felipe,

small, black and pulpy and is used as
food by the Indians.'
Priva laevis Juss.

Chile
Verbenaceae.
The
and the Argentine Republic.
Prosopis algarobilla Griseb.
P. dulcis Kvmth.
Leguminosae.
The
Argentine Republic.
algaroba.
Tropical America.
The
seeds are sweet and nutritious.'
cashau.
legimies of this tree, gathered a
are used in South America to fatten cattle.

tute the principal food of
this species is referred
of the inhabitants of Brazil,
many
'
Mcintosh, C.
Ross, J. C.
Voy. Antarct. Reg. 1:87.
Brandis, D,
Forest Fl. 196.
Henfrey, A.
Smith, A.
'Vasey
t/.
Baillon,
" Waddell
"
Bo/. 300.
H.
1855.
187Q.
1870.
1872.
Hist.
Z. ^.
i?/)/.
186.
Sel. Pis. 382.
Hist. Pis. 2:$2.
1875.
{P. filamentosa)
1891.
1872.
Trans. Horl. Soc. Land. 179.
DeVega Roy. Comment.
1847.
1876.
Ph. 2:161.
5.
Mueller, F.
Book Card. 2:90.
Treas. Bot. 2: <)28.
H.
Baillon,
Later,
its seeds,
the fruit mentioned by de la Vega
'
'
small tubers can be used for food.*
1851.
1871.
little
before they are ripe,
groimd to powder,
who
"as
consti-
call it algaroba.'"
called
paccay
To
by the
STURTEVANT
Indians of Peru and guava by the Spaniards, of which he says:
a quarta
more or
long,
less,
been known
of joke.
Don
'
and
are very sweet
it
DC.
is
called pacai in Peru,
Cieza de Leon
'
of the coast of
is
Markham
did not
one finds some white
know
the
is
very sweet and
its
is
not good
pods are sold in the markets of
mesquite.
screw bean.
"
In some parts they
called guaranga.
Don
Peru and Chile eat the pulp contained in the pods.
eaten by the Indians and often by the whites.'
is
eaten in Brazil.
says the pods of this algaroba are
is
have
after being exposed to the sun, will
and that
says the tree
fruit,
to eat, thinking they were offering
long and narrow and not so thick as the pods of beans.

of these algarobas."
it
a black pip, like a bean, which
is
honey mesquite.
algaroba.
Tropical America.
a pod about
It consists of
opening
who
them
says the pulp contained in the pods
Pickering^ says
Lima.
P. juliflora
They
to
it
Within the white pulp there
keep very long.

to eat."
who gave
to scold the Indians
way
On
fingers in width.
It is so like, that Spaniards,
stuff exactly like cotton.
cotton by
and two
"
455
somewhat
make bread
says the natives
The abimdant
fruit
E. L. Greene says the mesquite-meal,
which the Indians and Mexicans manufactiu-e by drying and grinding these pods and
their contents, is perhaps the most nutritious breadstuff in use among any people.
The
pods, from seven to nine inches long, of a buff color, are chewed by both Indians and
whites as they journey, as a preventive of
thirst.
The pods
in their fresh state are pre-
pared and eaten by the Indians and are among the luxuries of the Apaches, Pimas, Maricopas, Tumas and other tribes of New Mexico, Utah, Nevada and southern California.
A gum
exudes from the tree which closely resembles gvun arabic'
screw bean or screw-pod mesquite. tornilla.

The pods are pounded into meal and are used as food
Texas, Mexico and California.
P. pubescens Benth.
by the
Indians.*
Whipple
'
says
the Gila and Colorado rivers.

P.
it
forms a favorite
Greene'" says
it
article of
food with the Indians of
has the same nutritious properties as
juliflora.
P. spicigera Linn.
Persia
is
an
and East
article of
Indies.
The mealy,
sweetish substance which surrounds the seeds
food in the Pvmjab, Gujarat and the Deccan.
before they are quite ripe,
and the mealy pulp
is
The pods
and butter."
'
Don, G.
'
Pickering, C.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:^00.
Markham, C. R.
Pickering, C.
1832.

1879.
1532-50.
1879.
'Don, G. Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:400. 1832.

Brewer and Watson Bot. Col. i 163. 1 880.
:
*U. S. D.A. Rpt. 410. 1870.

'
Brewer and Watson Bot. Cal. 1:163.
1880.
Whipple Pacific R. R. Rpt. 3:115. 1856.

"Greene, E.L. Amer. Nat. 30. 1881.
"Brandis/'orw//^/. 171.
1874.
are collected
eaten raw, or boiled with vegetables, salt
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 235.
(P. horrida)
1864.
456
Protea mellifera Thunb.
In the Cape Colony, a saccharine
South Africa.
sugar-bush.
honey-flower,
Proteaceae.
fluid is
obtained from the flowers
called bush-syrup.*
Pnmus americana Marsh.
RED PLUM.
PLUM.
Canada to the Gulf
This
the ripening of the
Dtmng
Indians.
YELLOW
SLOE.
of Mexico.
hog
PhXTU.
plirni is cultivated for its fruit
and has a number
was, says Pickering,' from early times planted by the
It
of varieties.
American plum, august plum, goose plum,
Rosaceae.
New
England
the western Indians live sumptuously and
fruit,
collect quantities for drying.
almond.
P. amygdalus Stokes,
North Africa and the
The
Orient.
chief distinction
between the almond and the
peach lies in the fruit, which, in the almond, consists of little more than a stone covered
with a thick, dry, wooly skin, while the peach has in addition a rich and luscious flesh.
The almond has long been known to cidtivation. Those with sweet and bitter kernels
were known to the Hebrews ' and were carried by the Phoenicians to the Hesperian peninThe almond was sacred to Cybele, in Greece, where even at that time there were
sula.
hung herself on an almond

nux Graica and Pliny * mentions it.
ten kinds, with sweet and with bitter nuts.
was transfigured
magne
'
Cato
it.
called
Phyllis
it
'
its
deems the
'
Brandis
At the present
tree indigenous to western Asia
Charle-
time,
it
is
Africa.
Pickering
'
distributed over the whole of southern Europe, the Levant,
has existed in England
it
and north
Tauro-Caspian countries and others to Barbary, Morocco, Persia

says it is indigenous about Lebanon, Kurdistan and in Turkestan.
Persia, Arabia, China, Java, Madeira, the Azores
varieties are
deemed hardy
There are many
mended
and
origin to the
and China.
plant,
tree
caused amandalarios to be planted on his estate.
linger
ascribes
into
De
almonds, but
in the latitude of
As a garden
New York.
and as many
America. The more common
Candolle
Islands.
In the United States, certain
as seven are described
varieties
for culture in
and the Canary
since 1548 certainly.
establishes five groups:
by Downing
classification is into
as recom-
sweet and bitter
the bitter almond, the sweet almond,
the sweet ahnond with a tender sheU, the sweet almond with large fruit and the peach
almond.
The
kernels of the sweet variety are eaten as dessert
fectionery
and
in cooking; those of the bitter
Treas. Bot. 2:930.
Pickering, C.
De
1870.
Candolle, A.
Fluckiger and
almond
and are
Orig. Cult.
Ph. 221.
Hanbury Pharm.
1879.
1885.
244.
1879.
1859.
(Amygdalus communis)
1869.
(Amygdalus communis)
Ibid.
Ibid.
'
Unger, F.
Chron. Hist. Pis.
Pickering, C.
Brandis, D.
" Downing,
A.
Forest Fl.
J.
i^.
Fr. Fr. Trees
ll(>.
1874.
Amer. 231.
1857.
largely used in con-
are used in the preparation of noyau

and
is
of
tact with water,
and prussic
is
by pressure an odorless, fixed oil

almond contains a crystalizable substance
varieties yield
The
an innocent nature.
called amygdalin, which,
is
Both
for flavoring confectionen^.
which
bitter
of the nitrogenous emulsion present,
by the action
converted into a fragrant volatile
The sweet almond
acid.
not harmful as food.
When
a tree
oil
when
of bitter
in con-
almonds
raised from either variety both bitter
and sweet
tree.^
apricot.
The native country
Caucasus.
the essential
oil,
contains the emulsion but no amygdalin, hence

is
almonds are frequently found borne by the same

P. armeniaca Linn,
457
of the apricot
is
usually said to be Armenia, Arabia
and the higher regions of central Asia. Harlan ^ says the species grows spontaneously
in the mountains about Kabul, bearing a yellow, acid and inferior fruit.
Erman ' mentions it as wild in Siberia; Pallas'* saw it in the Caucasus; Grossier ^ in the mountains
to the west of Pekin, China; and Regnier
and
Sickler
assign
it
to a parallel extending
between the Niger and the Atlas. Unger says that Alexander the Great brought the
It
apricot from Armenia to Greece and Epirus, from which countries it reached Italy.
'
seems not to have been known to the Greeks in the time of Theophrastus but was the
tnela armeniaca of later authors, as Bioscorides.
The apricot was referred to under the
name Armeniaca by Columella and
have been brought to England

date of introduction 1548.1" Disraeli " says, how-
Pliny.
It is said to
from Italy in 1524,* but others give its

ever, the elder Tradescant in 1620, entered himself on board of a privateer armed against
Morocco solely with a view of finding an opportunity of stealing apricots into Britain
and
it
appears that he succeeded.
In the United States, there
is
no mention
of this fruit earlier than 1720,
when they
were said to be growing abundantly in Virginia.'^ In 1835, there were 17 varieties in Brit"
ain.
Downing names 26 in his edition of American Fruits of 1866 and the American
In Ladakh, according to Moorcroft,'^ 10 varieties are
Pomological Society 11 in 1879.

cultivated, all raised
from seed but one, which
The
sorts are grown, according to Harlan.'^
is
propagated by budding.
apricot
is
In Kabul,
cultivated throughout the entire
East even to Cashmere and northern India, in China and Japan, northern Africa and
Loudon,
J.
C.
'
Harlan U.
'
Pumpelly, R.
'
3^.
1871.
Book Card. 2:517. 1855.

Fr. Fr. Trees Amer. 235.
Downing, A. J.
Mcintosh, C. Book Card. 2:517.
1857.
1855.
Ibid.
Unger, F.
Thompson, R.
Treai. Bo/. 2:932.
"Mcintosh, C.
Book Card. 2:517
" Disraeli Curios
Lit.
2:329.
"
1844.
1861.
Across Amer., Asia
'Mcintosh, C.
'
Downing, A.
J.
1855.
1858.
1880.
Fr. Fr. Trees
" Darwin, C. Ans.

" Harlan U. S. Pat.
1859.
1870.
Amer. 235.
Pis. Domest. 1:366.

Off.
Rpt. 529.
1861.
1857.
1893.
458
About Damascus,
southern Europe.
made from
is
is
cultivated extensively
and a marmalade
The
dried in large quantities for the purpose of commerce.
is
is
In the oases of Upper Egypt, the fruit of a variety called
the fruit for sale.
musch-musch
it
rovmdish, orange or brownish-orange, with a
more or
less
fruit in general
deep orange-colored
flesh;
the kernel in some sorts is bitter, in others as sweet as a nut.'

Erdman describes the
"
"
of Nerchinsk, Siberia, as a true apricot, containing a very agreeable kernel
wild peach
in
Harlan
fleshless envelope.
describes a variety of
Kabul as so
to require carefvd manipulation in gathering, so delicate that
if
especially lucious as
one should
fall
to the
groimd, the shape would be destroyed.

P. aspera Thunb.
Japan.
The
P. avium Linn,
blue drupe
bird cherry,
Europe and the Caucasus.

The wild species is small and of
land and Germany in the
^
but Hasselquist
were kept alive
gean.
This
distillation of
says the giun
known
spirit
may
wild cherry.
The
fruits are
also
employed in SwitzerOf the cultivated
as kirschwasser.*
75 varieties are described.
The
fruit is well esteemed,
be eaten and that a hundred
two months on the gtim
for
sweet cherry,
mazzard.
the species from which sweet cherries have sprung,
is
Httle value for eating.
more than
fruits of this species,
of the cherry alone.
men
during a siege
Cherry stones were
the seeds mentioned in 1629 to be sent the Massachusetts Company;" they were
among
N. Y., about 1650,' as well as in Rhode Island,* and, in 1669.
also planted at Yonkers,
Shrigley
'
says they were cultivated in Virginia and Maryland.
P. brigantiaca
Gallia.
eatable.
mottes,
eaten.'
is
an
briancon plum,
alpine plum,
Vill.
The
borne in
fruit is
clusters, is
marmottes.
rotmd, yellow and
oil plant.
pltim-like but
In France and Piedmont, the kernels are used to proctu-e the

considered superior to olive
oil
is
scarcely
huille des
mar-
oil.'"
P. buergeriana Miq.
The
large tree of Japan.
pickled in
salt,
when
it is
fruit is small
and
inferior
but
eaten as a condiment or appetizer."
P. capollin Zucc.
The
Mexico.
Thompson, R.
2
Harlan U.
'
Don, G.
a pleasant
Treas. Boi. 2:932.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:51^.
Johnson, C. P.
taste.'^
1870.
1861.
'Thompson, R.
"
cherries are of
1832.
Treas. Bot. 1:251.
(Cerasus aspera)
(Cerasus avium)
1870.
1862.
Mass. Records 1:24.

'
1853.
Ibid.
Shrigley True Rel. Va.,
Md.
5.
"
Downing, A.
"
"Unger, F.
J.
Fr. Fr. Trees
1669.
Amer. 242.
1857.
1891.
1859.
(Cerasus capoUin)
1844.
is
sometimes gathered and

cherry plum.
p. cerasifera Ehrh.
Turkey and nearby

with
lively red,
459
little
The
countries.
The
bloom.
fruit is round,
about an inch in diameter, of a
flesh is greenish, melting, soft,
very juicy, with a pleas-
ant, lively subacid flavor.'
cherry,
P. cerasus Linn,
sour cherry.
pie cherry,
Europe and Orient. More than 50 varieties of this cherry are under cultivation.
About Lake Como, Italy, a variety grows abundantly which is a sort of Morello.^ In
Asia Minor, Walsh
'
describes
two
delicious varieties as growing wild
and cultivated
in
mentioned by Theophrastus,^ about 300 B. C, and Pliny *

states that it was brought to Italy by Lucullus after his victory over Mithridates, and he
also states that, in less than 120 years after, other lands had cherries even as far as Britain
gardens.
This cherry
is
"
'
to our shame it must be told that these
beyond the ocean. Disraeli remarks that
cherries from the King of Pontus' city of Cerasuntis are not the cherries we are now eating;
whole race of cherry-trees was lost in the Saxon period and was only restored by
the gardener of Henry VIII who brought them from Flanders." Loudon ' says the Romans
for the
had
8 kinds and, in
England
in 1640, there
to this class, was the cherry grown
were 24
sorts.
by the Massachusetts
The Red Kentish,
referred
colonists.
P. chamaecerasus Jacq.
Southern Europe and northern Asia.

in
Macedonia and the
fruit is said to
This cherry
is
be dried and to yield
chickasaw plum.
as growing
it is
cultivated.
profit to the farm.
to Jacquin,' this cherry grows on the Austrian Alps; according to Persoon,'"
P. chicasa Michx.
mentioned by Pliny
According
mountain cherry.
This plum was seen by De Soto's " expedition at or
near New Madrid, where it furnished the natives with food. The tree usually grows
from 12 to 20 feet high but Marcy,'* on the Red River of the South, found it forming small
Indian cherry,
Southeastern United States.
bushes from two to six feet high and bearing very large and sweet fruit varying in color
from a light pink to a deep crimson. The fruit varies much and several varieties are in
cultivation.
P. cocomilia Tenore.
Italy.
'
'
The
cocomilla plum.
fruit is yellow, bitter or sour."
Downing, A. J.
Thompson, R.
Ft. Fr. Trees
Amer. 375.
Treas. Bot. i:2$2.
'
Walsh, R.
Theophrastus Hist. PI. 3, 13.

Thompson, R. Treas. Bot. i:2$2.
'
'
Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond.t:^^.
Disraeli Curios Lit. 2:330.
'Loudon,
J.
C.
Hort. S53-
Pickering, C.
1857.
1870.
{Cerasus)
1826.
1870.
i860.
1879.
Ibid.
"
Ibid.
" Bancroft, G.
Hist.
" Marcy, R. B.
"Don, G. Hist.
U. S. 1:53.
Explor.
(Cerasus)
1858.
Red River
Dichl. Pis. 2:498.
1839.
20.
1854.
1832.
{Cerasus chamaecerasus)
460
black apricot.
p. dasycarpa Ehrh.
This apricot with dark purple, velvety
Orient.
fruit
cultivated in Kashmir,
is
Afghanistan, Baluchistan and in Europe.'

P. divaricata Ledeb.
The
Turkestan.
fruits are red, yellow
and black and of the
According to Capus, the natives
the Mirabelle plum.
collect
size,
form and taste of
and dry the
iixdt
but do not
cultivate the tree.^
European plum. plum.

Europe and the Caucasus. The common pltmi came originally, says Unger,' from
the Caucasus and is ctdtivated extensively in Syria, where it has passed into numerous
It is now naturalized in Greece and in other regions of temperate Europe.
varieties.
P. domestica Linn.
Cultivated varieties, according to Pliny, were brought from Syria into Greece and thence
Faulken
into Italy.
says the plimi was introduced from Asia into Europe during the
Gough says the Perdrigon plum was brought into England in the time of
Plum stones were among the seeds mentioned in the Memorandum of Mar.
Henry VII.
The fruit of the plimi ranges through
16, 1629, to be sent to the Massachusetts Company.
'
crusades.
many
from black to white, and
colors,
covered with a
is
The plum
150 varieties appear in the catalogs of American nurserymen.'

delicious eating, in its best varieties, but the
in
and,
Htmgary,
an
excellent
is
brandy
frtiit
of
distilled
some
About
glaucous bloom
rich,
is
not only
largely used for prunes,
is
from the fermented juice of the
fruit.
oregon cherry.
P. emarginata Walp.
The

of the cultivated peach, yet
North American
Although
&
An
when
Walp.
This species
evergreen cherry,
evergreen of southern California.
ripe,
in a country
which was
Brandis, D.
is
cultivated
islay.
The
by the
Unger U.
S. Pat. Off. Rpl. 340.
'
Ibid.
Brown, R.
1874.
1884.
Wood, A.
nearest
pioneers.
mountain holly,
fruit of this
Class
Book
it
Prunus
wild cherry.
is
yellowish-pink
1859.
1853.
Bot. 328.
1864.
1868.
Though
would scarcely be considered worth eating
less destitute of wild fruits.
Forest Fl. 192.
'Card. Chrcn. 22:377.
'
is its
with a pulpy external portion scarcely exceeding a line in thickness.
the fruit has a pleasant taste. Parry says
'
almost devoid of the delicious interior
prairie cherry.
Gray,
Texas and Indian Territory.

ilicifolia
this fruit is
has exactly the appearance and Gray says
it
relative.
P. gracilis Engelm.
P.
wild peach.
wild almond,
P. fasciculata A. Gray,
fruit is
46 1
P. incisa Thunb.
The
Japan.
P.
insititia
fruits are eaten.*
bullace.
Linn,
damson.
Europe, Asia Minor and Himalayas.
The fnut
throughout Eiorope.
This plum
is
found wild in the Caucasus and
globular, black or white,
is
an acid taste but not
of
impleasant, especially when mellowed by frost; it makes a good conserve.'' A f-ariety

with yellow -^ruit is sold in the London markets under the name of the White Damson,
according to Thompson.' From this species has come the cultivated damson plums.
The damson pltmi, says Targioni-Tozzetti,^ was introduced from the East since the day
The damson pltmi was brought into Europe, according
of Cato, who was bom 232 B. C.
to Michaud,* by the Duke of Anjou, in the fifth crusade, 1 198-1204, from a visit to
Jerusalem.
P. japonica Thunb.
Japanese plum.
This plum is much grown
and
China.
Japan
The plum has a sweet and agreeable flavor.*
P. jenkinsii Hook.
Assam.
in
Japan
for
ornament and
for fruit.
f.
This Primus thrives and bears
fruit at
Gowhatty, India.
The
fruit is
only
eatable in tarts or preserved in brandy.'

P. laurocerasus Linn.
Orient.
in England.
puddings and creams.*
cherry laurel.
Rosaceae.
The cherry
The water
mentioned by Gerarde in 1597 as a choice garden shrub

distilled from the leaves has been used extensively for
flavoring
Sweetmeats and custards flavored with leaves of this plant have
laurel
is
occasionally proved fatal on account of the prussic acid, yet they
seem to be sometimes
used.'
P. maritima
Wangenh.
beach plum.

coast extending
The beach
from Maine to the Gulf;
plirni
'"
it
forms a low bush or small tree on the sea-
seldom ripens
its fruit in
the interior."
This
probably one of the plums mentioned by Edward Winslow,'^ 1621, and by Rev. Francis
Higginson," 1629. The fruit is from a half-inch to an inch in diameter, varies from crimis
son to purple and

^
is
'Don, G.
to
agreeable
1886.
New
eat.
It is preserved
1832.
'
Thompson, R.
Targioni-Tozzetti Journ. Hort. Soc. Land. 9: 162.
'
Michaud
Treas. Bot. 2:931.
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
Fluckiger and
'
'
Masters,
M.
Burbidge, F.
W.
1855.
1891.
Card. Ind. 244.
Hanbury Pharm.
T.
1870.
1853.
Georgeson ^mer. Gafd. 12:76.

'
quantities in
series.
Hist. Crusades 3:329.
in considerable
254.
Treas. Bot. 1:251.

Cult. Pis. 477.
1874.
{Cerasus jenkinsii)
1879.
1870.
{Cerasus laurocerasus)
1877.
"
Downing, A. J. Fr. Fr. Trees Amer. 350. 1857.

Young, A. Chron. Pilgr. 234. 1841.
"
New Eng. Plant. Mass. Hist. Soc.
Higginson, Rev. Francis
"
Coll. ist Ser. 1:118.
1792.
462
*
Downing says the plum
Massachusetts.'
red or purple, covered with a bloom, pleasant
is
but somewhat astringent.

P.
mume
The
Japan.
made
&
Sieb.
Japanese apricot.
hard and sour and as a rule
Zucc.
fruit is
This species
into vinegar.
is
is
eaten salted or dried.
cultivated chiefly on accotmt of
It is also
blossoms.'
its
In
China, the blossoms are used for scenting tea.*
bird cherry,
P. padus Linn,
Europe and northern

flavor
but
is
much
hagberry.
parts of Russia, the bruised fruit
says the black
Macgillivray
'
is
fermented and a
used in brandy in Scotland.
is
mawkish, astringent
In Sweden and Lapland and some
spirit is distilled
is
The hagberry
and nauseous.
from
it.'
Lightfoot
'
eaten in Sweden and
of Scotland
De Candolle
is
said
by
says a variety
fruit.
This
Canton, where
juicy and
sour, with a slight
Thimb.
P. paniculata
cherries are
is
to be small, round, black, harsh
occurs with yellow
Japan.
fruit
of the size of grapes, of a nauseous taste,
fruit,
Kamchatka and
The
Asia.
eaten by the Hill People of India.
the Yung-Jo of China but cultivated there only for ornament at

This species was introduced into England in 1819. The
rarely fruits.
it
said
is
'
by Knight
Smith
excellent.
i"
to be middle-sized, reddish-amber in color, very sweet,

says, in China, its fruit is preserved as a
sweetmeat with
honey.
bird cherry, pin cherry, wild red cherry.

"
Vasey says the fruit is sotarand unpleasant; Pursh,'^ that
P. pemisylvanica Linn.
agreeable to eat;
it is
Orient.
Wood,"
that
it is
The peach was known
fruit of Persia,
red and add.
peach.
P. persica Stokes,
f.
C, makes no mention
books are also without mention and there seems to

Emerson, G. B.
'
Downing, A.
'
Rein Indust. Jap. 86.
<
'
Brandis, D.
'
Macgillivray,
De
'
Knight, T. A.
"
Fl. Scot.
W.
Candolle, A.
Smith, F. P.
1874.
1:25^.
Ibid.
1789.
Journ. Agr. 2:$o6.

Geog. Bot. 2:1083.
1831.
1855.
Phys. Hart. Papers 295.

Contrib. Mat.
Med. China
{Cerasus padus)
1841.
58.
1871.
1875.
Fl.Amer. SepUnt.ilii'i. 1814.

Class Book Bot. 327.
1864.
" De Candolle, A.
Ibid.
1875.
1857.
1889.
Vassey U. S. D. A. Rpt. 161.
"Pursh, F.
" Wood, A.
Mass. 2:511.
Amer. 350.
1889.
Forest Fl. 194.
'
'"
Fr. Fr. Trees
J.
Lightfoot, J.
'
Trees, Shrubs
'
C, who speaks of it as
The Hebrew
be no Sanscrit name.'*
The peach
to Theophrastus,'* 322 B.
but Xenophon,'* 401 B.
Geog. Bot. 2:883.
1855.
{Amygdalus persica)
of the peach.
463
seems to have reached Ettrope at about the commencement of the Christian era.
Dioscorides/ who flourished about 60 A. D., speaks of the peach, and Pliny,'^ A. D. 79,
expressly states that
adds that this tree

be
made
was import;ed by the Romans from Persia not long before. He also
was brought from Egypt to the Isle of Rhodes, where it could never
it
to produce fruit,
At
fruit in Greece.'
and thence to
No mention
Columella,' 42 A. D., speaks of
stitious ideas
is
is
very large.
also says the peach
before Christ, and
it
it
of the peach
as being cultivated in France.
it
was not then a common

were known and the
by Cato,^ 201
In China,
of the different varieties,
Candolle
'
of super-
whose number
mentioned in the books of Confucius,
is
represented in sculpture and on porcelain.
is
De
C, and
B.
and the Chinese have a multitude
and legends about the properties
He
says
five varieties alone
made
culture dates to a remote antiquity
its
says
fiom two to
this time,
nectarine was unknown. '^
He
Italy.
fifth
Brandis
'
century
says the
China has been traced back to the tenth centtuy, B. C.

raised with such facility from the stone that its diffusion along routes
cultivation of the peach in
The peach
of
is
commimication must necessarily have been very rapid. If its origin is to be ascribed
may have been carried with the caravans into Kashmir or Bokhara
to China, the stones
and Persia between the time of the Sanscrit emigration and the intercourse
of the Persians
It is quite possible that the long delay in its diffusion
was caused by
with the Greeks.
the inferior qtiality of the peach in
its first
deviation over that which
it
possesses at present.
Mcintosh " says

it reached England about the middle of the sixteenth century, probably from France.
Peach stones were among the seeds ordered by the Governor and Company for the
About 1683, Stacy,*' writing from
Massachusetts Bay Colony in New England in 1629.'^
The peach was introduced from China
"
Jersey, said
"
Peaches
records,
New
thousand trees."
Figs,
"
into Cochin
we have peaches by cart

better than apricocks
Hilton
and Peaches."
'*
loads."
Description of
by some doe feed Hogs,
says of Florida, 1664,
WiUiam
China and Japan.'"
"
New Albion,^* 1648,

one man hath ten
The coimtry abounds with Grapes,
large
Penn,'' in a letter dated Aug. 16, 1683, says of Philadelphia,
There are also very good peaches, and in great quantities; not an Indian plantation
'
De Candolle,
U. S. Pal.
'
Ibid.
A.
Geog. Bo/. 2:881.
Off. Rpt. 283.
De
Candolle, A.
Ceog. Bot. 2:885.
'
'
Ibid.
De
Candolle, A.
Brandis, D.
'"
De
Candolle, A.
" U.
Geog. Bot. 2:883.
Desc.
"Hilton
New
Geog. Bot. 2:883.
(Amygdalus persica)
855.
1855.
(Amygdalus persica)
(Amygdalus persica)
1856.
1648.
Rel. Disc. Fla. 8.
" Watson Annals
1855.
1853.
Phil. 18.
Albion ii.
1855.
{Amygdalus persica)
1874.
Book Card. 2:485.
" Watson Annals
1855.
1853.
Forest Fl. 191.
" Mcintosh, C.
"
1855.
1853.
Phil. 63.
1664.
1856.
1838.
7.
Force Coll. Tracts 4:No.
2.
1846.
464
without them
not
inferior
any peach you have
to
in
England,
except
the
Newington." Beverly* mentions the peach as growing abundantly in Virginia in 1720.

At Easton,
Golden* mentions the peach trees killed by frost in New York in 1737.
Maryland,' Peach Blossom Plantation was established about 1735.
So abundantly distributed had peaches become in the middle of the eighteenth century,
that Bartram
greater par
looked upon them as an original American fruit and as growing wild in the
Du Pratz,' 1758, says: "The natives had doubtless got the
of America.
*
peach trees and fig trees from the English colony of Carolina, before the French established
themselves in Louisiana. The peaches are of the kind we call Alberges, are of the size
of the
fist,
adhere to the stone and are very juicy."
New Mexico and
Indians of
Voyage
to
In 1799, the peach trees of the Mogui
Sonora yielded abimdantly.*
Virginia, found peach trees in fruit at Fayal.
Darwin
distributed in South America.
The peach
is
also
writes that the islands near the
Parana are thickly clothed with peach and orange
trees, springing
abimdantly
mouth
of
the
from seeds carried
the waters of the river.
there
by
The
In 1649, Norwood,' in his
nectarine
is
Darwin
a peach having a smooth skin.
'
gives a
number
of instances
where peach trees have produced nectarines and even nectarines and peaches on the same
A still more curious case is also given where a nectarine tree produced a fruit half
tree.
and subsequently
peach, half nectarine
perfect peaches.
themselves from seed and always possess their
The
small.
at the
run
varieties
commencement
now found
in gardens in
The
Nectarines usually reproduce
peculiar flavor
in parallel lines with the peach.
of the Christian era.'"
in 1532-50, described the
own
first
The
mention
is
and are smooth and
nectarine
was unknown
by Cieza de Leon, who,
"
Caymito of Peru as large as a nectarine."
Europe and America in nimierous varieties.
The
It is
nectarine
is
mentioned
'^
''
by Beverley as growing abundantly in Virginia in 1720. Downing describes 19 varieties
and mentions others. According to Brandis, the nectarine is found in gardens in northern
India,
where
it is
called shuftaloo
and moondla
aroo,
smooth peach, probably introduced
from Kabul.
P. prostrata Labill.
Mediterranean regions and the Orient.
'
U. S. Fat. Off. Rpt. 284.
The
fruit is eaten."
1853.
Ibid.
Ibid.
*
Trav. No.
Kalm, P.
Du
Amer. i:gg.
'Norwood
Voy. Va.
Darwin, C.
5.
Voy. H.
M.
S. Beagle 120.
Darwin, C.
Ans. Pis. Dom. 1:360.

Ans. Pis. Dom. 1:363.
"
Beverley U. S. Pal.
"
Downing, A.
J.
Mo. 361.
1867.
1856.
"Darwin, C.
"Brandis, D.
1772.
1758, from Agr.
Pratz Hist. La.
Off. Rpt. 284.
Fr. Fr. Trees
Forest Fl. 19^.
1893.
1893.
1853.
Amer. 645.
1874.
1844.
1884.
1857.

p.
465
puddum Roxb.
Himalayan
Royle
not
is
it
says
The
region.
fruit is acid
but
edible
and
astringent, not
employed
is
much
making a
for
eaten or valued.'
well-flavored
cherry
brandy.
dwarf cherry, sand cherry.

Northern United States. The fruit is small, dark
P. pumila Linn,
red and eatable.
In the Indian
Territory, every Indian goes to the plum ground in the season to collect the
and preserved. From Lake Superior to Elk River on the 5 7th

found what he took to be this species with very sweet fruit.
is
dried
This
which
Richardson
'
creek plum.
P. rivularis Scheele.
Texas.
parallel,
fruit,
uncommon on
a small shrub, not
is
the Colorado and
its tributaries,
bearing excellent, red plums in August and September.*
rum cherry,
P. serotina Ehrh.
North America.
In
wild black cherry.
Mexico, this cherry
succulent fruit resembles apricots and
is
is
sold in
called capuli.
Burbridge
says the
Mexican markets under the name
of
capulinos.
P. sibirica Linn.
The
Siberia.
sour or acid, and contains a bitter kernel.'
fruit is small,
apricot plum,
P. simonii Carr.
simon plum.
This plum was introduced into America from France.

handsome and of firm flesh, has little merit.'
China.
large,
The
friiit,
though
P. sphaerocarpa Sw.
Tropical America.
the seeds, cherry,
blackthorn,
P. spinosa Linn,
is
From
plum and damson wine
is
flavored.
'
sloe.
Europe, north Africa, the Orient and now naturalized in the United States. The fruit
a small plum, nearly glabrous, black, covered with a bluish bloom and has a very
like
The
austere taste.
makes a very good

ripe fruit
fruit is eaten in
conserve.
is
districts of
northern Europe and with sugar
pickled, as a substitute for olives, and, in
crushed, fermented with water and a spirit
'
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 194.
Royle, J. F.
Illustr. Bot.
'
Richardson,
Burbidge, F.
Don, G.
'Bailey,
W.
Baillon,
H.
Cornell Bui. 51:57.

Hist. Pis. 1:441.
Johnson, C. P.
Loudon,
Cult. Pis. 478.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:4^8.
L.H.
J.
C.
1839.
1851.
Proc.
is distilled
1874.
Himal. 1:205.
Arctic Explor. 2:2^%.
J.
<Havard, V.
'
is
'
'
some
leaves are used to adulterate tea.'
The
juice of the
said to enter largely into the manufactiu-e of the cheaper kinds of port wine.
is
In France, the imripe fruit

the fruit
The
(P. americana)
1885.
(P. salicifalius)
1877.
1832.
(Armeniaca
1893.
1871.
1862.
1844.
sibirica)
Germany and
from
it."*
Russia,
466
pacific plum.
p. subcordata Benth.
The
California.
siderable quantities
fruit is large, pleasantly acid
and
excellent;'
gathered in con-
it is
by both Indians and Whites.*
P. tomentosa Thunb.
This species
East Asia.
summer,
in
of cherry size
is
honey and
is
a bush or very small
is
and
tree.
The imripe
of good quality.
The
fruit ripens early in
the
fruit is also pickled or boiled
served as a delicacy.*
Japanese plum, triflora plum.

Burma, China and Japan. This plant is now common in the gardens
cultivated in China, Japan and now in Europe and America.
P. trifiora Roxb.
P. umbellata Ell.
of India.*
It is
sloe of the south.
small tree from Georgia to Florida.
The
and
fruit is pleasantly acid
is
employed
in preserves.'
P. ursina Kotschy.
This plum bears sweet, pleasant
Syria.
P. virginiana Linn,
tall
bear plum.
fruit,
the size of a damson and serves as food.'
choke cherry.
shrub of North America, seldom a
The
astringent imtil perfectly ripe.'
the fruit of which
tree,
fruit differs
much on
very austere, sometimes very juicy and pleasant with
is
very austere and
different plants, being
little
astringency.
sometimes
Wood,'
in his
New
England's Prospects, mentions choke cherries and says they are very austere and
"
as yet
as wilde as the Indians." Tjrtler ^ says the fruit is not very edible but forms
a desirable addition to pemmican when dried and bruised. The fruit is now much used
by the Indians
The
of the West,
and the bark
purplish-black or red fruit
Psammisia
bicolor Klotzsch.
Of the cold zone
is
is
made
of the Peruvian Andes.
high, evergreen
Pseudospondias microcarpa Engl. Anacardiaceae.

Guinea. The small, black fruit is edible.**
Newberry Pacific R. R. Rpt. 6:73. 1857.
Brewer and Watson Boi. Col. 1 167. 1880.
:
'
*
Georgeson Amer. Card. 12:75. 1891.

Royle, J. F. Illustr. Bot. Himal. 1:205.
Bo/. 5o. Car., Ga. 1:542.
'Elliott, S.
U. S. Pat.
Unger, P.
'
Man.
Gray, A.
New
>Wood, W.
'
'
Off.
Bot. 149.
Rpt. 340.
1859.
1868.
Eng. Prosp.
16.
1865.
Amer. 311.
Brewer and Watson
" Don, G.
Bot. Col.
5e/. P/j. 498.
1839.
1821.
Tytler Prog. Disc. No. Coast
" Mueller, P.
is
of them.
Vacciniaceae.
of the size of a hazelnut."
'
and drunk by some

somewhat astringent."
into a tea
sweet and edible but
167.
1891.
Hist. Dickl. Pis. 2:7^.
1833.
1880.
(P. demissa)
(Vaccinium
1832.
bicolor)
(Spondias zanzee)
bush with red berries

Psidium acutangulum DC.
A
apple
Myrtaceae.
on the Amazon River.
tree of the higher regions
Its fruit is pale yellow
and
of
size.'
guava.
P. araca Raddi.
West Indies and Guiana

is
467
of excellent taste. ^
P. arboreum Veil,
to Peru
The berry
and southern
greenish-yellow fruit
the size of a nutmeg.'
is
guava.
This guava meastires about an inch and
Brazil.
The
Brazil.
P. cattleianum Sabine
is
of excellent flavor.^
purple guava.
Probably a native of Brazil, though originally brought to Europe from China. ^ The
fruits are large, spherical, of a fine, deep claret color, with a soft, fleshy
pulp, purplish-red
next the skin but white at the center and of a very agreeable, acid-sweet flavor.'
P. chrysophyllum F. Muell.
South
The
Brazil.
fruit is generally
not larger than a cherry.'
P. cinereum Mart.
The
Brazil.
fruit is edible.'
P. cuneatum Cambess.
The
Brazil.
fruit is greenish
and of the
size of
a Mirabelle plum. '
P. grandifolium Mart.
The
Brazil.
P. guajava Linn,
a walnut.'"
apple guava.
Tropical America.
yellow guava.
There are two varieties which are by some classed as species: P.

and P. pyriforme Griseb. or pyriferum Linn., the pear-
Linn., the apple-shaped,
pomiferum
shaped. This species is very largely cultivated in the vicinity of Campos, Brazil. The
fruit is made into a sweetmeat and is exported in great quantities."
In the Quito region,
says Herrera,'^ there are guayabos that produce fruit like apples, with many kernels, some
white and some red, well tasted and wholesome. The fruit is globular, varying from the
size of
a plimi to that of an apple and resembles an orange.
the fruit makes an excellent preserve.
on from time immemorial, as
is
shown by the
'MueUer, F.
Set. Pis. 18S.
1876.
'Mueller, F.
Sel.
Ph.
1891.
Don, G.
MueUer, F.
'
Smith, A.
Don, G.
2,91.
Sel. Pis. ^91.
The
Treas. Bot. 2:9^4.
1832.
{P. guineense)
1870.
'Mueller, F.
5e/. P/i.
391.
1891.
'Mueller, F.
Sel. Pis. Z92.
1891.
1891.
Ibid.
"Don, G.
fruit frequently
(P.aciditm)
1891.
1832.
" Hartt
Ceog. Braz. 47.
1870.
" Herrera Hist. Amer. Stevens Trans.
5:61.
1740.
The
cultivation of the
taste
is
rather bitter but
guava has been carried
being seedless.
The guava
468
reached the East Indies through the agency of the Portuguese and Spaniards. It has
but recently reached China and the Philippines, the west coast of Africa and the Island
^
states
that those he has gathered have been nothing better than a hard, xmeatable berry.
The
of Mauritius.
is
guava
size to
rind
is
West
cultivated in the
The
occasionally seedless.
and
says, in India, its fruit is of a delicious flavor.
'
Voight
Indies,
fruit is
in Florida
and
elsewhere, and the
about an eighth of
The
seeds.'
bony
fruits are
smooth, crowned with the calj^, not unlike in shape
a pomegranate, having an agreeable smell and turning yellow when
ripe.
The
inch in thickness, brittle and fleshy and contains a firm pulp
sui
of white, red or yellow color in the different varieties and

full of
Firminger
is
of
an agreeable
taste.
It is
esteemed raw and also in preserves.
fruit is
P, incanescens Mart.
The berry
Brazil.
is edible.*
'
P. indicum Raddi.
The
Brazil.
P.
species
montanum Sw.
is
cultivated for
its fruit.'
spice guava.
West Indies. The fruit is eatable, green in color and soft when ripe.
a very pleasing smell, like that of strawberries, which the pulp also resembles in
This fruit makes
taste, leaving its rich flavor on the palate for some time after eating.
large tree of
It has
The
excellent marmalade.*
P.
fruit is edible.'
pigmeum Arruda.
The
shrub of Brazil.
about the
fruit is
after on account of its delicious flavor
marangaba
a gooseberry and
is
greatly sought
which resembles that of the strawberr>'.
It is the
of the Brazilians.*
Lamb.
P. polycarpon
The
Tropical America.
The
size of
berries are yellow, the size of a cherry
yellow inside, the size of a plima and of a delicate
fruit is
and
of exquisite taste.'
taste.'"
P. nifum Mart.
The
Brazil.
plant produces a palatable fruit."
Psophocarpus tetragonolobus DC. Leguminosae. goa bean.

This plant is grown in India for the sake of its edible seeds and also for use as a
The pod
string bean.
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
Ibid.
'Lunan,
<
Mueller, F.
Lunan,
'
Card. Ind. 263.
Sel. Pis. 392.
Hist. Dichl.
/Tort.
J.
Mueller, F.
Gardner, G.
Mueller, F.
Don, G.
to eight inches long, half an inch wide, with a leafy kind of
Hort. Jam. i:$50.
J.
Don, G.
is six
1814.
Ph. 2:833.
Sel. Pis. 393.
(P. cordaHim)
1846.
1891.
"Mueller, F.
1832.
1814.
1876.
Trav. Braz. 146.

Sel. Pis. 393.
{P. pumilum)
1891.
/am. 1:351.
Sel. Pis. 188.
1874.
1891.
1832.

fringe running along the length of its four corners.
Firminger,*
is
a vegetable of
Mauritius, the plant
is
little
called pais
and says
is
cooked whole and, says
Wight calls it a passable vegetable. In the

and
is cultivated for the seeds.^
canes
In Burma and
value.
the Philippines, the pods are eaten.

"
The pod
469
Pickering
it is
says
a native of equatorial Africa
the kidney beans of the finest quality," observed by Cada Mosto
in Senegal
in 1455, belong here.
Psoralea
.calif omica S.
Wats.
Leguminosae.
The tuberous
California.
roots are eaten
by the
Piutes.'
P. canescens Michx.
Southern states of North America.
This plant has esculent roots.'
P. castorea S. Wats.
Colorado to California.
The
roots afford food to the Piute Indians.*
bread root.
P. esculenta Pursh.
Indian turnip,
Upper Missouri and Rocky Moimtain region.'
pomme blanche,
This root
Indians of Kansas and Nebraska, and the Sioux use
it
is
prairie potato.
a special luxury to the
very extensively.'"
roasted while fresh or carefully dried and stored for winter use."
The
It is eaten
stringy,
dry and
tough roots are eaten by the Cree Indians of the northwest, either raw or roasted.'^
jesuit tea.
P. glandulosa Linn,
Chile.
The
roots
are dried
and smoked.
The
plant has been introduced
the Mauritius" where the leaves are used as a tea substitute.

culen.^*
P. h3rpogaea Nutt.
The
North America.
P. subacaulis Torr.
&
The
Tennessee.
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
Wight, R.
Illustr.
Pickering, C.
*
'
Gray.
plant has edible roots."
Card. Ind. 150.

Ind. Bot.
1874.
1840.
192.
1879.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Havard, V.
'
tubers are edible.''
1895.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Smith, A.
Treoj. BoZ. 2:935.
1870.
Fremont Explor. Exped. 107. 1845.

" Pursh, F. Fl. Amer.
Septent. 2:475.
" Hooker, W. J. Fl. Bor. Amer.
1:137.
'"
" Smith, A.
Treas. Bot. 2:935.
1814.
1840.
{P
1870.
" Card. Chron.

242.
Aug. 19, 1882. New series.
" Havard, V. Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 22 108.
1895.
:
'
Ibid.
hrachiata)
In Chile,
it is
into
called
470
Ptelea
The
shrubby trefoil.
hop tree,
Rutaceae.
trifoliata Linn.
a winged seed,
fruit,
is
bitter
and has been used as a
substitute for hops.'

Pteris aquilina Linn.
brake.
bracken,
Polypodiaceae.
Northern regions. The rhizomes, says Lindley, have been used as a substitute for
^
hops and furnish a wretched bread. Pickering says it is enimierated by Epichamus
Normandy have sometimes been compelled
Lightfoot sa>-s the people of
as edible.
In 1683, says Lacombe, such was the destitution

"
some of the inhabitants are
in some districts of France that the Abb^ Grandel writes
to subsist on bread made of brake
living
a piece
upon bread made

of bread
made
roots.
and
of ferns;"
"
Sire, this is
of fern, said,
Duke
in 1745 the
what
of Orleans, giving Louis
yotir subjects live
In
upon."
XV
Siberia,
says Johnson,' the rhizomes are employed with about two-thirds their weight of malt
The brake is enumerated by Thunberg among the edible
for brewing a kind of beer.
Bohmer sajrs the yotmg shoots are much prized by the Japanese.
The fronds are gathered when still undeveloped and used in soups. The roots serve the
inhabitants of Palma and Gomera for food, as Humboldt states; they grind them to powder,
mix with barley meal and this composition, when boiled, is called gofio. In 1405, Betangon
plants of Japan, and
"
found the people of the Canaries in Ferro living on fern roots, as for grain they had none;
their bread was made of fern roots;" it was the only edible root of Palma when Europeans
Professor Brewer says that the young, tender shoots are boiled
visited the island.
first
by the
The
California miners
and eaten
like asparagus, being
fronds of the brake are used as a potherb in
found mucilaginous and palatable.

Everywhere in Vancouver
New England.
Island and the neighboring country, s&ys R. Brown, the Indians gather the roots and boil
and
eat
them
as food
root
natives of
great luxury.
tara fern.
P. esculenta.
The
and they look upon them as a
is
New
tmiversally eaten
by the Maoris
of
South Wales have resource whenever
New
Zealand.
To
these roots, the
their sweet potatoes or
maize crops
In the Voyage of the Novara, these roots are said to have formed the chief subsistence
of the Maoris before the introduction of the potato and to have been called raoras.
fail.
Pterocarya caucasica C. A. Mey.

Orient.
Juglandeae.
The plant produces an
Pueraria thunbergiana Benth.
China and Japan.
The
edible nut.''
Leguminosae.
roots are fleshy
wild plants are dug for their roots. ^
The
and
are used as food.*
'Gray. A.
'
Man.
Pickering, C.
Bot.
no.
1868.
Johnson, C. P.
Unger, F.
'

Science 498.
1879.
<
1884.
1892.
yield
a starch of excellent quality. The

and shoots
roots contain starch, while the leaves
1859.
1862.
STURTEVANT
47 1
DC.
P. tuberosa

Pulicaria odora Reichb.
South Europe.
Brandis
'
says the large, tuberous roots are eaten.
Compositae.
In Yemen, this species
is
cultivated for
its
pleasant odor and edible
leaves.'
Pulmonaria
Linn.
officinalis
Gerarde
Europe.
'
Boragineae.
Jerusalem cowslip,
says the leaves are used
Punica granatum Linn.
among
lungwort.
potherbs.
pomegranate.
Lythrarieae.
Asia Minor, ^ Armenia, central Caucasus
'
and the Himalayas.' The pomegranate is

and has been distributed east-
of very ancient ctilture in Palestine, Persia, northern India
On account
ward to northern China.'

a mystical
of the profusion of its seeds,
it
was with the ancients
typifying procreation, increase and abundance.'
fruit,
Yet
seedless fruits
from Djillalabad are eniunerated by Harlan ^ as among the fruits in the market at Kabul.
Sir A. Barnes mentions a famous pomegranate without seeds grown in gardens near the
Kabul River, and in i860 cuttings from a seedless variety from Palestine were distributed
as a much esteemed variety from the United Patent Office.'" Bumes," in his Travels in
Bokhara, remarks on the pomegranate seeding in Mazenderan as a remarkable peculiarity.
According to Athenaeus, Aphrodite
The fancy
first
planted the pomegranate on Cyprus and in Greece.
of the Greeks derived this fruit
from the blood of Dionysius Zagreus. The

Egypt and was cultivated even in the time of Moses. It was
raised in the gardens about Carthage.
Darius Hystaspes, according to Herodotus, ate
of its fruit.
Homer mentions the pomegranate as present in the gardens of Alcinous.
pomegranate was known
The Romans brought
in
from Carthage to
it
Italy, for
which reason they
call its fruits
mala
punica.
Pliny enimierates nine different kinds and these at the present day have increased
greatly.
The pomegranate
now found growing
is
Switzerland, as also in Spain, southern France
by
Wm.
now
and
wild in the southern Tyrol, southern
Bartram," about 1773, growing out of the ruins
thrives everywhere on the Gulf coast of Florida.'*
California
by Father
'
Brandis, D.
'
Pickering, C.
'Gerarde,
De
Baegert,'* 1751-1768.
Forest Fl. 141.
Herb. 663.
J.
1876.
Candolle, A.
1879.
1597.
Geog. Bot. 2:892.
1855.
Ibid.
Royle,
'
Hooker,
lUustr. Bot. Himal. 1:208.
F.
J.
Unger, F.
W.
V. S. Pat.
J.
Off.
" Darwin, C.
"Redmond, D.
Smithsonian
1839.
1859.
1834.
86 1.
i860.
Ans. Pis. Domest. 2:152 Note.
U. S. Pat.
"Unger, F.
" Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc.
^^
Rpt. 342.
Journ. Bot. 1:119.
" U.
The pomegranate was observed
Greece.'^
Off. Rpt. 342.
27.
1880.
Amer. Pom. Soc.
Inst. Rpt. 356.
1859.
57.
1864.
1875.
1893.
and
it
was mentioned as found
in
of Frederica, Georgia,
It
472
There are many varieties, some with sour, others with subacid, others with sweet
fruit.
These are generally described as about the size of the fist, with a tough, leathery
rind of a beautiful, deep golden color tinged with red
The
the calyx lobes.
but the best
wild fruit
and are crowned with the remaim
brought down to India from the Hill Regions for
is
of
sale,'
that having sweet juice and very small seeds, comes from Kabul.*
fruit,
than
Burton* describes in Arabia three kinds: Shami, red outside, and very sweet
it was almost stoneless,
which he never saw a finer fruit in the East, except at Mecca
and as
deliciously perfimied
large as an infant's head; Turki, large,
and
of
a white color;
Misri, with a greenish rind and a somewhat subacid and harsh flavor.
DC.
Pyrularia edulis A.
Himalayan
The
Santalaceae.
This
region.
fruit is eaten
by
P. pubera Michx.
a large tree whose drupaceous
is
fruit is
used for food."
the natives.'
buffalo-nut.
oil-nut.
The
Pennsylvania to Georgia.
plant yields an edible
according to Unger.^
fruit,
Pyrus angustifolia Ait. Rosaceae. American crab.

North America. This species differs little from the P. coronaria of which
be a variety.
Its
not well
P. arbutifolia Linn.
but somewhat
The
is
Europe and northern
and
a bread,
is
eaten
'
that, fermented
it
J.
The
'
and
Illustr. Bot.
distilled,
"
"
eaten by children.
'^
says the fruit
is
edible
spirit.
1870.
Himal. 1:206.
1839.
1877.
PUgr. Medina, Meccak 249.
Burton, R. F.
Sel.
Dickie, G. D.
Hunt
of a delicate, aromatic taste
puckery quality, but occasionally
is
yields a good
it
Ph. 396.
1856.
1891.
Preas. Bot. 2:1080.
1870.
(Sphaerocarya edulis)

'Unger, F.
1859.
Vasey Amer. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 56. 1877.
">
for its
berries of this species occur in the debris of the
Johnson
'Mueller, F.
U. S. D. A. Spec. Rpt. 3:62.
Josselyn, J.
Foy. 59.
Pickering, C.
" Loudon,
J.
"Brandis, D.
C.
1865.
1883.
1879.
Arb. Frut. Brit. 2:gii.

Forest
PL 206.
(Hamiltonia oleijera)
Reprint.
Johnson, C. P.
may*
white beam tree.
Asia.
Treas. Bot. 2:<)î.
F.
Dutt, U. C.
*
known
"
half rotten.'*
Smith, A.
'Royle,
as
its fruit
1870.
1862.
1844.
when mellowed by
Dried and formed into
has been eaten in France and Sweden in time of scarcity."
when
it
occurs in Virginia, Kansas and the western
rather pleasant tasting and
lake settlements of Switzerland."

frost
mentions
fruit is well
chess apple,
P. aria Ehrh.
'"
Josselyn
stiptick."
found which
is
it
chokeberry.
f.
Northeast America.
a variety
known but
range
good for preserves and sauces.'
It is
states.'
is
In India, the
fruit
STURTEVANT
mountain ash.
P. aucuparia Ehrh.
The round
of the berries.
into a jam,
is
rowan
quickbeam.
Europe and northern Asia. This

ornament in America and, in France,
species
is
is
473
tree.
a native of Europe but
is
cultivated for
grafted on the service tree to increase the size
fruit is small, scarlet,
very juicy, sour and bitter but, when
made
In Wales and the Scottish Highlands, in Livonia, Sweden
called palatable.
and Kamchatka, the berries are eaten when ripe as a

In various parts of the north
the femented berries.
dried fruitf is ground into a meal
and
fruit,
and a liquor
is
produced from
of Etirope, in times of scarcity, the
used as a bread-food.
is
Siberian crab.
P. baccata Linn.
Himalayan region and northern Asia. This species is cultivated in our gardens for
ornament and is highly esteemed for preserving.' The fruit, in India, says Brandis,^
is
small and sour but palatable, with a true apple flavor.
It is
much
by the
prized
Hill
People.
P. betulaefolia Bunge.
China.
birch-leaved pear.
.The flowers, leaves and fruit are edible.
was noted
It
in
China in the four-
teenth century.'
P.
pear.
communis Linn.
Europe, northern Asia and the Himalayan region. The pear is a native of Europe
and the Caucasian countries. It has been in cxilfivation from time immemorial. The
fruit tree figured in
one of the tombs at
Guma seems to belong here,
a small-fruited kind appears in the debris of the
Unger
'
of the Ballachrades of the Argives with the wild pear (achras)

article of
Romans
produced niunerous
Palladius,'" 56.
a manuscript
first
sorts.*
Theophrastus
Targioni-Tozzetti
'^
knew
says
and Thasos was

primitive festival
this first
greatly improved
its
cultivation
and
3 kinds of pears; Cato,* 6; Pliny,' 41;
that
in
Tuscany, under the Medici, in
of the fruits served at the table of the
list
The
occupied themselves more closely with

'
states that
had reference to
The Jews were acquainted with
food of their forefathers.
varieties, but the
earliest lake villages of Switzerland.
states that pears were raised in the gardens of the Phoenicians,
celebrated in ancient times on account of the excellence of its pears.
and
and Heer
Grand Duke Cosmo
III, is
an
envuneration of 209 different varieties, and another manuscript of that time raises the
nimiber to 232. In Britain, in 1640, 64 kinds were cultivated,'* and in 1842 more than 700
'
Downing, A.
'
Brandis, D.
Fr. Fr. Trees
J.
Forest Fl. 205.
Bretschneider, E.
De CandoUe,
Unger, F.
A.
Amer. 228.
1857.
1874.
Bot. Siv. 52.
1882.
1885.
1859.
Ibid.
^
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
"
" Mcintosh, C.
Book Card. 2:447.
1855.
1855.
STURTEVANT
474
sorts
had been proved
Field
'
in the Horticultiiral Society's
'
gardens to be distinct.
gives a catalog of 850 varieties, of which 683 are of
European
origin.
In 1866,
The American
Pomological Society's Catalog of 1879,' names 115 distinct kinds which are considered
The pear
desirable for culture.
now fotmd
is
in Europe, Circassia, central Asia, the north
China and Japan, as well as in America but is not grown in southern India, nor in Nor'
of March 16, 1629, to be sent
way.* Pear seeds were mentioned in the Memorandum
of
to the Massachusetts
about 1640, a tree was imported by Governor

and planted at Eastman, Massachusetts, and one about the same time was
Prince
Company;
in or
The Stuyvesant
planted at Yarmouth,' Massachusetts.
Amsterdam
said in
and
in 1647
is
'
pear tree was planted in
said to have been imported from Holland.
Perfect Description of
that
Virginia
"
In 1648,
New
it is
Mr. Richard Kinsman hath had for
Butts of Perry made out of his orchard, pure and

the banks of the Detroit River pears were planted as early as 1705 by the
this three or four years forty or fifty
On
good."
French
settlers.*"
American crab apple,
P. coronaria Linn.
on the
it is,
New England coast.
This
is,
garland crab,
sweet-scented crab.
"
the
seen
perhaps,
apple
by Verazzano in 1524
The fruit is about an inch
in diameter, very acid
and uneatable;
however, used for preserves and for making cider."
P. cydonia Linn,
quince.
Mediterranean and Caucasus regions. The quince was held in high repute by the
ancients and was dedicated to the Goddess of Love.
Theophrastus speaks of a kind of
quince as struthion and Dioscorides speaks of the tree as kudonea.
Athenaeus says Corinth

furnished the Athenians with quinces as delicious to the taste as they were beautiful to the
The quince was brought to Italy from Kydron, a city of Crete, according to Pliny.
eye.
Coltunella"
In 812,
**
Loudon,
J.
Field, T.
W.
Amer. Pom. Soc.
enjoined
C.
Hort. 546.
Pear
Cat.
Treas. Bot. 2:945.
1858.
1879.
1870.
1880.
i88o.
Ibid.

Per/. Desc. Va. 14.
" Hist. Mass.

"
1649.
Hort. Soc. 22.
1880.

1880.
Tytler Prog. Disc. No. Coasts Amer. 36.
1833.
"Sargent U. S. Census (i:i2. 1884.

" Mcintosh, C. Book Card.
2:560.
1855.
"
and
Pharm.
Fluckiger
"Pickering, C.
"
quinces not only yield pleasure but health."
cultivation in France.
i860.
Cult. 271.
'Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc. 3.

'
its
"
In England,
it
it
was known
under the
In 1446, baked quinces were served at a banquet in England.'* Quinces
'
'
he says
in the latter part of the fourteenth century, for he speaks of
of coine.
'
in his time, for
it
"
Charlemagne
to Chaucer
name
knew
Fluckiger and
Hanbury
240.
1879.
1879.
Hanbury Pharm.
240.
1879.
8.
1838.
STURTEVANT
475
reached America in colonial times, for quince kernels were in the Memorandxmi of March
seeds to be sent the Massachusetts
16, 1629, of
Company.^
1648^ and again by Shrigley in 1669.'
in
They
are mentioned in Virginia
In 1720, they are mentioned as growing

"
*
writes:
There are two varieties of the quince
abundantly.'' At Santa Cruz, Bartlett
here, one hard and tart like our own, the other sweet and eatable in its raw state, yet
The Mexicans gathered and
preserving the rich flavor of the former.
but
found them too hard for
my
digestive organs."
ate
them
like apples
In Chile, says Molina,' the quinces
are of large, size, though, like those of Europe, they have an acid and astringent taste but,
to attain perfect maturity, they are very sweet
if siiffered
P. germanica Hook.
medlar.
f.
The medlar, although
Eastern Europe and the Orient.

the whole of Europe,
and good.
distributed throughout almost
was brough,
to Greece at an early period, and Theophrastus was acquainted with three varieties. At
the time of Cato, it was vmknown in Italy and was first brought there from Macedonia
is
not indigenous but
after the
Macedonian war.
only that
it
came
The
The
not at
when
but,
when
it
way
Romans found
the medlar in Gaul proves
Three varieties are considered worthy

brown and the flesh firm and austeret
of trade.'
skin of the fruit
is
first
decay has, to many tastes, an agreeable

a seedless variety which keeps longer than the other kinds. '
pulp, in its incipient state of

is
It
gathered and requiring to be kept until it begins to decay,

becomes completely disorganized and its green color has entirely gone, the
to eat
all fit
a native of northern Persia.
fact that the
there earlier in the
of cultivation in England.
is
acidity.
There
P. glabra Boiss.
Southern Persia.
This species furnishes a
fruit
bears a substance which, according to Haussknecht,

is
extremely
is
which
is
collected
eaten.'
In Luristan
it
by the inhabitants and
oak manna.'"
like
P. intermedia Ehrh.
Europe.
The
fruit is
P. japonica Thimb.
red and eatable."
Japanese quince.
is said to have been
The Japanese quince

fruit of the variety, says
impleasant smell.
'
Mass. Records 1:24.

Perf. Desc. Va. 14.
>
Shngley True Rel. Va., Md. s- 1669.

1880.
'Bartlett,
J.
R.
1649.
'
Unger, F.
'
Thompson, R.
Force Coll. Tracts. 2:
Explor. Tex. 1:414.
1844.
1654.
1808.

Treas. Bot. 2:73^.
1859.
1859.
1879.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. 2:6^7.
(Mespiius germanica)
1870.
"Don, G.
1838.
Fluckiger and Hanbury Pkarm. 373.
Unger, F.
"
introduced into Europe in 181 5.
The
Downing, is dark green, very hard and has a peculiar and not
In the Michigan Pomological Society's Report,^^ the fruit is said to be
'
">
first
'^
1832.

" Mich. Pom. Soc. Rpt.
469.
1879.
{Cydonia japonica)
476
sometimes used in
E. Y. Teas,' a correspondent of Case's Botanical Index, says he
jellies.
has seen specimens two by three inches in diameter, with a fine fleshy texture, abounding
in
rich,
aromatic
as tart as and very
juice,
of the finest quality
and most
much
like
a lemon, readily producing a jelly

or stewed, the fruit becomes
When baked
delightful flavor.
fine.
very
P. lanata D. Don.
Himalayan
The
region.
fruit is edible.'
apple.
P. malus Linn,
The apple has been
Forests of temperate Europe and Asia.
cultivated from remote
Carbonized apples have been foimd in the ancient lake habitations of Switzerland,
at Wangen, at Robenhausen and at Concise, but these are small and resemble those which
time.
grow wild
still
cians.*
They
Apples were raised in the gardens of the Phoeni-
in the Swiss forests.'
are.
noticed by Sappho, Theocritus and Tibullus.'
kinds of apples; Cato,'
7; Pliny,' 36;
Palladius,' 37."'
Theophrastus
Varro, in the
first
knew
centtiry B.
C,
reports that, when he led his army through Transalpine Gaul as far as the Rhine, he
passed through a country that had not the apple. According to Targioni-Tozzetti,"
in a manuscript list of the fruits served
Duke Cosmo
up
in the course of the year 1670 at the table of
Tuscany, 56 sorts are described, 52 of which are figured

'*
"
by Costello.'^ In England, 1640, Parkinson enumerates 59 sorts. In 1669, Worlidge
''
In 1697, Meager
gives a list of 83 as cultivated
gives a list of 92, chiefly cider apples.
the Grand
in the
London
III, of
Yet Hartlibb,'* 1651, mentions 200 and was
nurseries of his day.
of opinion
that SCO varieties existed.
supposed to be the present Massachunot to what fruit he could have referred. Apple seeds
In 1524, Verazzano," on the coast of what

setts,
mentions apples but we know
were in the
Memorandum
'
'
Case Bot. Index.

Royle,
J.
F.
Illustr. Bot.
Lubbock Amer. Journ.
Unger U.
'
Pickering, C.
'
of seeds to
Apr. 1880.
'
Unger U.
be sent the Massachusetts Company. In

European born in New England, planted apples at Marsh-
of 1629
1648, Peregrin White,'*' the first
is
Himal. 1:206.
Set.
and
i4r{
1859.
Ceog. Dist. Ans., Pis. 39.
1839.
34:181
1863.
1859.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
"
Targoni-Tozzetti Journ. Hort. Soc. Lond. 9:159

Ibid.
Mcintosh, C.
" Ibid.
" Ibid.
'
"
Book Card. 2:412.
1855.
Ibid.
" Mass. Records 1:24.

" Hist. Mass. Hort. Soc.
3.
18S0.
1833.
1855,
STURTEVANT
field.
'
In 1639, Josselyn
"
was treated with
"
half a score very fair pippins
was then
Boston Harbor, though there
nor's Island in
477
"
from Gover-
not one apple tree nor pear planted
In 1635, at Cumberland, Rhode

In 1635, as Josselyn' states,
yet in no part of the country but upon that island."
Island, a kind called Yellow Sweeting was originated.^
"
Mr. Wolcott, a distinguished Connecticut magistrate, wrote that he had made

five
"
hundred hogsheads of cider out of his own orchard in one year and yet this was not
"
Mr. Richard Bennett
more than ftve years after his colony was planted. In 1648,
had
(of Virginia)
excellent cider."
this yeere out of his orchard as
and the American Pomological
"
of 1798,*
of $1200.'
were sown by
in his
'"
"
and
13
York, Colonel Dearof apple
and
a great plenty of apple and peach
"
stated that one farmer near
it is
About
five miles
Geneva
sold cider this year to the
from Harrodsburg, Kentucky, in 1779, apple seeds
colonists.
In 1643, Henry Brewer
Darwin
20 Butts of
a considerable niunber of apple trees 20 or 30 years old;"

"
official report says,
a great number of fruit trees." In a
trees;" Dr. Campfield writes,
and Gen. Sullivan
New
Here are considerable number
other fruit trees;" the Journal of Capt. Nukerck says,
pamphlet
made
Society, 1879, endorses 321 varieties of the apple
says imder date of September 7th,
amount
apples as he
In 1779, in Gen. Sullivan's Campaign, at Geneva,
of crabs.
bom
many
In Downing's Fruits,^ edition of 1866, some 643 varieties are noticed,
"*
'
found on the coast of Chile
says he never saw apples anywhere thrive so
"
very good apples."

well,
and
"
In Chiloe,
they are propagated
''
speaks of the houses in portions of Chile being placed in groves

About Qiuto, says Hall,^^ the apples are plentiful but small and ill-flavored.
by cuttings."
Bridges
of apple trees.
In Jamaica, saj^ Lunan,^' no apple yet introduced thrives and the fruits are usually seedAmong the introduced fruits of New Zealand, Wilkes," 1840, mentions the apple.
less.
Thunberg does not mention them in Japan in 1776, but Hogg does in 1864; they are cultivated in the north of China and in northern India, small in some districts, remarkably
In Turkestan, in 12 19, Ye-lu-Tch"u-tsai, a Chinese traveler, found dense
fine in others.'*
The apple
forests of apple trees."
'
'
New
Josselyn, J.
Voy. 145.
Per/. Desc. Va. 14.
Downing, A.
Sept. 20
Force Coll.
Fr. Fr. Trees
Document. Hist. N. 7.2:1125.
'
Conover, G.
Churchill
S.
Co.
" Hooker, W.
Hooker,
" Lunan,
W.
J.
"Wilkes, C.
Royle,
J. F.
Amer.
Tract:.. 2
1857.
yi.
1798.
Early Hist. Geneva 35-47.
Soc. Cat. 76.
M.
1744.
S. Beagle 297.
1884.
J.
Journ. Bot. 1:177.
1834.
J.
Journ. Bot. 1:333.
"*34-
Hort. Jam. 1:34.
1814.

Illuslr. Bot.
"Schuyler rr&iston 1:394.
1879
1871.
Foy. 1:403.
Voy. H.
Darwin, C.
1865.
1837.
1865.
1649.
'Amer. Pom.
>
J.
generally cultivated throughout the
Eng. Rar. note. 142.
Lincoln Mass. Hort. Soc. 14.
'Josselyn, J.
is
Himal. 1:206.
1876.
1845.
1839.
1838.
Arab countries
478
,
but
is
hardly edible, being prized for
not bear
The
fruit.'
fruit
The apple grows
At Ismailia, Egypt, the apple grows but does
its odor.'
grows at Tonquin, north Africa, but
is
scarcely
to be eaten.
fit
north, in the Orkneys 60
in Scandinavia as far as 62
north and,
Apples are grown in northern Russia but the

from
the Crimea. They are plentiful in Britain,
Petersburg
France, Switzerland and Germany. The fruit is said to be poor in Italy, as in Greece.
In America, the apple bears fair fruit as far north as Quebec and is fotmd in varieties in
according to Rhind,' bears very fair
most esteemed come to
all
the states even to Mexico.
In Venezuela, the fruit
In Peru, the apple
quality.
but the
fruit is of
fruit.
St.
is
poor quality.
in France, the Doucin, or St.
is
dwarf form
is
On
Johns apple.
noted by Himiboldt to be of good

In La Plata, the tree grows well,
said to be uneatable.
called the Paradise apple
and another,
accoxmt of rapid and low growth, these
dwarfs are principally used as stocks for dwarf apples.

P. pashia
The
is
Buch.-Ham.
hills of India.
wild pear.
The
when
fruit is edible
it
has become somewhat decayed.*
It
even then harsh and not sweet.'
plum-leaved apple.
P. prunifolia Willd.
Southern Siberia, northern China and Tartary.
This
is
one of the forms of the tree
cultivated as the Siberian Crab.*
Oregon crab apple.
P. rivularis Dougl.
Alaska, Oregon, northern California and Nevada.
cherry and
The
fruit is
are also used
by the Indians
by the Chinooks
of California
and
of Oregon.'
The Oregon crab
In the early settlement of Oregon, this
powitch.^"
Aside from the great proportion of seeds,
for preserves.
it
and
fit
more as a
is utilized
DC.
This species
wild and cultivated about Aurelia in France.
Pickering, C.
'
'
'
'
1879.
Himal.
Illustr. Bot.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 204.
J.
Fl.
1874.
1839.
{P. variolosa)
Bar. Amer. 1:203.
1840-
Ibid.
" Case Bot. Index

38.
Mueller, F.
"Loudon,
J.
1881.
Sel. Pis. 399.
C.
sylvestris)
1855.
:2o6.
Vasey Amer. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 56. 1877.

Vasey V. S. D. A. Rpt. 162. 1875.
Brewer and Watson Bot. Cat. 1:189. 1880.
W.
{Malus
1882.
Royle, J. F.
Hooker,
make a bad
called
largely
sauce.''
The
fruit is edible,
but
sage-leaved pear.
is
'
'
They
is
was used
superior stock for grafting.''
for perry."
'Rhind, W.
fruit
does not
Caucasus, Greece, Turkey, Persia and southwest Russia.
P. salvifolia
size of
willow-leaved pear.
P. salicifolia Pall,
the tree
about the
employed by the Indians of Alaska as a part of their food supply.'
is
1891.
Arh. Frut. Brit. 2:888.
1844.
(Crataegus rivularis)
The
fruit is thick,
long
STURTEVANT
479
P. sieboldi Regel.
The
Japan.
fruit is edible after frosts.'
This species
China.
sand
Chinese pear,
P. sinensis Lindl.
is
known
pear."~
in the gardens of India as
a good baking
fruit.'
P. sinensis Poir.
This species furnishes a quince in China.'
China.
service tree.
P. sorbus Gaertn.
The
North Africa and Europe.

It
is
fruit is
about the
size of
a gooseberry and
is
acerb.
used in Brittany for making a cider, which, however, has an unpleasant smell.'* There
a pear-shaped, an apple-shaped and a berry-shaped variety.* In the Crimea, there is
is
a variety with a
large, red fruit
Chinese flowering apple.
P. spectabilis Ait.
The
China.
when
period
and
fit
and
the color
takes
angular and about the size of a cherry, yellow

to eat only when in a state of incipient decay at which
fruit is small, round,
ripe but flavorless

it
the shape of a pear.*
taste
of
the medlar.'
There are several varieties in
cultivation.
P. syriaca Boiss.
Asia Minor and Syria.
The mellow
maple service,
P. torminalis Ehrh.
fruit is eaten.'
wild service.
The
small fruits, which are greenish, with dark spots, have an

Europe.
extremely
acid flavor but, when affected by frost, become mealy and rather agreeable to the taste.
They are sometimes

London markets."
DC.
P. trilobata
and
collected
sold in the shops in England."
Kotschy;i2 they are frequently collected
Quercus aegilops Linn.

South Europe and
'
'
'
F.
J.
Smith, J.
Dom.
Loudon,
C.
J.
Pallas, P. S.
'
'
Loudon,
J.
"
Bot. ^06.
1871.
i860.
Trat).
C.
Martyn
i?Mwia 2:436.
1803.
Arb. Frut. Brit. 2:go<).

Soc. Rpt. 56.
1839.
1859.
1844.
1877.
Johnson, C. P.
(P. toringo)
1891.
Himal. 1:206.
Hort. 552.
Vasey Amer. Pom.

Unger, F.
'"
Syria.
Illustr. Bot.
'
and brought to market
1859.
in
according to
Damascus."
camata or camatina oak. valonia oak.

The cups, known as valonia, are used for
tanning and
U. S. Pal. Off. Rpt.
Unger, F.
flavor, tasting like pears,
Cupuliferae.

Royle,
three-lobed-leaved pear.
This species has fruits of a pleasant
Syria.
The
1862.
1807.
Unger, F.
1859.
Unger, F.
1859.
{Crataegus trilobata)
480
dyeing as are the unripe acorns called camata or camatina.
The
ripe acorns are eaten
raw or boiled.''
California field oak.
agrifolia Nde.
Q.
The acorns
by the
are eaten
Indians.'
Q. alba Linn, white oak.

Northeast America. The dried acorns are macerated in water for food by the natives
Acorns were dried and boiled for food by the Narragansetts.^
on the Roanoke.^
Oak
acorns were mixed with their pottage by the Indians of Massachusetts. Baskets full of
parched acorns, hid in the ground, were discovered by the Pilgrims December 7, 1620.'
of
some
"
"
by the natives of New England.'

pleasant to the taste, especially when roasted.
White oak acorns were boiled

trees is quite
for
oyl
Europe and the
Orient.
a small, white coccus
insect,
The
August by immense numbers of

from the puncture of which a saccharine fluid exudes and
trees are visited in
The wandering
solidifies in little grains.
by dipping the branches on which
tion
In this
consistence.
fruit
''
Turkish oak.
Q. cerris Linn.
The
state, the syrup
it
is
tribes of Kurdistan collect this saccharine secre-
forms into hot water and evaporating to a syrupy

used for sweetening food or is mixed with flour
to form a sort of cake. '
Q. coccifera Linn, kermes oak.

Mediterranean region. The acorns were used as food by the ancients. '
Q. cornea Lour.
China.
The acorns
are used for food.'*
a paste in China, which, mixed with the

Q. cuspidata Thunb.
Japan. This species
is
flour
Loudon " says the acorns are ground

of com, is made into cakes.
enimierated by Thunberg
'^
among
into
the edible plants of
Japan.
Q. emor3ri Torr.
This tree ftimishes acorns, which are used by the Indians

of the
West as a
'
Mueller, F.
'
Unger, F.
*U.
*
S.
food.
Sel. Pis. 400.
D. A. Rpt. 409.
Key.
New
'Josselyn. J.
Fliickiger
Hooker,
1643.
1841.
Eng. Rar. ^4.
1865.

Sd. Pis. 403.
"
Loudon,
"
Thunberg, C. P.
J.
C.
1891.
Enc. Agr. 158.

Fl.
Jap. 176.
1866.
1784.
Grig. 1672.
1879.
W.J.
'Mueller, F.
1879.
Narragansett Hist. Coll. 1:120.
Chron. Pilgr. 154.
Young, A.
1859.
1870.
Pickering, C.
'Williams, R.
'
1891.
1834.
1866.

western oak.
The acorns
Q. garryana Dougl.
by them
fitmish the Indians with food
ballota, belloot or belote oak.
holly oak.
Mediterranean region and the Orient. From varieties of this

are obtained the sweet and nourishing ballota and chestnut acorns.
is
Brandis
common
in the south of France,
all
says Mueller,''
Figuier
says this
eatable.
says the acorns form an important article of food in Spain and Algeria.
they are eaten cooked, and an
sold in
tree,
and that the acorns are sweet and
acorns are eaten in Barbary, Spain and Portugal vmder the

also,
and are stored
for future use.'
Q. ilex Linn,
species
48 1
name
extracted from them.'
oil is
of belote.
The
In Arabia,
In Palestine, they are
the bazaars.*
California white oak.
Q. lobata Nê.
The acorns form a large proportion of the winter food of the Indians
North California.^ The acorns, from their abundance and edible nature, form a very
California.
of
important part of the subsistence of the Digger Indians and are collected and stored for
winter use.*
Q. michauxii Nutt. basket oak. cow oak.

North America. The large, sweet, edible acorns are eagerly devoured by
cattle
and
other animals.'
evergreen oak.
Q. oblongifolia Torr.
California
and
New
Mexico.
live oak.
This species furnishes the Indians of the West with
acorns for food use.'"
manna
Q. persica Jaub. et Spach.
The
Persia.
oak.
acorns are eaten in southern Europe " and, in southern Persia, afford
material for bread.
The
leaves also furnish a manna.'^
In olden times, as we read in
Homer and Hesiod, the acorn was the common food of the Arcadians. There is, however,
much reason to suppose that chestnuts, which were named in the times of Theophrastus
and Dioscorides Jupiter acorns and Sardian acorns, are often alluded to when we read
on acorns in Europe; and, in Africa, dates are signified, because
they were likewise called by Herodotus and Dioscorides acorns and palm-acorns. Bar-
of people having lived
Û. S. D.A. Rpt. 409.

'Mueller, F.
1870.
Sel. Pis. 194.
Figuier Veg. World 3$^.

*
Brandis, D.
'
Masters Treoi. Bo/. 951.
'Smith,
J.
Forest Fl. 481.
"
Set. Pis. 405.
1891.
Fluckiger and
Unger, P.
{Q.hallota)
1871.
Hanbury Pharm.
'Sargent U. S. Census g:iiî.

'
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 409.
1870.
"
1874.
1870.
Dom.Bot. 218.
'MueUer, F.
'
1876.
1867.
372.
Fluckiger and
16
1879.
1884
Hanbury Pharm.
372.
1879.
1879.
482
tholin
'
are used to fiimish a bread.
Norway acorns
says that in
France, in 1709, acorns were resorted to for sustenance.*

species of
oak are used as food
Oak bark
grotmd meal.'
for
man, and a kind
In China, the fruits of several
of curd
is
pounded by the Digger Indians
is
During a famine in
sometimes made from the

of California
and used as
food in times of famine.
Q. phellos Linn, willow oak.

Eastern States of North America.
The acorns
Q. prinus Linn, chestnut oak.

Northeastern America. The fruit
black oak.
Q. robur Linn,
Europe and western

acorns.
is
are edible."
sweet and abundant.*
truffle oak.
Varieties are mentioned
Asia.
This species yields a manna-like
by Tenore
'
exudation in Kurdistan.'
as bearing edible
'
Hanbvu-y
says
a saccharine substartce called diarbekei manna, is found upon the leaves of the dwarf oaks
about Smyrna, from which it is collected by the peasants, who use it instead of butter
The
in cooking their food.
taste
is
saccharine and agreeable.
Q. suber Linn, cork oak.

South Europe and northern Africa.
Bosc alleges that its acorns may be eaten in

This species was distributed from the Patent
cases of necessity, especially when roasted.
Office in iSss."
rocky mountain scrub oak.

The acorns are sweet and edible."
Q, undulata Torr.
California.
Q. virginiana Mill, live oak.

Eastern North America. Eastern Indians consumed large quantities of the acorns
and also obtained from them a sweet oil much used in cookery."
Dioscoreaceae.
Rajania brasiliensis Griseb.
South
The
Brazil.
plant has edible roots."
Randia dumetorum Lam.
Ruhiaceae.
Old World tropics and India. The unripe

poison fish when ripe it is roasted and eaten."
fruit is bruised,
'Pavy.F. W.
Food, Diet. 264.
1875.
Ibid.
Smith, P. P.
Contrib. Mat.
'Mueller, F.
Sel. Pis. 407.
Emerson, G. B.
'
W. J. London
Treoi.
Masters, M. T.
>
Sci.
U. S. Pat. Off. Rpl.
" Brewer
afnd
" Havard, V.
"Mueller,?.
" Brandis, D.
Watson
Oct. 20, 1879.
Mass. 1:155.
Journ. Bot. 2:182.

Bo/. 2:951.
Papers 2S7.
XIX.
(Q. castanea)
1870.
1855.
1880.
Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 22:
Forest Fl. 273.
1875.
1840.
1876.
Bot. Cal. 2:96.
Sel. Pis. 154.
1871.
4.
1891.
Trees, Shrubs
Hooker,
Hanbury, D.
Med. China
Letter to Dr. Sturtevant.
Brewer, Prof.
1891.
1876.
19.
1895.
{Dioscorea brasiliensis)
povmded and used to

R. niiziana
Peru.
DC.
The fruit
is
483
eaten by the Indians of Chile.'
R. uliginosa Poir.
The
and
is
when
eaten
ash-colored fruit
Ranunculus bulbosus Linn.
&
Hohen.
Oudh and Bihar
States.
Lightfoot
'
says the roots
when
boiled
egg-yolk.
Asia Minor and north Persia.
and leaves
sold in bazaars in
buttercup.
Ranunculaceae.
Europe and naturalized in the United

become so mild as to be eatable.
R. edulis. Boiss.
is
cooked.^
The
of the blossoms, serve as food.
small tubers, together with the young stems

It is called morchserdag or egg-yolk,
on account
of the yellow color of the flowers.*
buttercup,
R. ficaria Linn,
lesser celandine,
Caucasus and Europe. The young

the spring with other potherbs.
butter daisy,
R. repens Linn,
in
small celandine.
leaves, according to Linnaeus,
creeping crowfoot,
may
be eaten in
yellow gowan.
North temperate regions. This species has less of the acrid quality which
most species of the genus and is said to be eaten in Europe as a potherb.
is
found
R. sceleratus Linn.
North temperate
After
regions.
boiling,
the
shepherds in Wallachia eat
this
species.*
Raphanus landra Moretti.
The
Italy.
Cruciferae.
Italian radish,
radical leaves are prepared with oil
landra.
and eaten as a salad by the poor
inhabitants of Insubri.^
R. maritimus Sm.
black radish.
The
Western Europe.
The
eaten as a potherb.'
Spanish radish.
and slender roots are mentioned by Dioscorides as
leaves
large, succident roots, according to
Walker,* are preferable
to horseradish for the table.
R. raphanistrum Linn,
Hebrides,
its
leaves are eaten as a salad.
'
Ruiz and Pavon
'
Brandis, D.
'
'Don, G.
Don, G.
Peru 2:67.
Fl. Scot.
1:2^2.
runch.
wild mustard,
In the grain
fields of
England,
798-1 802.
1876.
1789.

Pickering, C.
Don, G.
Fl.
Forest Fl. 273.
Lightfoot, J.
Unger, F.
'
jointed charlock,
wild radish.
troublesome weed of Europe naturalized in northeastern America.
1831.
1859.
1831.
1879.
1831.
(Raphanistrum maritimum)
In the outer
it is
so
common
484
that
seed
its
is
Durham mustard
separated from the grain and sold as
seeds.'
The
seeds
are very pungent and form an excellent substitute for mustard.'
radish.
R. sativus Linn,
China may be considered the native land of the radish where, as in the neighboring
country of Japan, it nms into many varieties, among them an oil plant.' The radish,
found wild in the Mediterranean region, as in Spain, in Sardinia, more frequently in Greece and is mentioned so frequently by ancient writers that some authors
think it may be a cultivated form of R. raphanistrum.* Radishes were extensively cultihowever,
is
So highly did the ancient Greeks esteem the
vated in EgjTJt in the time of the Pharaohs.
radish, says Mcintosh,' that, in offering their oblations to Apollo, they presented turnips
in lead
and beets
in silver, whereas radishes
The Greeks
were presented in beaten gold.
appear to have been acquainted with three varieties, and Moschian,' one of their physicians,
wrote a book on the radish. Tragus,' 1552, mentions radishes that weighed 40 pounds, and
them weighing loo pounds
Matthiolus,* 1544, declares having seen
each.
This root does not appear, says Booth, ' to have reached England until 1 548. Gerarde '"
"
"
eaten raw with bread
but for the most
mentions four varieties as being grown in 1597,
"
part
used as a sauce with meates to procure appetite."
Mexico by
P. Martyr;" as abounding in Hayti
Massachusetts by
Wm. Wood,"
American garden
his list of
1828 and 25 in 1881.
At
Benzoni,'*
I" 1806,
1629-33.
esculents.
by
Thorbum
Radishes are mentioned in
'^
565
McMahon '*
and as cultivated
in
mentions 10 sorts in
offers 9 varieties in his catalog of
present, radishes are usually eaten
raw with
salt as
a salad but
may be boiled as greens or eaten

be boiled and served as asparagus; or the seed-pods may be
are said also to be used occasionally otherwise; the leaves
as a cress; the old roots
may
In China, a variety whose root
used for
pickles.
which
procured from the seeds.
is
is
not fleshy
is
cultivated for the
oil
In Japan, the roots are in general and imiversal use,

Miss Bird ^' says the daikon is the
being served as a vegetable and in almost every dish.
abomination of Europeans.
two and
'
three feet long,
Loudon,
J.
C.
Johnson, C. P.
Unger, F.
*
Enc. Agr. 934.
Treas. Bot. 2:959.
Off.
radishes often grow, says Morrow,'' between
foot in circtmiference
1866.
U. S. Pat.
Mcintosh, C.
The Lew-Chew
more than a
Rpt. 327.
1862.
1859
1870.
Book Card. 2:6.
1855.
Ibid.
'
Ibid.
Ibid.
Booth,
W.B.
rreoi. Bo/. 2:959.
"Gerarde, J. i/erfr. 184, 185.

" Eden Hist. Trav. 1577.
1870.
1597.
Benzoni Hist. New World Smyth Trans. 1857.

"Wood, W. NewEng.Prosp.il. 1865.
McMahon, B. Amer. Card. Cal. 582. 1806.
" Thorbum Cat. 1828.
'*
"Bird
Unbeat. Tracks Jap. 1:238.
" Perry Japan
a: 16.
1852-54.
1881.
and are boiled
for food.
In
485
Sikh, India, the radish is cultivated principally for the vegetable formed of the
pods and
for its
Bayard Taylor
Egypt.
much
'
and Pickering
leaves only are eaten,
zinger,^ the
as
In upper Egypt, a peculiar kind
oil.'
is
cultivated, of which, says
saj^s also
young
Klun-
that the leaves are eaten in
says the Arabs are very fond of radish-tops and eat
them with
relish as donkeys.
I.
Round, or Turnip, Radish.
The Wund,
or tiunip, radish has the root swollen into a spherical form, or an oval
The
tube rounding at the extremity to a filiform radicle.

color,
sorts.
root has several shades of
from white to red or purple. Its savor is usually milder than that of the other
This seems to be the boeotion of Theophrastus,' who described this form as the
a rotund figure and with small leaves
least acid, of
of Pliny.'
it is
the syriacan of Columella
"
and
This sort does not appear to have received extensive distribution northward
it is seldom mentioned in the earlier botanies.
In 1586, Lyte *
during the Middle Ages, as
common
says they are not very
in Brabant; but they are figured in
Here might be put the Raphanus

as round, small and common in Germany.
Gerarde.
in Java, and, in 1837, Bojer '"describes
gives an Indian name,
Raphanus
Raphanus
gol moolee, for
vulgaris of Tragus, 1552,
varieties
by
Bontius,' 1658, mentions the round radish
grown at the Mauritius.

the red and white kinds.
it
two
which he describes
as
In 1842, Speede"
Pers. Baillon Hist. Pis. 3:222.
radicula.
Round
orbiculatus.
Ger. 184.
radish.
1597.
Scarlet French Turnip.
Vilm. 485.
1885.
Small Early White Turnip. Vilm. 487. 1885.
Radicula sativa minor. Small garden radish. Ger. 183.
White olive-shaped. Vilm. 490.
1885.
Vilm. 488.
Olive-shaped Scarlet.
1597.
1885.
II.
Long Radish.
The root
of this class
This
at the extremity.
from white to red and
is
is
long, nearly cylindrical, diminishing insensibly to a point
now
the
common
W.
'
Hooker,
'
Klunzinger, C. B.
'
Pickering, C.
Taylor, B.
'
Theophrastus
Columella
'
Pliny
lib.
Cent. Afr. 105.
114;
lib.
11, c. 3.
19, c. 28.
Dodoens Herb.
Bontius De Ind.
W.
1859.
lib. 7, c. 4.
lib. 10, c.
>
"
Upper Egypt 139.
687.
12.
1586.
Lyte Ed.
1658.
Hort. Maurit. 16.
Speede /nd. i?and6. Gard. 147.
" Columella
Pliny
1837.
1842.
lib. 4, c. 8; lib. 11, c. 2.
lib. 19, c.
26.
has a variety of colors
algidense of Pliny,"
1877
Geog. Distrib. Ans., Pis. Pt. 1:59.
It
transparency of the
and the
Journ. Bot. 2:273.
J.
'
'"Bojer,
garden radish.
noteworthy for the
well be the radicula of Columella,'^
may
'
is
1863.
flesh.
This radish
which he describes
486
as having a long and translucent root.

iior
by Gerarde;
Dutch
tius' calls them, in Java,
and
This type
is
not described in England by Lyte
described as in the gardens of Aleppo in 1573-75.'
it is
In 1658, Bon-
In 1837, Bojer* names them in the Mauritius
radish.
Speede gives an Indian name, lumbee moolee.

Raphanus sativus. Mill. Baillon Hi5^ P/5. 3:222.
in 1842
Rapkanns minor purpureus. Lob. Obs. gg. 1576; /con. 1:201.

Raphanus longus. Cam. Epit. 224. 1586.
Raphanus purpureus minor. Lob. Dalechamp. 636. 1587.
Dod. 676.
Radicula sativa minor.
Raphanus corynihia.
Long Scarlet. Vilm.
Long White Vienna.
1616.
Bodaeus. 769.
490.
1591.
1644.
1885.
Vilm. 492.
1885.
III.
Long White Late Radish.

The
unless
boy
it
long, white, late, large radishes cannot be recognized in the ancient writings,
be the reference by Pliny
and Dalechamp
infant,
to the size;
some
radishes,
he says, are the
In Japan, so says Kizo Tamari,^ a Japanese commissioner to the
Erfordia.
size of
says that such could be seen in his day in Thuringia and
New
Orleans
Exposition of 1886, the radishes are mostly cylindrical, fusiform or club-shaped,
from
one-fourth of an inch to over a foot in diameter, from six inches to over a yard in length.
J.
'
Morrow
says that
Lew Chew Radishes
and more than twelve inches
often
grow between two and three
in circimiference.
In 1604, Acosta
'
feet long
writes that he
had
"
redish rootes as bigge as a man's arme, very tender and of good taste."
These radishes are probably mentioned by Albertus Magnus '" in the thirteenth century,
who says that the radix are very large roots of a pyramidal figure, with a somewhat sharp
seen in the Indies
savor, but not that of raphanus; they are planted in gardens.
This type seems to have
been the principal kind in northern Europe a few centuries later and is said by Lyte,"
In 1790, Loureiro '^ describes this type as
1586, to be the common radish of England.
cultivated in
Kaempfer
"
China and Cochin China, and
connect very closely with

>
Gronovius
Bojer,
'
modem
Fl. Orient. 81.
Bontius De Ind.
The
in Japan, in 17 12.
W.
12.
'
Dalechamp
'
Amer. Hort.
varieties.
1755.
Hort. Maurit. 16.
lib. 19, c.
1837.
1842.
26.
1857.
Sept. 9, 1886.
'Perry Japan 2:16. 1852-54.

'Acosta Nat. Mor. Hist. Ind. 261.
1604.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 1880.
Magnus Veg. Jessen Ed. 556, 645.

" Dodoens Herb. 687. 1586. Lyte Ed.
>
seems to be the form described by

by the early botanists enable us to
1658.

Pliny
this
radishes figured
Albertus
" Loureiro Fl. Cochin. 396.

w Kaempfer Amoen. 822.
1790.
1712.
1867.

Raphanus
a.
longus.
Trag. 732.
Matth. 214.
Raphanus.
1552.
1558; 332.
1570.
Raphanus sive radix. Pin. 145. 1561.

Raphanus magnus. Lob. 06s. 99. 1576; /com. 1:201.
Raphanus alba. Cam. Epit. 223. 1586.
Raphanus sativus Matthiol. Dalechamp 635. 1587.
Raphanus sive radicula sativa. Dod. 676. 1616.
b.
White Strasbourg. Vilm. 494. 1885.

1570:349.
Rapht$iusII. Matth. 332.
Matth. 241.
Raphanus.
1558:332.
Dur. C. 383.
sativus.
Raphanus
Vilm. 497.
Garden Radish.
Large White Russian.
635.
1587.
Ger. 183.
1597.
1885.
White Spanish Winter.

d.
1598.
1570.
Raphanus sive radix. Pin. 145. 1561.

Raphanus sativus Matthiolus. Dalechamp
Radice.
1591.
1598.
Raphanus secundus Matthiol. Dalechamp 635.

Laon long gray Winter. Vilm. 496. 1885.
c.
487
Vilm. 497.
1885.
1885.
IV.
Long Black Radish.

This radish does not seem to haye been mentioned by the ancients.
"
says:
now
The
In 1586, Lyte
radish with a black root has of late years been brought into England and
beginnith to be
Raphanus
nigra.
common."
Cam.
Epit. 223.
1586.
Dod. 676.
Raphantis
161
ana
Dur.
C.
Raff
7.
ap.
longo.
Bryant 40. 1783.
Long-rooted Black Spanish.
sive radicula sativa nigra.
Long Black Spanish Winter.
Vilm. 496.
16 16.
1885.
V.
Round Black Radish.

This
a turnip-rooted or round form of a black
is
rsidish,
usually included
among
winter sorts.
Raphanus
Raphanus
pyriformis.
I.
Large Purple Winter.
There
is
appearance.
Ger. 184.
Matth. 394.
1597.
598.
Vilm. 495.
1885.
another form of black radish figured in the early botanies, of quite a distinct
It answers suggestively to the description by Vihnorin of the Radis de Mahon
a long, red radish, exceedingly distinct, growing

districts in southern France and to the Balearic
Raphanus
Radice
niger.
selvatica.
Raphanus
niger.
Radis de Mahon.
Loh. Icon. 1:202.
in part
above ground and peculiar to some
Isles.
1591.
Dur. C. 384. 161 7.

Bod. 770. 1644.
Vilm. 499.
1885.
Theophrastus mentions the Corinthian sort as having

other radishes, growing partly out of the earth, but the
description as well as the
Mahon.
full foliage
and the
Long Normandy
root, imlike
answers to this
483
VI.
Edible-podded Radish.
This radish has pods a foot or more in length and these find use as a vegetable. The
species became known to Linnaeus in 1784;' it reached England from Java about 18 16*
and was described by Burr ' as an American kitchen-garden plant in 1863. According to
Firminger,* the plant has but lately
come
into cultivation in India
These pods make excellent

from Java;' in India, rat-tailed
often three feet in length.

in
in
tree radish
England
the United States; by Burr,'
Mann & H.
Raphia hookeri G.
Wine
Tropical Africa.
quality from
Madras
1863,
Wendl.
or toddy
is
radish;
pickles.
and there bears pods

It was at first called
radish,' the
by some,
name
it
now
holds
aerial radish.
Palmae.
obtained in large qtmntities and of excellent
this palm.'
R. pedunculata Beauv.
Madagascar. This palm yields sago but of a very indifferent quality.'
bamboo palm,
R. vinifera Beauv.
wine palm.
This species furnishes a palm wine.*"
Tropical Africa.
Indian hawthorn.
Rosaceae.
Raphiolepis indica Lindl.
This species produces an edible fruit."
China.
Ravenala madagascariensis
Ellis
'^
J.
F. Gmel.
Scitamineae.
says when a spear
is
Madagascar.
a stream of pure, clear water gushes out.
stalk,
There
cistern, at the base of the stalk of each of the leaves,
and ribbed surface
Ravensara aromatica
tree of
J. F.
Gmel.
Laurineae.
The
fruit, leaves
Madagascar.
afford one of the best spices of the island.'^
is
a kind of
and the water
down a groove and
of the leaf, flows
travelers' tree.
struck into the thick, firm end of the leaf-
is
stored.
The
Madagascar clove nutmeg,
The
Martyn
Burr, F.
'
Card. Chron.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Burr, F.
'
Williams, B. S.
'
Pickering, C.
Smith, A.
1863.
Card. Ind. 140.
1874.
1866.
7y<).
'
'
1807.
Card. Ind. 140.
1874.
1863.
Choice Stove, Creenhouse Pis. 32.
Treas. Bot. 2:960.
1879.
1870.
2:961.
"
1876
{Sagus farinifera)
" Loudon,
Arb. Frut. Brit. 933.
J. C.
1844.
^ Ellis, W. Three Visits
Madagas. 335. (Fig. 333.)
" Masters, M. T. Treas. Bot.
1859.
Pickering, C.

Treas. Bot. 1:28.
1870.
" Masters, M. T.
1879.
1870.
'
ravensara.
taste of cloves,
kernel of the fruit affords the Madagascar
1866.
Ftrminger, T. A. C.
on the broad
seeds are edible.
and young bark, having the
clove nutmegs."
Card. Chron. 779.
natiu-al cavity, or
collected
{Agathophyllum aromalicum)
STURTEVANT
Reptonia buxifolia A. DC.
489
Myrsineae.
The drupe
large shrub or small tree of India.
globose, one-third of
is sessile,
an
inch in diameter or more, glabrous, greenish, with a fleshy, sweet pericarp in a coriaceous
This
rind.
is
ptdp
fniit
is
much esteemed and during the season

is not much of it.'
The Afghans
sweet but there
is
sold in
sell
most bazaars.
The
the fruits in their bazaars
under the name of goorgoora}
Reseda phyteuma Linn.
Resedaceae.
Mediterranean shores and Asia Minor.
cooked and eaten
Sibthorp
'
found the leaves of this plant
in Greece.
Reynosia latifoUa Griseb. Rhamneae. red ironwood.

Cuba and semitropical Florida. The edible fruit ripens
an
of
agreeable flavor.*
Rhaninus carolinlana Walt.
Long
Rhamneae.
Island, west along the
buckthorn.
Ohio to southern
in April
and
May and
is
Indian cherry.
Illinois.
The
edible fruit
is
sweet and
agreeable.'
R. crocea Nutt.
The

as food,
berries are collected
by the Apache Indians and used
mixed with whatever animal substances may be at hand.
a red color to the mixture, which
is
The berries impart

absorbed into the circulation and tinges the
skin.*
R. persica Boiss.
Persia and the Himalayan region.
In Persia, the fruit
is
sweet and edible but
emetic*
R. purshiana DC. bearberry.
North America. The purple berries are
much esteemed among
the Indians. *
R. staddo A. Rich.
Abyssinia.
This species forms part of a kind of beer in which
its
bitter
supplies the place of hops.'
&
Rhapidophylium hystrix H. Wendl.

Georgia and
'
Brandis, D.
'
Black, A. A.
Pickering, C.
Florida.
The
Forest Fl. 287.
1884.
'
1884.
Brandis, D.
Don, G.
Baillon,
Seemann, B.
1879.
1870.
Forest Fl. 93.
1874.
H.
1870.
'
Palmae.
1874.
Treas. Bot. 2:966.
*V.S. D.A.Rpt.îi^.
Drude.
plant bears a brown, edible berry of a sweet flavor.'"
Hist. Pis. 6:72.
1832.
1880.
(R. inehrians)
1856.
bark
490
Decne.
stricta
Rhazya
Apocyttaceae.
plant of western Asia.
shrubby
in the bazaars in Scinde, the natives using
and sold
which are very
Its leaves,
them
bitter, are collected
in the preparation of cool drinks
in hot weather.'
Rheedia edulis Planch.
The
Panama.
R.
is
Guttiferae.
the size of a hazelnut.*
wild mammee.
The
Tropical America.
fruit,
from one to four inches
long, yellow
when
ripe,
has
taste.'
&
R. madruno Planch.
New
Triana.
edible fruit
lateriflora Linn,
a pleasant, acid
&
Triana.
Granada.
The
Rheum compactum
Linn.
fruits are eaten.*
Polygonaceae.
pieplant,
rhubarb.
Tartary and China; first known in Europe in 1758. In the Bon Jardinier, 1882,
be the species principally grown in France as a vegetable, but Vilmorin '
this is said to
refers his varieties to
R. emodi Wall,
Loudon
hyhridum.
red-veined pieplant,
pieplant,
to have an excellent flavor,
for a late crop,
rhubarb.
This species was introduced into Britain about 1828.
Himalayas.
*
Rheum
and the Bon
than those of other
somewhat resembling that
of apples,
Jardinier, 1882, says the petioles are longer
On
species.
It is said
and
is
by
excellent
and more esteemed
the contrary. Burr,' 1863, says the leaf-stalks, although
attaining an immense size, are unfit for use on account of their purgative properties, but
the plant is sometimes cultivated for its leaves, often a yard in diameter, which are useful
The wild rhubarb about Kabul is
for covering baskets containing vegetables or fruit.
blanched for use as a vegetable and, under the name of rewash, is brought to the market.
Gravel is piled about the sprout as it breaks from the earth, and by continuing the process,
the plant is forced to grow to the height of 18 or 20 inches. Another process is to cover
the plant with an earthen
becomes white,
crisp
sugar and makes a
This
Mongolia.
is-
1870.
Treas. Bot. 2:971.
<
Smith, A.
'
Vilmorin Lei Pfo. Potog. 538.
'
Burr, P.
'
Harlan U. S. Pat.
Martyn
Treas. Bot. 1:201.
J.
C.
raw
state with either salt or
noticed in England in 1773 or 1774' but
1870.
Ibid.
Loudon,
its
within the jar and
the species to which our largest and finest varieties are usually
first
Treas. Bot. 2:971.
'Black, A. A.
itself spirally
rhubarb.
pieplant,
Rhubarb was
'Smith, A.
free
and the sprout then curls

from fiber. It is eaten in
favorite preserve.*
R. hybridum Murr.
referred.
and
jar,
Hort. 688.
1870.
(Calophyllum madruno)
1883.
(R. hybridum)
i860.
1863.
Off. Rpt. 528.
1807.
1861.
it
did not come into
STURTEVANT
use as a culinary plant until about 1827.
The
long.'
In 1829, a footstalk was noted as sixteen inches
Victoria rhubarb of our gardens
R. nobile Hook.
&
f.
Himalayas.
is
a handsome ornamental plant.
is
the people of Sikkim, are pleasantly acid and
R. palmatum Linn,
referred to this species.
sikkim rhubarb.
Thorns,
This
491
much
The
stems, called chuka
by
eaten.
rhubarb.
pieplant,
reached Europe in 1763 ' or 1758.' The footstalks are

much smaller than those of other kinds, hence it is not in general ctdtivation.* It is yet
rare in France, although this species is superior in quality, as it is quite tender.*
This plant
Mongolia.
first
R. rhaponticum Linn, pieplant, rhubarb.

Southern Siberia and the region of the Volga.
This species, the commonest of the

was
introduced
into
rhubarbs,
Europe about 1608. It was cultivated at Padua by Prosper
Alpinus, and seeds from this source were planted by Parkinson in England about 1640
or before.* There is no reference, however, to its use as a vegetable by Alpinus,'
1627,
nor by Ray,* 1686, although the latter refers to the acid stalks being more grateful than
that of garden sorrel. In 1778, however, Mawe,' says its yoimg stalks in spring, being
cut and peeled, are used for tarts. In 1806, McMahon,'" mentions rhubarb in American
gardens and says the footstalks are very frequently used and are much esteemed for tarts
and pies. In 1733, Bryant," describes the footstalks as two feet long and thicker than a
man's finger at the base.

"
"
Thirty years ago," says J. Lowell "in the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository, 1822,
we were
strangers to rhubarb,
are indebted for
its
now
and constantly
in general use
in our markets,
introduction to an amateur in the State of Maine."
and we
T. S. Gold
''
of
Connecticut writes that his father purchased a small package of pieplant seeds in 1820
and raised the first plants then known in his vicinity. The seed was sold by Thorburn "
in 1828.
The
globular pouch of unopened flowers
Stalks weighing two pounds, eleven
is
said to
form a dish
of great delicacy.
and one-half ovmces have been exhibited
at the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
R. ribes Linn,
currant-fruited rhubarb.
and Afghanistan.
Sjrria, Persia
Rhind,
*
'
W.
Noisette
Man.
Jard. 297.
Veg. Subst. 205.
Bon
1840.
Jard. 706.
1882.
Hanbury Pharm.
'Alpinus PI. Exot. 188.
Ray
Hist. Pt. 170.
Ma we and
Bryant
Thorburn
1879.
1686.
67.
Card. Cat. 205.
1778,
1806.
1783.
Mass. Agr. Reposit. 133.
Lowell, J.
Gold, T. S.
*
500.
1627.
" McMahon, B. Amer.

"
Ft. Diet.
"*
1855.
1826.
Ibid.
Fluckiger and
'
This plant
1822.
Letter to Dr. Sturtevant 4-29-1880.
Co/.
1828.
is
considered to be the Ribes arabum of
STURTEVANT
492
who
Rauwolf,
as
traveled in the Orient in 1573-5, and
grown
R. tatarictun Linn.
Decaisne and Naudin
leaf-stalks
an esculent and
This species
some
is
refer to
greatly praised.
and unexpanded flower-masses are
bucharian rhubarb,
R. undulatum Linn,
Asia.
'
Tartarian rhubarb.
f.
The
Tartary.
in the region of the
it
France but not as esteemed as the R. hybridum, while the Bon
in gardens in
Jardinier, 1882, says it is reported the best as
It yields
who found
Its habitat is also given as eastern Persia.
Lebanon.'
it
pieplant.
have been introduced into Europe in 1734 from China.
said to
is
edible.*
of the forms of garden rhubarb, especially those with red leaf-etalks.''
In
18 10, a Mr. Myatts, Deptford, England, sent five bunches of garden rhubarb to the borough
market and could
sell
In the United States in 1828, the seed of this variety

Decaisne and Naudin ' say this rhubarb is grown in gardens
but three.
was sold by Thorbum.'

but
not as esteemed as
is
the Victoria rhubarb.
is
Rhizophora mucronata Lam.
Old World
is
made
tropics.
mangrove.
Rhizophoreae.
The
be
fruit is said to
edible.'
Masters
says the fermented juice
into a kind of light wine
Rhododendron arboreum Sm.
tree rhododendron.
Ericaceae,
East Indies, Himalayan region and Ceylon.

a pleasant, subacid
are eaten
by the Hill People and are used for jelly by European
into
visitors.
lapland rose-bay.
R, lapponicum Wahlenb.
Northern and
made
Royle'" says the flowers
are at times intoxicating.''
They
jelly.
In India, the flowers are
arctic regions.
Richardson "
tops was drunk by his party as a tea but
it
sajrs
an infusion
makes a
of the leaves
less grateful
and flowering
beverage than
Ledum
palustre.
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Wight. Myrtaceae. hill gooseberry, hill guave.

Tropical eastern Asia and the Malayan Archipelago. In India, this species
amongst the jungles
berry,
is
used for
Gronovius
'
'
'
Fl. Orient. 49.
Brandis, D.
Masters,
"
1876.
Treas. Bot. 2:972.
(R. rhaponticum)
1870.
1828.
Forest Fl. 217.
M.
T.
Brandis, D.
"
says the
says the fruit
Decaisne and Naudin Man. 4:190.
'
"
''
1755.
Sel. Pis. 199.
W. B.
Thorbum Cat.
Booth,
'
'
jellies.
Firminger
In China, Pickering
Decaisne and Naudin Man. 4: 190.

Mueller, F.
of the Neilgherries.
'^
Royle,
J.
Forest Fl. 281.
P.
Richardson,
lUustr. Bot.
J.
'870.
{R. mangle)
1874.
Himal. 1:259.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Pickering, C.
1874.
Treas. Bot. 2:975.
1839.
1851.
Gard. Ind. 264.
1874.
(Myrtus tomentosa)
1879.
{Myrtus tomentosa)
is
fruit,
is
found
a pale, dirty yellow
eaten and preserved.
STURTEVANT
Rhodymenia palmata Grev.
This seaweed
is
dillisk.
Algae,
493
dulse.
the dulse of the Scotch and the dillisk of the Irish.
most
in both countries, as well as in
of the northern states of Europe,
It is
by
much
eaten
the poor along
transmitted as an article of humble luxxiry over most parts of the country.

eaten
raw, either fresh from the sea or after having been dried, but is somegenerally
the shores and

It is
is
times cooked.
quarters of
It is
New
exposed for sale in the markets of Irish towns and also in the Irish
In the Mediterranean, it forms a common ingredient in soups.^
York.
&
Rhopalostylis sapida H. Wendl.
New
Rhus
The
Zealand.
albida Schousb.
Drude.
nika palm.
Palmae.
natives eat the young inflorescence.^
Anacardiaceae.
The
Arabia, Syria and northern Africa.
fruit is edible
and
is
eaten as a condiment.'
fragrant sumach.
R. aromatica Ait.
Northern United States.
According to Nuttall,* the drupes are acid and edible.
dwarf sumach,
R. copallina Linn,
North America.
Elliott
'
mountain sumach.
says the berries are possessed of an agreeable, acid taste
and, infused in water, form a pleasant beverage.
Pursh
says the leaves are used as
tobacco by the Indians of the Missouri and Mississippi.
elm-leaved sumach,
R. coriaria Linn,
tanner's sumach.
Mediterranean region and Persia. At Aleppo, the seeds are used as an appetizer
at meals ' as mustard is in Britain. * In India, Brandis says the acid fruit is eaten. Pallas '"
says this
Turks in
is
the sutnagh or redoul of the Tartars and
meat
their
is
employed by them as well as by the
broths, to which they impart a very agreeable acid.
smoke-plant.
R. cotinus Linn,
Mediterranean region, the Orient, Himalayas and China.

"
China in the fourteenth
The
leaves were used in
century
R. glabra Linn, scarlet sumach, vinegar tree.

North America. Emerson * sajrs the velvety, crimson berries of this sumach are of
an
agreeable, acid taste
and are sometimes used as a substitute
for
says the boys of Philadelphia eat the berries but they are very sour.
Harvey,
'
W. H.
Seemann, B.
'Baillon, H.
Loudon,
'
Palms
Hist. Pis. 5:300.
60.
Pursh, F.
Fl.
Amer.
Hist. Dichl.
C.
J.
Brandis, D.
"Pallas, P.
S.
P.
1814.
1832.
Bot. Sin. 52.

Trees,
Trav. No.
1844.
1876.
Trav. Russia 2:210.
" Bretschneider, E.
" Emerson, G. B.
" Kalm,
Ph. 2:71.
i844-
1821.
Septent. 1:205.
Forest Fl. 120.
1846-51.
{Areca sapida)
1878.
Loudon,
1856.
Elliott, S.
'Don, G.
'
Pop. Hist.
C.
J.
CCXVIIL
1803.
1882.
Shrubs Mass. 2:573.
Amer. i:5g.
1772.
1875.
lemon
juice.
Kalm "
494
&
R. integrifolia Benth.
The
California.
Hook.
f.
by Palmer as coated with an icyand is used by the Indians to make
fresh, red berries are described
looking, white substance, which
is
pleasantly acid
a cooling drink.
R. parviflora Roxb.
Mixed with
India.
the fruit
salt,
used like tamarind in the Benar Valley and
is
Bhawar.^
R. punjabensis
Himalayan
L. Stew.
J.
In India, the fruit
region.
R. semialata Murr.
eaten.'
nut-gall tree.
The pulp
Eastern Asia.
is
of the fruit
acid and
is
is
eaten in Sikkim and Nepal and used
medicinally.*
staghorn sumach.
R. tjrphina Linn,
The
North America.
Rhynchosia
leaves can be used as ordinary sumach, as Mueller
volubilis Lour.
Ribes aciculare Sm.

Siberia.
The
says.
seeds of the wild plant are used for food in Japan.'*
needle-spined gooseberry.
Saxifragaceae.
berries are glabrous, yellowish or purplish, sweet
R. alpinum Linn,
'
Leguminosae.
The
China and Japan.
Virginian sumach.
and of a
grateful taste.'
alpine currant.
Europe and northern
The
Asia.
fruit is sweet
and not very acid but
is
much
less
palatable than that of the red currant.'
R. ambiguum Maxim.
Japan.
The
fruit is
The country people

North America.
eating."
says the fruit
berry nearly half an inch in diameter.
'^
black currant.
Josselyn
"
says the fruit
is large,
says the black currants

is
musky but

'
large, orange-yellow
eat these berries.'*
R. americanum Mill,
Emerson
black, watery
and
"
insipid.
palatable.
Cat. i:iii.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. iig.
1874.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 120.
1874.
1880.
Ibid.
Mueller, F.
Sel. Pis. 418.
1891.
'Rein Indust. Jap. 62. 1889.

'
Don, G.
Johnson, C. P.
'
"
1893.
Useful
Ph.

Josselyn, J.
Voy. 59.
" Emerson, G. B.
"
Thompson, R. O.
1834.
Gt. Brit. 109.
1865.
Trees, Shrubs
1862.
1891.
Reprint.
Mass. 2:^7%.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 126.
1875.
1866.
(R. floridum)
(R. floridum)
are reasonably pleasant in
In Nebraska, Thompson
'*
STURTEVANT
golden currant.
buffalo currant,
R. aureum Pursh.
Missouri and Coliimbia Rivers.
the
which
much Hke
is
Missouri currant.
This currant was brought by Lewis and Clark from
Rocky Motmtains to our gardens, where
it is
now very common and admired
In Utah, this currant
fragrant, yellow blossoms.
495
the black currant.'
is
for its
extensively cultivated for its fruit,
Its oval, blue berries are relished, says
Downing,
^
by some persons. Pursh says the berries, red or brown, are of an exquisitely fine taste
and larger than a garden currant. Both black and yellow varieties of this wild currant
and aft much used by the Indians

fornia and Alaska
occvu-
of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Texas, Oregon, Cali-
californian black currant.
R. bracteosum Dougl.
At
Sitka, the fruit is eaten.'
R, cynosbati Linn, dog bramble, prickly gooseberry.

Northern and western United States. The fruit is brownish-purple and eatable.
R. diacantha
two-spined gooseberry.
Pall,
The
Siberia.
berries are
R. divaricatum Dougl.
Northwest America.
in diameter,
Lindley
'
is
Siberia
size of currants, red
berry, black, smooth,
The
and
and
of
a sweetish-acid
spherical, one-third of
dried fruit furnishes winter
taste.*
an inch
food for the Indians.*
all
the species which came under his observation during his ioume5:s
was the
finest in the flavor of its berries as well as in their size, being half
in diameter, sweet
R. fragrans
to the
The
pleasant to the taste.
says that of
in America, this
an inch
about the
and
juicy.
fragrant-flowered gooseberry.
Pall,
This gooseberry bears red berries that are sweet and pleasant
and Tartary.
taste.
R. gracile Michx. slender-branched gooseberry.

North America. Pursh ' says the purple or blue berries of this species are of excellent
taste.
The
berries are glabrous, pvirple or blue
and
rich, subacid, vinous, rather perfumed flavor, which
of excellent flavor.*
is
too acid to be eaten raw but when ripe makes delicious
R.
griffithii
Hook.
f.
&
extremely agreeable.
Case Bot. Index

Pursh, F.
Fl.
10.
Amer.
10,000 to 13,000 feet.
The
berries are
Jan. 1881.
Septent. 1:164.
1814.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 187. 1868.

DaU, W. H.
<Don, G. Hist. Dichl. Pis. 3:185. 1834.
'Brown, R.
Douglas, D.
Fl.
Loudon,
C.
'
J.
Lindley, J.
"Mueller, F.
1868.
Trans. Horl. Soc. Land. 'j:5i6.
'Pursh, F.
Amer.
has
Thoms.
Himalayas at heights of
'
fruit
It is rather
tarts.'
in taste.'"
'
The
Septent. 1:165.
Arb. Frut. Brit. 2:^71.
Bot. Reg.
Aug. 1834.
Sel. Pis. 419.
1891.
1814.
1844,
1830.
{R. irriguum)
somewhat austere
496
gooseberry.
R. grossularia Linn,
The gooseberry is a native of northern

Europe, North Africa and Himalayan region.
Europe and mountains farther south even to India. This fruit is not alluded to by writers
mentioned by Turner,* 1573; and Parkinson,* 1629, specifies
eight varieties, while now, in England, where it is a popular fruit, the varieties are enimierated by the hundreds. In 1882, the Leveller variety with a berry weighing 818 grains was
of the classical period.
It
exhibited in England.*
On
with
us,
states,
is
the continent of Europe, this species
says Downing,* south of Philadelphia,
on strong
when the
soils,
it
best sorts are chosen,
however, of the mildew, the English varieties
by those
of
American
it
and
In the eastern
On
thrives admirably.
accoimt
have now been almost entirely superceded,
hudson bay currant.

At Yukon,
this species offers
fruit that is edible.*
swamp gooseberry.
R. lacustre Poir.
In Utah, the
Northern America.
is
cultivated,
origin.
R. hudsonianum Richards,
but
is little
succeeds but indifferently.
fruit
seems to be eaten; in Alaska, the
fruit is
poor
used.*
R. magellanicum Poir.
Fuego.
This
is
shrub with black
tall
fruit,
which
is
said
by Hooker
'
to have a very
agreeable flavor.
R. menziesii Pursh.
The fruit

in
is
utilized
by the inhabitants
of southern California
making jams.*
black currant.
Europe and northern Asia. The black currant
R. nigrum Linn,
America, but most authors say of
of northeastern
wild, says Loudon,"* in
which
is
woods in Russia and
valued for jelly-maldng.
The
sometimes used as
the berries are eaten in puddings and tarts.

spirits, as cherries are in England."
The
The shrub
Siberia.
fruit is
said
by Pickering
Europe and Siberia.
is
is
'
to be a native
It is
common
cultivated for its fruit,
dessert, and, in Scotland,
In Russia and Ireland, they are put into
leaves,
when
dried,
have been used as a tea
substitute.
smooth wild gooseberry.
R. oxyacanthoides Linn,
Northern America.
'
Darwin, C.
'
Ibid.
'
Downing, A.
Dall,
is
the gooseberry probably seen by Smith in
J.
W. H.
1893.
1882.
Card. Chron. 466.

*
This
Fr. Fr. Trees
Amer. 294.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 187.
1857.
1868.
Ibid.
'
Gray, A.
Palmer U.
S. Nat.
Pickering, C.
'
Tûdon,
" Ibid.
J.
C.
Mus.
i:

Hort. 567.
1854.
1890.
i860.
1879.
New
England
STURTEVANT
in 1609
and mentioned by Edward Winslow
in 162
1,
also
by Wood,^ 1629-33.
flavored
and
is
To
much used by
The
'
fruit is
497
the wild fruits of Massachusetts
among
smooth, small, purple, sweet and pleasant
the Indians of Colorado, Arizona, Oregon, California and
be referred the gooseberries of American origin, now so

Houghton's Seedling, one of the first, was disseminated in 1848
and was exhibited at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1847.
Utah.'
may
this species
generally cultivated.
R. procumbens
Pall.
The
Siberia.
berries are very grateful to the taste
and are rufescent when
ripe.''
fetid currant.
R. prostratum L'Herit.
The
Northern America.
fruit is black,
watery and
It
insipid.
is,
however, eaten
in Alaska.^
round-leaved gooseberry.
R. rotundifolium Michx.
Wood
NorthÂmerica.
and pleasant
'
says the purple fruit
its fruit.
R. rubnun Linn,
deliaous.
Fuller
In the Flora of North America,^ the fruit
flavored.
size of the black currant, purple in color
vated for
is
and
In
delicious.
is
says
it is
smooth
said to be about the
a good deal
Illinois, it is
culti-
'
red currant.
Northern countries, extending southward along mountain ranges. While in some

regions its fruit is nauseous and unpalatable, in others it has received commendation for
the purposes of a
As a
jelly.
cultivated plant,
teenth century;
it
These contrasts show the currant to be a plant variable in nature.

began to receive notice in England towards the close of the six-
not enumerated in Tusser's
of 1557 but
is noticed by Gerarde in
no
gives
English name and no very
In 1586, however, Lyte gives the English names as Red Gooseparticular description.
and
Bastarde
the word currans appears in Lovell, 1665, and Ray, 1686,
Corinthes;
berryes
"
"
our
word
uses
currants.
Currant plants were mentioned in the Memorandum of March
it is
16, 1629, of
it
seeds and plants to be provided for the
word probably did not become fixed

Qtiintyne, 1693, yet uses the word currans.
of the
of
list
London markets, but he
1597 as appearing in the
our currant,
by Bacon, who
is
"
says,
The
for
New
some
England
colonists.
The
spelling
time, as
Evelyn in his translation

Mcintosh says the first mention of corans,
earliest fruits are strawberries, gooseberries,
corans, etc."
By
is
by
the herbalists and early writers on horticulture, the
Ruellius,'" 1536, a
French author, who praises
'
Young, A.
Chron. Pilgr. 234.
'
Wood, W.
New
'U.
S.
Eng. Prosp.
D. A. Rpt.414.
Loudon,
'
DaU, W. H.
Wood, A.
J.
C.

U. S. D. A. Rpt. 187.
Class
Book
Bot. 362.
'
Gray, A.
Amer. Pom. Soc. Rpt. gy.
"
Ruellius
Fl.
283.
1864.
1867.
No. Amer. 1:5^7.
iVa/. 5rtV^.
1844.
1868.
1871.
1536.
1840.
first
mention of the currant
as a border plant
1841.
Prince Soc. Ed. 15.
1870.
'Fuller Sm. Fr. Cult. 215.
it
1865.
and
its fruit
as
an
498
Ammonius
"
we
adds nothing
of further interest in this connection.
Fuchsius,* 1542, gives a figure which may be called
Red
and which resembles certain seedlings which are
the
Common
of
a poor specimen
In 1539,
appetizer.
now
frequently obtained.
may
well be the
and
Common
Common
Common
says
cherish
Tragus,' 1552, gives a
Red.
it
'
in 1560.
in otir gardens," but
figtire
In 1558, Matthiolus
by Mizaldus
also spoken of
it is
be that of a
of the garden currant, which
refers to
it
as
common
in gardens
Pinaeus, 1561,* gives a figure which
Red, while Lobel,' 1576 and 1591, offers
figiu-es
Red, but which are of a far better appearance than those heretofore
and mentions
may
which are to be called

figiired
also a sweet kind.
Lyte's translation of Dodoens, edition of 1 586, speaks of

"
"
the currant in England, but translates one name as
beyond the sea gooseberry. This
same
year, 1586, Camerarius
The next
*"
year, Camerarius
gardens and
figures the
Common
Red, as does Dalechamp
'
in 1587.
gives directions for sowing the seed of the wild plant
sa>-s these seedlings quickly
come to
fruit.
We
have hence the
first
in
clue as
how new varieties might originate, if this recommendation was generally followed.
Camerarius also refers to a larger-fruited currant than common that was growing in the
gardens of the Archduke of Austria. This is the first indication of improvement in varieto
such as might well be anticipated from the practice of growing seedlings. This Ribes
bacci rubris majoribus may perhaps be considered as the Red Dutch variety, or at least
ties,
its
In 1597, Gerarde," as before stated, scarcely recognized the currant as
prototype.
being iii general culture in England, but the next year, or 1598, brings us to what may well
be called a picture of the Red Dutch variety, given in Bauhin's edition of Matthiolus,
as also a mention of a white-fruited variety and another described as sweet.
In these early days the exchange of plants might be expected to be in their most condensed state, that is as seeds. We have noted the appearance of a new variety of the
and now, as we examine the records
currant,
records of improved varieties just as
if
of the next century,
we
shall find additional
the advice of growing seedlings had been followed,
and the better forms gained had been propagated by cuttings.

differing not at
sort with
all,
'^
speaks of a sweet variety foimd growing wild upon the Alps and
as his figiire also shows, from the Common Red; and of a larger-fruited
In 1601, Clusius
a red flower, which
in the gardens of Brussels.

is
may not be our species, yet he believes the variety was grown
He also refers to a white-fruited sort, but what this may be
quite doubtful from the context.
'
Ammonius Med.
'
'

Matthiolus Comment. 10 1.
'
'
Mizaldus
Hort. 310.
1539.
1542.
1558.
Secret. 105.
1560.
Pinaeus Hist. PI. 67.
1561.
Lobel 06i. 615.
1576; /con. 2:202.
In 1613, we have some
1591.
1586.
Dalechamp Hist. Gen. PI. (Lugd.) 1:131.

"Camerarius Hort. Med. 141. 1588.
"Gerarde,
"
J.
if#r&. 1143.
60 1
1597.
1587.
fine
drawings of the currant
STURTEVANT
499
unmistakably highly improved forms, and these

well be called the Common Red, the Red Dutch and the White Dutch.
in the Hortus Eystettensis} representing
varieties
may
The Large Red
said to be the
is
Dodonaeus,^ 1616, figures
and
usefvil for
same as the
what may be
large-fruited sort described
called the
'
In 1623, Bauhin
topiary work.
Common
Red Dutch and the White Dutch
fruited Red, the
Red, as
we
(for so
common
Common
names the
by
Clusius.
in gardens
Red, the Sweet-
interpret the types) under
Latin names and synonyms and says, at Florence, he had seen fruit larger than a hazelnut.
J.
Bauhin,* in his history of plants, published in 1651 but written long before, for he died
in 1613, figures
what may be the
and the White Dutch.
In 1654, Swertius
which we
large sorts,
Jonstonus,* 1662,
among the
In 1665, Lovell
*
In 1677, Chabraeus
hills of Italy,
three forms, the
figures
what may be the Red Dutch

the Common Red and two very fine,
describes
Red and White Dutch type, yet somewhat

may
figures the Common Red and, as a compiler, makes mention
be the Red Dutch.
may
the
call
Large Red and White.

England.
Common Red and
'
speaks of the
figures the
Common
Tiure,'" 1685, refers to
two
Red and White
Red, and
sorts,
the
but the latter the more infrequent.
Common,
the Large
Red and the White,
larger.
of the
in gardens in
Pancovius,' 1673, what
Red and
In 1686,
AVTiite,
Ray
as growing
"describes the
while in 1690, Quintyne
'^
mentions
"
Red and White Dutch by name, and Meager gives directions for growing the White.
In the eighteenth century, we have like mention by botanists of the large and small
forms, both red and white, and come to the use of common names for varieties. In 1757,
the
Blackwell's Herbarium represents in colors what
White, and the
Red Dutch
may
be the
Common
Red,
Common
Germany; Salberg and Trenborg, 1763 and 1764, name

the Red and White Currant for Sweden; and Langley, in his Pomona, 1729, speaks only
of Red and White Dutch in England.
Mawe's Gardener, 1778, imder Ribes, names for
in
Common Small Red,

Common Small White,
varieties in England, the
Champagne
Pale Red,
leaved, Silver-striped-leaved, Gold-striped-leaved
In 1807, Miller's Dictionary names the
White Dutch and Red Dutch.
In 1834,
Large Red Dutch, Long-bunched Red,

Large White Dutch, Yellow Blotched-
and Gooseberry-leaved.
Common
Don " names
Red,
Common
White, Champagne,
under English cultivation.

in
describes
the
various
editions
of
his
exhaustive
work
on
fruit culture 8 varieties
Downing
13 sorts as
'
Hortus Eystel. 1713; an edition corresponding to that of 1613.
'
'
Bauhin, C.
'Bauhin,
Pinax. 455.
161 6.
1623.
Hist. PI. 11, 98.
J.
1651.
'
Sweertius
'
JonsXaims Dendrograph. 221.
'
Lovell Herb,
'
Chabraeus 5ciag. and /co. 112.

Pancovius Herb. 1673.
Floril. t. 33.
18.
1654.
1662.
1665.
1677.
" Turre Dryadum. 588. 1685.

"Ray Hist. PL 11, i486. 1686.
"Quintyne Comp. Card. Evelyn Ed. 143. 1693.
"
Meager Eng. Card. 45. 1683.
"Don, G. Hist. Dichl. Ph. Ill, 188. 1834.
500
in 1856, 25 varieties in 1866

logical Society for 1883
and 23
varieties in 1885.
names as worthy
Knight's Red, Palluau, Prince Albert,
Prolific,
White Dutch and White Grape, or
The currant
fruit
The
Report of the American Pomo-
of culture the following:
12 varieties in
has not changed at
Angers, Cherry, Fay's
Red Dutch, Red Grape,
all
Versailles, Victoria.
all.
in type
under culture, but has furnished
and improved quality. The wild

but more seedy and fewer on the bunch.
variety characteristics in increased size, diminished seed

plant bears currants like those of the cultivated,
and placed under protective influences, the plant becomes more

upright and more prolific and the bimches better filled, but the berries are no larger than
Removed
to the garden
those that
may
be found in the woods.
Seedlings in general present the characters of
but a slightly improved wild plant. Some individuals bear bunches but little, if at all,
better than those borne by selected wild plants, and it is doubtful whether, from the
examination of plants, botanists could determine whether a given plant was truly wild
or but an escape from cultivation. If the testimony of the herbalists be credited, red,
white and sweet currants are found in nature.
Hence we may believe that these natural

and that horticultural gain
varieties are the prototypes of those that occur in gardens,
has been only in that expansion which comes from high
cultiu-e,
by
The currant reached Massachusetts' from England about
cate
protective influence
and
cutting or division.
selection propagated
1529,
and
this
would
indi-
culture in the British Isles, yet, as before stated, the currant does not appear in
its
Tusser's
list
of fruits in 1557, nor in Turner's Libellus 1538,
is
scarcely mentioned
by
Gerarde in 1597, and in Lyte's English translation of Dodoens is distinguished by the

"
English names Red Gooseberries, Beyond-sea Gooseberries, Bastarde Corinthes and Com-
mon
Garden of Eden, 1653, does not mention currants, although it purports

an accurate description of all Flowers and Fruits now growing in England,"
ribes."
"
to give
Plat's
yet Parkinson's Paradisus, published in 1629, mentions the red and the white sorts.
French and Dutch names of transmarina or outre mer or

indicate that the plant
name
was brought from beyond
of ribetts, as given
The
over zee in various combinations
their boundaries, while the old
French
by Pinaeus, 1561, Cameraius, 1586, and Castor Durante, 1617,

In general, however, the
ribs and Swedish resp or risp.
seems derived from the Danish

vernacular
berry.
that
is
name
in the various covmtries
De CandoUe
was foimded upon the generic name
of the goose-
thinks the currant reached culture from the Danes or the Normans,
from the northern countries, and
quite certain that the
in this opinion
we
concur.
improved currant originated in the
Low
It seems,
moreover,
Covmtries, whence
it
received distribution where better varieties were appreciated.
The
botanical
names and sjmonyms
of the ciirrant are:

I.
Common Red.
but slightly from the wild form, the bimches being slightly larger
and usually better filled, or in some cases not differing. It may be considered as the
This type
differs
wild form improved by shght selection and high culture.

^
Mass. Records i\2^.
1853.
STURTEVANT
Ribes rubrum.
vel
Ammon.
Ribes hortense.
Ribes
Sp. 290. 2nd Ed.

transmarina. Ruell. 283.
5OI
Linn.
Rubra grossula
Ribes.
1539; Fuch. 663.
310.
Trag. 995.
fig.
Matth. 10 1.
officin.
iig.
1536.
1542; Chabr. 112.
1677.
fig.
1552.
1558.
Grossula sen grosella rubra vel transmarina. Miz. Secret. 105.

Ribes vulgaria. Pin. 67. fig. 1561; Cam. Epit. 88. fig. 1586.
1560.
Ribes Arabum.
Loh. Obs. 61$. fig. isj6; Icon. 2:202.

1591.
Dod. j 92. 1586.
GrosMflae rubrae, Ribes rubrum.
Lyte.
Grossularia rubra.
Dalechamp.
1:131. ^g. 1587.
Cam. Hort. 141. 1588.
Ribes vulgare baccis rubris.
Hort. Eyst.
jRi6^5 rwfcra vulgaris.
Ribesium rubentis
Dod.
baccae.
fig.
16 13.
748.
1616.
/ig.
Grossularia multiplici acino, sive non spinosa hortensis rubra, sive Bibes officinarum.
Bauh. C. Pin. 455. 1623.
Ribes vulgaris acidus ruber. Bauh. J. 11, 97. fig. 1651.

Ribes rubra minor.
Sweert. t. 33._^g. 2.
1654.
Grossularia non spinosa hortensis acino multiplici rubra vulgaris sive Ribes officinarium.
Jonst. 221.
fig.
1662.
Turre. 588.
Ribes rubra,
Ribes vulgaris fructu rubra.
1685.
Ray
Jonst. 221.
ffisi. 11,
1662.
_/ig.
1688.
1485.
II.
Common White.
This type also occurs in our references as a wild form which has been brought under
culture.
2nd
Ray
in his
ed., 1630,
which
synonyms
is
refers to the Ribes vulgaris fructu albo, as does Gerarde,
probably this form.
Ribes vulgaris acidur, albas baccas ferens.
Bauh,
J.
11,98.
Ray
1651;
Hist. 11, i486.
1688.
Ribes alba.
Turre, 588.
1685.
III.
Large-fruited Red.
This
is
an improved variety and in
its historical
references
is
carried forward to the
Red Dutch.
Ribes baccis rubris majorib.
Cam. Hort. 141.
Ribes vulgaris.
Matth. O^. 151. fig. 1598.
Grossularia ma jore fructu.
Chis. Hist. 1:120.
Ribes fructu rubro, majore.
Hort. Eyst.
fig.
Grossularis hortensis majore fructu rubro.

Ribes rubra major. Sweert. t. 33. fig. 3.
Ribes.
Pancov. 341.
Red Dutch.
fig.
Quint. 143.
1588.
1601.
1613;
Ray
Bauh. C.
Hist. 11.
i486.
Pin. 455.
1623.
1688.
1654.
1674.
1693.
IV.
Large-fruited White.
This
Ribes
is
an unproved form of the Common White.

unionum instar. Matth. Op. i.
....
Ribes fructu albo. Hort. Eyst. fig. 1613.

Grossularia hortensis fructu margaritas simili.
32. 152.
1598.
Bauh. C. Pin. 455.
1623. (excel. Clus.)
STURTEVANT
502
Ribes alba.
Sweert. t. 33, p. i.
1654.
Grossularia non spinosa, frudu margaritis similis.
White Dutch. Quint. 143. 1693.
Jonst. 221.
1662.
V.
Sweet.
The
figure of Clusius
shows
this fruit to
be the
Common Red
in form of plant
Sweet-fruited currants, or currants not as acid as other sorts, are
berry.
and
known among
modem varieties, and Ray in his Synopsis, 1724, mentions sweet currants of the
mon species as in Lord Ferrer's garden at Stanton, Leicestershire, England, brought
our
comfrom
the neighboring woods.
....
Matth. Op. 152, i. 31. 1598.

fructu dulci.
Ribes vulgaris fructu duke. Clns. Hist. 5, iig, fig.
1601.
Grossularia vulgaris frttctu dulci. Bauh. C. Pin. 455.
1623. (exc. Eyst.)
Ribes
This review of -the history of the currant shows that the types of our cultivated
varieties
have existed
in nature
and have been removed to gardens.
We
have no evidence
that these cultivated varieties have originated
by gradual improvement under cultivation.

When we come to subvarieties, we conclude that these have undoubtedly originated in
gardens, or at least have been disseminated from gardens. The influence of fertile soil
and simlight upon growth wotdd be to effect a greater prolificacy and increased size of
btmches; through seedlings, and the process of selection, perhaps continued through successive generations, these plants
and propagated.
In the
first
which originate larger
fruit
might have been preserved

we have apparently
woodcut, that by Fuchsius in 1542,
the normal wild currant grown under protected conditions; in Castor Durante,
1585,
a figure which suggests an improvement over Fuchsius; in 1588, the appearance of the
We may hence say that the currant received
protot5T)e or the original of the Red Dutch.
This amehoration
its modem improved form between 1542 and 1588, or within 46 years.
of a wild fruit within such a limited period should serve for
emphasize the
warranted also by the study of other
belief,
encouragement and should

and vegetables, that
fruits
the seeking of wild prototypes of varieties, and inteUigent growing and selecting seedlings,
might give great improvement, even within the lifetime of the experimenter, in the case
of other wild fruits.
To
this conclusion our
argument
leads,
yet the fact attained
may
be stated more
American grape, the improved variety came directly

it to the garden, or from a direct
concisely, that, in the currant as in the
through selecting the wild variation and transferring

seminal variation from the seed of the
R. saxatile
The
pulp.
The
berries are smooth, globose,
North America.
'
little
J.
bristly gooseberry.
The
full
of edible
Missouri gooseberry.
berries are black, spherical
musky.''
Pickering, C.
'Lindley,
dark purple when ripe and
acid fruit, mixed with water, forms a refreshing drink.'
R. setosum Lindl.
flavor,
kind.
rock gooseberry.
Pall,
Siberia.
common
1879.
Trans. Hort. Soc. Land. 7:24.3.
1830.
and
hispid,
with a subacid, pleasant
STURTEVANT
Ricinus communis Linn.
503
castor oil plant.
Euphorbiaceae.
used in cooking. Smith '

sa3^ in his Materia Medica of China that a species or variety of Ricinus is said to have
smooth fruit and to be innocuous.
In China,
Tropics.
Robinia flava Lour.
to justify, says Smith,'
China
Pen
in the
says castor
oil is
Leguminosae.
The
North China.
Wells Williams
S.
and mucilaginous and would seem
taste of the root is sweetish
its
consumption as a food in times of
scarcity, as
mentioned
for
Ts'au.
locust.
false acacia,
R. pseud-acacia Linn,
South Pennsylvania, southward along the mountains and naturalized in some other
Yellow locust is commonly cultivated as an ornamental tree. The seeds, upon
places.
pressure, j'ield a large quantity of
boiling;
they
furnish a pleasant,
They
oil.
are quite acid but lose this quality upon
much esteemed by
of food,
nutritious article
the
aborigines.*
Rollinia sieberi A.
Mexico.
This
DC.
one of the
is
It is also cultivated in
sugar apple.
Anonaceae.
fruit trees cultivated in
the Moluccas.
The flesh
the Public Gardens of Jamaica.'
of the fniit
is
very soft and of an unpleasant
taste.*
R. sylvatica
Brazil.
Rosa
Warm.
The plant
called araticu do
is
acicularis Lindl.
than that of R. canina
is
afforded
brier rose,
R. canina Linn,
its fruit is
good to
eat.'
Rosaceae.
Northern Asia and North America.

fruit
mato and
Amur
In the
coimtry, a
much
larger
and
better
this species.*
by
dog-brier.
The fruits of this wild rose have a scanty, orange, acid,

and were collected in ancient times in Europe when garden fruits were few
and scarce. Galen ^ mentions them as gathered by country people in his day, as they
edible pulp
still
Gerarde
are in Europe.
"*
remarks that
meats and banqueting dishes, as

'
Williams, S.
W.
Mat. Mtd. China 55.
Contrib.
'
Contrib. Mat.
Smith, F. P.
Med. China
Millspaugh Amer. Med. Pis. 1: No. 50.

'
1880.
'
Don, G.
Hist. Dichl.
Ph. i:8g.
1831.
'
Don, G.
1831.
'
Fluckiger and
'
Fluckiger and
'
"
"
Hanbury Pharm.
Hanbury Pharm.
Fl. Scot.
1:262.
I.
1879.
1789.
i860.
1871.
1871.
(Anona mucosa)
1879.
when
like.""
1887.
268.
Ibid.
Lightfoot, J.
51.
238.
Ibid.
the fruit
and such
tarts
U. S. Pal. Of. Rpt. 474.
'Smith, F. P.
"
it is
ripe
makes most pleasant
says the pulp of the
Lightfoot
504
from the seeds and mixed with wine and sugar, makes a jelly much esteemed
in some countries.
Johnson says the leaves have been used as a tea substitute.
fniit separated
'
R.
cabbage rose.
centifolia Linn,
In China, the blossoms are used for scenting tea.'
cinnamon rose.
R. cinnamomea Linn,
The
North temperate zone.

Alaska Indians.
They
berries, or seed capsules, are eaten, says Dall,'
The
are sweet and jiucy.
fruit is
by the
eaten by the Kamchatkians.''
ash-leaved rose.
R. fraxinellaefolia Andr.
The haws are eaten by the Indians of the Cascade Mountains '
Nez Percfe.* R. Brown ' says the tender shoots in the spring are eaten by
Western Oregon.
and by the
the Indians.
R. macrophylla Lindl.

R. nutkana
In India, Brandis
says the fruit
is
eaten.
Presl.
Northern Pacific coast to the Rocky Mountains. The fruit is

acidulous and is an excellent antiscorbutic for the Alaska Indians.'
Europe and Caucasus.
pleasantly
sweetbriar.
eglantine,
R. rubiginosa Linn,
juicy,
Berries of this species are collected
and
sold in Norway.*"
turkestan rose.
R. rugosa Thunb.
Eastern Asia.
This rose
is
called
mau, or
in Japanese humanasi,
and the
fruit is
generally eaten by the Ainbs."
R. semperflorens Curt, monthly rose, red china rose.

China. The Chinese serve the flowers of this rose dressed whole, as a ragout.'*
R. spinosissima Linn, burnet rose.
Europe and Asia Minor. The deep purple fruit of this rose, so abimdant on sandy
shores in Britain, is very sweet and pleasant to the taste.''
R. villosa Linn.
Europe and
'
The
Asia.
form
at dessert in the
Johnson, C. P.
W. H.
U.
S.
W.
Brown, R.
1868.
1879.

Forest Fl. 203.
Havard, V.
Johnson, C. P.
1849.
1868.
Brandis, D.
Pickering, C.
(R. kamtchalica)
1870.
1874.
1895.
1857.
" Davis Journ. Land. Horl.

>
Rpt. 178.
Advent. Capt. Bonneville 99.
^'Gard. Chron. 823.
"
S.D. A.
D. A. Rpt. 415.
Irving,
'
1862.
1889.
Pickering, C.
'U.
has a pleasant, acid pulp, which
Rein Jndust. Jap. 123.

Dall,
fruit
of conserves or sweetmeats.
Soc. 9:262.
1879.
1855.
Useful Pis. Gt. BrU. 97.
1862.
is
sometimes served

Rosmarinus
officinalis Linn.
505
rosemary.
Labiatae.
West Mediterranean countries and grown in gardens for its use in flavoring meats
and soups. This aromatic herb had many virtues ascribed to it by Pliny and is also
mentioned by Dioscorides and Galen. Rosemary was also familiar to the Arab physicians
of Spain in the thirteenth century and is mentioned in an Anglo-Saxon herbal of the
The
eleventh century.'
who
is
described' by Bryant
mention in nearly
mon
in
notice of its use as a condiment
first
is
by Lignamine,
describes rosemary as the usual condiment with salted meats.
all
'
as so
common
in gardens as to
In 1778,
the earlier botanies.
be known to every one.
Mawe ^ names
It finds
four varieties:
Narrow-leaved, Broad-leaved, the Silver-striped and Gold-striped-leaved.
American gardens
1475,^
In 1783, rosemary
Com-
It
was
in 1806 or earlier.
Roupellia grata Wall.

Tropical Africa.
&
Hook.
cream-fruit.
Apocynaceae.
In Sierra Leone, this plant affords a delicious
fruit,
according to
Henfrey.'
Rubus
arcticus Linn.
Northern and
fruit.
arctic bramble,
Rosaceae.
crimson bramble.
This species, says Loudon,^ has a highly flavored

valued and is extolled by Linnaeus. In northern Scandi-
arctic regions.
In Lapland,
its fruit is
having the aroma of the pineapple.^ It affords in Labrador,

In Alaska, the berries are eaten.' The
says Pursh,' amber-colored, very dehcious fruit.
navia, the fruit
is
delicious,
western Eskimo, according to Seemann,'" use the berries of this species as a winter food.
They are collected in autumn and frozen.
R. biflorus Buch.-Ham.
India and Himalayas up to 10,000
The
feet.
fruit is either red or
orange."
R. borbonicus Pers.
The
fruit is like that of
R. caesius Linn."
R. buergeri Miq.
Japan. In Japan, this species furnishes edible fruit."
dewberry of England.
Europe, Orient and northern Asia. The
R. caesius Linn,
but these are
with a
large, juicy, black,
'
Fluckiger and
Ibid.
Hanbury Pharm.
488.
'Bryant Fl. Diet. 141. 1783.

*
'
Henfrey, A.
Loudon,
''
'
J.
5o/. 317.
C.
Horl. 569.
Pursh, F.
Fl.
W. H.
'"Seemann, B.
" Mueller, F.
1879.
Bol.
1:1 $2.
1882.
Septent. i:n<).
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 1S7.
1814.
1868.
Anlhrop. Journ. y. CCClll.

Sel. Pis. 427.
1865.
1891.
" Don, G. Hist. Dichl. Pis.

2:530. N.
"
Amer.
Card.
Georgeson
12:204.
1891.
" Loudon,
C. Arb. Frut. Brit.
J.
1778.
i860.
Land Midnight Sun
'Dall,
says Loudon," with few grains

bloom
and are very agreeably acid.
glaucous
fruit is small,
1870.
Thi Chaillu
Amer.
fine,
2:739.
14.
1832.
1844.
[R. acaulis)
5o6
By some
preferred for cultivation on account of its fruit.
it is
Johnson
'
says the berries
"
are far superior in flavor to the ordinary bramble.
low blackberry,
dewberry,
R. canadensis Linn,
The
generally preferred to that of other blackberries.
an inch
diameter and
in
is
molka.
cloitdberry.
which
fruit,
is
from half an inch to
fruit varies
very sweet and juicy, high-flavored and
bakeapple.
R. chamaemorus Linn,
trailing blackberry.
This trailing plant often furnishes a fine
excellent.
salmonberry.
yellow-
berry.
The
Northern and arctic climates.
and
Geo. Lawson says
jviicy.
yellow or amber-colored, sweet
brought abundantly to the Halifax markets.^
is
it
fruit is large,
species furnishes winter food to the western Eskimos,
who
collect the berries in
This
autimin
and preserve them by freezing.' The fruit is also preserved by the Indians of Alaska.*
The Swedes and Norwegians preserve great quantities of the fruit in the autumn to make
tarts
and other
is made by fermenting the berries.

berries
them
in the snow.'
the
by burying
preserve
confections," and, in Sweden, vinegar
The Laplanders
R. corchorifolius Linn.
f.
The fruit is edible, according
Japan.
R. crataegifolius Bimge.
China. This species
is
The
to Kinch. '
*
species furnishes an edible fruit.
said in Transon's Trade Catalogue of
introduced into France from Manchiuia some years ago.
which
of transparent, scarlet fruits, the taste of
is
In July
it
880-81
'
to have been
gives a great quantity
sugary and agreeable.
sand blackberry.
R. cuneifolius Pursh.
'"
Long Island to Florida. Pursh says the berries are hard and dry; Elliott," that
^
they are juicy and eatable; Wood,'^ that they are black, juicy and well-flavored; Gray
them
calls
ripens
well-flavored; Fuller
"
says the fruit
is
of
medium
size,
good
flavor,
black and
late.
rocky mountain raspberry.

Western North America. The fruit is delicious, according to Torrey.
R. deliciosus Torr.
fruit of peculiar flavor. '"
a flne
it is
'
Johnson, C. P.
'
Card. Chron. iB:7i6.
'
Seemann, B.
*
'
Dall,
W. H.
Anthrop. Journ. 3: CCCIII.

U. S. D. A. Rpt. 178.
Lightfoot, J.
Fl. Scot.
Johnson, C. P.
1:267.
'
Georgeson Amer. Gard. 12:204.
'
Transon Nurs.
"
Elliott, S.
" Wood, A.
"
'
"
Gray, A.
Fuller
Sm.
Fl.
1879.
1862.
1889.
Cat. 2$.
Amer.
1865.
1868.
'
'"Pursh, F.
1862.
1882.
1891.
1880-81.
Orleans, France.
Septent. 1:347.
1814.
1821.
Class
Man.
Booh
Bot. 339.
Bot. 158.
Fr. Cult. 169.
Thompson, R. O.
1855.
1868.
1867.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 126.
1866.
In Colorado,
STURTEVANT
bramble,
R. fruticosus Linn,
and south
Eiorope, north
by children, says Loudon,*

The fruit, says Johnson,'
middle and northern Asia.^
Africa,
in every
is
European blackberry,
bumblekites.
parts of England are called bumblekites
and
507
in others scaldberries
The
scaldberry.
fruits in
some
and have been eaten
country where they grow wild since the time of Pliny.

The berries are sometimes fer-
wholesome and pleasant.
mented
into a wine of very indifferent quality and, abroad,
coloring
more generous
The Red Muscat wine
liquor.
of
are sometimes used for
Toulon owes
its tint
to the
In China, the berries are gathered and eaten.*
juice of blackberries.
R. geoides Sm.
Magellan, Falkland Islands, Fuego, Patagonia and Chiloe. This species is a raspberry-like plant, with greenish-yellow fruits resembling the cloudberry and is of a very
^
agreeable taste.
R. gminianus Hook.
Tasmania. The
fruit is
red and juicy but not always well-developed.'
R. hawaiensis A. Gray.
Sandwich
The
Islands.
fruit is ovoid, half
an inch in length and breadth, red and
edible.'
R. hispidus Linn, running blackberry, swamp blackberry.

Northern America. The fruit consists of a few large grains, red or purple, and sour. '
The fruit is quite good tasting but is not worth picking in the presence of better varieties.
European raspberry,
R. idaeus Linn.
framboise.
Europe, Orient and northern Asia and thrives as far north as 70
in Scandinavia.'
This species furnishes the Eioropean varieties of the cultivated raspberry and those cultivated in American gardens prior to about 1866."* This species is now occasionally found
wild, as
an escape, in Vermont and Connecticut;"
The
fruit of the wild plant is
crimson
is the raspberry of European gardens.'^

According to Unger,'' this
"
as
a
cultivated
mentioned
Palladius
there
plant.
Unger
by
says further that
species
red
with
fruit
and
white
fruit
and those which bear
are now varieties grown
fruit, yellow
or amber-colored; this
is
'*
twice in the year."
'MueUer, F.
*
Loudon,
J.
Johnson, C. P.
Smith, F. P.
'Mueller, F.
Mueller, F.
'
Gra)', A.
fruit of this
Sel. Pis. 429.
C.
'
The
1891.
Arb. Frul. Brit. 2:743.
Med. China
Sel. Pis. 428.
1891.
Sel. Pis. 206.
1876.
Man.
Gray, A.
1844.
Bot. 158.
A.
" Wood, A.
'2
"
Fr. Fr. Trees
J.
Class
Babington, C. C.
Unger, F.
" Loudon,
J.
Book
1882.
Rubi 43.
1857.
1864.
1869.
C.
1871.
1854.
Amer. 655.
Bot. 340.
Brit.
188.
1868.
'Dxi ChaiUu Land Midnight Sun 1:1 $2.
" Downing,
1862.

Contrib. Mat.
berry has been found in the debris of the lake
1859.
1844.
5o8
In 1867, Fuller' describes 41 varieties
Switzerland.'
villages of
known
to American
gardens and 23 which are from native American species. As types of this class of cultivated fruit, we may mention the Antwerp, brought to this coxmtry about 1820; the Franconia, introduced from France about 1850; Brinckle's Orange, originated in Pennsylvania
in 1845,
and Clarke,
raised from seed at
New
Haven, Connecticut, in 1856.
R. imperialis Cham, et Schlecht.
The
Brazil.
fruit is edible.'
R. incisus Thvmb.
The
China and Japan.
fruit is small, bluish-black
and
of
no great
merit.
Country
people hold the berries in great esteem.*
R. jamaicensis Linn.
The
Tropical America.
and unripe, they make an
and very
berries are black
when red
excellent tart.'
evergreen blackberry,
cut-leaved blackberry,
R. laciniatus Willd.
If pickled
agreeable.
parsley-
leaved BLACKBERRY.
This Species has been sparingly cultivated in Europe for many years and in this
country since 1845. It is scarcely worth growing, says Fuller,' except as a curiosity,
but others say the
fruit is large
and juicy and that
this plant is
worthy a place in the
garden.'
R. lasiocarpus Sm.
and are used

eat,
Mysore raspberry.
hill raspberry.
This species
India.
cultivated in India for
is
in tarts, according to Firminger.
and Royle
"
saj^ that
'
its fruits,
Brandis
and
which are of excellent flavor
says the fruit
is
very good to
affords a grateful fruit.
it is
called kul-anchoo
The
fruit is yellowish-red, rather large,
R. leucodermis Dougl.
Northwest America.
and agreeable flavor " and

surpasses the
common
Oregon, the berry

for
is
and preserved by the
dried
Pickering, C.
*
'
'
1879.
1867.
1832.
Georgeson /Imer. Gard. 12:204. 189 1.

Lunan, J. Hort. Jam. 1:98. 1814.
Fuller
''
Sm.
Fr. Cult. 173.
1867.
Card. Chron. 16:44.
1882.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Card. Ind. 249.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 198.
1870.
(R. albescens)
1874.
"Royle, J. F. lUusir. Bat. Himal. 1:203. 1839.

" Brewer and Watson Bot. Cat.
1880.
1:172.
" Brown, R. Bot. Soc. Edinb.
9:384.
" Casa Bot. Index 10, 1881.
Case Bot. Index 37.
88 1
In
borne in great abtmdance, of excellent flavor but rather soft
is large,
Fuller 5to. Fr. Cult. 149-167.
'Don, G.
In Utah, the fruit
black raspberry in flavor, size of berry and productiveness."
market purposes."
'
natives.'*
with a white bloom
1868.

R. micrcphyllus Linn.
The
Japan.
509
f.
and
fruit is yellow, esculent
sapid.'
R. morifolius Siebold.
This species bears large black raspberries of excellent quality."
Japan.
W.
R. nessensis
Hall.
Loudon
Northern Europe.
'
says the frmt consists of a small
blood-colored, aggregate grains, said to be agreeably acid, with
whence
it
some
number
of
dark
red, or
flavor of the raspberry,
has been recommended by some as perhaps not unworthy of cultivation.
R. nutkanus M05. salmonberry. thimbleberry.

Alaska and Oregon. The fruit is red, large, hemispherical, sweet and
pleasantly
flavored.'*
The fruit is dried and eaten by the Indians. The tender shoots are also eaten.
In the season, canoe loads

berry
is
considered of excellent quality but
R. occidentalis Liim.
an
In Oregon, the
too small to pay for the trouble of gathering.*
is
Wood
'
says the fruit
thimbleberry.
of a lively, agreeable taste.
is
It
Emerson,' but has been improved by cultivation. Downing ^

frequently cultivated in gardens, where its fruit is much larger and
inferior fruit, says
says this berry
is
than in the uncultivated
finer
to Indian villages.*
way
black raspberry,
blackcap,

is
be seen on their
may
In
sort for kitchen use..
its
and
acid flavor renders
it,
wild state, says Fuller,'" this species
is
state,
its rich,
perhaps, the finest
most
variable; he
describes wild fruit in cultivation as pale or deep yellow, black, reddish-purple, light
crimson or dark scarlet. He refers to this species, wild plants and seedlings, 12 varieties
of blackcaps
and
R. odoratus Linn,
but
the fruit
it
This species
seldom bears an edible
is flattish,
" describes a white

variety.
flowering raspberry.

beries,
Downing
5 purple-canes.
red, pleasant,
though
found cultivated
is
fruit in
New
England.
less agreeable
in
ornamental shrub-
Emerson,'^ however, says
than that of the true raspberry.
Pursh "
says, in a wild state, the fruit is yellow and of a very fine flavor and of large size.
not considered, however, by Downing " or Fuller '^ as a fruit-shrub. Specimens with
white and pink flowers occur about Cayuga Lake, N. Y.
It is
'
Don, G.
'
1832.
1891.
'Loudon, J. C. Arb. Frut. Brit. 2:735. '844.

*
Brewer and Watson Bol. Col. 1:172. 1880.
'Brown, R.
Bot. Soc. Edinb. 9:384, 385.
(R. suberectus)
1868.
Case Bot. Index 37. 1 88 1

Wood, A. Class Book Bot. 340. 1864.
Emerson, G. B. Trees, Shrubs Mass. 2:488.
.
'
1875.
'

"Fuller 5ot. Fr. C//. 141. 1867.
"
" Emerson, G. B. Trees, Shrubs Mass.
2:487.
1875.
"Pursh, F. Fl. Amer. Septent. 1:348. 1814.

"
" Fuller Sm.
Fr. Cult.
14.
1867.
STURTEVANT
5IO
R. paniculatus Sm.
Himalayan region. The

dings and pies by the whites.
fruit is
eaten by the natives of Viti and
is
made
into pud-
'
Australian bramble.
R. parvifolius Linn.
Malay, Australia and China. This species fruited in England in 1825. The fruit
small, of a clear and brilliant pink color, very juicy, with a subacid, extremely pleasant
was
flavor,
but the grains were few, large and pointed.'
R. pedatus Sm.
The
small, red berry has
an excellent flavor and
is
eaten
by the natives of Alaska.'

R. phoenicolasius Maxim,
The
Japan.
and the
by the sepals until ripe. At first white, the berry

and delicious flavor, between that of the common red
fruit is concealed
and
ttu^ns bright red
wineberry.
is
of a sweet
blackcap.'*
Mauritius raspberry.
R. rosaefolius Sm.
In India, this shrub bears a
Tropical Asia.
but the berry
with hard seeds and
is filled
fruit similar to
of rather a poor taste.*
is
the
common
The
fruit is
raspberry
red
when
ripe.'
R.
roebuck berry,
saxatilis Linn,
North temperate and
stone bramble.
The
arctic regions.
fruits,
says Lightfoot,' are very acid alone
but eaten with sugar they make an agreeable dessert. The Russians ferment the fruit
with sugar and extract a potent spirit. Johnson * says the berries are more acid and
agreeable to the taste than those of the European blackberry.
R. sellowii Cham.
&
Schlecht.
The
Argentina and Brazil.
fruit is edible.'
R. spectabilis Pursh. salmonberry.

Northwest America. The yellow
astringent taste
and make
fruits,
says Loudon,^" are of an acid and somewhat
The young
excellent tarts.
shoots, as well as the berries, are
eaten by the Indians, the former being tied in bundles and steamed over the fire. There
are said to be two forms in Oregon: one rather soft, yellow, somewhat insipid, subacid,
about one inch in diameter when expanded; the other with red berries of a firmer texture
and more acid, a shy bearer."
'
Seemann, B.
'Lindley, J.
CoviUe U.
Fl.
Viti. 76.
1865-73.
S. Nat. Herb. 3:
No.
6.
Georgeson ^mer. Gori. 12:203.

"
Firminger, T. A. C.
Brandis, D.
'
Johnson, C. P.
H.
Loudon,
''
Case 5oi.
J.
C.
/de
Fig. p. 205.
1891.
1870.
1874.
Scot. 1:265, 266.
1879.
1862.
'
1832.

38.
1881.
1830.
1896.
331.
Gard. Ind. 249.
Forest Fl. 198.
Lightfoot, J.
Don, G.
(^- tiliaceus)
1844.

red raspberry.
R. strigosus Michx.
In 1607, the Frenchmen of L'Escarbot's
Northern America.
themselves with gathering raspberries."
mentioned by Edward Winslow^

wherever they were to be found.
a dark red to a
51I
in 162
The
It is
"
expedition
amused
the wild fruits of Massachusetts
were greatly relished by the Indians

of the wild plants vary much in color from
Its frtiits
1.
fruits
The
light, bright crimson.
among
'
fruits are large or small.
In northern Iowa,
a chance wilding, called the Elisdale, bears a very large, bright red berry, with light bloom
and is very mveet and rich. Fuller,^ in 1867, mentions six varieties as imder cultivation.
R. tagallus Cham, ct Schlecht.
China and Island
&
R. thunbergii Sieb.
The red
of Luzon.
fruit is eatable.^
Zucc.
This species furnishes edible frmt.'
Japan.
R. tokkura Siebold.
The
Japan.
value but
utilized as
is
red and consists of but few drupes.
fruit is small,
an
It is
not of
much
article of food in Japan.'
R. trifidus Thunb.
The red
Japan.
R.
fruit is of
taste. ^
dwarf raspberry.
triflorus Richards,
New
a grateful
England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and northward.*
The
fruit is eaten in
Colorado.'
R.
trivialis
low-bush raspberry.
Michx.
to Florida.
Maryland
R. tirsinus Cham.
&
'"
says the berries are large, black and well-flavored.
salmonberry.
Schlecht.
Northwest America.
The
Elliott
western blackberry.
This species has been introduced into cultivation in California."
berries, in Oregon, are of
medivim
size, solid
and highly
In the season, large quantities are collected for market.
Sometimes
it is
large
and highly
flavored, ripening in July.
The
fruit varies considerably.
flavored, almost sweet; at other times
it is
large but sour
or rather insipid.'^
dewberry.
blackberry,
R. villosus Ait.
This species varies
much
in its fruit
and several
of the
cultivated varieties are chance seedlings taken from the field: such as the Kittatinny,
'
Pion. France 274.
Parkman, F.
'Young, A.
'
Fuller Sm.
Don, G.
Chron. Pilgr. 234.

Fr. Cult. 149.
1894.
1841.
1867.
'Georgeson Amer. Card. 12:204.
1832.
1891.
Ibid.
Don, G.
"Gray, A.
9
Man.
Bot. 157.
Thompson, R. O.
"Elliott, S.
" Case
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 126.
Bot. So. Car., Ca.
" Fuller Sm. Fr.
Cult. 116.
Bot. Index 38.
1832.
1868.
1881.
1867.
1:569.
1866.
1821.
{R. macropetalus)
512
found growing wild in New Jersey about 1845; New Rochelle, found in New York; Newman's Thomless, also in New York; and Wilson's Early, discovered in New Jersey about
In 1867, Fuller describes 18 sorts in cultivation. There is a variety cultivated
'
1854.
abroad, says Downing,' with white fruits. The commencement of the cultivation of
first exhibited
improved varieties seems to date from the appearance of the Dorchester,
esteemed
fruit
is
in
The
by the
1841.
highly
at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society
Indians of Missotui, Texas, California and Minnesota.
Cabeza de Vaca,
the Indians of the Southwest eat blackberries during four
months
were cataloged by the American Pomological Society
varieties, in 1879,
1528-35, says
of the year.
Eight
as worthy of
cultivation.
'
Jamaica.
Browne
among
the negroes.
used
menow-weed.
Acanikaceae.
Ruellia tuberosa Linn.
says the plant has oblong, fleshy roots, which are frequently
These,
when
Riunez abyssinicus Jacq.
have a
fresh,
upon the palate but when dry they are quite
little
pungency, which soon wears
insipid.
Polygonaceae.
Grant
'
says the people of Fipa are said to eat
its leaves.
sour dock.
sorrel,
R. acetosa Lirm.
snapdragon.
This plant was formerly cultivated in gardens for its

leaves, which were used in Britain as spinach or in salads, and, in the time of Henry VIII,
Sorrel is mentioned in nearly all of the earlier botanies as
it was held in great repute.
under culture in England; Gerarde,' 1597, also figures the blistered variety. It is spoken
of by nearly all the later writers on garden subjects and was in common use in 1807;* but,
in 1874, is said to have been for many years entirely discarded, the French sorrel having
usurped
The common
its place.'
sorrel,
says Mcintosh," has been cviltivated from time
immemorial as a spinach and salad plant."

In Ireland,
for salads in France.
it is
Johnson says
it is still
used to a great extent
largely consimied by the peasantry.
Sorrel seems
by the Hebrideans.'^ The Laplanders boil a large quantity

and mix the juice, when cold, in the milk of their reindeer, which
to -be particularly relished

of the leaves in water
they esteem an agreeable and wholesome food."
In Scandinavia, the plant has been
used in times of scarcity to put into bread.
mentioned as an inmate of American
Sm.
'
Fuller
'
Downing, A.
Fr. Cult. 172.
Smith, B.
<
'
'
'
Speke,
J.
Martyn
"
Cat.
H.
1871.
XVIIL
1879.
Herb. îg.
J.
B.
Mcintosh, C.
Johnson, C. P.
Lightfoot, J.
1864
1597.
W.
1857.
1814.
1807.
Treas. Bot. 3:998.
1870.
Book Card.
1855.
2: 139.
" Journ.
Agr. 2:379.
"
Amer. 663.
79.
Hort. Jam. 2:1^4.
J.
Gerarde,
Booth,
">
De Vaca
Rel.
Amer. Pom. Soc.

Lunan,
1867.
Fr. Fr. Trees
J.
It is
1862.
1831.
Fl. Scot.
i:igi.
1789.
STURTEVANT
gardens by
McMahon/
1806,
the edible and useful plants of
and Bridgeman,^
Kotzebue Sound.
In China
Europe and the Caucasus.
This species
is
not appear to have entered American culture.

"
"
1597 for use in

1807.
mentioned by Dall
'
among
eaten.*
it is
mountain rhubarb.
R. alpinus Linn,
It is
It is
1832.
513
and
physicke
is
It
sometimes grown in France but does

was grown in England by Gerarde in
described as cultivated there in Miller's Dictionary,
eaten as an herb in China.'
curled dock.
R. crispus Linn,
Europe and now naturalized
The
in northeastern America.
leaves of this
weed make
a spinach highly esteemed by some.
wild rhubarb.
R. hydrolapathum Huds.
Europe and
This sorrel
Asia.
R. hymenosepalus Torr.
eaten in China.'
canaigre.

southern California,
is
this
The
species
leaves are
is
occasionally
used as a
extensively
used as a potherb.^
substitute
In
cultivated
for
rhubarb.*
R. longifolius H. B.
&
K.
The
South America.
acid leaves, immediately they appear above the ground and,
indeed, throughout the summer, are eaten
by the Eskimos
of the West,
by handfuls
as
an antiscorbutic'
R. luxurians Linn.
South Africa.
This species serves as a culinary
French sorrel.
R. montanus Desf.
This species
Europe.
sorrel.'"
is
cultivated in France
and
is
much used as a salad. It is an

The Norwegians eat the leaves
important article of diet in the extreme north of Europe.

with milk or mixed with meal and baked. In India, this
imparting a peculiarly
McMahon,
B.
Amer. Card.
'
Bridgeman Young Card.
'
Dall U. S. D. A. Rpt. 423.
'Smith, F. P.
'
and imparts a
it
is
said
by Firminger
peculiarly fine flavor to omelets.
1857.
1870.
Mat. Med. China
Conlrib.
occitrs in French gardens under

In 1863, Burr " describes French
1806.
Cal. 320.
Asst. 107.
87.-
1871.
Ibid.
Ibid.
'
Saunders,
W.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 364.
*Paific Rur. Press
Seemann, B.
"Mueller, P.
" Burr,
"
F.
^-ji.
Journ. Anthrop. Soc. 3: CCClll.

1876.
Firminger, T. A. C.
17
1879.
1879.
Set. Pis. 208.
1863.
Card. Ind. 142.
1874.
used in soups and for
This species
fine flavor to omelets.
two types, the green-leaved and the crimped-leaved.

sorrel among American garden esculents.
In India,
excellent ingredient of soups
sorrel is
1865.
(R. domesticus)
'^
to be an
514
herb patience,
garden patience,
R. patientia Linn,
monk's rhubarb,
patience
DOCK.
Southern Europe and the Orient and formerly common in gardens as a spinach plant.
This plant was introduced into England in 1573. Gerarde ' says "it is an excellent,
wholesome pot-herbe." The name monk's rhubarb or rhabarbarum monachorum of Tragus,
1552, indicates its presence in the gardens of the monasteries.
It
was
called patientia
by Parkinson, 1640, and is noted by Turner,^ 1538, as having in England the common
name of patience. It was included among America esculents by McMahon,' 1806, and
by Bridgeman,*
Pallas
1832.
Greeks of the Crimea.

R. sanguineus Linn,
It
'
says the yoiuig leaves are eaten with avidity by the
was known to
bloodwort.
Pliny,
who
calls it
bloody-veined dock.
Exorope and naturalized in eastern North America.
vated grounds of America
is
Rumex sativus.
mentioned, under the
name
This weed of waste and
culti-
bloodwort, by Josselyn,* about
the middle of the seventeenth century, as introduced into America.
As Gerarde,'
1630,
most gardens and as Ray,' 1686, also says,

says,
in
as
a
we
it was planted
gardens
vegetable,
may believe that it was in former use in
Its use is as a spinach, and for this purpose the leaves
colonial gardens in Massachusetts.
it
was sown
in his time for a potherb in
of the wild plant are occasionally collected at the present time.
garden sorrel.
R. scutatus Liim.
Europe and the Orient and said to have been introduced into England in 1596. This
'
in 1597, but he does not indicate its general
species is mentioned in England by Gerarde
It is more acid than the preceding species
cultivation he calls it oxalis franca seu romana.
;
and has displaced
from English culture. This species is mentioned by many

It was
of the early botanists and is under extensive culture in continental Etu-ope.'"
is
still
cultivated
in
as
a
and
English gardens
spinach
grown extensively on the
formerly
it
largely
The
continent of Europe for this purpose."
leaves are also used as a salad.
Garden
sorrel was mentioned among American garden products by McMahon,'* 1806, and by
Bridgeman," 1832. The seed is still offered by some of ovu^ seedsmen who recommend
it
under the name garden
R. vesicarius Linn,
sorrel.
bladder dock.
South Europe, middle Asia and north Africa.

Herb. igi.
'
Gerarde,

'
J.
2nd Ed.
1633 or 1636.
Col. 550.
1806.
Bridgeman Young Gard. Asst. loy.
1857.
'
Pallas, P. S.
Trav. Russia 2:449.
1803.
New
Josseljm, J.
'
'
Gerarde,
Ray
Eng. Rar. 114.
Herb. ^go.
J.
Hisl. PI.
74.
Gerarde, J.
Herb.
1672.
1633.
686.
$!<).
1597.
"Mcintosh, C.
Book Card.
2: i^g.
1855.
" Mcintosh, C.
Book Card.
2:ii38.
1855.
" McMahon, B.
Amer. Card.
Cat. 583.
Bridgeman Young Card. Asst.

"Mueller, F.
Set. Pis. 433.
1832.
1891.
1806.
This species
is
used as a
sorrel.'*
STURTEVANT
Ruscus aculeatus Linn.
box holly,
Liliaceae.
Etirope and the Orient.
The tender
515
butcher's broom,
jew's myrtle.
shoots are eaten in the spring
by the poor
in
Europe as an asparagus.'
Ruta graveolens Linn.
rue.
Rutaceae.
herb-of-grace.
Mediterranean countries and cultivated in gardens.
Formerly the English as well
Germans and Dutch used the green leaves of rue in their

used as a pickle. The Italians are said to eat the leaves
as the
ragouts.
also
in salads.
The
leaves are
It
was* intro-
duced into Britain before 1562.2 Rue is included among American garden medicinal plants
by McMahon,' 1806, and by succeeding writers on American gardening.
Sabal adansoni Guems.
Palntae.
The
soft interior of the
Coast of North Carolina and southward.
The drupes
edible.^
In Florida, the cabbage
are said to afford nourishing food to the Indians
are not palatable to whites until they

tion of
is
palmetto palm.
S. palmetto Lodd.
excellent.
stem
Barmudas,^ 1613,
it is
said:
"
eaten and
is
is
and hunters but
become accustomed to them.

there
In Plaine Descripa tree called a Palmito tree, which hath
is
a very sweet berry, upon which the hogs doe most feede; but our men, finding the sweetnesse of them, did willingly share with the hogs for them, they being very pleasant and
made them
"
The
any bread with their meate."
"
head of the Palmito tree is verie good meate either raw or sodden."
Of necessitie, I
must needs mention a Palme-tree once againe, I have foimd it so good; take a hatchet
wholesome, which
carelesse almost of
and cut him, or an augur and bore him, and

tmto your sweete wines."
Saccharum officinarum Linn.
From
Tropics.
Gramineae.
it
yields a very pleasant liquor,
much
like
sugar cane.
the elaborate investigation of Ritter,'
it
appears that this species
originally a native of Bengal and of the Indo-Chinese countries, as well as of Borneo,
was
Java, Bali, Celebes and other islands of the
that
it is
to be
now fovmd anywhere
by Theophrastus
in
a wild
(others say
by
state.
Malay Archipelago.
The first historical
Strabo),'
who
There
is
no evidence
allusion to sugar seems
lived 321 B. C.
He
speaks of a sort
honey procured from canes or reeds. Varro, 68 B. C, mentions the exceeding sweetness of the Indian reed, but says the juice is derived from the root of the plant.
Lucan '
of
says of the Indians near the Ganges

Dioscorides says there
'
Card. Chron. 214.
'
Mcintosh, C.
'
McMahon,
Seemann, B.
B.
Fluckiger and
'Hooker,
Ibid.
W.
J.
they drink the sweet juices of the tender reed."
a sort of concreted honey which
is
called sugar
1877.
Book Card. 2:242. 1855.

Amer. Card. Cal. 584. 1806.
Pop. Hist. Palms ^6.
^Plaine Desc. o)
'
is
"
Barmudas
13.
1613.
Hanbury Pharm.
650.
Journ. Bot. 1:217.
1856.

1879.
1834.
3.
1844.
and
is
foimd upon
5i6
canes in India and Arabia Felix and
it is
Pliny adds to this description by saying
used only in medicine.
common
as hard as salt and
it
comes
under the teeth.
is brittle
in fragments as large as a filbert
Paulus Aegineta quotes Archigenes as saying,
"
The Indian
and consistence but resembles honey in taste."

in
the
Institutes
mentioned, however,
of Menu,^ and the Soma Veda.^
The Venetians' imported sugar cane from India by the Red Sea, prior to
is
like
by
salt in color
supposed to have been introduced into the islands of
it is
the' Saracens,^ as
an abundance
West
discovery of the
of sugar
Cane was
Indies.
Sicily, Crete,
was made
and
salt
Sugar
1148,
is
is
and
Rhodes and Cypress
in those islands previous to the
cultivated afterwards in Spain, in Valentia,
Granada and Murcia by the Moors, and sugar
is still
made
in these provinces.'
Other
authorities believe that, in the ninth century, the Arabians obtained sugar from the sugar
Sugar was brought from Alexandria
cane which at that time was cultivated in Susiana.

to Venice in the year 996.
In 1087, 10,000 pounds of sugar are said to have been used
at the wedding of the Caliph Mostadi Bemvillah.
cane from Sicily to Madeira, whence

it
was introduced
it
was
In 1420,
carried to the
Don Henri
Canary
transported sugar
Isles in 1503.*
into Brazil in the beginning of the sixteenth century.'
Thence
Coliunbus
carried sugar canes from Spain to the West Indies before 1494, for at this time he says
"
the small quantity that we have planted has succeeded very well.* Sugar cane was
carried to Santo
Domingo about
In 1610, the Dutch began to make sugar in the
1520.'
Island of St. Thomas,'" and, from the cane introduced in 1660, sugar was
made
in
Jamaica
"
"
in 1664."
Sugarcane reached Guadeloupe about 1644 and Martinique about 1650.
It was carried to Bourbon at the formation of the colony.'^ In 1646, the Barbados began
Plants appear to have been carried to Cuba by Velasquez about 15 18
and to Mexico by Cortez "about 1524, and, before 1530, we find mention of sugar mills
on the estates of Cortez.'* The plant seems to have been cultivated on the banks of the
to export sugar.
Mississippi for the

1770,
The
first
time about 1751, and the
sugar had become one

first
Pickering, C.
'
Ibid.
Loudon,
J.
C.
sugar mill was erected in 1758.
of the staple products of the colony
variety cultivated was the Creole.
'
first
Enc. Pis. 74.
The Ribbon
1879.
1855.
*Ibid.
Ibid.
De
'
Candolle. A.
Geog. Bot. 2:837.
1855.
Ibid.
Columbus
De
Sel. Letters
Candolle, A.
2nd Voy.
1494.
Geog. Bot. 2:837.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 78.
1855.
'
Iûdon, J. C. Enc. Pis. 74. 1855.

" Lunan, J. Hort. Jam. 2:20$. 1814.
" De Candolle, A. Geog. Bot. 2:837. 1855.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Prescott,
"
Ibid.
W. H.
CoKq. Mex. 3:332.
1843.
1847.
about
New
cane, originally
In
Orleans.
from Java,
STURTEVANT
was introduced about 1820 to
by Bougainville and
According to
Bligh,
The Otaheite
1825.'
was introduced
who
Hallam,' Gesner,
517
cane, brought to the
West
Indies
far later.^
died in 1564, was the
first
who men-
botanist
Sugar cane, according to various observers, never bears seed in the

Malaga, India, Cochin China, or the Malay Archipelago,^ but Lunan
tions sugar cane.
West
Indies,
speaks of the seed in Jamaica as being oblong, pointed and ripening in the valve of the
flower.
The use
of sugar
is
In South America a cane-wine called guarapo
known.
well
is
common
use, prepared from the juice of the stalk allowed to run into fermentation.'
The natives of Easter Island, who suffer great distress from want of fresh water, drink
in
In southern China, the
the juice.'
hawked around the
are continually
China
is
for the stalks,
grown
stalks, cut into six- or ten-inch lengths,
The elephant cane of Cochin

The epidermis of the stalk is so brittle,
break into small fragments.'
most frequent and the negroes make no
Africa, a red-stalked variety is the
In central
fiu-ther
use
than eating the cane,' and the
it
of a long cane that trails
guay, where
Uganda may often be seen passing, chewing the end

behind them.'" This cane also appears in the markets of Para-
eaten." This species
it is
is,
vmdoubtedly, says Unger,'* a plant peculiar to
China, and has been cidtivated there independently and perhaps
This
Indian sugar cane.
De
boiled,
streets for eating.'
which are chewed.
that, instead of crushing in the mills, the stalks
of
raw and
Candolle " says
S. sara
it
is
was introduced into the gardens
The
Orient and northwestern India.
is
N.
'
Brown,
'
Humboldt, A. Views Nat. 25. 1850.

Hallam Lit. Europe 1:241. 1856.
Darwin, C. Ans. Ph. Domest. 2:153.
'
Boussingault Rur. Econ. 194.
fruit is
sweet and
Williams, S.
W.
1850.
"
Unger, F.
Ainslie,
W.
Cent. Afr. 127.
J.
P.
and W.
P.
i860.
1880.
Journ. Disc. Source Nile $^6.
Long, C. C.
" Robertson,
1893.
H.
1849.
No year.
Views Nat. 2^.
Humboldt, A.
1864.
1877.
Letters
Paraguay 1:294.
Mat. Ind. 1:40^.
deli-
eaten by the poor.'^
Afghans."
J.
of Calcutta in 1796.
Rhamneae.
Sageretia brandrethiana Aitch.
Speke,
than the
In the southern part of the Ptmjab, the
cate part of the pith in the upper part of the stem
'
earlier
penreed grass.
Roxb.
East Indies, Afghanistan and India.
J.
still
also the sugar cane of the Malays, according to Ainslie."
1859.
1826.
" De Candolle, A. Geog. Bot. 2:836.

1855.
Drury, H.
1873.
" Brandis, D. Forest Fl.
95.
1874.
1838.
is
a great favorite with the
5l8
S. oppositifolia Brongn.
The
sweetish fruit
is
eaten in India.*
S. theezans Brongn.
Northwestern India,
Burma and
The poor
China.
in
China use the leaves as a
China and the Himalayas. It is globular, the

The fruit is
pea, dark brown when ripe,' and is called iia by the Chinese.*
also eaten in
Sagittaria chinensis Sims.
tea.*
a small
arrow-head.
Alismaceae.
The Chinese arrow-head
size of
China and Japan as food,

the corns being full of starch.' It is extensively cultivated about San Francisco, California, to supply the Chinese markets, and the tubers are commonly to be found on sale.*
China.
is
swamp potato,
S. sagittifolia Linn,
Europe, Asia and North America.
sold in the markets of
swan potato.
The biolbs, which
dig themselves into the solid
earth below the mud, constitute an article of food with the Chinese, and, on that accotmt,
the plant
they called katniss.^
important article of
diet.
A shrub
much
is
'
as
among
In eastern America, the Indians boil or roast this root which
by the Oregon Indians wapstoo and
It is called
Salacia dulcis Benth.
is
This species
is
constitutes an
'
Celastrineae.
The
of Brazil.
a crab apple, yellow, sweet, and juicy and
eaten by the Indians on the Rio Negro,
who
call it
waiatuma}"
S. pyriformis Steud.
This plant produces a sweet-tasted
Tropical Africa.
pear."
'^
Wight
says the fruit
is
eatable and
is
fruit the size of
said to be of a rich
and sweet
a Bergamot
flavor.
S. roxburghii Wall.
The
East Indies.
white pulp
S. scabra
DC.
The
Guiana.
'
Brandis, D.
Don, G.
Forest Fl. 95.
D.
Brandis,
Smith, A.
Forest Fl. 96.
Med. Econ.
'
Thunberg, C. P.
'
Kalm, P.
Torrey,
1874.
1832.
1874.
Treoj. So/. 2:1005.
Lindley, J.
Case Bot. Index
berries are edible.'*
'
'
plant bears a dull red fruit the size of a crab apple, of which the
eaten.''
is
9.
1870.
Bot. 62.
1849.
1881.
Fl.
Trav. No.
Jap. 242.
1784.
Amer. 1:386.
1772.
J.
"Black, A. A.
Treas. Bot. 2:1007.
1857.
1870.
Ibid.
"
Wight, R.
Illustr.
" Black, A. A.
"Smith, A.
Ind. Bot. 1:132.
Treas. Bot. 2: 1007.
Treas. Bot. 2:1007.
1840.
1870.
1870.
STURTEVANT
Salicomia brachiata Roxb.
East
5I9
Chenopodiaceae.
The shoots
Indies.
by the natives
are pickled
of India.'
S. fruticosa Linn
Europe and Africa. The plant is of a brackish taste but

and some few others at the Cape of Good Hope.*
is
eaten as a salad by the
soldiers
marsh samphire,
crab grass,
S. herbacea Linn,
saltwort.
Seashores of the Mediterranean and north Atlantic and interior salines throughout
North America and
The tender
Asia.
shoots of this plant in England are used as a pickle
This species
are sometimes boiled for the table.'
and
Syracuse,
New
York, and
Salix alba Linn.
is
much used
when
dried
The
Dall
The bark
eaten as a salad.
by the Indians
'
says,
is
used in northern countries in
says the half-digested willow-tips in the stomach
of the adult deer are regarded as a delicacy

is
salt springs in
inner bark, though extremely bitter in the
and powdered, Johnson
times of scarcity for making bread.
mess
fovmd about the
white willow.
Salicineae.
Europe, Asia and north Africa.

fresh state,
is
for pickling.^
by the Eskimos of the Yukon River, and the

is mixed with tobacco and smoked
of a species of willow
In China, the leaves of this and other willows are often eaten
of Maine.
Willow leaves have long been used to make " sweettea," and about Shanghai the leaves of S. alba are used to adulterate tea.''
by poor people
in times of want.
crack willow.
S. fragilis Linn,
Europe and Asia.
In Persia, this willow yields a saccharine exudation, as stated
by Haussknecht.'
Salvador aceae.
Salvadora persica Linn.

Orient, East Indies
Punjab; when
dried
fruit is globose,
when
dry.'
it
and north
forms an
Africa.
The
article of trade
two and one-half
The shoot and
mustard tree,
fniit is
and
lines in diameter, yellow
as the mustard tree of Scripttu-e.
poison.
The
'
Useful Pis. India 377.
Thunberg, C. P.
Trav. i:2<)2.
Fl. Scot. i:6g.
Lightfoot, J.
Vick Card. Monthly 250.

'
Johnson, C. P.
DaU, W. H.
1789.
Contrib.
Fluckiger and
Hanbury Pharm.
373.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 315.
1874.
"Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 316.
1874.
W.
1862.
Mat. Med. China 214, 232.
Smith, F. P.
Pickering, C.
2^17.
1897.
'
"Ainslie,
1873.
1795.
'
"
when
Mat. Ind. 2:266.
1879.
1826.
ripe,
eaten largely in the

like currants.
1879.
The
dark brown or red
and are eaten
as salad
This shrub or small tree has been identified
1878.
Alaska 148.
is
somewhat
small, red, edible berries, says Ainslie,"
aromatic smell and taste not imlike the garden cress.

Drury, H.
sweet and
tastes
leaves are pungent, says Brandis,'"
and are celebrated as antidotes against
'
tooth-brush tree.
1871.
have an
According to Stewart,'^ these berries
520
much
are
and Royle
eaten,
'
says the seeds, having an aromatic pungency, are substituted
for mustard.
Salvia columbariae Benth.
chia.
Labiatae.
The
Southern and central California.
seeds are collected, roasted, ground
by the
Indians and used as a food by mixing with water and enough sugar to sviit the taste. This
mixture soon develops into a copious, mucilaginous mass several times the original bulk.
The taste for it is soon acqviired, and it is then foimd very palatable and nutritious.'
S.
hormium clary.
honnintun Linn,
South Exu-ope; introduced into Britain in 1596. The leaves are used as a sage.'
Gerarde ^ says of it, that the leaves are good to be put into pottage or broths among other
potherbs.
It is included in
'
Thorbum's
seed catalog of 1881.
S. indica Linn.
This species, according to Ainslie,'
East Indies.
leaves,
which
S. lanata
is
much
cultivated in India for its
and pleasant
are put into country beer because of their fresh
smell,
Roxb.
Himalayan
region.
S. officinalis Linn.
The stems
are peeled
and
eaten."
sage.
Mediterranean region. This plant is one of the most important occupants of the
herb garden, being commonly used for seasoning and also in domestic medicine. It has
been under cultivation from a remote period and is considered to be the elelisphakos of
Theophrastus, the elelisphakon of Dioscorides, the salvia of Pliny. Its medicinal virtues
In the Middle Ages,
are noted by Oribasius and others of the early writers on medicine.
by Albertus Magnus
sage found frequent mention, as

plant and
is
its
uses are noticed in nearly
now grown
all
in the thirteenth century,
of the early botanies.
in our gardens, yet formerly a ntmiber of sorts

^
and the
Although but one variety
were noted, the
red, green,
Sage was in American gardens
and variegated being named by Worlidge in 1683.

'
and doubtless long before. Six varieties are described by Burr,!" 1863, all
which can perhaps be included among the ionr mentioned in 1683 and aU by Mawe
small
in 1806
of
in
1778.
The French make an

for
making a
tea,
sage for tea,
young leaves.
and at one time the Dutch carried on a
pound
'
Royle, J. F.
Rothrock,
'
Mcintosh, C.
Gerarde,
Illustr. Bot.
J.
T.
Bot.
Book Card. 2:235.
Pickering, C.
WorUdge,
J.
McMahon,
"Burr, F.
Himal. 1:319.
B.
1839.
U. S. Geog. Sun. 6:48.
Herb. 2nd. Ed. 773.
J.
1:260.
1855.
1633 or 1636.
1826.

Syst. Hort. 218.
Amer. Card.
1879.
1683.
Col. 583.
The Chinese value the leaves

profitable trade in exchanging
In Zante, the apples or timiors on the sage, the effect
for povmd.
'Thorbum Cat. 1881.

Mat. Ind.
"Ainslie, W.
'
excellent pickle of the
1863.
1806.
1878.
STURTEVANT
of a puncture of a species of Cynips, are
made
52 1
into a conserve with honey, according to
Sibthorp.
S. plebeia R. Br.
The
Eastern Asia and Australia.
seeds are used as a mustard
by the Hindus.'
clary.
S. sclarea Linn,
Mediterranean region and the Orient; introduced into Britain in 1562. In Europe,
the leaves are said to be put into wine to impart to it a muscatel taste. Clary was formerly
much more cultivated in gardens than at present. Townsend,^ 1726, says, " the leaves
of
are used in Omlets,
it
made with Eggs and
must be
so
gives three varieties; the broad-leaved, the long-leaved
in a garden."
Mawe '
In 1778,
and the wrinkled-leaved.
Clary
mentioned as cultivated in England by Ray,* 1686; Gerarde,' 1597 and it is the Orminum
It was in American gardens preceding 1806 ' and now occurs wild in
of Turner,' 1538.
is
The
Pennsylvania, naturalized as an escape.
leaves are used for seasoning, but their
use in America has been largely superceded by sage; although the seed
of the seedsmen,
it is
Sambucus caerulea
now but
Rafin.
little
is
yet sold
by some
grown.
Caprifoliaceae.
In California, the Indians eat the berries.'
In Utah,
its
weigh several pounds, and the berries are more agreeable than those
clusters of fruit often
of S. canadensis.^
Canadian elderberry.
S. canadensis Linn.
The imopened flower-buds form, when pickled, an

The berries are often used to make a domestic wine.
North America.
stitute for capers.'"
S. ebulus Linn,
banewort,
Buckman ^
S.
dwarf elder, wallwort.

The plant has a nauseous
Asia.
The
berries are deep purple
The
and almost equal to the blackberry.
drastic properties."
Pickering. C.
'
Townsend Seedsman
'
Mawe and
Ray
Gerarde,
'
Turner Libellus (facsimile reprint).

1877.
McMahon, B. Amer. Gard. Col. 583. 1806.

34.
1879.
1726.
Abercrombie Univ. Gard. Boi.
Hist. PI. 543.

J.
1778.
1686.
Herb. 626.
1597.
'Vasey U. S. D. A. Rpt. 164.

Case Bot. Index 10. 1881.
1875.
Emerson, G. B.
Johns, C. A.
Trees, Shrubs
Mass. 2:410.
Treas. Bot. 2:1013.
1875.
1870.
^
Buckman, J. Treas. Bot. 2:1013. 1870.
" EHirand and
Hilgard Pacific R. R. Rpt. 5:8.
1856.
when
ripe,
agreeable to the
plant bears flowers, gieen and ripe fruit
on the same branches.''
"
and
Presl.
'
smell
says the berries are used as are those of S. nigra.
mexicana
taste
excellent sub-
STURTEVANT
522
European elder.
elderberry.
S. nigra Linn,
Europe and northern
The
Asia.
elderberry
is
cultivated for
which are
its fruits,
In Europe, a wine
generally purplish-black, but a variety occurs of a greenish-white hue.
The
is made from the berries and they are even marketed in London for this purpose.
consumed
berries are largely
port wine.
for coloring
Portugal
The
flowers
are
There are many superstitions which cluster about the
a batter and eaten.
fried in
in
elderberry.
Australian edler.
S. xanthocarpa F. Muell.
This species furnishes one of the edible wild fruits of Australia.'
Australia.
Sandoricum indicum Cav.

small orange and
Meliaceae.
sandal.
In the Moluccas, Lindley' says the fruit
Tropical Asia.
somewhat
Its color is dull yellow,
three-sided.
is
globtdar, the size of
and
it is filled
with a firm,
fleshy, agreeable, acid pulp, which forms a thick covering around the gelatinous substance,
in
which the seeds are lodged.
poses.
Mason
Rumphius
says the fruit
is
chiefly used for culinary pur-
says the fleshy, acid pulp of the mangosteen-like fruit
is
highly relished
by the natives.
Santalum lanceolatum R. Br.
The
Australia.
size of
fruit is
Santalaceae.
Himalayan
'
Gardner
grape.
The
Sapindaceae.
The
region.
S. esculentus A. St. Hil.
eaten by the natives of Silhet.'
fruit is
pittombera.
says the fnut
outer covering
is
is
produced in large bunches, resembling in size the common

hard but the embryo, or kernel, is covered with a thin,
transparent, sweetish-acid pulp, which alone
is
eaten.
Roxb.
S. fruticosus
Moluccas,
linger
marginatus Willd.
says this plant furnishes a sweetish-sour, edible
The Alaska Indians pound the
pulpy mass into round cakes to be used for food.
It is
Whites. 9
Unger, F.
1824.
Ibid.
Pickering, C.
'
1859.
Lindley, J.
Palmer, E.
Royle,
J.
F.
'Gardner, G.
Unger, F.
Dall,
W. H.
Journ. Roy. Soc.

lUustr. Bat.
New
Himal.
Trav. Braz. 176.
U.S.
fruit.
soapberry.
>
arid is the
a small plum.*
Sapindus attenuatus Wall.
S.
sandalwood.
a brown or a black drupe, oblong, of a sweet taste
1879.
So.
Wales 17:103.
i: 138.
1839.
1849.
Pal. Off. Rpt. 344.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 412.
1859.
1870.
1884.
berries
and
press the
an exceedingly repulsive food to
STURTEVANT
cherry of Senegal.
The pxJp of its fruit is
S. senegalensis Poir.
Tropical Africa.
edible but the seeds are poisonous.*
Sapium indicum Willd. Euphorbiaceae.

East Indies. The young fruit is acid and
time the
fruit is
Tropi^l
much
brown and granulated
surface.
The
core
large, fleshy fruit of the size of
much
small seeds and, in consistence and flavor,
solid
is
resembling the center of a pineapple in substance.
full of
alligators.''
Rubiaceae.
Sabine' says the plant bears a
Africa.
peach, with a
eaten as a condiment while at the same
is
one of the ingredients used for poisoning
Sarcocephalus esculentus Afzel.
and rather hard but
The surrounding
is
taken by the natives of India to quench
edible,
flesh is softish,
resembles a strawberry.
Sarcostemma brevistigma Wight & Am. Asdepiadeae.

East Indies and Burma. Royle * says this plant >delds a milky
which
523
juice of
an acid nature,
thirst.
S. forskalianum Schult.
The young
Arabia.
shoots are eaten.*
S. intermedium Decne.
East Indies.
says the young, succxilent branches yield a large quantity

of mild, milky, acid juice, which the natives suck to allay thirst or eat as a sort of
Wight
salad.
S. stipitaceum Schult.
The young
Arabia.
shoots are eaten.''
Sassafras officinale Nees
&
Eberm.
The
Laurineae.
sassafras.
dried leaves are
much used
as an ingredient in soups,
which they are well adapted by the abundance of mucilage they contain.' For this
purpose, the mature, green leaves are dried and powdered, the stringy portions being
for
and are
separated,
sifted
and preserved
This preparation, mixed with soups, gives
for use.
them a ropy consistence and a peculiar flavor much relished by those accustomed to it.
To such soups are given the names of gombo file or gombo zab. Rafinesque ' says it is called
gombo sassafras. In Pennsylvania, says Kalm,"'the flowers of sassafras are gathered and
used as a
Sassafras tea,
tea.
'Smith, A.
Treas. Bot. 2:1017.
'
Black, A. A.
'
Sabine, J.
Royle,
J.
mixed with milk and
1870.
Trans. Horl. Soc. Land.

F.
Illustr. Bot.
Wight, R.
1870.
$:^2.
Himal. 1:27^.
Treas. Bot. 2:1021.
'Seemann, B.
Seemann, B.
'
Emerson, G. B.
Treas. Bot. 2:1021.
Rafinesque, C. S.
Trees, Shrubs
Ft.
La. 26.
" Kalm, P. Trav. No. Amer.

" Masters, M. T. Treas. Bot.
1824.
Fig.
1839.
1870.
lUuslr. Ind. Bot. 2: 167.
'
sugar, says Masters," forms the drink.
1850.
(5. viminale)
1870.
Mass. 2:^62.
181 7.
j:ii$.
2:1023.
1875.
(Laurus sassafras)
1772.
1870.
(Laurus sassafras)
STURTEVANT
524
known
as saloop, which
comers of the London
sold to the working classes in the early
is still
In Virginia, the young shoots are
streets.
Satureia hortensis Linn.
made
morning at the
into a kind of beer.
summer savory.
Labiatae.
South Europe; supposed to have been introduced into Britain in 1562 and known
This species seems to be the satureia of Palladius in the third century
'
to Gerarde in 1597.
and
of Albertus
Magnus
which would indicate

to
all
the earlier botanists and
is
In 1783, Bryant
on gardening.
and
in the thirteenth
is
mentioned
presence there at this date.
its
in
England by Turner,'
Siraimer savory was also well
1538,
known
mentioned as a common potherb by all the earlier writers

says that, besides being used as a potherb, it is frequently
put into cakes, puddings and sausages. Summer savory was in American gardens in
1806 or earlier * and, as an escape from gardens, is now sparingly found. The whole plant
is
S.
highly odoriferous and
it is
usually preferred to the other species.
winter savory.
montana Linn,
Caucasus and south Europe.

probably known
in ancient
This species was known to the
culture,
although
it
is
earlier botanists
and was
not identified with any certainty.
mentioned in Turner's Herbal, 1562, and this is as far back as we have printed registers;
but there can be little doubt that this, with summer savory, was much cultivated in far
earlier times in England.'
It was in American gardens in 1806.'
The uses are the same
It is
as for the preceding species.
Saurauja napaulensis DC.
Himalayan
This
is
Ternstroemiaceae.
region.
fine tree of Nepal, called gokul.
the gogina or goganda of northwest India.
The
The
natives eat the berries.*
palatable, viscid fruit
is
eaten.'
Sauvagesia erecta Linn. Violarieae.

Tropical America. The negroes and Creoles of Guiana use the leaves as a spinach.^"
It is called in Guiana adima or yaoba;^^ in Peru Yerba de St. Martin}'''
Saxifraga crassifolia Linn.
This plant
Siberia.
Saxifrageae.
is
called badan,
Bouriates as a substitute for tea."
'
Palladius Lib. 3:
Albertus
c.
Magnus
It is
and
Jessen Ed. 569.
1867.
Turner LibeUus 1538.
Bryant
Fl. Diet. 143.
'McMahon,
Martyn
'
B.
Miller's Gard.
McMahon,
B.
1783.
Amer. Card.
Did.
Amer. Gard.
Wallich PI. Asial. 2:40.

Brandis, D.
"Don, G.
" Lindley,
Cat. 583.
1806.
1830-32.
Forest Fl. 25.
1876.

J.
1806.
1807.
Cal. 583.
Veg. King. 343.
leaves are used
by the Mongols and
an inmate of French flower gardens.
24.
Feg.
its
183 1.
1846.
"
Pickering, C.
1879.
"
Pickering, C.
1879.
STURTEVANT
525
Goodenovieae.
Scaevola koenigii Vahl.
The leaves are eaten as potherbs. Some miraculous qualities are

The pith, which is soft and spongy, is fashioned by the Malays
Tropical regions.
ascribed to
its berries.
into artificial flowers.'
Scandiz grandifiora Linn.
Umbelliferae.
Eastern Europe and Asia Minor.

its pleasant,
is
an annual herb much liked as a salad
venus comb,
scandix.
S. pecten-veneris Linn,
mother
the
This
for
aromatic taste.^
of
This
Skanthrix
Etuipides.
is
is
wild chervil.
the skanthrix, sold, according to scandal,
mentioned also as a potherb by
by
Opion,
Theophrastus and Erisistratris. This, too, is the skanthrox of Dioscorides, eaten either
raw or cooked. Scandix is enumerated by Pliny among the esculent plants of Egypt.
It was observed by Honorius Bellus to be eaten in Crete.'
Schinus dependens Orteg.
Brazil
and
Anacardiaceae.
The
Chile.
inhabitants prepare from the berries a kind of red wine of
The
an agreeable flavor but very heating.*
have a
fruits
less disagreeable flavor
than
S. molle.
S. latifolius Engl.
Chile.
Dr. Gillies
an intoxicating
Acosta
'
make a beverage
and
is
The
Molina
of the berries.
now found
Schizandra grandifiora Hook.
Himalayan
molle.
the small twigs.
The
very heating, from the berries.
Montezimia
region.
tree
Garcilasso de la
was introduced into Mexico
&
Thoms.
Man.
'
Balfour, J. H.
Mueller, F.
Royle
'
Pickering, C.
Molina /Tw/. CAiW 1:117.
'
Loudon,
J.
Markham,
Bot. 523.
Sel. Pis. 445.
"
C.
says the fruit
is
1808.
(,.S.
1879.
huygan)
Ibid.
'
Molina Hist. Chili 117.
'
Pickering, C.
1844.
{Duvaua
latifolia)
1808.
" Hooker, J. D., and Thomson,

J.
"
Rojde, J. F. Illustr. Bot. Himal.
1879.
Fl. Brit. Ind.
1:62.
1839.
i:^.
1855.
in Sikkim.
eaten by the Hill People in the
(S. taccada)
1875.
Arb. Frut. Brit. 2:5$8.
'
after the time of
and are much eaten
1891.
C. R.
says, in Peru,
Magnoliaceae.
Himalayas.
says the people of Chile prepare a red wine,
fruits are pleasantly acid
seeds are very aromatic.'"
Vega
in southwestern United States.
f.
The
of Chile prepare by fermentation

a nearly allied species.
says that the molle tree possesses rare virtues, and that
make a wine from
'
Pehuenco Indians
fruit of this or
Australian pepper,
Tropical America.
they
states that the
from the
liquor
S. molle Linn.
the Indians
1864.
Note.
526
Gramineae.
Schlzostachyum hasskarlianum Kurz.

Java.
as a
S.
The young
when
shoots of this bamboo,
bursting out of the ground, are cooked
vegetable in Java.'
serpentinum Kurz.
Mueller ' saj-s the yoiuig shoots are used as a vegetable.
Java.
Schleichera trijuga Willd.
handsome
gum-lac.
Sapindaceae.
tree of India.
from the seeds a lamp-oil
'
Wight
says the subacid
aril of
the seed
is
eaten,
and
expressed in Malabar.
is
Schmidelia edulis A. St. Hil.
fruta de parao.
Sapindaceae.
a sweet and agreeable taste and are sought for by

the inhabitants of the places where they grow.^
The
Brazil.
are of
fruits
Schotia speciosa Jacq.
caffir bean.
Leguminosae.
The beans
Tropical and south Africa.
of this poisonous shrub are said
by Thunberg
'
and eaten by the Hottentots. According to Atherstone,* the beans are roasted
and eaten in the Albany districts, where they are called hoer boom.
to be boiled
Scin'dapsus cuscuaria Presl.
The corms
Malay.
are baked and eaten
Scirpus articulatus Linn.

Africa, East Indies
Aroideae.
by the
Polynesians.'
Cyperaceae.
and Austraha.
This species
is
enimierated by Thunberg
'
among

S. grossus Linn.
f.
In portions of India in time of famine, the root is eagerly

The fibers and dark cuticle being removed, the solid part of the
dug
for
root
is
human
dried,
food.
groimd and made into bread, a

bulrush,
S. lacustris Linn,
Northern climates.
maritimus Linn,
being sometimes mixed with
it.'
tule.
In California, the plant
the Sierra Indians;'" they are also eaten

S.
little flour
is
and the roots are eaten by

Arizona and the upper Missouri.
called tule
by the Indians
of
seaside bulrush.
In India, the roots, which are large, have been ground and used as a flour in times
of scarcity."
1
Mueller, F.
'
Ibid.
5W. P/i. 450.
"Wight, R.
Illustr.
89 1.
Ind. Bot. 1:14.0.
Saint Hilaire, A.
Fl. Bras.
'
Thunberg, C. P.
Trav. 1:207.
Black, A. A.
Treas. Bot. 2:1035.
'
Seeraann, B.
Fl.
Thunberg, C. P.
'
King, Dr.
Viti. 287.
Fl.
B<3. 5oc.
Jap.
"Royle,
J.
F.
1870.
1865-73.
1784.
10:198, 243.
364.
lUustr. Bot.
1825.
1795.
XKXIW.
<it"6.
Fremont Explor. Exped.
1840.
Merid. 1:2^4.
1870.
1844.
Himal. 1:413.
1839.
(Hymenockaeta grossa)
STURTEVANT
Sclerocarya birroea Hochst.
The
527
Anacardiaceae.
This plant

Nile.
is
a forest tree called m'choowee on the upper
kernels of the fruit, whose unripe sarcocarp
is apple-scented, are milky and

This species affords to the natives of Abyssinia an edible
fruits are employed in Senegal in the preparation of an alcoholic drink.^
are eaten like ground nuts.'

kernel, while its
S. caffra Sond.
This species
South. Africa.
known on
is
the Zambezi as mooroola, and the seeds are
Scolymus grandiflorus Desf. Compositae.

Egypt. The Arabs eat the stalks, both raw and
golden thistle.
S. hispanicus Linn,
The
boiled.*
Spanish oyster plant.
is collected and is used as a

salsify.
mentioned by Theophrastus, who says, " its edible
root of the wild plant
According to Pickering,^ this plant
is
"
the young plant, eaten as greens;"

becoming milky;" by Dioscorides, who says
"
as
eaten
in
and
Clusius
who
the root and young plant,
Greece;
by Sibthorp,
by
says
eaten in Spain." This plant is supposed to be the skolumus and leimonia of Theophrastus,
root,
322 B.
C;
it is
the scolymus of Pliny, A. D.
79,
recorded as a food plant.
was seen in Portugal and Spain by Clusius 'in 1576.

in England, 1597, but
at Oxford
The
'
The
plant was described
wild plant
by Gerarde
'
he does not appear to have grown it. It was in the botanic gardens
mention from Clusius by Ray ^ in 1686.
in 1658 but receives only a quoted
vegetable appears not to have been in English culture in 1778, 'nor in 1807," and,
in 1869,
in 1882,
new vegetable.'^ In
Dodonaeus "
it was
recorded as a
it is
Holland, and, in 1616,
says
Vilmorin."'
offered in
'
'
J.
H.
Masters,
M.
Martyn
Pickering, C.
'
Clusius Hisp. 448.
Martyn
Ray
î
Herb.
^3.
Herb.
1879.
1601.
1597.
1807.
1686.
J.
{Spondias birrea)
1876.
1576; Hist. 2: 153.
Card. Chron. ^H^.
" Gerarde,
included
1864.
1807.
Martyn
it is
perhaps a few years
1870.
Hist. PI. 257.
Mawe
"
J.
of 1882,
Treas. Bot. 2:1087.
'Gerarde,
its
planted in Belgian gardens.
In 1883,

T.
Jackson, J. R.
'
Gerarde " mentions
Bot.
1807.
1869.
<)g:i.
" Dodonaeus Pempt. 726.

^ Bon Jard. 566. 1882.
1597.
161 6.
VilmorinLes Pis. Potag. 548. 1883

" Burr, F. Field. Card.
Veg. 94.
r863.
1778.
culture in
In France,
is
used as a kitchen
among
kitchen esculents
recorded by Burr''' for American gardens in 1863, and
It is
American seed catalogs
Speke,
1597,
said not to be under culture, but that its long, fleshy root
it is
vegetable in Provence and Languedoc.*^
by
The
earlier.
its
seed was
528
spotted golden thistle.
S. maculatus Linn,
This plant
The young
Dioscorides.
thought by Unger
is
leaves are eaten as a spinach.
'
to be the skolumos
of
Fraas* says the young leaves
are eaten in Greece.
Scoparia dulcis Linn.
Peru and neighboring tropical

In the Philippines,
or vacourinha?
called in
called in Brazil basourinha
is
sometimes used as a substitute for tea and
it is
is
Tagalo chachachachan.*
caterpillars.
Leguminosae.
Scorpiurus sp.
sweet broom.
America. The plant
Scrophularineae.
strange taste causes various species of Scorpiurus to be included
among garden
the
forms
of
the
seed
used
as
caterpillar-like
vegetables,
pods being
salad-garnishing by
As a vegetable
those fond of practical jokes.
enimierated
muricata
5.
Linn., the
1616,
and
The
said even then to be sometimes
is
latter species
grown
common
species
caterpillar; S.
the furrowed caterpillar; and
prickly caterpillar; S. sulcata Linn.,
Linn., the hairy caterpillar.
subvillosa
The
their flavor is very indifferent.
by Vilmorin are Scorpiurus vermiculata Linn., the

is
in gardens.
figured
They
by Dodonaeus,
are
all
native to
southern Europe.
&
Scorzonera crocifolia Sibth.
The
Greece.
Sm.
Compositae.
leaves, according to Heldreich,* are used for
a favorite salad and spinach.
S. deliciosa Guss.
Sicily.
This species
is
in
most extensive cultivation
roots of very grateful flavor.*
culinary use to the allied

S.
hispanka Linn,
It is considered
by
black oyster plant,
The
ciiltivation.
by Mueller
The
black
roots are long, black
In 1576, Lobel
gardens from Spanish seed.

U. S. Pat.
'
salsify,
Rpt. 358.
1859.
1879.
'
Pickering, C.
1879.
Ibid.
Off.
Sel. Pis. 451.
1891.
Treas. Bot. 2:1041.
'
Mueller, F.
'
Matthiolus Comment. 558, 370.
Sel. Pis. 451.
Lobel Obs. 298.
"
1870.
189 1.
1570; 409.
1598.
1576.
Camerarius ^^Z. 314.
Dalechamp
not superior, in
its
viper's grass.
and tapering and are eaten, boiled or stewed,

This plant was not mentioned by
taste.
Neither Camerarius,"
'
if
sweet
1586.
new
plant, called
by the Spaniards
says the plant was in French, Belgian and English
'Pickering, C.
'Clark, B.
equal,
its
slimy, sweetish roots have gained considerably
Matthiolus,' 1554, but, in 1570, was described as a
'Mueller, P.
on account of
water to extract the bitter
scurzonera or scorzonera.
Unger, F.
'
salsify.
Central and southern Europe.
after soaking in
in Sicily
1587.
1586,
nor Dalechamp," 1587, nor
STURTEVANT
Bauhin,! 1596, nor Clusius,^ 1601, indicates
it
as a cultivated plant,
529
and Gerarde,'
1597,
England but growing in his garden. In 1612, Le Jardinier Solitaire *

the best root which can be grown in gardens. The use of the root as a
calls it a'stranger in
calls this salsify
recorded in England by Meager,* 1683, Worlidge,' 1683, and by Ray,'

"
one of our chiefest roots." Its cultivation
Quintyne,* in France, 1690, calls it
is
garden vegetable
1686.
does not, therefore, extend back to the sixteenth century. No varieties are recorded under
Black salsify was in American gardens in 1806. It was first known in Spain
culture.
about the middle of the sixteenth century for its medicinal qualities as a supposed remedy
Black
for snake-bite.
salsify
was introduced into France from Spain about the beginning
of the seventeenth century.

S. parvifiora Jacq.
and western
Eiu-ope, northern
and
is
This plant
Asia.
is
called
by the Kirghis
idschelik
eaten as greens.'
S. tuberosa Pall.
This species yields an edible root."
Tiu-kestan.
Scrophularia
Linn.
aquatica
Scrophularineae.
bishop's
leaves.
brownwort.
WATER-BETONY.
Europe and adjoining Asia. In France, this plant is called herbe du sibge, according
to Burnett, from its roots having been eaten by the garrison of Rochelle during the siege
in 1628."
S. frigida Boiss.
According to Haussknecht,'^ this species yields a saccharine exudation in
Persia.
Persia.
Secale cereale Linn.
Candolle
^*
to have existed in the Bronze

land.
Kotzebur "
Bauhin, C.
Clusius Hii/. 2:137.
'
Gerarde,
J.
Phylopinax Zi7
61.
1683.
Syst.Horl.iS6.
Ray
'
Hist. PI. 248.
"Mueller,?.
"
C.
1596.
1596.
'
'Pickering, C.
it
1612.
Meager Eng. Card.

J.
1683.
1686.
Evelyn Ed.
1693.
Chron. Hist. Pis. ^Sy.

5e/.
f /i.
432.
1879.
1891.
1879.

" Morton Enc. Agr. 2:820. 1869.
1879.
Pickering,
"
De
"
shown by the lacustrine debris of Switzergrowing wild near Fort Ross, North America,
of Europe, as
1601.
Herb. 597.
Jard. Solit. 210.
Worlidge,
Age
said to have found
is
'
'
rye.
Rye, according to Karl Koch," is found wild in the mountains of the Crimea.
thinks he has discovered rye in a wild state in Australia, and a species seems
Orient.
De
Gramineae.
Candolle, A.
Rpt. Ohio State Bd. Agr. 16: 164.
1861
1885.
.
[S. caricifolia)
530
where
gathered by the Indians.
it is
Syria,
Armenia, Candia and south Russia have
been indicated as the native locality of rye.
Europe and
Pickering
says
it is
now found
all
native in northeastern
Norway, at 67 north,
but its cultivation is usually given as extending between 50 and 60 north in Europe
and Asia and in America between 40 and 50 north. Eraser * found rye in large fields at
the adjoining portions of Asia.
an elevation of
Rye
is
in
1405 feet near the temple of Milim in the Himalayas.
Neither the people
Egyptians were acquainted with rye. The Greeks received rye

from Thrace and Macedonia.' Pliny mentions its cultivation at the foot of the Alps *
of ancient India nor the
and thought the grain detestable and good only to appease extreme himger.' Rye early
In 1606, L'Escarbot sowed rye at Port Royal, Nova
reached northeastern America.
Champlain's garden at Quebec' Rye is mentioned in New England, 1629-1633, by Wood.' Rye is less variable than other cultivated
plants and there are but few varieties.
Scotia,' and, in 1610,
it
was growing
in
i^
Sechium edule Sw.
West
This species
Indies.
chayote.
Cucurbitaceae.
for its fruit,
which
cultivated in tropical America, the
is
West Indies and
about four inches long, three inches in diameter, of a green

It is used as a vegetable.'
The roots of the old vine,
color outside and white within.
Madeira
is
on being boiled, are farinaceous and wholesome, and the seeds are very good boiled and
In South America, it is known as choko and chayote
It is called chocho}
fried in butter.
and the
fruit is used."
chayotli.^^
In Madeira, the imripe fruit
market, where
it is
Sedum album
Linn.
sent,
anacampseros Linn,
Europe.
The
S. roseiun Scop,
Europe.
it is
plant
The
leaves serve as a Falad."
evergreen orpine.
is
used in soup as a vegetable."
rosy-flowered stonecrop.
In Greenland, this species
'
Pickering, C.
Enc. Brit. 17:630.
'
Unger, F.
Ibid.
'
'
Parkman, F.
'
Parkman, F.
Smith,
J.
the name, chayote.
stonecrop.
"Wood, W.
eaten boiled and called chocho.
is
known tmder
Crassulaceae.
Europe, north Asia.

S.
In Mexico, chayote was cultivated by the Aztecs,
U. S. Pal.
1855.
Off. Rpt. 303.
1894.
Pion. France 360.
1894.
Eng. Prosp.
Did. Econ.
14.
Pis. 113.
eaten."
1879.
Pion. France 266.
New
is
1856.
1865.
1882.
"
Long Hist. Jam. 3:802. 1774.

1834.
"Smith, A. Treas. Bot. 2: 10^^. 1870.

" Loudon, J. C. Hort. 683. i86o.
"Baillon ffti/. P/i. 3:318. 1874.
1834.
(5. rhodiola)
who
called it
In the London
STURTEVANT

Gerarde
and says
it
53 1
stone crop.
S. rupestre Linn,
salads.'
mentions
has a fine
The Dutch
Asia.
its
cultivated this species to
use as a salad under the
name
of small
sengreene
relish.
Europe and northern
This plant
Asia.
is
used in preparation of soups as a vegetable.'
Semecarpus anacardium Linn. f. Anacardiaceae. marking-nut tree,

Asia and Australian tropics. The ripe fnait is collected. Fresh,
it is
astringent; roasted,
S.
summer
their
orpine.
S. telephium Linn,
what
mix with
somewhat
said to taste
like roasted apples;
varnish tree.
it
is
acrid
and
and when dry some-
like dates.*
cassuvium Roxb.
The
Bvirma and Malay.

S. forstenii
fruit
has a fleshy, edible peduncle.'
Blume.
The
Moluccas.
fruit
has a fleshy, edible pedvmcle.^
Senebiera coronopus Poir.

Cosmopolitan.
boiling to render
it
DC.
Egypt. The
wart
swine cress,
Crucijerae.
The whole herb
nauseously acrid
is
and
cress.
fetid
and requires much
eatable.^
S. nilotica
cress is eaten as a salad in Egypt.*
Senecio cacaliaster Lam.
Compositae.
In Thibet, this plant serves for the manufacture of chong, a spirituous and slightly
acid liquor.'
S. ficoides Sch.
South Africa.
Sesamum indicum
The
Linn.
leaves are wholesome.'"
sesame.
Pedalineae.
Tropics; cultivated from time immemorial in various parts of Asia and Africa.
The
seeds are largely consumed as food in India and tropical Africa, but their use in European
In Sicily, the seeds are eaten scattered on
countries is mainly for the expression of oil.
bread, an ancient custom mentioned
'
Phillips,
'Baillon,
Comp. KiUh. Card. 1:268.
H.
Gerarde, J.
H.
Brandis, D.
'
Baillon,
H.
by Dioscorides."
Herb, and Ed. 515.

Hist.
Ph.
Hist.
1831.
1633 or 1636.
1874.
y.T,i&.
Forest Fl. 125.
In central Africa, sesame
Note.
1874.
Ph. 5:305.
1878.
Ibid.
'
'
'
Don, G.
Hist. Dichl.
Ph. 1:216.
1831.
Don, G.
Hist. Dichl.
Ph. 1:217.
1831.
Loudon,
J.
C.
Dickie, G. D.
" Hooker, W.
J.
Enc. Agr. 163.
1866.
Treai. 5o(. 1:187.
Journ. Bot. 1:1^5.
{Cacalia sarracenica)
1870.
1834.
{Cacalia ficoides)
is culti-
STURTEVANT
532
yated as an
article of food, also for its
India and Formosa,

the species
is
is
This
oil.
an excellent salad
oil
it is
oil, which is largely exported from British

used in Japan for cooking fish. In China,
extensively ctxltivated for the seeds to be used in confectionery.'
During
a famine in Rajputana, the press-refuse was sold at a high price for food. This seems
to be the species, which is usqd by the negroes of South Carolina, who parch the seeds
over the fire, boil them in broths, and use them in puddings.
Sesame was cultivated
for its oil in
Babylonia in the days of Herodotus and Strabo,
also in Egj'pt in the time of Theophrastus, Dioscorides
mentioned by Columella, Pliny and Palladius.
is
The
and
seeds are used as a food
Hindus, after being parched and ground into a meal which
The
is
has a pleasant taste and
oil
expressed
highly esteemed,' but Miss Bird
of the
are
most
made
horrific smells in
'
is
In China
is called,
also used in cookery.
says the use of this
Japan.
Its culture in Italy
Pliny.
also,
the
oil
in frying
In Japan, sesame
is
oil is used.'*
by the
in Arabic, rehshee.
answerable for one
In Greece, the seeds
into cakes.*
Sesbania cavanillesii
The
Mexico.
S.
Wats.
Leguminosae.
seeds are used as a substitute for coffee.*
vegetable humming-bird.
S. grandifiora Poir.
East Indies, Malay and Australia.
Its flower, says
La
Billardiere,' is the largest of
that of any of the leguminous plants, of a beautiful white, or sometimes red color, and the
natives of
Amboina
Bombay, the
by
plant
the natives.'
often eat
is
it
cultivated for its
The pods
and occasionally even raw, as a salad. About

large flowers and pods, both of which are eaten
dressed,
are upwards of a foot long, compressed, four sided, and the
tender leaves, pods and flowers are eaten as a vegetable in India.'
In Burma,
this is
a favorite vegetable with the natives," and, in the Philippines, its flowers are cooked and
eaten." In the West Indies the flower is not used as a food but is called, at Martinique,
vegetable humming-bird.*'
Sesuvium portulacastrum Linn.
Ficoideae.
samphire,
seaside purslane.
Common
on the sandy shores of the tropical and warm regions of the Western Hemi"
Sloane
sphere.
says this plant is pickled in Jamaica and eaten as English samphire.
**
Royle
says the succvdent leaves are used as a potherb.
'
Smith, F. P.
W.
2.\inslie,
Coiitrib.
Mat. Med. 2:23^.
'Bird Unheal. Tracks Jap. 1:176.

*
'
Lunan,
J.
Ainslie,
W.
Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. 500.
18S5.
Billardiere Voy. Recherche Perouse 1:357.
'
Pickering, C.
Brandis, D.
">
1881.
Jam. 2:251. 1814.

Mat. Med. 2:^55. 1826.
Ilort.
"Havard, V.
'La
1871.
1826.
Pickering, C.

Forest Ft. 138.
1759.
1879.
1876"
1879.
Ibid.
"
Berlanger Tmnj. N. Y. Agr. Soc. 568.

" Lunan,
Hort. Jam. 2:157.
J.
1814.
" Royle,
J. P.
Jllustr. Bot.
Himal. 1:223.
1858.
'839.
{.igati grandifiora)
STURTEVANT
Setaria glauca Beauv.
533
Gramineae.
Europe, temperate Asia and eastern equatorial Africa. This plant is infested with
a small, round fungus, the dust of which is eaten by the natives. It was observed by-
Grant at
north and was described by Hochst.'
bengal grass.
Beauv.
S. italica
Tropics and subtropics.
warm
The
countries.^
Japanese millet.
Italian millet.
This species
frequently cultivated in Italy and other
is
seeds are found in the debris of the lake villages of Switzerland.'*
This millet 'Vas introduced into France in 1815, where
has become considerably extended.''

the Patent Office in 1854,' and
its
as panicum.^
It is
cultivation as a forage plant
its
seed was distributed through
cultivation as a fodder crop has
This plant seems to have been
Romans
its
known
now grown
become quite extended.

and to the
to the ancient Greeks as elumos
in Italy as
a fodder plant and for the grain to
form polenta.'
This millet forms a valued crop in southern Europe as also in some parts
of central Europe.
It is not mentioned among American grasses by Flint, 1857, and is
barely mentioned by Gould, 1870, except by description.
It is
mentioned as introduced
from Etu-ope and now spontaneous, by Gray,^ 1868, but millet, probably this species,
is mentioned prior to 1844.
In India, this millet is considered by the natives as one of
the most delicious of cultivated grains and
At Mysore, three
and mohu, in dry
varieties are cultivated:
In more western
fields.
Shepherdia argentea Nutt.
Western plains
ment.
Catlin
'"
of the
speaks of
it
is
held in high estimation
bill,
by the Brahmans.
on watered land; kempa,
tracts, other varieties are
in
palm gardens,
grown.'
buffalo berry.
Elaeagnaceae.
United States.
This plant
in its native region as
is
somewhat cultivated
producing
its fruit in
for orna-
incredible quan-
hanging in clusters to every limb and to every twig, about the size of ordinary
currants and not unlike them in color and even in flavor, being exceedingly acid and
almost unpalatable imtil they are bitten by the frosts of autumn, when they are sweettities,
ened and their flavor becomes
delicious.
They
are dried by the Indians as winter food.
S. canadensis Nutt.
Vermont and Wisconsin northward
to beyond the Arctic circle
on the Mackenzie.
and very common
Its small, red, juicy, very bitter and slightly acid berry is useful;
for
Richardson,"
says
making an extempore beer, which ferments in twenty-four hours
and is an agreeable beverage in hot weather. Gray "^ calls the fruit insipid.
'
Pickering, C.
'Loudon,
'
'
Ileer,
O.
riint,
C. L.
U. S. Pal.
"
Off. Rpt.
"
XXn.
J.
Afa.
(Panicum germanicum)
1859.
1868.
1826.

Bo/. 425.
1867.
{Panicum germanicum)
No. Amer. Indians i:~2.
" Richardson,
(5. aurea)
6th Ed.
1869.
Mat. Med. 1:226.
Catlin, G.
"Gray, A.
1854.
W.
1879.
1866.
Grasses, Forage Pis, 145.
Morton Enc. Agr. 2:550.

Gray, A. Man. Bot. 650.
Ainslie,
1866.
Enc.Agr.izi.
Card. Chron. 1068.
Unger, F.
'
C.
J.
1868.
(Panicum
1842.
1851.
italicum)
STURTEVANT
534
Sicana odorifera Naud.
The odor
Brazil.
unpleasant but
curua.
agreeable.
The
Notwithstanding
who
eat
taste
this,
is
sweet and at
there are
some
first
not
persons, says
it.
Celastrineae.
sp.
The
from Peru.
of plants
genus
is
soon nauseates.
it
coroa.
Cucurbitaceae.
of the fruit
Correa de Mello,' but not many,
Sicyomorpha
fruit is said to
be edible and
is
similar in
form
to a cucvunber.*
Sicyos angulata Linn.
bur cucumber.
Cucurbitaceae.
In
New
Zealand, this plant
is
boiled for greens.'
In France,
an inmate of the flower garden.*
it is
Sideroxylon australe Benth.
The
Australia.
Hook.
f.
Sapotaceae.
plants jaeld a tolerably good fruit.*
DC.
S. dulcificiun A.
&
miraculous berry.
The
Tropical Africa.
counteract acidity of
eaten by the English residents of western Africa to
fruit is
article of food or drink, the sweet flavor being retained
any
by the
palate for a considerable time.'

S.
tomentosum Roxb.
The
East Indies.
moreover with the
it
size of
a crab and not unlike one, agreeing

It is
made
into pickles,
and the
in their curries.'
Bemh.
Middle Europe.
potherb.
about the
sour, austere taste of that fruit.
natives cook and eat
Silaus flavescens
fruit is
meadow
Umbelliferae.
This species
saxifrage,
mentioned by Pliny.
is
pepper saxifrage.
It
is
cooked as an acid
'
Silene cucubalus Wibel.
bladder campion.
Caryophylleae.
'
Europe, north Africa, Himalayan region and naturalized in America. Johnson

says the young shoots resemble green peas in taste and make a very good vegetable for
when
In 1685, the crops in Minorca having been nearly destroyed by

"
locusts, this plant afforded support to many of the inhabitants.
Pickering
says it is used
eaten.
the
leaves
cooked
and
being
throughout the Levant,
the table
'
De Mello
Masters,
boiled.
M.
T.
Pickering, C.
Vilmorin
'
Mueller, F.
'Wight, R.
'
Set. Pis. it.
1870.
1891.
Treas. Bot. 2:1057.

/con. P/i. 4:P1. 1218.
Pickering, C.
Johnson, C. P.
"
Pickering, C.
1876.
Fl. PI. Ter. 1067.
Smith, A.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 2:1342.
1879.
3rd Ed.
{Achras australis)
1870.
1850.
1879.
Useful Pis. Gt. Brit. 5^.
(Sapota ekngoides)
(Cnidium
1862.
1879.
silaus)
(S. inflata)
(5. inflata)
STURTEVANT
Siler trilobum Crantz.
535
Umbelliferae.
and south Ettrope. The stems are edible and the fruit serves as a
This is the haltracan
This plant is called on the lower Volga gladich.
Orient, middle
condiment. 1
described by Barbaro as having the smell of rather musty oranges, its stem single, hollow,
"
"
braccio
thicker than one's finger and more than a
high; leaf like rape; seed like fennel
but larger, pungent, but pleasant to taste and when in season, if broken as far as the soft
The water in which the leaves are boiled is drunk as
part, can be eaten without salt.
wine and is>very refreshing.^

Silphium laeve Hook.
rosin-weed.
Compositae.
The tuberous
North America.
by the Indians along the Columbia
roots are eaten
River.'
Silybum marianum Gaertn. Compositae. holy thistle, milk thistle.

Europe. This plant was formerly cultivated in gardens in England but has now
The young leaves were once used in spring salads or boiled as a subThe young stalks, peeled and soaked in water to extract the. bitterstitute for spinach.
The roots, when two years
ness, were cooked and eaten much in the manner of sea kale.
fallen into disuse.
were used much
old,
flowers
son
way
which they resemble, and the receptacle of the
of salsify,
was cooked and eaten as an
young shoots
'
in the
Bryant,' in his Flora Dietica, says the
artichoke.*
in the spring surpass the finest cabbage
when
says the roots were sometimes baked in pies.
tender leaves are by some boiled and eaten as garden
Sinunondsia califomica Nutt.

Southern California.
boiled as a vegetable.
Lightfoot
'
John-
says, in Scotland, the
stuff.
Euphorbiaceae.
The
ripe fruit
is
the size of a hazelnut and has a thin, smooth,
three-valved husk, which, separating spontaneously, discloses a brown, triangular kernel.
though edible, can hardly be termed palatable. Its taste is somewhat intermediate between that of the filbert and acorn. It is employed by the Indians as an
article of diet and is called by them jajoba.*
This
fruit,
Sison
amomum
Linn.
Umbelliferae.
honewort.
stone parsley.
^
Lindley
says the seeds are pungent and aromatic
but have a nauseous smell when fresh. Mueller '" says they can be used for a
condiment.
'
'
Mueller, F.
'
Black, A. A.
Mcintosh, C.
'
Set.
Bryant
'
Lightfoot, J.
1891.
(Laserpitium aguilegifolium)
1879.
Treas. Bot. 2:1059.
1870.
Book Card. 2:1^4.
1855.
Fl. Diet. 60.
Johnson, C. P.
'
Ph. 251.
Pickering, C.
'"Mueller, F.
{Carduus marianus)
1783.
1862.

Fl. Scot.
1:45^.
1789.
Chron. Hist. Pis. ^20.
5W. P/5. 458.
1891.
(Carduus marianus)
{Carduus marianus)
Parry Bot. U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv. 2:17.

Pickering, C.
{Laserpitium trilobum)
1859.
1879.
536
Sisymbrium
alliaria Scop.
garlicwort.
Cruciferac.
sauce-alone.
This plant, of Europe and adjoining Asia, is the sauce-alone of Gerarde,' who says
"
divers eat the stamped leaves hereof with salt fish, for a sauce, as they do those of
ransons."
the garlicwort of Turner' and
It is
According to Neill,'
is
when gathered
eaten with meat, having a strong odor
approaches the flowering state, if

boiled separately and then eaten with boiled mutton, it forms a desirable potherb.
In
fried
with
or
it
is
often
bacon
and
is
sometimes
eaten
as
a salad. The
Wales,
herrings
of garlic.
Germans
call it
and use
sasskraut
much
it
as
it
as a salad in the spring.
In England,
it is vised
with lettuce.
S.
tansy mustard.
canescens Nutt.
The
North and South America.
bank
S. officinale Scop,
Europe and north
crambling rocket,
cress,
This European herb,
Africa.
States, is used as greens or spinach in
by the Indians
seeds are collected
many
of California.*
hedge mustard.
now
parts of Britain.
naturalized in the United
Don '
says the plant smells
and was formerly used in Europe by country people in sauces and salads.
Bridgeman, 1832, in his work on American gardening says it is used as an early potherb
and has a warm and acrid flavon Johnson ' says it is occasionally cultivated as a potstrongly of garlic
herb but
is
not very palatable.
Slum decimibens Thunb.

Japan.
S.
The
helenianum Hook.
St.
jellico.
Umbelliferae.
leaves are eaten in Cochin China.'

f.
jellico.
Helena Islands.
This species
called jellico at St. Helena,
is
where the green
stems are sold in the markets for eating raw.*
water
S. latifolitmi Linn,
parsnip.
The
North America and Europe.

S.
sisarum Linn,
Eastern Asia.
of
leaves are cooked
in Italy.'
skirret.
This plant
a hardy perennial, usually grown as an aimual, a native

It is mentioned by Gerarde.'" The
is
China; introduced into Britain before 1548.
Emperor Tiberius
is
said to have
demanded
In 1806,
Mobile, Alabama, in 1775.

'
Gerarde,
'
Pickering, C.
J.
Herb. 650.
Useful

'
Don, G.
'
Loureiro
Treas. Bot. 2:130s.
Fl.
'Pickering, C.
Cochin. 179.
1831.
1790.
Afo/. ffis/. F/a.
1:115.
alliaria)
{Erysimum
alliaria)
(Alliaria officinalis)
1862.
1876.
1597.
{Erysimum
1862.
1880.
Cal. 40.
Herb. 201.
J.
1879.
Gt. Brit. ^3.
'
'"Gerarde,
" Romans
Ph.
Johnson, C. P.
is
In America,
1597.
Johnson, C. P.
it
and somewhat aromatic root as

it was seen by Romans "
mentioned among garden products by
this sweet
a tribute from the Germans living on the Rhine.

at
and eaten
1775-
1879.
STURTEVANT
537
The rcx)t is composed of fleshy tubers about the size of the little finger and,
more
than now, was esteemed when boiled as among the sweetest, whitest and
formerly
most pleasant of roots. Mcintosh ^ says skirret is much used in French cookery.
Skirret
McMahon.'
seed appears for sale in American catalogs.
This plant seems to have been unknown to the ancients; certainly no mention can
be fotmd of an umbellifer with grouped and divergent roots, the peculiarity of skirret
alone
name
cultivated plants of this order.
among European
siser
âs
In the sixteenth century, the
applied to the carrot as well as to skirret as,

:
by Camerarius,' who
the sisaron of the Greeks, as a skirret and siser alterum, Italian carota bianca,
siser,
gierlin,
Spanish
French chervy or
chirivia,
and
describes
German
girolle or carotte blanche, as a carrot; other
might be given. Fuchsius,^ 1542, figures skirret,

Skirret
1550. Tragus,* 1552, and many others after this time.
was well known in Europe as a plant of culture at this period. It perhaps came, says
De Candolle,' from Siberia to Russia and thence into Germany. Skirret is not named by
illustrations of this period
earlier
as does also Ruellius,*
Turner,* 1538, but
is
Sloanea dentata Linn.

Brazil
The
"
called
it is
will
an edible
Wood *^
The
for
Smilax china Linn.
Sm.
The
rootstocks are eaten
leaves are used as tea.'*
McMahon,
Mcintosh, C.
'
Camerarius
De
'
Turner
91
iifteMwi.
1586,
1542.
Lindley,
1550.
1552.
J.
J.
1885.
1538.
Pinax
Man.
Gray, A.
"Josselyn,
1.
1806.
1855.
1623.
155.
Unger, F.
" Wood, W.
"
Cal. 583.
2: 22<).
226, 227.
/>!/.
Candolle, A.
Baiihin, C.
"
Book Card.
'
>
Amer. Card.
B.
.Stirp.
sweet tea plant.
sarsaparilla.
The
'
Tragus
fruits.
Josselyn
''
china-root.
Liliaceae.
'
'
speckled with
having the perfect taste of treacle when they are ripe

a long while.
Certainly a very wholesome berry and medicinal."
account of the abundance of the starch.'*
'
pale red,
mentions this among edible wild
China, Cochin China and Japan.
Australia.
treacle-berry.
berries are
treacle-berries,
keep good
S. glyciphylla
as scyrret.
fruit."
false spikenard,
Liliaceae.
purple and are aromatic."
says
species yields
and northeast North America.
Siberia
name
Tiliaccac.
and Guiana.
Smilacina racemosa Desf.
and
In 1570, the Adversaria gives the English
in 1551.'
Bat. 530.
1859.
1868.
New Eng. Prosp. 15. 1865.

New Eng. Rar. 87, note. 1865.
Med. Econ.
"Masters, M. T.
Bot. 64.
1849.
Treas. Bot. 2:1066.
1870.
Orig. 1672.
by the Chinese on
538
S. laurifolia Linn.
em
The
states.'
roots were used
The young shoots are eaten as asparagus in the

by the Indians to obtain a fecula for food.'
south-
S. pseudo-china Linn.
New
Jersey to Kentucky and southward.
The Seminoles
the root.'
The Indians
of Florida obtained their red meal
and ate
of Carolina boiled
from the
root.*
The yoimg
by the
shoots are used as an asparagus in the southern states and the roots were used
Confederate soldiers in the manufacture of an extemporaneous beer.'
green briar.
S. rotundifolia Linn,
Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward.
Griffith
'
says the fecula obtained from
the root was employed by the Indians as a meal.

S.
tamnoides Linn.
New
The
and southward.
Jersey, Virginia
fecula of the root
is
used as a meal by
the Indians.'
Smymium
olusatrum Linn.
horse parsley.
Alexanders,
Umbelliferae.
Europe and the adjoining portion
of Asia; formerly
much
cultivated.
Alexanders
was mentioned by Dioscorides,' and, in the time of Gerarde,' the root was sent to the
table raw as a salad herb.
In the United States, it is mentioned by McMahon,'" 1806,
and blanched
as used for culinary purposes as cardoon
appear in his general
of kitchen-garden esculents.
list
when
are the part eaten; they have,

of celery,
manner
The name
alexanders
called so either because
The
by the coimtry
it
is
believed
is
says, "Pastinato loco
In this
'
origin
by Ray
Porcher, F. P.
W.
1869
1847.
1869.
Res. So. Fields, Forests 6j6.
1869.
Ibid.
Porcher, F. P.
Griffith,
'
>
Med.
Bot. 660.
1847.
Ibid.
'Gerarde,
'
W.
J.
Herb. loig.
1636.
Ibid.
McMahon,
B.
Johnson, C. P.
Hist.
PL
" Columella
lib.
Ray
Amer. Card.
Col. 198.
1806.

437.
name
or
it
Ray
'^
in the
says
was so
it is
believed.
to have been corruptly derived from

for wall, as Columella
semine debet conseri maxime juxta maceriam."

De Candolle remarks, we can follow the plant from the begin-
Med. Bot. 660.
Porcher, F. P.
city of that
from maceria, the Italian
lunbellifer, as'
'Griffith,
The stalks are blanched

much esteemed in Italy.
people.
came from the Egyptian
name macerone
does not
it
and stews and are
said to be a corruption of Olusatnmi, but
is
Macedonia but a more probable
Italian
likewise used to flavor soups
This vegetable was formerly
of celery."
but
shoots and leaf-stalks
raw, a rather agreeable taste, not very unlike that
though more pvmgent; they are
so employed in England
still
in like \ manner,
The young
1686.
11, c. 3.
1862.
STURTEVANT
ning to the end of
its culttire.
who
Theophrastus,
539
flourished about 322 B.
under the name of hipposelinon.
C, speaks
Dioscorides, who
of alexanders as
an
lived in the
century after Christ, speaks of the edible properties of the roots and
first
officinal plant,
leaves, while Columella and Pliny, authors of the same century, speak of
Galen, in the second century, classes
among
it
and
edibles,
its
cultivation.
Apicius, in the third centtuy,
Charlemagne, who died A. D. 814,

included this vegetable among those ordered to be planted on his estates. Ruellius's
edition oi îoscorides, 1529, does not speak of its culture, nor does Leonicenus, 1529;
gives a recipe for its preparation for the table.
but Fuchsius, 1542, says

friend, so
it
Matthiolus, in his Commentaries, 1558, refers to

1570, say in
England
its
edition of 1630 says,

sallade herbe."
Bodaeus
and
is
Germany
its edible qualities.
at this date.
Pena and Lobel,
Camerarius, 1586, says, "in hortis seritur."

"
culture but says,

"
in his part of
occurs abtmdantly in gardens and that the cultivated form
it
better than the wild plant.
does not speak of
Tragus, 1552, received seed from a
planted in gardens.
is
it
was apparently not generally grown
The
root hereof
groweth
is
in
most places
k Stapel, in his edition of Theophrastus, 1644, says
Le Jardinier
cultivated as a vegetable.
Gerarde, 1597,
England," but in his
also in our age served to the table
refers to its culture in the
Dodonaeus, 1616,
of
Solitaire,
it is
far
is
raw
for a
gardens of Belgium,
much approved
and
in salads
1612, mentions the culture of
but not that of alexanders, in French gardens. Qiiintyne, in the English edition
"
of his Complete Gard'ner, 1704, says
it is one of the furnitures of our winter-sallads,
celery,
which must be whitened
like otu- wild
Endive or Succory."
In 1726, Townsend, in his

"
'tis but in few
Complete Seedsman, refers to the manner of use, but adds,
gardens."
Mawe's Gardener, 1778, refers to this vegetable, but it is apparently in minor use at this
time; yet Varlo, in his Husbandry, 1785, gives directions for continuous sowing of the
seed in order to secure a more continuous supply. McMahon, in his American Gardeners'
Kalendar, 1806, includes this vegetable in his descriptions but not in his general
kitchen garden esculents;

included by Burr, 1863,
indicating use;
few
it
S. perfoliattim Linn.
likewise enimierated
among garden
and Vilmorin,
lines to maceron.
is
by
later
list
of
American writers and
is
vegetables, a survival of mention apparently not
in his Les Plantes Potageres, 1883, gives a

heading
Its seed is not
now
and a
advertised in our catalogs.
Alexanders.
Southern Europe. This form of alexanders is thought by some to be superior to

This species is perhaps confounded with 5. olusatrum in some of the ref-
5. olusatrum}
erences already given.

is
thought by
many
Loudon says
it
was formerly
and Mcintosh says
cultivated,
superior to 5. olusatrum, a remark which Burr
it
includes in his descrip-
Although the species is separated by a number of the older botanists, yet Ruellius,
This plant, which De Candolle
1529, is the only one who refers to its edible qualities.
been
has
under
common
culture
for
fifteen centuries, has shown no change of type
says
tion.
diuing that time.
The
figures,
which occur
type of plant, irrespective of the source

unless perhaps the root
'
Mcintosh, C.
Burr, F.
is
in so
many
from which the
drawn rather more enlarged
Book Card. 2:129.
'855.
1863.
of the herbals, all

illustration
in
may
show the same
have been taken,
some cases than
in others.
STURTEVANT
540
Solanum aethiopicum Linn. Solanaceae. golden apple, love apple.

Asia and tropical Africa; cultivated there and elsewhere for its
which are large, red, globular and uneven.
The
edible berries,
fruits are eaten in China,
Japan and in
Egypt.
Madagascar potato.
Lam.
S. angtiivi
The
Madagascar.
S. aviculare Forst.
New
f.
small, red, glabrous berries are eaten.'
kangaroo apple.
The
Zealand, Australia and Tasmania.
fruit is eaten
by the
islanders of the
The greenish-yellow berry, the size of a plum, is edible but acerb unless fully
The berries lose their unpleasant acidity only after they have dropped in full
Pacific.^
ripe.'
maturity from the branches, and then their taste resembles, in some degree, Physalis
peruviana, to which they are also similar in size.* The native tribes eagerly collect the
fruit as
S.
an
article of food.
can Molina.
This
Chile.
but
S.
is
a distinct species of potato which has been long cultivated in Chile

in Europe but also in Quito and Mexico
unknown not only
is still
commersonii Dun.
The
Valparaiso to Buenos Aires.
The Mexicans
Tropical America.
use the fruit for curdling milk and, according to
Gray.
This species
is
potato.*
call it trompillo.*.
S. fendleri A.
tuber
common
Cav.
S. elaeagnifolium
Dr. Gregg,
species resembles the
is
fovind growing in great
one of the chief
abundance
articles of winter diet
in northern
New
with the Navajo Indians.
Mexico.
The
These tubers
are quite small, one-half to three-quarters of an inch in diameter, of a good taste and are
somewhat
like
This species has been suggested as the original of the
a boiled chestnut.
cultivated potato, but the history of the cultivated potato

S. gilo
The
Brazil.
plant
is
much
cultivated for its large, spherical, orange-colored berries,
maccai Dun.
The
Guiana.
>
Don, G.
M. T.
W.
Hooker,
J.
DeCandoUe, A.
Bot.
J.
''U.S. D. A. Rpt.
Mueller, F.
Don, G.
Treas. Bot. 2:1071.
Journ. Bot. 8:338.

Geog. Bot. 814.
is
edible.'
1838.
Masters,
Torrey,
red, globose berry
Unger, F.
'
against this theory.'
Raddi.
which are eatable. *

S.
is
18591870.
(5. lacinialum)
1856.
1855.
U. S. Mex. Bound. Sunt. 2:152.

^(y).
Sd. Pis.
1870.
^(>o.
1891.
1838.
1859.

S.
54I
maglia Schlecht.
This
Chile.
a wild potato of Chile called maglia by the natives.
is
The
tubers are
very small and of a slightly bitter taste.'
melongena Linn, eggplant, jew's apple, mad apple.

Old World tropics. The eggplant seems not to have been known in Europe in the
time of the ancients. The Arab physician, Ebn Baithar, who wrote in the thirteenth
S.
century, speaks of
who
lived in
it
and
Europe
cites
Rhases,
who
lived in the ninth centiu-y.''
in the thirteenth century,
mentions
Spaniard of the twelfth century, describes four species,
six are
Albertus Magnus,'
Ibn-al-awam, a Moorish
noted in the Nabathaean
According to Jessen,* Avicenna, who flourished about A. D. 595, knew it,

Bretschneider * says the eggplant can be identified in the Ts'i
badingan.
agrictUture.''
and
and
it.
called it
ntin yao shu, a Chinese
work on agriculture
of the fifth century,
and
is
described in later
'
and
Acosta mentions, as among the vegetables carried

1590, 1640,
1742.
from Spain to America, the " berengenas, or apples of Love;" and Piso,' 1658, figures the
eggplant among Brazilian plants, under the name of belingela.
writings of
The
first
eggplants
known
Europe appear to belong to the
in
ornament, the fruit resembling an egg.
They were
class
of various colors.
we now grow
for
Fuchsius, 1542,
mentions the purple and the yellow; Tragus, 1552, who says they have recently reached
Germany from Naples, names the same colors; Lyte's Dodoens, 1586, names two kinds,
one purple and the other pale or whitish.
In 1587, Dalechamp figures three kinds, the
one long, another obscurely pear-shaped and the third rounded; he mentions the colors
and ash-colored; Gerarde, 1597, says white, yellow or brown; Dodonaeus,

mentions
the oblong and rbund, white and purple; Marcgravius, 1648, describes
1616,
a rotmd and yellow fruit; J. Bauhin, 1651, names various sorts, the long, the deep and
purple, yellow
the round, yellow, purple and whitish.
Bontius, 1658, describes the wild plant of Java

as oblong and round, or spherical, the color yellow; the cultivated sorts purple or white.
Rauwolf particularly describes these plants at Aleppo, 1574, as ash-colored, yellow and
purple.
At
present, the purple eggplant
but there are
many
almost the only color grown in our kitchen gardens

sorts grown in other regions.
The purple and the white ornamental
is
are mentioned for American gardens in 1806; as also in England, 1807; in France, 1824.
In the Mauritius, Bojer' names three varieties of purple and white colors. In India,
Carey
'
'"
says, there are several varieties in constant ciiltivation
DeCandolle, A.
De CandoUe,
Albertus
*
Geog. Bot. 2:812.
A.
Magnus
Magaus
Bretschneider, E.
Feg.
pt.
i,
Jessen Ed. 204.
Bot. Sin. 5g.
'
De
Bojer,
Ind. 210.
W.
Hort. Beng. 16.
i856.
1867.
1882.
1880.
1658.
Hort. Maurit. 240.
" Roxburgh, W.
1867.
pp. 236-239.
'Acosta Nat. Mor. Hist. Ind. 1:265.

Piso
1885.
Jessen Ed. 204.
Veg.
Ibn-al-awam Livre d'Agr. 2:
'Albertus
1855.
1837.
1814.
Hakl. Soc. Ed.
by the
natives, such as
STURTEVANT
542
white,
green,
Firminger
purple, yellow.
'
describes purple-,
black-
forms; and Speede names the purple and white in six varieties.
reiro describes five sorts: purple, white, and variegated.
'
There are two sorts of plants to be recognized:
(a)
and white-fruited
In Cochin China, Lou-
The one with the
stems, leaves
and calyxes imarmed, or nearly so. (b) The other with the stems, leaves and calyxes
more or less aculeate. The first sort is figured by Fuchsius, 1542, and by succeeding
authors up to the present date. The second sort is first noticed by Camerarius, 1588,
and has continued to the present time.
The
now grown
varieties
American gardens can be divided very readily into four
in
types, the oval, round, long and the oblong or pear-shaped.
The
synonymy
following
can be established:
I.
The Oval.
This, at present, includes but ornamental sorts,
improvement
Calyx
in evenness
and regularity over the
and present forms show a marked
older forms.
not spiny.
Mala
Fuch. 513.
insana.
1542; Roeszl. 117.

1550; Tragus 894.
1552; Pineaus
1616.
514.
1597; Sweert. t. 20, p. i.
1612; Dod. 458.
mala
insana
sive
vel
melanzana.
Lob.
Obs.
Icon,
Melongena
i, 268.
138.
1576;
1591.
seu
mala
insana.
Cam.
820.
Melongena,
Epit.
1586.
1561; Ger. 274.
Melongena.
Melanzane.
Matth. Opera. 760. 1598.

Dur. C. 279. 1617.
Solatium pomiferum fructu rotunda. Bauh.

Melongena arabum. Chabr. 524. 1673.
Aubergine blanche. Vilm. 27.
1883.
J.
3:618.
1651.
Calyx spiny.
Melanzana fructu
White Egg- Plant.
pallido.
N. Y.
Hort. Eyst.
1886.
1713; i4M/. Ord. 1:3; also
ib.
1613.
Sta.
II.
The Round.
Calyx not spiny.
Belingela.
Marcg. 24. 1648; Piso. 210. 1658.
Aubergine rcnde de Chine. Decaisne and Naudin. Man. 4:288.
Black Pekin. Ferry. i883;Hovey. 1866.
Calyx spiny.
Black Pekin.
Greg.
1886; Thorb.
1886.
III.
The Long.
This type varies
Tamari
'
much
in size
and proportion,
if
the Chinese variety described by Kizo
as recently introduced into Japan belongs to this class.
one inch in diameter by one foot and a half long.

curved.
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
Mmer.
Hort. 10.
Card. Ind. 155.
1886.
1842.
1874.
This form
may
He
says
it
is
about
be either straight or
STURTEVANT
Calyx not spiny.

Melantzana arahum melongena.
Solanum pomiferimi
Pluk. Phyt.
Aubergine
t.
Dalechamp
2.
2: app. 23.
Bauh.
incurvo.
fructu
226, p.
1587.
3:619.
J.
543
Chabr.
1651;
524.
1673;
1691.
violette longue.
Decaisne and Naudin. Man. 4:287.
violette longue.
Vilm. 24.
Calyx spiny.
Aubergine
1883.
IV.
The Oblong or Pear-shaped.

This form
varieties
is
shaped
a swollen fruit with an elongation towards the summit, in some of
like the
its
powder-horn gourd.
Calyx not spiny.
Melantzana nigra. Dalechamp. 2: app. 23. 1587.

Aubergine violette nain tres hative. Vilm. 26. 1883.
Early Round Violet. Damman. 1884.
Calyx spiny.
Solanum pomiferum magnus fructu, etc. Plxik. Phyt.
Melongena. Toum. t. 65. 1719.
American Large Purple. Burr. 609. 1863.
t.
226, p. 3.
1691.
We may
note that the Arabic words melongena and bedengaim were applied by
Rauwolf to the long-fruited form, the calyx not spiny, while the word betleschaim or melan-
zana batleschaim was applied to the spiny-calyx form of the pear-shaped,

synonymy is to be trusted.
Every type
Gronovius's
'
in the varieties under cultivation can with certainty be referred to one
of the four forms above
named.
The
oval t}7pe
the round type in 1648, in Brazil; the long type,

All the colors
shaped type also in 1587.

As we have confined
ancient writers.
figures
if
otir
now
is
figured in 1542, as
by Dalechamp,
we have shown;
in 1587;
and the pear-
and more, receive notice by the

who have given
noted,
sjoionymy to those authors
and have omitted those who but described, however certainly the descriptions
we can claim accuracy
v/ould apply,
as to our facts.
We, hence, have no evidence that types have originated through cultivation in recent
years and we have strong evidence that types have continued unchanged through longcontinued cultivation under diverse climates.
types that
we
see the influences of cultivation.
naeus, 1616, as of the form

is
wild,
it
and
It is
but as we examine variation within
The
oval-fruited
is
described
by Dodo-
an
egg, but he says that in Egypt, where the plant

attains double or three times the size which it has in France and Germany.
size of
Ray, 1686, compares the size of the long-fruited to that of an egg, or of a cucimiber, a
comparison that would answer for to-day, as cucumber-size covers a wide range; but,
a long gourd. The figures of the pear-shaped in
which compares well with the usual sizes grown at the present time.
he adds, that the curved form

17
19 indicate a fruit
It is in regularity of
arising
from
exercised?
form and
careful selection
We
Gronovius
is like
in the large size of selected strains that
and protected growth.
do not know.
Fl. Orient. 25, 26.
1755.
What
we
see the influence
other influence has climate
544
illustrates the point already
This sketch
that types of varieties
and other vegetables

human selection and
made
in studies of the dandelion, celery
have great
fixity,
we wish we could add
cultivation, and,
are not produced through
in this case, originated
from
wild prototypes; but, unfortunately, there are no records of the variation observed in
feral or
S.
S.
spontaneous plants.
montanum Linn.
Peru. The Peruvian Indians
muricatum
pepino.
Ait.
This
Chile and Peru.
are white, with purple spots,

S.
are stated to use the roots in soups.^
is
a shrubby species with egg-shaped, edible berries, which
and attain a length
common nightshade.
black nightshade,
nigrum Linn,
of six inches.^
This plant, says Vilmorin, is not as yet used in France as a vegeIt is mentable, but, in warm' countries, the leaves are sometimes eaten as spinach.'
*
tioned by Galen among aliments in the second century but was not cultivated in GerCosmopolitan.
'
in Fuchsius'
it
retained
its
name. Solatium
hortense, perhaps
a plant of wide distribution, occurring in the northern
hemisphere from Sweden and the northeast of America from Hudson Bay, even to the
equatorial regions; as, for example, at Timor, the Galapagos, the Antilles, Abyssinia, the
many
from
its
time, 1542, although
former cultivation.
Mascarene
Mauritius,
Isles,
It is
Van Diemen's Land and

^
and
found as a potherb
used as a spinach in central Africa.* In China, the
Chile.'
It is
in the
markets of Mauritius
young
'
shoots are eaten, as also its black berries, and, in the Mississippi Valley, the
made
black berries are

S. quitoense
Peru.
fragrance."
S.
and other pastry."
The berries resemble in size, color and

The Peruvians eat this fruit.'''
repandum
Forst.
sessiliflorum
Viti,
the fruit
is
Masters,
'
M.
Mueller, F.
berries are eaten in Para,
Treas. Bot. 2:1235.
T.
Sel. Pis. 462.
Vilmorin Veg. Card. 355.

lib. 2.
where they are called
Seemann, B.
Speke,
J.
H.
Smith, F. P.
.'V.
1547.
153.
1542.
Geog. Bo<. 2:573.
i8551861.
Jaurn. Disc. Source Nile 576.

Conlrib. Mat.
Med. China 201.
1880.
Sel. Pis. 462.
" Masters, M. T.
"Seemann, B.
1885.
Card. Chron. 622.
Bessey Bot. 502.
" Mueller, F.
1870.
1891.
Bmns. Ed.
Fuchsius Hist. Slirp. 69.
De CandoUe,
of a peculiar
Dun.
Galen Aliment,
'
and are
eaten by the natives, either in soups or with yams."
are also eaten in Brazil.''
taste small oranges
f.
In
The
Brazil.
little
Lam.
Pacific Isles.
into pies
is
1891.
Treas. Bot. a: 1070.
Card. Chron. 697.
1870.
1861.

" Masters, M. T. Treas. Bot. 2:1070. 1870.
1864.
1871.
cubios,^*
and the leaves

S. topiro
S.
&
Hiunb.
Banks
545
turkey berry.
The berry is edible.'
Bonpl.
of the Orinoco.
torvum Sw.
CosmopoHtan
West
tropics.
spherical berries of
good
size
Indies to Peru.
This species
is
shrubby with yellow,
which seem wholesome.*
S. trilobatum Linn.
The
Tropical Asia.
S.
tuberosum Linn,
leaves are eaten
potato.
Western South America.
in the time of the Incas.''
Darwin
in Argentina.
Chonos Archipelago
islandF of the
sea beach.
native of southern Chile, becoming an object of cultiva-
and Peru
tion in northern Chile
foimd wild also
The
by the Hindus.*
'
states that the wild potato
in great
boiled, these potatoes shrunk
abundance, on the sandy, shelly
soil
and having the same smell as English
much and were watery and
as far south as latitude 50
They grow
taste.
says the potato
now grows on
is
the
near the
tubers were generally small, but he found one of oval shape two inches
in diameter, resembling in every respect
When
Mueller
and are
potatoes.
insipid, without any bitter
called aquinas
by the wild Indians

by them
Frezier,' 1732, speaks of the potatoes of the Chile Indians as called
of that part.
papas and as being quite insipid in
taste.
According to Hvunboldt,* the potato was cultivated at the time of the discovery of
all the temperate regions of Chile to New Granada but not in Mexico.
The
mention of the potato, if it be not the sweet potato, is that of Peter Martyr, who,
"
referring to the time of Coliunbus' voyages, says that the Indians of Darien
dygge also
America in
earliest
out of the grounds certayne rootes growing of themselves, which they
call betatas,
muche
lyke unto the navie rootes of Millane, or the great pufies or mushroomes of the earth.
Howsoever they be dressed, eyther fryed or sodde, they geve place to no suche kyude of
meate in pleasant tendemes. The skinne is somewhat tougher than eyther the navies
and
or mushromes,
of earthy colour, but the inner
are nourished in gardens.
They
chestnuts but are somewhat sweeter."
voyage
iards baskets of potatoes, or
"
is
very white:
These
are also eaten rawe and have the taste of rawe
In 1519, Pigafetta Vicentia, the chronicler of the
on the coast of
of Magellan, says,
meate thereof
Brazil, 20
south, the natives brought the Span"

batates," a root resembling
turnips, and tasted like
been the sweet potato.

In I5S3. Peter Cieca says the inhabitants of Peru and vicinity had a tuberous root
which they eat and call papas. Cieza de Leon,"" who traveled between 1532 and 1550,
chestnuts," but these
may have
'
Don, G.
Mueller, F.
'Ainslie,
*
W.
Sel. Pis. ^62.
Mat. Ind. 2:427.
Pickering, C.
Sel. Pis. 462.
Voy. H.
Darwin, C.
"
Frezier
i?e/.
1826.
Mueller, F.
'
1838.
1891.
Koy. 61.
M.
S. Beagle 285.
DeCandoUe, A.
Geog. Bot. 2:810.
Journ. Agr. 5:323.
S.
Markham, C. R.
18
1845.
1732.
McAdam,
R.
1879.
189 1.
1855.
1835.
1864.
546
says the country of the Collao has for the principal food of its inhabitants potatoes, which
They dry these potatoes in the sun and keep them from one
are Hke the earth-nut.
harvest to another.
esteemed and valued
and
call
among
papas
still
are highly
the ordinary food
round and
says the potato formed the great staple of the
plains of Peru, under the Incas.
who wrote about
Acosta,'
1590, says they
groimd nuttes, they are small roots which

papas, and dry it well in the svmne, then beating
these rootes (which) are like to
many
keepes
daies,
and serves
for bread
Zarata,^ iSSS. speaks of the
they likewise eat of these papas boyled or roasted."
'
many leaves. They gather this

make that which they call chuno which
they
them chunus, and they
also speaks of the papas of the Collao,
Prescott
cast out
it
call
Chunus, or frozen potatoes, are
Vega
inclined to rot soon.
more elevated
"
them.
Garcilasso de la
in the Collao.
moist,
After they are dried, they
In 1565, Hawkins
potato being cultivated by the Peruvians and called papas.
found
Fe de Bogata and carried some thence.

In the West Indies, we find no mention of the potato vmtil some time after the dis'
covery of the islands. In 1564, Hawkins says the potatoes at Margarita Island, just,
potatoes at Santa
off
the coast of Venezuela, are
"
the most delicate rootes that
may
be eaten, and doe far
In 1595, Captain Preston' and Sommers, on their
exceede parssnips or carets."
In 1633, White
and potatos."
Hawkins
It is quite possible that
'
carried the potato to
North America
he relieved the famine among the French on the banks of the river May,
and
way
"
and the Indians brought to them

plantans
in
foimd this root in great abundance
Barbados.
to Virginia, stopped at Dominica Islands,
in
now
565
St.
when
Johns,
northward towards Virginia, where, in 1584, Hariot '"describes imder

"
the name of openawk what is supposed to be the potato:
The roots of this plant grow
Florida,
in
damp
boiled or
visited
only."
sailed
many hanging together as

roasted." Roimd potatoes, says
soils,
by the English but

;
it is
if
fixed
"
Jefferson,"
is
were fotmd in Virginia when
Vâ
cultivation in Virginia in 1609," in 1648
Roy. Comment.
W. H.
HaM.
Soc. Ed. 2:17.
Conq. Peru 1:141.
'
Acosta Sierras Peru 259.
1601.
Zarate Hist. Conq. Peru.
1555.
'
Hawkins Second Voy.
" and
1871.
i860.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 27.
1564.
1878.
Ibid.
'
Preston and
'
White
'"
Pel.
Sommers
Md.
14, 15.
Foy.
first
Hakl. Voy. 10:215.
I904-
1664.
Hawkins Second Foy.
1588.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 66.
Hariot Narrative Va.
1588.
Quaritch Reprint. 26.
Jefferson Notes Va. Trenton 54.
it
was
first
have received roots thereof from Vir-
otherwise called Norembega;" his description applies to the potato.
Prescott,
"
are good food, either
In 1597, Gerarde " says, "it groweth naturally in America, where
mentioned under
'
They
not said whether of spontaneous growth, or by cultivation
discovered, as reports Clusius, since which time

ginia,
on ropes.
2.
1846.
1878.
1893.
1803.
"Gerarde, J. Herb. 781. 1597.

" True Decl. Va.
1610. Force Coll. Tracts 3: No. i.
1844.
13.
Force Coll. Tracts 2: No. 8. 1838.
Perf. Desc. Va. 4.
1649.
The potato
in 1649 as better
than

"
547
and strongly nourishing." ' Potatoes are

said to have been introduced into New England by a colony of Presbyterian Irish, who
settled in Londonderry, New Hampshire, in 1719, but cultivation did not become general
those grown in England,
for
many
excellently delicious
years; potatoes appeared in Salem, Massachusetts, about 1762, as a field crop.
In 1830, Col. Morris, then in his ninetieth year, informed Watson^ that the potatoes used
life were very inferior to those of the present they were called Spanish potatoes
in his early
and were very sharp and pungent

from Liverpool.
Tench Frances,
of Philadelphia, first
much improved.
cultivation, he
the amount, perhaps, of a

of
two and a
in the throat
gill
About
smell, but
a better sort was received
imported an improved stock, which, by frequent

1817, saj^ Goodrich,' the potato bore seed to
from 1842 to 1847, in the annual cultivation

found but two branches, and his experience,
In 1806, McMahon * mentions but one kind; and in
to the
hill;
half acres, he recollects having
he says, has not been exceptional.
^
Bridgeman says there are many
1832,
and
varieties.
In 1848, nearly 100 kinds were exhibited
at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society; in 1876, at the Centennial Exhibition, 500
named
The potato now extends over North America
were shown.
varieties
to Labrador
and Fort Simpson, 65 north, where Richardson ' says they yield well.
Sir J. Banks ' considers that the potato was first brought into Europe from the
mountainous parts of South America in the neighborhood in Quito in the early part of
Yet the Spanish name of battatas corresponds to the " Detatas "
Peter Martyr and would indicate that these tubers came from the coast region of South
the sixteenth century.

of
America; yet, strangely enough, they are
now called batatas Inglezas according to Mcintosh.*

is quoted by M. Droujoi de
Bowles, in his introduction to the Natural History of Spain,
Thuys as saying that the potato was first transported from Spain into Galicia and thence to
Italy where it was so common in the sixteenth century as to be fed to animals; but the first
we
date
from Nuttall,' who says
find is
that, according to Bauhin, the potato
duced into Europe from the moimtainous parts of Peru in the year 1590, and
is after the potato was known elsewhere.
too strange to be true
enough
Phytopinax,
596, appears, according to Hallam,'" the
first
was
intro-
this strangely
In Bauhin's
accurate description of the potato,
which he says was already cultivated in Italy. In Italy, it received the name of the
truffle, taratoufle, which reminds one of the description of P. Martyr.
Sismondi,*' whose
work on agriculture was published in 1801,. says the potato, little known in Lombardy,
was introduced by himself into the

Williams, E.
=
B.
Amer. Card.
J.
Young Card. Asst. 8$.
1857.
1851.
Bridgeman,
Richardson,
'
1650.
Tuscany, where
Watson, J. F. Annals Phil. 2:487. 1845.

Goodrich Trans. N. Y. Agr. Soc. 447. 1847.
McMahon,
'
Virginians.
hills of
Loudon,
J.
J.
Enc. Agr. 845.
C.
"Hallam, H.
"Loudon,
J.
1806.
1866.
Book Card. 2:223.
'Mcintosh, C.
Nuttall, T.
Col. 582.
1855.

Lit.
C.
Europe 1:243.
Enc. Agr. 53.
1856.
1866.
1818.
it
11.
was then known only to the

1844.
548
gardeners of Florence and Leghorn.
In
in 1767.
Glasspoole
'
its
says
received a present of
588, Clusius,^ at Vienna,
cultivation in
two
Tuscany began
from Flander?
of the tubers
book published in 1601.* In 1600, Olivier de Serres

It was not, however,
speaks of the potato as recently brought to France from Switzerland.
the
of
imder
Parmentier,^ it became
tmtil the middle of the eighteenth century that,
urging
gives a plate of the plant in his
and
an object
of general culture.
The potato was introduced into Sweden

of Linnaeus,' it did not come into general
in 17*0, where,
cultivation until
notwithstanding the exertions

aided by royal edict in 1764. It has now reached the North Cape, where it is grown in
gardens.* The potato has been grown on a large scale in Saxony only since 1717; in
^
Prussia, since 1738;

It
is
said
in
Germany
since 1710.*
Glasspoole,' that Hawkins, in 1565, brought the potato into Ireland,
by
but Lindley says
was
it
and
of Raleigh's ships
first
As the return
introduced by Raleigh on his Irish estate.
the acquisition of these estates took place in 1585, this
the date of the introduction.
is
probably
Dr. Campbell,'" however, in his Political Survey, says the
In 1597, Gerarde " had the potato
potato was not introduced into Ireland until 1610.
"
growing in his garden in England. Woolridge,'^ who wrote in 1687, says: I do not hear
that it has been yet essayed whether they may not be propagated in great quantities for
the use of swine and other cattle." Lisle," in his Husbandry, 1694-1722, does not mention
potatoes.
Mortimer,'^ in his Gardeners' Kalendar for 1708, says,
"
The
root
is
very near
the nature of the Jerusalem artichoke, although not so good and wholesome, but
prove good to swine."
"
Bradley," about 1719, says,
radish, radish, scorzoners, beets
and
skirret; but, as
They
it
may
are of less note than horse-
they are not without their admirers,

"
by rich and
deemed only proper food for the meaner sort of persons." The potato was introduced
into Lancashire in 1728, where its cultivation soon became general and whence it graduI will
not pass them by in silence."
Miller," 1754, says they are
spread over other covmties of England.

1739, in the county of Sterling, and was not
ally
it
says
was introduced
>
Glasspoole, H. G.
Journ. Agr. l.6^<).
in 1725
and came
In Scotland, the potato was
known
into field culture about 1760.
Glasspoole, H. G.
1874.
1829.
1874.
Ibid.
Stephens, G.
'
8
Boussingault,
Journ. Agr. 6:gi.

J.
B.
1836.
Rur. Econ. 154.
1865.
Ibid.
Glasspoole, H. G.
1874.
" Ibid.
" Joum. Agr. 1:679.
" Glasspoole, H. G.
" Glasspoole,
G.
1829.
1874.
1874.
Ibid.
Ibid.
"Joum.
" Joum.
Agr. i;679.
1829.
Agr. 5:327.
1835.
" Booth, W.
B.
Treas. Bot. 2:1071.
1870.
first
cultivated in
in the Highlands until 1743." Booth
Ibid.
*
despised
"
STURTEVANT
The potato
and
549
mentioned as among the edible products of Japan by Thimberg,' 1776,

In New Zealand, where it
cultivation, says Humboldt,^ has become common.
its
is
had become common by 1840, the
first
at the present time, the potato
grown
is
foimd favor with the natives.*
It is
and from the extremity
in Bengal
tubers were
by Captain Cook
left
chiefly for consimiption
now
also
by
1770.^
foreigners
In China,
and has not
in the Island of Java, in the Buton,
grown
of Africa to Labrador, Iceland
and Lapland, says
Humboldt
The tOior of the whole history of the potato seems such as to imply that at first its
tuber was of such poor quality as not to obtain general liking, that it was only as the qimlity
in 181 1.
was improved that

that
it
acceptance became assured and that
its
it is
to the effort of growers
has secured at the present time a quality that forces universal approval.
The
varieties of the potato are
of form and
color, are
now
innvimerable and, while of several distinct types
supposed to have been derived from a
all
It is interesting to observe, therefore, that varieties
were under
common
wild progenitor.
ciilture in
South America
even before the discovery. In a vocabulary of a now extinct tribe, the Chibcha, who once
occupied the region about the present Bogota, ten different varieties are identified, one of
which,
"
Vilmorin
'
makes an extremely
varieties.
(4)
modem
black inside," has not as yet appeared in
(2)
The
The round, red
red varieties.
(7)
yellow
long,
varieties.
The
artificial classification
varieties.
(5)
The
flat,
(3)
The
culture.^
as follows:
(8)
The
(6)
The yellow and red varieties are mentioned by Bauhin,*

and the purple. In 1726, Townsend ' mentions the white and the red
Round, the Large Irish White Smooth, the Large
the White Kidney, the Bull's-eye Red."
long and full of

and is of a light
eyes, the Culgee
is
red on one
In 1828, Fessenden says there are
the varieties are very nimierous.
In
many
1848,
of varieties in France in
'
Wilkes, C.
<
Williams, S.

'Humboldt, A.
Polit.
Essay New Spain
'
Vilmorin Veg. Gard. 443.
'Bauhin, C.
" Bryant,
'^'Vailo
C.
1886.
1885.
Phytopinax 301.
Townsend 5ee</ia
is
varieties, and, in 1832,
nearly
23.
Fl. Diet. 15.
Husbandry 2:97.
1596.
1726.
1783.
1785.
the Jerusalem
100
sorts
Bridgeman says
were exhibited at the
Decaisne and Naudin give the number
181
1.
181
1.
1845.
i860.
2::i52.
"
oblong, white with a yellowish
1815 as 60, in 1855 as 493, in 1862 as 528.
Thunberg, C. P. Fl. Jap. XLIL 1784.

Humboldt, A. Polit. Essay New Spain 2: $$2.
Red
the Culgee, the Early-wife,
nearly akin to the large Irish, the skin
is
Massachusetts Horticiiltural Society in Boston.
'
tawny
side, the Early-wife does not blossom
almost black, and rough like a russetting; the Kidney

cast."
1596, as the
in England, as does
In further description he says
and the Toadback
red,
Roimd Red,
long,
and variegated
In 1785, Varlo " describes eight sorts: "the White Round, the
in 1783.
is
The smooth,
violet-colored
varieties.
Bryant"
yellow varieties.
variegated, long,
pink, or red varieties.
notched, long, red varieties.
At the present time,

(i) The round, yellow
550
of wild varieties of the potato have been
number
grown at the
New York
Agri-
One sort, which has not

cultural Experiment Station, including the Solatium tnaglia.
as yet been identified with its specific name, corresponds to the notched class of Vihnorin.
The maglia corresponds to the round and oblong-flattened forms; the jamesii to the round
form. The colors of these wild potatoes are said by some growers to include the white,
In their habits of growth, the maglia forms
the red, and the variegated.
imder the ground, the jamesii very
much
its
tubers deep
and extending a long distance from the
scattered
plant.
The synonymy of our types can include those

Round yellow. Vilm. 1885.
Round as ahall. Ger. 781. 15971927. 1633.
7.
Solanum tuberosum.
White round.
Long
//.
yellow.
Blackw. Herb.
Varlo //ms6. 2:97.

Vilm. 1885.
Ger. 781.
Ovall or egge fashion.
1773-
1785.
15971927.
1633.
1671; Matth. 757. cum ic.

1601.
Clus. Rar. 2:79. ciun ic.
Bauh. Prod.
Oblonga.
523. b.
pi.
described by Vilmorin, as follows:
Papas peruanorum.
1598.
go.
Variegated long yellow. Vilm. 1885.

red.
Vihn. 1885.
III.
Round
IV.
Pugni magnitudine. Matth. 757. 1598.

Red round. VaAo Husb. 2:gy. 1785.
V.
Flat pink or red.
VI.
f
Notched long
VII.
?
Membri
VIII.
f
Vilm. 1885.
Smooth long red. Vilm. 1885.

Solanum tuberosum. Blackw. Herb.
virilis
pi. 523. b.
Vilm. 1885.
forma. Bauh. Prod. go.
1775,
red.
and variegated.
Bauh. Phytopin. 301.
1671.
Violet colored
Atrorubens.
Toadback.
Solanum tuberosum
The
Husb. 2:97.
Varlo.
figures
1596.
1785.
tuberibus nigricaniibus.
Blackw. Herb.
7.
586.
which seem to be referable to the tnaglia species are:
Batata virginiana sive virginianorum pappus. Ger. 781.

1597.
Solanum tuberosum esculentum. Matth. Op. 758. 1598; Bauh. Prod 89.
Arachtdnatheophrasti forte, Papas peruanorum. Clus. /?ar. 2:79.
Papas americanus. Sweertins Florelig. 7. 28. fig. 4. 161 2.
The
potatoes which are
sources; from
S.
England
in the United States were derived
from Bogota
in 1847
from several
and from Chile *in
1850.
uporo Dun.
In

is
now grown
of late years;
1671.
1601.
used at their cannibal
a sauce
like
Viti,
feasts.
the fruit
The white
is
prepared by the natives into a sauce which
settlers occasionally use the fruit to prepare
the tomato and use the leaves as a potherb.'
Society Islands
and
Couper Farm.
New
Lib. 382.
Zealand.^
1847.
1850; 367.
Seemann, B.
1865-1873.
Unger, F.
Fl.
Viti. 176.
1851.
1859.
(S. viride)
It is
used as a vegetable in the
STURTEVANT
S.
are
55 1
xanthocarpum Schrad. & Wendl. yellow-berried nightshade.

Old World tropics. This species is cultivated for its fruit in the Circars.
much esteemed by
Solidago odora Ait.
them
eat
Pursh
says the dried flowers
In the American Naturalist,^ 1879,
substitute.
The
fruits
in their curries.'
sweet golden-rod.
Compositae.
some tea
who
the natives,
make a
pleasant
said this plant
it is
and wholeis
used as
a tea in Pennsylvania.
Sonchus oleraceus Linn.
sow thistle.
Compositae.
Europe, Asia and naturalized in the United States. This thistle is mentioned as
an esculent by Dioscorides. Pliny records that the hospitable Hecate regaled Theseus
before his encoimter with the bull of Marathon with a dish of sow thistles. In Germany,
common weed
the young leaves are put into salads, and this
Hooker
says
it is
eaten by the natives of
New
is
exceedingly wholesome.*
Zealand.
S. tenerrimus Linn.
Sonneratia acida Linn.
Malay and shores
f.
This thistle
is
eaten in Italy as a salad.'
Lythrarieae.
The
of the East Indies.
fruit is
eaten by the natives.''
A. Smith
sa)^ the acid, slightly bitter fruits are eaten as a condiment by the Malays.
Sophora secundifiora Lag. Leguminosae.

Mexico. This is the frijolillo of Texas, according to Bellanger.
San Antonio formerly used it for an intoxicant.'
The Indians near
Sorghum vulgare Pers. Gramineae. broom corn, durra. Egyptian corn, kaffir
CORN. negro corn. PAMPAS RICE. RICE CORN. SORGHUM. TENNESSEE RICE.
Tropics and subtropics. This species is supposed to be a native of Africa, perhaps
and has been cultivated
of Abyssinia,
the Chinese
principally
make a
China from a remote
in
period.
Doolittle
'"
says
coarse kind of bread from the flour of the seeds of sorghtim, eaten
by the poorer
The
classes.
best kind of Chinese whiskey, often called Chinese
is distilled from the seeds.

This Chinese form was imported into France from the
north of China about 185 1 and, through the agency of the Patent Office, it was obtained
from France in 1854 and distributed in the United States. Of the French importation
wine,
'
Drury, H.
'
Porcher, P. P.
'
Amer. Nat. 345.
Johnson, C. P.
'Hooker,
J.
Usefid Pis. Ind. 397.
D.
Johns, C. A.
'
Pickering, C.
'Smith, A.
">
1873.
1869.
1879.
Useful Pis. Gt. Brit. 142, 143.

Bet. Antarctic Voy. 2:324.
Treas. Bot. 2:1072.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 2: 10-/3.
1862.
1847.
1879.
1870.
Havard, V.
Doolittle, J.
Social Life Chinese 25.
1896.
1868.
Note.
552
interesting to note that but one seed of all that
was received, germinated.
Ziilu Kaffirs cultivated the African variety, called imphee,
about their huts for the
from Shanghai,
The
it is
purpose of chewing and sucking the
stalks,
and Mr. Wray
'
recognized
which
s varieties,
He
found this species in 185 1 and engaged in the

There are some
distribution of the seed in Europe and Asia before bringing it to America.
mentions of this plant, however, far earlier. In 1786, a Signor Pietro Arduino^ is said
he introduced to this country in 1857.
to have attempted
its
introduction into Italy from Kaffirland but did not succeed, and
Wilkinson in his Ancient Egyptians states that the plant grows about Assuan in Nubia,
One writer attempts, indeed, to identify
in the oases, and is called by the Arabs dokhn.
with the variety mentioned by Pliny, 5. nigrum, and described by the earlier
this plant
Barth
herbalists.
'
speaks of
being extensively grown in Africa, and Livingstone
its
says the stalks are chewed as sugar cane and the people are fat thereon.
cultivated
by the Tartars
Sorghum
is
now
Pallas says
it is
of the Crimea.
cultivated throughout India, tropical Asia, Africa, southern Europe,
the West Indies and America.

extensively cultivated of
all
Next to
rice,
says Carey,' this
may
be said to be the most
the culmiferous tribe and forms a very considerable part of
the diet of the natives of the coimtries where
it is
grown.
There are many varieties.
Pliny
'
speaks of the black-seeded millet brought to Italy from the East Indies, and Fuchsius,
1542, describes the shorgi; Tragus, 1552, gives
Gesner,
1591, calls it
it
the
name Panicum
Dioscorides
et
Plinii;
sorghum; Matthiolus, 1595, milium indicum; Lobel, 1576, describes
this species as sorgo melica Italorum;
Dodonaeus, 1583, as melica sorghum; and Lonicer,
Dtura, or Guinea com, was introduced

1589, and Gerarde, 1597, describe several varieties.
into Jamaica and thence into our southern states in the last century and was reported
In the West Indies, negro
as growing in Georgia in 1838.
the colored population
grown
for the
when made
of
com
is
largely
consumed by
In the United States, a variety
into bread.
brooms under the name
of
broom com.
is
largely
In western Kansas,
making
grown for the seed in regions which are too arid for the certain growing of
maize under the names Egyptian com, rice com, pampas rice, Tennessee rice and durra.
In 1805, a specimen of Egj'ptian com was exhibited to the Massachusetts Society for
varieties are
New
Hampshire.' In Egypt, six varieties are

entunerated as cultivated for the seed used as food. In Algeria, two kinds are grown,
the red and the white seeded. The dari, from Jaffa, is considered the best in the
Promoting Agriculture as grown
Mediterranean region and

are used for bread.
Elliott
Italy.
Olcott,
H.
S.
U. S. Disp. 1602.
*
'
Waller,
Roxburgh,
Pliny
'
H.
Sorghum
Sorghum
23.
exhibition of 1857, 56 varieties were shown,
is
also
20.
found in Natal, where
1867.
1857.
1865.
Last Journ. Livingstone 51.
W.
Hort. Beng.
7.
1 875.
:i8i4.
lib. 18, c. 10.
Commentators
Elliott,
W.
to the
and
in all parts of India, Arabia, Abyssinia, Egypt, Asia Minor,
Sorghum Prod.
Stewart, F. L.
'
it
In Italy, the seeds, apparently of the black variety,
exported.
At the Madras
says he has seen
Turkey and
is
in
Mass. Soc. 26.
1806.
Bot. Soc. of Edinb. 7:282.
1863.
(5,
sauharalum)
it
is
called Kaffir
com.
STURTEVANT
Thunberg
'
553
enumerates sorghtun among the edible plants of Japan.

is
Unger,^ sorghum
raised to advantage in
In Europe, says
In
Hungary, Dalmatia, Italy and Portugal.
the United States, sorghum will probably not be grown as a food grain except in the arid
regions.
Soiindeia madagascariensis
DC.
two
Anacardiaceae.
On
Africa and Madagascar.
the upper Nile, the fruit
is
eaten.
The bunches
are
with 200 plums each, the size of a sparrow egg, taste like a mango, are yellow
and hang curiously from the main trunk and boughs like parasites. The fruits grow also
feet loijg
from among the
leaves.'
Sparaxis bulbifera Ker-Gawl.
DC.
Specularia speculum A.
in the flower
grown
harlequin flower.
tubers are edible.*
Henfrey
region.
in
North America.
Sphaerococcus cartilaginens Good.

BalfotuIt is to
says this plant has been used in salads.
corn spurry.
Caryophylleae.
says this seaweed
is
&
toadflax.
In Finland and Scandinavia, says Johnson,'
made
in time of scarcity bread has sometimes been
'
'
garden in France."
Spergula arvensis Linn.
Europe; naturalized
venus's looking-glass.
Campanulaceae.
and Mediterranean
Eiu-ope
It is
Irideae.
The bulbous
South Africa.
Wood.
of the seeds.
Algae.
used in China as a substitute for edible birds-nestS.
be fovmd in Chinese markets and
differs
but
from Irish moss and
little
is
used as
a substitute for the more expensive birds-nest.
Sphagnum
obtusifolium Ehrh.
Temperate
climates.
Sphagnales.
bog moss,
Sphagnum, says Lindley,'
is
sphagnum.
a wretched food in barbarous
countries.
Spilanthes acmella Murr.
Compositae.
alphabet-plant,
para cress.
Cosmopolitan tropics and subtropics. This plant is used as a salad plant in Brazil.'"
du Bresil of the French and is cultivated as a seasoning plant." In South
it
is
the cress of Para and is cultivated as a salad and potherb in tropical countries.'*
America,
It is the Cresson
Thunberg, C. P.
linger, F.
Jap.XX.Xlll.
1784.
1859.
Spake, J. H.
<
Seemann, B.
Treas. Bot. 2:1076.
Henfrey, A.
^VAmoiva.
'
Bol. 303.
Balfour, J. H.
J.
Unger, F.
" Bon
Bot. 520.
1849.

1882.
(^Campanula speculum)
1862.
1844.
Med. Econ. Bot. 23.
Jard. 567.
"Black, A. A.
3rd Ed.
1870.
Man.
1864.
1870.
1870.
Fl. PI. Ter. 220.
Johnson, C. P.
Lindley,
Fl.
1859.
(5. oleracea)
(5. fusca)
Treas. Bot. 2:1083.
1870.
(S. oleracea)
554
where
it is
'
a salad in the Mascarenhas, in the East Indies, South America
It is eaten as
and
in
Japan,
called hoko so.
Spinacia oleracea Linn.
spinach.
Chenopodiaceae.
Spinach appears to have been introduced into Europe

through Spain by the Mauro-Spaniards.^ According to Beckman, the first notice of its
use as an edible in Europe occiu^ in 1351 in a list of vegetables used by monks on fast
days, but, in the
Nabataean agriculture in Spain, in the twelfth century,* Ibn-al-Awam

Albertus Magnus,* who lived in Germany and
a prince of vegetables.
speaks of it as
knew the
died in the year 1280,
prickly-seeded form, and the Ortus Sanitatis of 1511 figures
gives a Greek name aspenach.
spinach and
It
was
also well
known
to Agricola in 1539.'
In England, the name spynoches occurs in a cook book of 1390, compiled under the name
of The Forme oj Cury for the use of the court of King Richard the Second; in 1538, spinach
is
as
spoken of by Turner
if
known
well
Europe
'
in his Libellus as well
notpreceding 1568.
is
noticed
by
interesting, as
De
in 1536
Candolle
work on husbandry
Ruellius,
new
to
According
1552.
is
badly
According to Bretschneider, spinach
of the seventh or eighth century.^
There
introduction into America, but, in 1806, three varieties were
its
by
calls it
mention in England as
its first
Crescentius in the thirteenth century and
in the Ortus Sanitatis, edition of 1491.
gardens.
England and,
The smooth-seeded spinach is described by Tragus in
to Sprengel, spinach
in a Chinese
in
and other authors date
in the sixteenth centtuy
notice of
known
These dates are
in France.
is
is
figiuêd
noticed
no early
known
to our
'
Two
races are
now known
in
American gardens; one with prickly
seed,
and the other
These have been described as follows:
with smooth seed.
I.
Prickly-seedex) Spinach.
Spinacia spinosa Moench.
Alb.
Spinachia.
619.
cum
ic.
Jessen Ed. 563; Fuchsius. 666. ctun
Mag. 13th Cent.
ic.
1542; Dod.
1616.
Binetach, Spinat, Spinacia.
Roeszl.
aun
ic.
1550.
Olus hispanicus.
Trag. 325. ciom ic. 1552.

Matth.
342. ctun ic. 1570; Lob. Obs. 129.
Spinacia.
1591; Dalechamp 544 cum ic. 1587; Ger. 260. cum
1576.
ic.
Spanachum. Cam. Epit. 245. cum ic. 1586.

Lapathum hortense alterum, sue spinacia semine spinoso.
Spinachia mas. Bauh, J. 2:964. cum ic. 1651.
Unger, F.
1859.
'
Targioni-Tozzetti Trans. Hort. Soc. Land. 9: 148.
'
Heuze, G.
Albertus
'
'
Pis. Aliment.
Magnus
Veg.
I,
IV.
Jessen Ed. 563.
Aramonius Med. Herb. 323.

Bretschneider, E.
On Study
N. Y. (Geneva) Agr.
1873.
1867.
1539.
16.
1870.
Sta. Rpt. 6:226.
1887.
1855.
cum
ic.
1591;
1597.
Bauh. Phytopin.
ic.
1:257.
STURTEVANT
555
Linn. var. A. Linn. Sp. 2d ed. 1456.

Epinard d'Angleterre. Vilm. 203. 1883.
Large Prickly or Winter Spinage. Vilm. 533. 1885.
Spinacia oleraceae.
II.
Smooth-seeded Spinach.
Spinacia inermis Moench.
nobilis.
1552.
Trag. 324.
hortense alterum spinacia, semine
Spinacia II. Ger. 260.
1597.
Spirutkia
Lapathum
non spinoso.
Bauh. Phytopin. 184.
Spinachia foemina. Bauh. J. 2:964. 1651.

Spinachia semine non pungente, folio majore rotundiore.
303. ctim
ic.
Round-seeded Spinage.
Vikn. 534.
by Vilmorin
Spiraea filipendula Linn.
and
But one variety
Spondias lutea Linn.
dropwort.
meadow sweet.
tropics.
excellent fruit of
Brazilian plum,
Anacardiaceae.
At
of the prickly-seeded
smooth-seeded form.
five of the
Rosaceae.
1762.
Europe and northern Asia; common in gardens in the United

the roots have been eaten by men instead of bread.
and
Tahiti, says Ellis,* the
an oval or oblong shape and
vi,
Linnaeus
States.
jew plum,
is
is
says
an abimdant
In form and
somewhat resembles a Magnimi Bontim plimi but is larger and, instead

a hard and spiked core containing a ntunber of seeds. Firminger * says
very inviting, as
'
otaheite apple.
or Brazilian plum,
bright yellow color.
it
is
Chabr.
1885.
Spinach was in American gardens in 1806.*
Cosmopolitan
1686;
Mill. Diet. 1733.
Spinacia oleracea. Linn. var. B. Linn. Sp. 1456.

Epinards a graine ronde. Vilm. 204. 1883.
described
162.
1677.
Spinacia glabra.
is
Ray
1596.
taste,
of a stone, has
its
appearance
also its exquisite fragrance, resembling that of the quince; to the
very acid, with a flavor like that of an exceedingly bad mango. This
Liman ^ says the fruit is ptuple, yellow, or variegated;
is the Jew plum of Mauritius.'
pulp sweet, slightly acidulated, yellow, thin, having a singular but not unpleasant taste
taste,
however,
and a sweet
tree
is
it is
smell.
somewhat
It varies
readily increased
by
cuttings,
in form.
and
grow and the fruit will

buds are used as a sweetmeat with sugar.
the ground
it
McMahon,
will
Amer. Card.
B.
Lightfoot, J.
<
'
Ellis,
W.
Fl. Scot. 1:259.
1883.
1789.
Firminger, T. A. C.
J.
Masters,
Hart. Jam. 1:^85.
M.
T.
1833.
Card. Ind. 234.
'Lunan,
1806.
Cal. 5S3.
'Vilmorin Lei Pis. Potag. 202.
The
1874.
(5. dulcis)
1880.
1814.
Treas. Bot. 2:1086.
{S.
mombin)
1870.
seed scarcely ever ripens, but the
a branch laden with young fruit be set in

come to maturity. Masters ^ says the flowerif
(5.
mombin)
556
.
hog plum.
The fruit, when
mangifera Willd.
Tropical Asia.
green, mottled with yellow
and
a goose egg, of a rich olivedegree of scent and none of the
largest, is of the size of
black, with but a trifling
The inner part nearest the rind is rather acid that

quince-like odor of the other species.
being removed, the part nearest the stem is sweet and eatable, but withal it is not an agree;
able
is
Brandis* says the ripe
fruit.'
has an astringent acid and txupentine taste but
fruit
eaten and pickled.
hog plum.
S. purpurea Linn,
Spanish plum.
Tropical America; cultivated in the northern regions of the tropical parts of Brazil.'
has very recently been introduced at Jacksonville, Florida, under the name of
*
says the fruits are yellow with sometimes a slight mixttire of
Spanish plum. Lunan
redness, sweet smelling, covered with a thin skin, the size of a pigeon's egg, having within
This
fruit
little
sweetish, acidulous pulp
and a very
by some. The natives, says

and manufacture a drink from it.
large nut; eaten
Unger,' eat the sweetish, acid flesh, prepare a sauce

S. tuberosa Arruda.
The
Brazil.
fniit is
about twice the
color
when
a pleasant, sweetish-acid
taste.
and
of
a yellowish
the ground, when a
used
The
its
a large gooseberry, of an oblong shape

is a juicy pulp of
coriaceous skin there
fruit is fit to eat
may
when
only
it is
so ripe as to fall to
be eaten without inconvenience.*
knot root.
Chinese artichoke,
Labiatae.
This plant was introduced into cultivation by Vilmorin-Andrieux
Egypt and Arabia.

et Cie. in 1886.'
The
large quantity
Stachys afSnis Fresen.
size of
ripe; beneath
roots are thick
and
fleshy
and are
useful for pickles
and may be
According to Bretschneider,' the roots were eaten as a vegetable in China
fried.
and sixteenth centuries and are described
in the fourteenth
The
Chinese writings of 1640 and 1742.
and
called choro-gi,
species
is
as a cultivated vegetable
by
a cultivated vegetable in Japan and
is
esteemed.
is
S. heraclea All.
Archer says the leaves and stems, shown at the International

modem Greeks and are believed
Southern Europe.
Exhibition of 1862 as a tea substitute, are used by the

to be the sideritis of the ancients.
all-heal,
S. palustris Linn,
Northern climates.
either boiled
'
'Brandis, D.
J.
U. S. Pat.
Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie.
Lightfoot, J.
"Henfrey, A.
the roots have been eaten in times of necessity,
1874.
1859.
1814.
Off. Rpt. 349.
Trav.Braz.iy6.
Bretschneider, E.
^Siys
1874.
'Gardner, G.
'
Card. Ind. 235.
Hort. Jam. 2:186.
Unger, F.
'
'
and made into bread.
Forest Fl. 128.
Unger, F.
Lunan,
Lightfoot
or dried
Firminger, T. A. C.
woundwort.
1859.
1849.
Seed- Cat.
1886.
Bot. Sin. 53, 59, 83, 85.
Fl. Scot.
1:313.
Bo/. 327.
1870.
1789.
1882.
Henfrey
'"
says the fleshy, subterranean
STURTEVANT
Loudon says
rhizomes are sometimes collected as a table vegetable.
on rich moist
shoots,
are white, crisp and agreeable to the taste.
soil,
of agreeable taste, are of disagreeable smell but
though
Stachytarpheta indica Vahl.
The
Austria.
557
'
says the young

be eaten as asparagus.
Johnson
may
when grown
these,
Verbenaceae.
leaves are sold as Brazilian tea, which Lindley
is
says
a rather poor
article.
*>,
Staphylea pinnata Linn.
European bladder nut.
Sapindaceae.
Haller
Eiu-ope; cultivated in shrubberies.
those of pistachios and are eaten in
'
Germany by
says the kernels of the fruit taste like

children.
American bladder nut.
S. trifolia Linn.
The
seeds contain a sweet
oil;
they are sometimes eaten
like pistachios.^
Stauntonia hexaphylla Decne.
The Japanese
Japan.
Berberideae.
eat its roundish, watery berries
and use
their juice as a
remedy
for opthalmia.^
Stellaria
media
Temperate
boiled,
is
chickweed.
Caryophylleae.
Cyrill.
This plant
regions.
says Johnson,* an
starwort.
stitch wort.
foimd in every garden as a weed.
is
excellent green vegetable,
much
It
forms when
resembling spinach in flavor
and
very wholesome.
Stemona tuberosa Lour.
Roxburghiaceae.
The
thick, tuberous roots, after
a previous preparation with limewater, are candied with sugar in India and are taken with tea but are said to be insipid.'
Tropical Asia.
Sterculia alata Roxb.
East Indies.
S.
buddha's cocoanct.
Sterculiaceae.
The winged
seeds of
its large fruit
are eaten.*
balanghas Linn.
Riunphius
'
The
seeds,
when
roasted, are nearly as palatable as chestnuts.
says the seeds are considered esculent
roast them.
'"
Unger
says
nuts
the
are
by the inhabitants
eaten by
Islands generally.
'
'
'
Johnson, C. P.
Lindley, J.
Loudon,
J.
C.
<Baillon, H.
'Smith, A.
ffij/. P/j.
'
'Pickering, C.
'
Unger, F.
1854.
1878.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 2:994.
Don, G.
5:388.
1870.
(S.jamaicensis)
1849.
Treas. Bot. 2:1093.
Johnson, C. P.
1862.
Med. Econ. Bot. 222.
1862.
(Roxburghia)
1879.
1831.
1859.
the
natives
of
of
Amboina, who
South Sea
the
558
S. carthaginensis
Cav.
The
Tropical America.
Panamanians and are
S. diversifolia G.
Brazilians
and panama by the
chica.
The inhabitants
Brazil.
by the
eaten by the inhabitants as nuts.'
commonly
S. chicha A. St. Hil.
seeds are called chica
of
Goyaz
eat the almonds, which are of
an agreeable
taste.
bottle tree.
Don.
The
tree of tropical Australia.
seeds are eaten
and the taproots are used, when
young, as an article of food by the natives.'

S. foetida Linn.
Old World
Rheede
tropics.
says
the seeds are roasted and eaten like chestnuts.

eaten like
filberts.
S. guttata
Roxb.
Blanco
The
Tropical India.
by the natives
seeds are eaten
The trunk
Northeastern Australia.
The stem abounds

is
says, in
says, at
Burma,
its
Bombay,
seeds are
of
Bombay.
bottle tree.
S. rupestris Benth.
which
Mason
'
seeds are eaten in the Philippines.
its
says
Graham
its fruit is edible.
of this tree bulges out in the
form
of a barrel.
a mucilaginous or resinous substance resembling gum tragacanth,

wholesome and nutritious and is said to be used as an article of food by the
in
aborigines in cases of extreme need.^

S. scaphigera Wall.
Burma and Malay.

mass.
This
jelly is
The
seeds
when macerated
in
water swell into a
valued by the Siamese and Chinese,
who sweeten
large, gelatinous
it
and use
it
as
a delicacy.
S.
S.
&
Perr.
Equatorial Africa.
The
tomentosa
Guill.
seeds are eaten in famines,*
urens Roxb.
East Indies.
The
The
India, according to Brandis.'
according to Drury," are roasted
plant yields
and eaten and
Stereospermum zylocarpum Benth.

East Indies.
'Smith, A.
Its tender
Pickering, C.
'
Ibid.
Hook.
f.
made
into a kind of coffee.
Bignoniaceae.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 1:162.
'Rtieede Hort. Malabar.
&
also
pods are eaten."
Treas. Bot. 2: logT.
Black, A. A.
by Gonds and Kurkiirs in Central

a gimi like gxmi tragacanth, and the seeds,
seeds are roasted and eaten
4:75
t.
1870.
36.
(BrachychiUm populneum)
1750.
1879.
Ibid.
'
Black, A. A.
Treas. Bot. 1:389.
'
Pickering, C.
Chron. Hist. Pis, 269.
'Brandis, D.
'
"
Forest Fl. 34.
1870.
{Delabeckea rupestris)
1879.
1874.
Pickering, C.
1879.
Pickering, C.
1879.
{Bignonia xylocarpa)
STURTEVANT

lung lichen,
Lichenes.
Sticta pulmonaria (Linn.) Schaer.
559
lungwort.
This lichen, found growing on the ground in woods,
Northern climates.
is
used as
a substitute for Iceland moss.'

Stilbocarpa polaris A. Gray.
New
This
Zealand.
is
Araliaceae.
an herbaceous plant with long
and have served ship-wrecked people
The
South Africa.
The
Nubia.
S.
for a lengthened period as sustenance.^
seeds are gathered and eaten
Strychnos innocua Delile.
by the
Kaffirs.'
Loganiaceae.
pulp of the fruit
is
eaten by the natives of Egypt and Senegal.*
nux-vomica tree,
nux-vomica Linn,
which are saccharine
bird of paradise flower.
Scitamineae.
Strelitzia reginae Ait.
roots,
Mason
strychnine.
'
says in
Burma
the pulp of the fruit
is
a favorite
repast with children.
potatorum Linn. f. clearing nut. water-filter nut.

East Indies. The fruit, when very young, is made into a preserve and eaten. ^ The
'
pulp of the fruit is edible and the ripe seeds are dried and sold in the bazaars to clear
S.
muddy
water.*
S. pseudo-quina A. St. Hil.
The pulpy
Brazil.
S. spinosa
copalchi.
portion of the fruit
The
fruit,
according to Flacourt,*"
pulp of the fruit is
commonly
eaten
by
is
as large as a quince, with a gourd-
and watery pulp are agreeable when ripe. The

it grows; it is somewhat acid
like shell full of large, flat seeds; the juice
is
Lam.
Madagascar.
and
is
the natives wherever
said to be delicious."
S. tieute Lesch.
Java.
The bark
tshettik or tjettik or
Smith,
Masters,
Masters,
'
M.
M.
W.
'Brandis, D.
Drury, H.
Royle,
">
J.
F.
Treas. Bot. 2:1103.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 2:1 106.
1870.
1879.
Mat. Ind. 2:420.
Masters,
M.
1874.
1873.
Himal. 1:272.

Treas. Bot. 1:168.
Pickering, C.
T.
is
1826.

Illustr. Bot.
the most dangerous poisons known, called
1882.
T.
Forest Fl. 2,11
of
of the fruit
1891.
T.
Pickering, C.
" Black, A. A.
"
radja}"^
Sel. Pis. 468.
Pickering, C.
'Ainslie,
upas
The pulp
J.
'Mueller, F.
>
of its root jaelds one
1839.
1879.
1870.
(Brehmia spinosa)
X879.
Treas. Bot. 2:1106.
1870.
said to be edible."
56o
Styrax benzoin Dryand.
gum
This plant fiimishes
Malay.
That from Siam
facturers.
benzoin,
Styraceae.
Suaeda maritima Dimi.
is
storax.
benzoin, used for flavoring
by chocolate manu-
preferred.
sea-blite.
Chenopodiaceae.
^
Temperate regions. Roxburgh says the leaves are eaten by the natives of India
and considered very wholesome. Graham * says the leaves are eaten about Bombay.
Symphoricarpos racemosus Michx. Caprifoliaceae. snowberry.
North America. The fruit is eaten by the Indians of Oregon and Washington.'
ofBcinale Linn.
Symphytum
The
comfrey.
boneset.
Boragineae.
when young, form a good green-vegetable

and are not infrequently eaten by country people. They are sometimes used to flavor
cakes and other culinary preparations.^ The blanched stalks form an agreeable asparagus.*
Asia.
leaves,
Symplocos alstonia L'H^rit. Styraceae.

New Granada. According to Gardner,* the leaves are employed as a tea substitute,^
and an infusion of one of the species is used likewise in Brazil.
Tabemaemontana
Guiana.
sap of a
it
utilis
From an
nutty
rich,
Am.
incision in the bark
flavor,
cow
Apocynaceae.
but Brown
'
is
hya-hya.
tree,
obtained a good flow of thick, white, creamy
says a
little of it
goes a long way.
Brandis
'
calls
a thick, sweet, nutritious milk.
Tacca dubia Schult.
This
Java.
is
used as tacca."
It is
T. palmata Blume.
tacca.
Taccaceae.
f.
tacca.
one of the taccas of the Malayan Archipelago which furnishes a food-
fecula."
T. pinnatifida Forst.
tacca.
salep.
pia.
'
Asia and African tropics and islands of Pacific.
The tubers
of the tacca furnish
mealy nutriment to the inhabitants of the Society Islands and the Moluccas, where the
plant is found both wild and in a state of cultivation. In the latter case, the tuberous
Drury, H.
'
VseftU
Pickering, C.
>U.
S.
Loudon,
C.
J.
Smith, A.
'
1873.
5i().
1879.
{Salsola indica)
D. A. Rpt. 415. 1870.
Johnson, C. P.
'
Ph. Ind. 377.
Chron. Hist. Pis.
Don, G.
Treas. Bot. 2:1115.
Brandis, D.
Camp
1862.
i860.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. 4:
"Brown, C.B.
" Royle,
Useful Pis. Gi. Brit. 182.

Hort. 673.
Life Brit.
Forest Fl. 322.
1870.
i.
1838.
Guiana
i^6.
1877.
1874.
'
J. P.
"Rumphius
Illustr. Bot.
Herb. Ambon.
Himal. 1:377.
5:330
t.
115.
1839.
1750.

root loses
some
of its original acridity
and a
for four or five days in water
and, like
it,
much
From
is
The
bitterness.'
roots are rasped
and macerated
separated in the same manner that sago is

as
an
of
article
food
employed
by the inhabitants of the Malayan Islands
is
and the Moluccas.^

form an
and
561
fecula
is
make
In Otaheite, they
cakes of the meal of the tubers.
China and Cochin China
'
The
tubers
and
in Travancore, where they are

mix agreeable acids with them to subdue their natural pungency.*
the main supply of the Fiji arrowroot is prepared,^ and an arrowroot
article of diet in
eaten, the natives
the tubers,
also
made from
&
Tacsonia mollissima H. B.
New
East Indian province of Arracan.
this plant in the
K.
Passifloreae.
Granada.
In India, says Firminger,* this plant bears a great abundance of a

pale green fruit of the size of a goose egg and of a rather agreeable flavor.
T. mixta Juss.
Tropical America.
The
fruit is edible.'
T. tripartita Juss.
Ecuador.
It bears edible fruit.'
Tagetes lucida Cav. Compositae. sweet mace.

Mexico. This plant, says Loudon,' is much used in Nottinghamshire, England, as
an ingredient
Talauma
West
of soups instead of tarragon.
plumierii
Indies.
In France,
DC. Magnoliaceae.
The flowers are used by the
it is
grown
distillers
of
in the flower garden.'"
Martinique to sweeten
liquors.''
Talinum patens WiUd.

Tropical America.
Portulaceae.
In Brazil,
St. Hilaire
"
says the leaves are cooked as are those
of purslane.
Talisia olivaeformis Radlk.
New
The
Granada.
Sapindaceae.
fruit is the size
and shape
taste."
'
Unger, F.
Royle, J. F.
'
Ibid.
<
Ibid.
'
Mueller, F.
Sel. Pis. 473.
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
1859.
Himal. 1:377.
lUustr. Bot.
1839.
1891.
Card. Ind. 198.
Carruthers Treas. Bot. 2:1119.
1874.
1870.
Ibid.
9
Loudon,
Vilmorin
" Don, G.
"
C.
J.
/.
Hist. Dichl.
St. Hilaire, A.
" Don, G.
Hort. 685.
i860.
PI. Ter. 1123.
1S70.
Ph. 1:85.
Fl. Bras.
3rd Ed.
1831.
Merid. 2:193.
1831.
1829.
of
an
olive, jet
black and of a pleasant
562
Tamarindus indica Linn.
The tamarind

Africa,
is
is
which
used for food and
is
tamarind.
Leguminosae.
is
furnishes a fruit in southern Asia
manufactured into cooling drinks.
and middle
This large tree
planted before the houses in Senegal, Egypt, Arabia and India. The acid pulp in India
The seeds or stones in India in times of famine are
used in the preparation of a beer.^
and then eaten
boiled or fried
'
ingredient in Indian cookery, especially in curries,

serving or pickling
In Timor, Cimningham
fish.
of T. indica
is
and
in western India are used in pre-
saw the
for sale in the markets, the husk having been taken
The West Indian form
Tamarinds form an important
as they are also in Ceylon.'
off
fruit
and the
cultivated for
exposed in large quantities

fruit
then dried in the sun.
its fruit in
the West Indies, the
pulp of which is mixed and boiled with sugar and forms an important article of commerce.
In Martinique, they eat even the unripe fruit.'
In Curacao, the natives eat the pulp raw.
Fresh tamarinds are occasionally brought to this cotmtry.
They have an agreeable, sour
As we usually find them, in the preserved state,

without any mixtiu-e of sweetness.
dark
adhesive
form
a
colored,
mass, consisting of syrup mixed with the pulp, memthey
brane, strings and seeds of the pod.
They are of a sweet, acidulous taste. On accoimt
taste,
and refrigerant
of their laxative
The
tion to their diet
tree
is
effect,
convalescents often find the pulp a pleasant addi-
very abimdant in Jamaica and
is
grown
in the
government
collection of fruits at Washington.
Tamarix
art'.culata
ptmcttire of
an
Tamariscineae.
Vahl.
Indies.
Tamarisk manna
insect in parts of the
Punjab and in Sind.
Arabia, Persia
and East
during the hot weather and

said
by Prosper Alpinus
by Delile.'
atleh
manna
T. gallica Linn,
'
is
is
produced on the twigs by the

This manna is chiefly collected
used medicinally or to adulterate sugar.*
to be the atle of the Egyptians, written
atl
This plant
by Forskal
'
is
and
plant.
Europe, Asia and Africa.
This species descends in Senegal to the neighborhood of
Egypt and Fezzan attil and tarfe by the Arabs, whence the
and tarajol of the Canarians.'" It supplies a manna in the
southern Punjab." Burckhardt " states that this manna is used by the Bedouin Arabs
near Mt. Sinai with their food.
Arnold " says, in Persia, the grovmd beneath the bushes
the equator.
name
It is called in
taray of the Spaniards,
Unger, F.
1859.
W. Mat. Ind. 1:427. 1826.

Treas. Bot. 2:1121.
Masters, M. T.
1870.
Hooker, W. J. Joum. Bot. 4:252. 1842.
'Ainslie,
'Don, G.
'Brandis, D.
Forest Ft. 23.
'Hooker, W.J.
1832.
(T. occidentalis)
1874.
Journ. Bot. 3:428.
1841.
Journ. Bot. 3:429.
1841.
Ibid.
Ibid.
" Hooker, W.
" Brandis, D.
" U.
J.
Forest Fl. 21.
S. Disp. 532.
"Arnold, A.
1865.
1874.
Note.
Through Persia Caravan 227.
1877.

is
The
swept clean and a cotton cloth spread under the branches.
manna
and made into cakes with sugar or honey and

added
to the sweetmeat before it is baked.
are sometimes
the
collected
Tamus communis
Linn.
black bryony,
Dioscoreaceae.
Europe, Persia and north Africa.
563
trees are then shaken,
Sweet almonds
flour.
mandrake.
Dioscorides says the yoimg shoots were eaten,
and the young shoots are now cooked and eaten
Gerarde
in Cyprus.'
"
says
they are
served at Ihen's tables also in our age in Tuscania; others report the like also to be done
The young
in Andalusia."
suckers, in which the acrid principle
not
is
much
developed,
are eaten as asparagus, as Lindley' says, after careful boiling and changing the water.
In France, black bryony
is
grown
Tanacetum vulgare Linn.
A
Tansy
very
in the flower gardens.*
tansy.
Compositae.
strong-scented plant of Europe and Asia;
little
now
naturalized in the United
grown, the wild plant usually sufficing for
all
the leaves hereof newly
spnmg up, and with
pleasant in taste, and good for the stomacke."
names
cultxu-e.
"
In the spring-time are
egs, cakes, or tansies,
In 1778,
Mawe'
and medicine, merits culture
for its economical uses in the kitchen
it is
Tansy very readily

It was formerly
purposes.
becomes an escape, thriving in out-of-the-way places without

in greater esteem than at present.
In 1633, Gerarde * says:
made with
Sta.tes.
included in the herb garden as a condimental and medicinal herb, yet
is still
saj^:
which be
"This
herb,
in every garden,"
for varieties the plain-leaved, the curled-leaved, the variegated-leaved
and
and the
Both the common and the curled are figured by Dodonaeus,' 1616, and are
mentioned in other botanies of this period. It was in American gardens before 1806.
scentless.
Tanaecium lilacinum Seem.
Panama.
Taraxactun
Dr.
Seemann
Bignoniaceae.
'
says the edible berry
called in
The dandelion
is
When
on
dried root has been used as a substitute for coffee.
In 1749,
New York
preparing and eating the roots as a
The
the leaves.
'
Pickering, C.
'
Gerarde,
'
is
plant
Med. Earn. Bot.
Lindley, J.
Vilmorin
Fl. PI. Ter. 11 25.
'
Gerarde,
J.
Mawe and
'
'
Herb. 651.
Hooker,
W.
Kalm, P.
J.
36.
62.
1870.
has
Kalm
"
speaks of the French
salad but not usually employing
1849.
3rd Ed.
1633.
1
778.
161 6.
Journ. Bot. 9:142.
Trav. No.
common
1879.
Dodonaeus Pempt.
it
this plant, and, in Gottingen, the
1633 or 1636.
<
regions but
eaten raw or cooked by the Digger Indians of Colorado

Herb. 872.
J.
now
many
a swarm of locusts destroyed vegetation
in the Island of Minorca, the inhabitants subsisted
in
highly spoken of as a spring
various authors and has been used as a food plant in
only recently come under cultivation.
Guiana emosse-berry.
dandelion.
oflScinale
Wigg. Compositae.
Temperate regions, north and south.
green by
is
Amer. 2:1^.
1857.
1772.
{Leontodon taraxacom)
564
and the Apaches
people but
of Arizona.
In 1828, Fessenden
never cultivated.
is
of dandelions being cultivated.
'
says the wild plant
used by our
is
In 1853, Mcintosh,' an English author, had never heard

are
They
now
extensively cultivated in France, and, in
1879, five varieties appeared in the French catalogs.
Dandelions are blanched for use as a winter salad.
by our market
gardeners,
and Thorbum,'
They
are
in 1881, offers seed of
now very
two
largely
grown
In 187 1, four
sorts.
were exhibited at the Massachusetts Horticultural Society under the names of

the French Large-leaved, French Thick-leaved, Red-seeded and the American Improved.
varieties
Fearing Burr,
tables,
1866.
who exhibited them, makes no mention of dandelions in his Garden VegeThe common name is a corruption of dent de lion, a word which is found in
the Welsh Dant y Llew of the thirteenth century.
Its vernacular
names
in various lan-
guages have usually reference to the peculiar indentation of the leaves, or to some other
resemblance or character of the plant. By commentators, the dandelion has been identiwith the aphake of Theophrastus, a in composition signifying absence of and phake,
fied
lentils,
or the name, perhaps, signifying that the plant can be used as a green before lentils
The dandelion may be the ambubeia
appear in the spring.
of Pliny
and the name may
suggest the scattering of the seed, ambulo meaning the going backward and forward, but
assign this name to the wild endive or chicory; the hedypnois of Pliny
but doubtfully identified with our dandelion and appears to be derived from two Greek
some commentators
is
words signifying sweet breath and may refer to the sweet smell of the flowers.
Bauhin, in his Pinax, 1623, enumerates two varieties of dandelion: one, the Dens
Leonis latiore
carried back in his
filio,
Leonis angustiore
sjmonymy to
manner to
folio, carried back in like
Brunselsius, 1539; the other.
Caesalpinus, 1583.
The
first
Dens
kind,
he says, has a large and a mediimi variety, the leaves sometimes pointed, sometimes
In the Flore Naturelle et Economique, Paris, 1803, the same varieties, apparently,
obtuse.
are mentioned, one with narrow leaves and the other with large and rounded leaves.
Martyn's Miller's Dictionary, 1807, the leaves of the dandelion are said to vary
In
from
pinnatifid or deeply rtmcinate in a very dry situation to nearly entire in a very moist one,
smooth but sometimes a
generally
more than a
scarcely
little
variety, varying
rough; and Leontodon palustris
much
in its leaves,
is
described as
which have few notches or are
almost entire, the plant smoother, neater, more levigated and more glaucous than the
common
dandelion.
New
In Geneva,
Station, a large
York, on the grounds of the
number
of variations are to
New York
be commonly noted, both in the habit and
appearance of the plant and irrespective of difference of soil or exposure, as varieties may
Some plants grow with quite erect
readily be separated whose roots are intertwined.
leaves, others with
some have broad, others

others leaves much cut and almost fringed
their leaves closely appressed to the soil;
narrow leaves; some have runcinate leaves,

and yet others the leaves nearly entire; some have almost
smooth
'
leaves, others
Fessenden
New Amer.
Mcintosh, C.
Thorbum
roughened leaves; some have
Co/.
Card. 98.
Book Card. 2:166.

1881.
1828.
1855.
sessile leaves;
some have
thin, others thick leaves;
some grow
{Leontodon taraxacom)

to a larger
close
some have an open manner
others are always dwarfer;
size,
565
of growth, others
manner.
The use
of the wild plant as a vegetable seems to have been
common from remote
modem.
In 1836, a Mr. Corey, Brookline, Massachusetts, grew

from
seed obtained from the largest of the wild plants.^
dandelions for the Boston market
In 1863, dandelions are described among garden esculents by Bxirr,^ but the context does
times, but its cultiire
is
In 1874, perhaps
not indicate any especial varieties.
the seed appears for sale in
earlier,
seed cat^gs,' and the various seed catalogs of 1885 offer six names, one of which
"
common."
In England, dandelion culture
is
is
the
not mentioned in Mawe's Gardener, 1778,
nor in Martyn's Miller's Dictionary, 1807; the first notice is in the Gardeners' Chronicle,*
"
a beautiful and delicate
where an instance of cultivation is noted, the herbage forming
In 1880,
blanched salad."
and
in France,
its culture
not in England,
is
had not become common, as
noted. ^
In France, Noisette
this year its cultivation
gives cultviral directions
and say^ the wild plant furnishes a spring potherb. The dandelion is not, however,
mentioned in L' Horticulteur Frangaise,'' nor in Nouveau Dictionnaire du Jardinage, 1826.
Vilmorin
Andrieux
mentions
et Cie.,
culture in France as dating from 1868,
its
1885, offers four sorts of seed, one,
and the firm
the Improved Moss,
of Vihnorin-
as new.
Vilmorin's Les Plantes Potageres,^ 1883, two forms are figured: Pissenlit ameliore
and
plein
Pissenlit ameliore
and a
Pissenlit ameliore frise,
The type
tr^s hatif.
foiu-th
name
first
of these
or third form
New York
named
is
in
Album
a,
coeur
de Cliches,
figured, the Pissenlit mousse.
is
of the Pissenlit mousse can be readily foimd
grounds of the
among
the wild plants on the
Agricultural Experiment Station, very closely resembling Vil-
morin's figure in every respect
when growing on
rich
soil,
except that the leaf divisions
much crowded.
are scarcely as
The type
The
In
perhaps to be recognized in Anton

certainly to be found growing wild at the New York Agri-
of the Pissenlit ameliore a coeur plein
Pinaeus' figure, 1561, and
is
is
cultural Experiment Station.
The
Pissenlit ameliore trbs hatif is figured in 1616; the resemblance
figures, the one by Dodonaeus and the other by Vilmorin,
foimd growing wild on the
Tazus baccata Linn.
New York
Coniferae.
Asia.
1884.
'
Burr, F.
'
Briggs Bros. Cat.
1874.
Gari. CAron. 340.
1846.
'
Jenkins Journ. Roy. Agr. Soc. 16:94.

Noisette
''
'
Man.
Jard. 356.
Bon
Jard. 485.
"Johns, C. A.
1863.
1829.
1824.
1882.
Vilmorin Veg. Card.
22<).
1885.
Treas. Bot. 2:1126.
between the two

It is also to
be
Station grounds.
The
disagreeable taste but are eaten with impvmity
very
close.
yew.
North temperate Europe and
Mass. Hort. Soc. Trans. 128.
is
1870.
berries,
by
says Johns,*" are of a mawkish,
children.
The nut
contains a kernel
566
'
which has an agreeable flavor like that of the stone-pine. Brandis says the berries are
sweet and harmless and are eaten by the natives of the northwest Himalayas.
Telfairia occidentalis
Tropical Africa.
Hook.
The
Cucurhitaceae.
f.
cultivated for its seeds, which the natives boil
is
plant
and
eat.
T. pedata Hook.
The plant is a climber, the stems of which often attain the length
a himdred feet. The fruit attains a weight of 60 potmds and contains at times as many
500 seeds. These seeds, when boiled, are eatable and a large quantity of oil can be
Tropical Africa.
of
as
expressed from them.'
Terminalia arjuna Wight
East Indies.
& Am.
Combretaceae.
a decoction of the bark with milk
In- India,
It is considered tonic, astringent
and
is
given as a nourishment.
cooling.*
T. bellerica Roxb.
The
Indian almond.
T. catappa Linn.
This plant
The
Florida.'
Ainslie,
'
kernels of the fruit are eaten.*
is
cultivated in gardens in India
and
in south
kernel of the drupe has the taste and virtues of the almond, though, says
perhaps the flavor
is
more that
of the English filbert.
The drupe
inches long, egg-shaped, grooved, and contains but one kernel, which
is
is
nearly three
considered a nour-
weak people and from which a pleasant, edible oil is prepared. Firminger *
beyond comparison, this is the most delicious fruit of any kind the coimtry affords.
ishing food for

says,
citron myrobalan.
T. citrina Roxb.
East Indies.
of a
French plvim and
T. glabrata Forst.
is
haranut.
ranked amongst the

often made into a pickle.
This plant
is
fruits of India.
The
Islands.
kernels of the fruit are eaten
of almonds.'
T. latifolia Sw.
The
'Brandis, D.
'
Smith, A.
Dutt, U. C.
Royle,
'
J.
F.
Nuttall, T.
'Ainslie,
kernels are eaten
Forest Fl. 541.
W.
"Ainslie,
1876.
Ph. 477. 1891.

1877.
lUustr. Bot. Ilimal. 1:210.

Mat. Ind. 2:230.
Hist.
W.
flavor of almonds.*"
Sel.
Firminger, T. A. C.
Don, G.
and have the
1874.
Treas. Bot. 2:1 130.
'Mueller, F.
about the
size
f.
Friendly and Society
Jamaica.
It is
DicU.
1826.
Card. Ind. 279.

Pis. 2:658.
Mat. Ind. 2:22,1.
1839.
1865.
1874.
1832.
1826.
and have the
flavor
STURTEVANT
567
T. litoralis Seem.
The
Fiji Islands.
T. mauritiana Lam.
seeds are sometimes eaten
pamea DC.
Guiana. The
in Viti.'
false benzoin.
The
Mauritius and Bourbon.

T.
by children
kernels of the fruit are eaten.'
tree is cultivated
on the
Isle of
kemelsare good to eat and are served on the better tables
like
The almond-
France and elsewhere.
of the country.'
T. platyphylla F. Muell.
The
Australia.
fruit is oblong, pointed, blue
Testudinaria elephantipes Salisb.
South Africa.
enormous
when
Dioscoreaceae.
ripe,
and
eaten raw.*
elephant's foot,
hottentot bread.
This plant bears a bulb entirely above ground, which grows to an
frequently three feet in height and diameter.
size,
is
It
is
closely studded with
angular, ligneous protuberances, which give it some resemblance to the shell of a tortoise.
The inside is a fleshy substance, which may be compared to a turnip, both in substance
and
The
color.
taste is thought to resemble that of the
Tetracera alnifolia Willd.
when
of the East Indies.
water tree.
Dilleniaceae.
The climbing stems
Tropical Africa.
yam
of this tree jdeld a good supply of clear water
cut across.'
Tetragonia expansa Murr.
New
new Zealand
Ficoideae.
Zealand and Australia.
This plant was
spinach.
foimd by Sir Joseph Banks, in

Zealand, and its merits were discovered by the
New
first
1770, at
Queen Charlotte Sound,
sailors of
Captain Cook's expedition around the world.
It
reached
Kew
Gardens in 1772.^
This spinach also occurs in Australia, both on the coast and in the desert
interior, in
New
'
Caledonia, China, Japan and Chile.' Don says three varieties are found in Chile: one
with smooth leaves, one with leaves hoary beneath and a third small and glabrous. The
plant was cultivated as a spinach plant in England in 1821 or earlier.'
France in 1824 or
bers of the
logs."
'
St. Hilaire
Seemann, B.
Unger, F.
Aublet
*
earlier.'"
New York
'^
Palmer, E.
'Smith, A.
Vili. 94.
1859.
1775.
New
Journ. Roy. Soc.
So.
1870.
Ph. 3:152.
Set. Pis. 237.
Wales 17: 104.

(T. potatoria)
1834.
1876.
1834.
Ibid.
'
PiroUe L'Hort. Franc. 256.
" Thorburn Cat. 88.

" Saint Hilaire, A.
" Bojer, W.
1824-25.
1828.
Fl. Bras.
seed was distributed
and
Merid.
Hort. Maurit. 155.
in 1828
it
was
1824.
1837.
1884.
in use in
among mem-
appeared in seed cata-
use as a spinach in south Brazil, and Bojer
Gtttane 2:949.
Hist. Dichl.
its
1865-1873.
Treai. Bo/. 2:1134.
'Mueller, F.
Don, G.
its
/fiii. P/i.
Don, G.
records
Fl.
Horticviltural Society in 1827
It
''
records
it
568
in
The
the Mauritius.
New
used as a spinach in Tongatabu but not in
is
plant
Zealand.'
T. implexicoma Hook.
Australian spinach,
f.
New
plant,
fragrant fruit of this orchid has the odor of the Tonquin bean.
It is
as valuable as T. expansa.^
is
Tetramicra bicolor Rolfe.
The
Brazil.
Zealand and Chatham Island.
As a spinach
Extra-tropic Australia,
this species
ice plant.
sweeter than vanilla
and
Orchideae.
is less
Teucrium scorodonia Linn.
penetrating.'
wood germander,
Labiatae.
wood
sage.
Europe. This is an extremely bitter plant with the smell and taste of hops and
said to be substituted for hops in ale in the Island of Jersey.*
Thapsia moniza Masf.
carrot tree.
Umbelliferae.
This plant can be gathered, says Black,* only by expert cragsmen

by ropes. The roots are eaten raw or boiled, when raw tasting like
Islands.
Canary
let
down the
cliffs
and stringy and insipid when

is inferior to a carrot.
earth-nuts,
is
boiled.
It is called the carrot tree, says Mueller,'
but the root
Urticaceae.
dog's cabbage.
Thelygonum cynocrambe Linn.
This
Orient, East Indies and Mediterranean countries.
acid
and
slightly purgative but
Theobroma
New
bicolor Htunb.
Granada.
&
plant, says Syme,'
is
sub-
sometimes used as a potherb.
is
cacao.
Sterculiaceae.
Bonpl.
This species replaces the cacao in part in the West Indies and South
America and the seeds are brought into commerce.*

T. cacao Linn,
cacao,
Tropical America.
cacao, or cocoa, of
cocoa.
This
the best-known species of the genus and the bulk of the
is
commerce
is
produced by
it.'
It is largely cidtivated in
Venezuela, Trinidad, Grenada, Jamaica and elsewhere in tropical America.
grown as an introduced plant
also
in the Mauritius
and Bourbon.
The
fruit is
Guayaquil,
Cacao
is
an oblong-
ovate capsule or berry, six or eight inches in length, with a thick, coriaceous and somewhat
ligneous rind, enclosing a whitish pulp in which nimierous seeds are embedded. These
somewhat compressed, about the size of an almond and consist of an interior

and a brown, oily kernel. Separated from the matter in which they are enveloped,
are ovate,
thin shell
'
Unger, F.
Mueller, F.
5e/. P/i. 478.
'
Mcx)re, T.
Treas. Bot. 2:675.
Smith, A.
Treas. Bot. 2:1127.
'
Black, A. A.
'
Mueller, F.
'Syme,
'
J.
T.
1870.
1870.
(Moniza
(T. edulis)
1891.
Treas. Bot. 2:1142.
(Leptotes bicolor)
1870.
Treas. Bot. 2:750.

Sel. Pis. 478.
1859.
1891.
1870.
Unger, F.
Smith, A.
Treas. Bot. 3:1143.
1870.
1859.
edulis)
569
Chocolate and cocoa are variously prepared from
they constitute the cacao of commerce.

the nuts.
When
Cortez was entertained at the court of the Aztec Emperor, Monteztuna, he was
treated to a sweet preparation of the cocoa, called chocollatl, flavored with vanilla, and
Cacao was carried to Spain from Mexico, and the Spaniards kept
many years, selling it very profitably as chocolate to the wealthy and
other aromatic spices.

the cacao secret for
luxurious classes of Europe.
Chocolate reached France, however, only in 1661 and did
not reach Britain imtil a few years

elsewhere in Etirope.
It is
later.
now more
The European consumption
largely
consumed
of chocolate
is
in Spain than
estimated at quite
40,000,000 poimds. In the United States, the imports in 1880 were 7,411,045 pounds.
Cacao was cultivated by the nations of Central America before the arrival of Europeans.
The Nahua
Stephens
Indians.
was
tion
were also
nations used the nibs, or grains, as circulating
states that the nuts are
still
medium
instead of money.'
used in Yucatan as currency, as of
old, bj'
the
After maize, says Landa,' cacao was perhaps the crop to which the most attenIt
paid.
much
was
used.
called cacaguat in
Nicaragua and several species which grew wild
In the month of Muan, the cacao planters even held a festival in
honor of their patron deities Ekohuah, Chac and Hobnil.'' Humboldt ^ states that he
met with no tribe on the Orinoco that prepared a beverage with the seeds of the cacao,
but the savages sucked the pulp of the pod and threw away the seeds. Hartt ' says the
cacao tree is quite extensively cultivated at Bahia but is not often cultivated south of
In Jamaica, Lunan
the Amazon.
bad
poimds, allowing for
years.
'
rates the average produce of cacao per acre at 1000
It is called in
Mexican
cacautl.
T. guyanensis Voigt.
This species furnishes a portion of the cacao of the West Indies and South
Guiana.
America.*
T. speciosa Willd.
In the West Indies, this species replaces cacao and
Brazil.
its
seeds enter into
commerce. '
Theophrasta jussieui Lindl. Myrsineae.
South America and Santo Domingo.
the
The
fruit is succulent,
and bread
is
made from
seeds.'"
Thladiantha dubia Naud.

China.
'
Bancroft, H. H.
Stephens,
L.
J.
Bancroft, H. H.
*
Bancroft, H. H.
'Humboldt, a;
Hartt,
.'Lunan,
Cucurhitaceae.
The fruit is oblong, very succulent and is eaten by the natives of the Himalayas."
C.F.
J.
Unger, F.
Native Races 2:381.
1882.
Trav. Yucatan 2: ig6.
1841.
Native Races 2:718.
1882.
Native Races 2:692.
1882.
Trav. 2:58.
1889.
Geog. Braz. 244.
Hort. Jam. 1:187.
1870.
1814.
1859.
Ibid.
" Masters, M. T.
" Moore, T.
Treas. Bot. 2:1144.
Treas. Bot. 2:1145.
1870.
1870.
570
Thlaspi arvense Linn.
Europe and northern

is
penny
Cruciferae.
cress.
This plant
Asia.
is
classed as
an edible
cress
by Loudon.
It
a cultivated vegetable.*
palm
broom palm,
Palmae.
Thrinax argentea Lodd.
silver thatch.
The imdeveloped
West Indies and Panama.
of the
leaves, or cabbage,
form
an excellent vegetable.^
Thuya gigantea Nutt. Coniferae.

Western North America. Nuttall
'
says the cambitun
is
used as food by the Indians
of Oregon.
American arbor vitae.
T. occidentalis Linn.
North America and

had a dish
He
did not find
Thymus capitatus Hoffmgg.

The Levant introduced
;
'
ing.
This species
is
it
very palatable.
This night we
&
Link.
Lahiatae.
headed savory.
This plant is used as savory for seasonomitted from our most modem books on gardening, although recorded
into Britain in 1596.
American gardens as late as 1863.*early works on botany and gardening.
It is
in
lemon thyme,
T. serpyllum Linn,
"
which the lumberman sometimes uses when other
of arbor-vitae, or cedar tea,
herbs fail."
white cedar.
Thoreau,* In the Maine Woods, says,
Siberia.
mentioned as imder
cultiu-e in
many
of the
wild thyme.
Europe and sparingly naturalized in some localities in northeastern America. In

'
It is placed among
1726, Townsend speaks of it in English gardens but not as a potherb.
American potherbs by McMahon,* 1806. At the present time, lemon thyme is occasionally used for seasoning in England.
The odor
to sour milk.
of the leaves
Don
desirable seasoning for veal.

ful
than those of T.
T. vulgaris Linn,
In Iceland,
'
is
it is
used to give an agreeable flavor
quite agreeable,
and they are thought to be a

is milder and more grate-
says the flavor of the leaves
vulgaris.
thyme.
Southern coimtries of Europe but long cultivated in more northern cotmtries. In

'"
and is mentioned by Gerarde, 1597, and
English culture, thyme is recorded about 1548
authors. It succeeds as an annvial even in Iceland " and is recorded as
succeeding
Three
in the tropical gardens of the Mauritius.'^

'
Bretschneider, E.
'
Smith, A.
>
Nuttall, T.
Thoreau Me. Woods
'
1870.
72.
Book Gard.
Townsend Seedsman
Hist.
35.
1855
2:238..
1863.
Cal. 583.
Pis. 4:768.
W.
Hart. Maurit. 248.
1806.
1838.
"Booth, W.B. rreai. Bo/. 2:1149.

"
Bojer,
(Satureja capitata)
(Saturjea capitata)
1726.
Amer. Gard.
DicM.
1865.
1877.
Field, Gard. Veg. 442.
'McMahon, B.
Don, G.
1882.
Mcintosh, C.
Burr, P.
Bot. Sin. 53.
Treas. Bot. 2:ii^T.
varieties are
1870.
1837.
1879.
grown
known: the narrow-leaved,
STURTEVANT
Thymus
571
vulgaris, tenuiore folio of Bauhin,' 1596; the broad-leaved,
folio of Bahuin,- 1596;
Thymus vulgaris, latiore

Thymus variegato folio of Tournefort ' and also
Thyme was known in American gardens in 1806 ' or earlier.
and the
variegated,
mentioned by Bauhin,* 1623.

The broad-leaved kind is the one now principally grown in the herb garden for use in
seasonings.
Tigridia pavonia Ker-Gawl.
Mexico.
basswood.
Tiliaceae.
Tilia.
tiger flower.
Irideae.
Its farinaceous root
was eaten by the ancient Mexicans.'
whitewood.
linden,
lime,
Several species of Tilia are extensively grown as shade trees in Europe, where they
are indigenous, and
The
flowers
may often be fovmd introduced in the northeastern states of America.
and leaves are sometimes used as a tea
substitute
and sugar has been made
During the last centtiry, Missa,* a French chemist, found that the fnut
from the sap.'

of the lime,
all
groimd up with some of the flowers in a mortar, furnished a substance much

Some attempts were made in Prussia to introduce the
resembling chocolate in flavor.
this lime-chocolate
manufacture of
an agreeable
but were abandoned on accoimt of the great
liability
much
and has
Lime-chocolate contains
of the paste to decompose.

flavor.
Umbelliferae.
Tinguarra sicula Benth. & Hook. f.
the
Cotmtries about
Mediterranean Sea. The root
Tococa guianensis Aubl.

Brazil.
Tropical India.
&
The nuts
Bauhin, C.
of ptmgency.
Zucc.
Coniferae.
Tournefort
Phytopinax 414.
'
Inst. 196.
1596.
'
Browne, D.
J.
Johnson, C. P.
Mueller, F.
'
1719.
Pinax 219. 1623.

McMahon, B. Amer. Card. Cat. 583.
Bauhin, C.
Pickering, C.
Masters,
M.
"Alcock, R.
Trees Amer. 45.
T.
1806.
1879.
1846.
Sel. Pis. 482.
"Roxburgh, W.
1862.
1891.
Trees. Bot. 2:1154.

Fl.
They
Ind. 1:617.
1870.
1820.
Capital Tycoon 2: ^Hs-
1863.
are pickled
by the
natives
and are
kaya.
are carefully gathered
Ibid.
<
celery-like.'
says Roxburgh," are fully as pungent as black pepper
berries,
used for culinary purposes
oil
and
lopez root.
Rutaceae.
The ripe
Torreya nucifera Sieb.
An
edible
Melastomaceae.
and with nearly the same kind

most excellent.
Japan.
is
fruit is edible, i"
The
Toddalia aculeata Pers.
eaten.'^
nutritious matter
is
by the Japanese and the kernels are

expressed from them.
In China, the
572
seeds are eaten like hazelnuts and, although reputed
somewhat
laxative, are considered
wholesome.'
Trachycarpus fortune! H. Wendl.

China.
as
way
The
bamboo
Palmae.
yoimg flower-buds are eaten in China in much the same
clusters of
sprouts.''
T. martianus H. Wendl.
Himalayan
region.
The
though the pulp
fruit is eaten,
scanty and almost taste-
is
less.*
Tragopogon crocifolius Linn. Compositae.

Mediterranean countries. This species
plants of Egypt,
and Sprengel
says the root
oyster plant,
T. porrifolius Linn,
is
enumerated by Pliny
parsnip but never attaining

is
salsify,
'
taste
and that the
hard,
and dressed
says that,
when
flower-stalks,
if
like asparagus,
esculent
vegetable oyster.
The roots are long, white and

the same diameter. The roots are
fleshy, tapering like
the
used, boiled or fried,
and
mild and sweetish and reminds one of the oyster, whence
Mcintosh
plant.
among the
is edible.
the flavor
dressed as asparagus, there
is
its
name
oyster
some resemblance
in
cut in the spring of the second year before they become
make an
excellent dish.
The
roots, says Burr,' thinly
sliced, are sometimes used as a salad.
In the thirteenth century, Albertus Magnus * describes a wild plant, Oculus porce
or flos campi, which commentators identify with the salsify, as having a delectable root,
which is eaten, but he makes no mention of cultivation.
Salsify is described, but apparently not imder kitchen-garden culture,
by Matthiolus
in 1570
and 1598
but
it is
not
mentioned by him in 1558, when he refers to the yellow-flowered species; there is no mention of salsify culture by Camerarius 1586, but, in 1587, Dalechamp'" says it is planted
in
In
Gerarde " describes it but
as an inmate of the flower
gardens.
garden.
apparently
1597,
In 1612, Le Jardinier Solitaire speaks of salsify as tmder kitchen-garden culture
in France;
and Dodonaeus,'^
ently cultivated.
'
Hanbury, D.
Sci.
>
Smith, F. P.
Contrib. Mat.
'Brandis, D.
*
Papers 234.
its
1876.
Med. China in.
Forest Fl. 547.
Pickering, C.
and Ray,** 1686, refer to it as apparculture seems to have been quite general as it is
1616, J. Bauhin,'' 1651,
After this period
1871.
1874.
Chrort. Hist. Pis. 361.
1879.
'Ibid.
Mcintosh, C.
'Burr, F.
'
Albertus
Book Card. 2:228.
Magnus
Veg.
Jessen Ed. 546.
"
Dalechamp
"Gerarde,
J.
1855.
1863.

flerJ. 596.
1597.
" Dodonaeus
Pempt. 256. 1616.
" Bauhin, J. Hist. PL
2:1059.
"
1686.
Ray Hist. PL
252.
1867.
1570.
1587.
573
on gardening beginning with Quintyne, 1693. McMahon.^ 1806,

among American garden esculents, and, in 1822, John Lowell ^ says,
has been in our gardens for ten years, it has never been extensively cultivated
referred to in the works
includes salsify
"
though
it
for the market."
goat's beard.
T. pratensis Linn,
Northwest India, Evirope and the adjoining portions of Asia.
was
cultivated in gardens in England, as mentioned
mentions
taria,
*
foot
its cultivation,
mentions the use of the
by
but this vegetable has

roots, boiled,
and
In 1640, this species
Parkinson.
now
given
Evelyn, in his Aceto salsify.'
way
Light-
of the spring shoots as greens.*
Trapa bispinosa Roxb. Onagrarieae. sinhara nut.

Old World tropics. This species grows abiuidantly in the lakes about Cashmere
and at Wurler lake and is said to yield annually ten million pounds of nuts. These are
scooped up from the bottom of the lake in small nets and constitute almost the only food
months
of at least 30,000 persons for five
they are eaten raw, boiled, roasted,

to
They
fiour.^
in the year.
fried, or
When
dressed in various
extracted from the
ways
shell,
after being reduced
are also eaten in Lahore.
T. cochinchinensis Lour.
The
Cochin China.
&
T. incisa Sieb.
Zucc.
This species
Japan.
extent
seeds are eaten as are those of the ling.'
by the Japanese
T. natans Linn,
is
grown
Yezo and
in
is
largely used
by the Ainus and to some
for food.'
jesuit nut.
ling,
saligot.
trapa nut.
water caltrops,
water
CHESTNUT.
Europe and eastern Asia. The Thraceans, according to PHny, baked bread from
the flour of the seeds, and the seeds are thus used even now in some parts of southern
Europe and, at Venice, are sold imder the name of Jesuit nuts.' Grant '" found trapa
nuts on the Victoria Nyanza in Africa, and the Waganda use the four-pronged nuts for
food.
It is envunerated
into America, trapa
This water plant
Massachusetts.
its
is
by Thunberg among the edible plants of Japan. Introduced

said to have become naturalized in the waters of the Concord River,
strangely-shaped
fruits,
a staple
Amer. Card.
article of nutriment.
'McMahon,
B.
'
Mass. Agr. Reposit. 135.
Lowell, J.
Glasspoole, H. G.
'Pickering, C.
U. S. Pat.
Off.
Rpt.
'
Unger, F.
Penhallow, D. P.
'"
F.
1:427.
1789.
XXX.
1879.
1855.
1859.
Amer. Nat. 16:120.
Speke. J. H.
" Unger,
1806.
1822.
'
Don, G.
Col. 582.
Rpt. Ohio St. Bd. Agr. 30:541.
Fl. Scot.
Lightfoot, J.
extensively cultivated in China
is
1882.
1832.
U. S. Pat.
Off. Rpt. 325.
1859.
1864.
1875.
It
and
furnishes, in
has run into several varieties."
574
Williams
by
'
its
says
cultivation
The
The
by the negroes and ground
Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.
new
cheese.
breadfruit tree.
Urticaceae.
The nuts contain an
tropical African tree called okwa.
collected
autumn
dried nuts are often ground into a sort of arrow-
taste of the fresh boiled nuts is like that of
Treculia africana Decne.
collected in
look for the ripe ones as they pull themselves through the
vines over the surface of the patch.
root flour.
and the nuts are
in running water
is
who
people in piuits or tubs,
edible
embryo and are
into meal.*
Ficoideae.
*
Royle says this plant is used as a potherb in India. Wight saj?s
'
the leaves are sometimes employed as a potherb. Ainslie says it is eaten by the natives;
Stewart,* that it is a common weed eaten in the Punjab in times of dearth but is apt to
'
Tropical Asia.
produce diarrhea and paralysis.

Tribtdus terrestris Linn.
The
land caltrops.
Zygophylleae.
tmexpanded capsules, reduced to powder and formed into cakes, served as food
during a famine in Rajputana, India.'

Trichosanthes anguina Linn.
The
and
is
manner
fruit of this plant is
length of a man's
in the
serpent cucumber,
snake
viper's gourd.
gourd,
India.
club gourd,
Cucurbitaceae.
arm and about

demand
The
four inches thick.
of French beans.*
in very general
large, greenish-white,
The
goiu-d
club-shaped gourd of the
fruit is eaten sliced
and dressed
conmionly cultivated about
is
for vegetable curries in
Bombay
Burma." The seed appears
in
some
In Central America, it
of the Prussian seed catalogs xmder the name of melonengurkin.
is called serpent cucumber or viper's gourd from the remarkable, snake-like appearance
more
of its fniits, which are frequently six or
feet long, at first striped with different shades
of green but ultimately a bright, orange color."
T. cucumerina Linn.
Its seed appears for sale in
Tropical India.
fruit is
very bitter but
Williams, S.
'Moore,
Royle,
*
Illustr. Bot.
F.
Wight, R.
Ainslie,
eaten by the natives of India in their
Treas. Bot. 2:1^22.
J.
J.
W.
is
W.
Himal. 1:221.
Mat. Ind. 2:370.
1839.
1850.
1826.
(T. monogyna)
1873.
Drury, H.
Edinb.
G.
Bot.
Soc.
1870.
10:198.
'King,
Firminger, T. A. C.
Pickering, C.
i860.
1876.
Jnd. Bot. 2:43.
Illustr.
the Erfurt seed catalogs.
Card. Ind. 129.
1874.
1879-
(T. lanuginosus)
Ibid.
"Smith, A.
^Dmry
Treas. Bot. 2:1168.
Useful Pis. Ind.
^1.
1870.
1858.
(T. colubrina)
curries.**
The unripe
575
T. dioica Roxb.
Firminger* says this plant produces a small, oblong, green gourd
Tropical India.
about four inches long and two broad; boiled, it affords rather an insipid
found very acceptable from the season in which it occurs. Dutt ^ says it
cidtivated in Bengal,
and
is
and that the unripe
is
extensively
much used by the natives as a vegetable

The tender tops are also used as a potherb.
fruit is
the most palatable one of the country.
Trifolium fucatum Lindl.
dish, yet it is
Leguminosae.
Professor
W. H. Brewer'
writes that this clover
is
eaten
by the Digger Indians of California.

T. involucratum Ortega,
trefoil.
This clover
eaten by the Digger tribes.*
is
red clover.
T. pratense Linn,
Europe and temperate Asia. Clover is among the most generally cultivated fodder
Some of the clovers
plants, but its use as a htunan food plant is vmknown to Europeans.
are eaten cooked or raw
by the Digger Indians
The former
it
tribe cooks
of California
and by the Apaches of Arizona.

moistened, between hot stones;
pigweed together.
by placing layers of clover, well

The Apaches boil clover, young grass, dandelions and
Where clover is found growing wild, the Indians practice a sort of
semicultivation
irrigating it
consimied in large rations.
it is
by
an
and
harvesting.*
Clover was introduced into America
'
from Eiu-ope at
early period as Bartram saw it before the American Revolution.
In
'
Deane
of
Samuel
it
as
a
valued
New
in
speaks
1797,
plant highly
England. In Ireland,
when food
says Lightfoot,*
As an
is
scarce, the
agricultural plant, clover
powdered flowers are mixed with bread and eaten.
secured attention in England in 1635.
white clover.
T, repens Linn,
common
'
Europe and America. Johnson sa}rs the flowers and pods
famine in Ireland and Scotland have been ground into powder and used as
Ever3rwhere
in time of
first
in
a food.
Trigonella caerulea Ser.
Leguminosae.
Eastern Europe and Caucasian region. In Switzerland, this plant is called kraut
curd-herb and is used to give odor and flavor to schabzieger, or sapsago, cheese.
The dried
flowers are reduced to
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
Dutt, U. C.
powder and worked into a paste with the

Card. Ind. 130.
1874.
1877.
Letter of Oct. 20, 1879, to Dr. E. L. Sturtevant.

*
Pickering, C.
'U.S.D.A.Rpt.42i. 1870.
De Candolle, A. Geog. Bot. 2:748.
'Gould Trans. N.
Fl. Scot. 1:406.
Lightfoot, J.
Johnson, C. P.
"Smith, A.
Y. Agr. Soc. 32:17.
1879.
1855.
1872-6.
1879.
Treas. Bot. 1:732.
1870.
1862.
(Melilotus caerulea)
curd.^"
576
T. comiculata Linn.
In Bengal, this plant serves as a vegetable food.'
South Europe and Asia Minor.
helbeh.
fenugreek,
T. foenum-graecum Linn,
cultivated in Morocco, in the south of France

Fenugreek
near Montpelier, in Alsace, in a few places in Switzerland, in some provinces of the German
and Austrian Empires, as Thuringia and Moravia, and on a large scale in Egypt, where
Europe and the
it is
known
Orient.
as helbeh.*
is
In Egypt, fenugreek
is
eaten crude and
its
sprouting seeds are
Helbeh conserve, says Pickering,* was once an article
often mixed in a ragout with honey.'
and to the present day is employed by Arabs along the east

At Rosetta, the seeds are used as a coffee. Fenugreek
child-stealing.
of export, even to Britain,
African coast for
with the Parsees of India, says Pickering,'
It is extensively
cultivated in India, says Dutt,* the seeds to be used as a condiment
and the aromatic
is
a favorite
article of diet
In 1859,^ seeds of helbeh were introduced into the United States

through the Patent Office from Palestine, and they are now offered in our seed catalogs.
leaves as a potherb.
T. radiata Boiss.
In China the curved legumes were formerly eaten.*

T. suavissima Lindl.
This species
Australia.
Trilisa odoratissima Cass.
Virginia
is
mentioned by Mueller as a food plant of Australia.'
The
and southward.
become
in Florida, the plant has
deer's tongue.
Carolina vanilla,
Compositae.
leaves exhale the odor of vanilla
some degree an
in
tobacconists for flavoring smoking tobacco.
article of
when
bruised, and,
commerce, being used by
"
fever root, wild coffee.

Caprifoliaceae.
Barton " reports that Muhlenburg told him that the dried
and toasted berries were considered by some of the Germans of Pennsylvania an excellent
Triosteum perfoliatum Linn.
substitute for coffee.
Triphasia aurantiola Lour.
Loureiro ^ says the berry
a coffee bean, covered with a thin
Fliickiger
and Hanbury Phartn.
'Pickering, C.
*
pellicle
Unger, P.
1859.
1879.
1879.
(T. esculenta)
Ibid.
Dutt, U. C.
Smith, P.P.
Unger, P.
^V.
S.
D.A.
1877.
Med. China

Rpt. 170.
1879.
1859.
Contrib. Mat.
145.
1859.
1871.
" Barton, W. P. C. Med. Bot. 1:63.

" Loureiro Fl. Cochin. 152. 1790.
1817.
is
red, ovate, half the size of
and contains a sweet, clammy, inodorous, edible
151.
'Pickering, C.
'
lime berry.
Rutaceae.
shrub of tropical Asia.
1871.
STURTEVANT
The
piilp.
'
Firminger
preserves.
an orange
berry, like
in miniature, says
Mason,
is
says, in India, the fruit is of the size of
577
often found in Chinese
a large currant.
It
has
a stone surrounded by a small quantity of pvdp, juicy and of an agreeable, aniseed-like

flavor.
The plant is cultivated in the East and West Indies. The fruits, says A. Smith,^
are about as large as hazelnuts and have a red skin.
taste but,
if
gathered green, they have a

are sometimes
They
sticky.
When
have an agreeable
and the pulp is very
ripe they
strong flavor of turpentine
preserved whole in syrup and are occasionally sent to
England.
Tripsacum dactyloides Linn. Gramineae. buffalo grass.

Central and North America.
Mueller ' says the seeds are available for food.
Triticum bicome Forsk.
Egypt and
Gramineae.
The name
SjTia.
adheres to the chaff.
Spelt
spelt.
spelt
is little
g ven generally to
all
cultivated except in the
wheats in which the grain
warmer
districts of south-
eastern Europe and the African and Asiatic shores of the Mediterranean.
This appears
to be botanically the same species as the T. hicorne of Forskahl's Egyptian Flora.

T. dicoccum Schrank.
German wheat,
emmer.
two-grained wheat.
Europe; of ancient cultivation and, according to Unger,* the zeia dipokpos of

Emmer is grown in southern Europe more than in central Europe.
Dioscorides.
T. monococctun Linn,
kussemeth.

Syrians and Arabians
or Greece.*
name
In
its
make
lesser spelt,
This
is
their bread.
Its cultivation
Bentham ' this

The produce of
wild state, says
of Crithodium aegilopoides.
one-grained wheat.
the kussemeth of the Scriptures
From
it
the
has not extended to India, Egypt
species has been described under the

lesser spelt is too small to
be of any
importance except in very poor soils.

polish wheat.
T. polonicum Linn,
Polish wheat
T. spelta Linn,
is
cultivated in the
warmer regions
of Europe.'
spelt.
be the grain called olura or zeia or zea by the ancient Greeks. * Spelt
'
is at present cultivated to a small extent in Europe.
It was seen by Alexander the Great
as a cultivated plant in his campaign in Pontus.
Its origin in Mesopotamia and Hamadam,
Some think
this to
in Persia, is doubtful; especially as its cultivation in these covmtries
back to any very remote antiquity.

Firminger, T. A. C.
'
Smith, A.
Sd. Pis. 489.
Mueller, P.
Unger, F.
Card. Ind. 217.
U. S. Pat.
1874.
1870.
(T. trifoUata)
1891.
Off. Rpt. 304.
1859.
Ibid.
Morton Cyc. Agr. 3:1005.

'
Unger, F.
1869.
1859.
DeCandoUe, A.
Geog. Bot. 2:933.
1855.
De Candolle,
Geog. Bot. 3:934.
'855.
19
A.
(T. amyleum)
cannot be carried
578
This
the species which includes
is
the true wheats, excepting the spelts.
all
to have been found wild in various parts of Asia where
from
of
According to Grecian fable,
cultivation."
Enna and
in Sicily, but
it is
much more
it
was
probable that
it is
It is said
not likely to have escaped
on the plains
a native of the plains about
originally native
it is
the Caspian.
was supposed to have introduced wheat into Egypt; Demeter, into Greece; and
the Emperor Chin-nong, into China about 3000 B. C.^ Standing crops of bearded wheat
Isis
Egypt under the Fourth Dynasty, about 2440 B. C, at Gizeh, but nowhere
nor
on these
on subsequent montunents with the minute accuracy required for distinguishing
are figured in
In Greece, Theophrastus
seeds exhvmied by Dr. Schliemann
'
species.*
mentioned eight varieties and among the carbonized

in Greece is a very hard, fine-grained, sharp wheat,
on the furrowed side, which is said to differ from any wheat hitherto known. In
wheat
was cultivated before the period of written history as samples have been
Europe,
removed from the debris of the lacustrine habitations in Switzerland which do not differ
flat
very
in size
and form from our
in Sicily,
and
Wheat
varieties.'
ears of bearded
is
mentioned by Diodorus as growing wild
wheat appear on most of the ancient
Sicilian coins.
On two
Leontine brass coins are figures of Ceres in addition to the usual ears of com.'
In France, wheat was the most valued cereal in the eighth century as shown by the
maximimi
by an
Charlemagne wherein oats were to be sold at one

denier, barley at two deniers, rye at three deniers and wheat at four deniers a bushel.'
It is probable, says C. W. Johnson,' that wheat was not cultivated by the early Britons
price fixed
edict of
owing to the immense preponderance of woods and vmdrained
for the climate,
soil,
was
so severe and wet that, in winter, they could attempt no agricultural employments, and
'"
even when Bede
century.
Elizabeth,
wrote, early in the eighth century, the Anglo-Saxons sowed their wheat
Wheat remained an
in spring.
That the
is
article of
ctiltivation of
attested
comparative luxury until nearly the seventeenth
England was imimportant in the reign

Yet wheat was cultivated by the Romans and
Caesar " and
others.
wheat
by Tussar."
in
of
is
mentioned by Columella,'^ Pliny,"' Cicero,"

many
In India, wheat seems not to be native but introduced, if we can trust to the Sanscrit
name, which, translated,

'
De CandoUe,
'
Unger, F.
'
Kckering, C.
Hooker, W.
J.
Journ. Bot. 1:216.
Schliemann, Dr.
Lubbock Amer. Journ.
'
Hooker,
Johnson, C.
Off. Rpt. 303.
J.
Amer. Antiq.
66.
Journ. Bot. 1:216.

1857.
11:482.
"Ibid.
" Andrews La/in Lexicon

" Ibid.
" Ibid.
1862.
1834.
A gr.
Journ.
1570.
1861.
{T. turgidum)
1880.
Set. Art. 34: 181.
Ibid.
Ibid.
1879.
1834.
Hist. Civil. 3:25.
W.
1855.
1859.
Chron. Hist. Ph. sg.
'
W.
M.
food of the Barbarians, but this
Geog. Bot. 2:931, 932.
V. S. Pat.
'
'Guizot,
'
A.
is
1841.
may mean
that the center

and south
of India, too hot for wheat-growing, received their grain
of the north, where the climate suited
579
from the
Hill Tribes
In the Bhavaprakasa, two types are mentioned,
it.'
the large-grained and small-grained, or beardless.
The
first
variety
is
said to
come from
the west, the second to be indigenous to middle India.^ About 1330, in the wonders
"
described by Friar Jordanus,* it is said,
wheaten bread is there not eaten by the natives,
although wheat they have in plenty."
was cultivated
The
in the
wheat raised
first
The
Isabela.
year 2822 B.
in the
foundation of the
In China, according to Stanislas
Jiilien,^
wheat
C
New World was sown by
wheat harvests
Mexico
of
Spaniards on the Island of
is
said to
have been three or
four grains, carefully preserved
by a negro slave of Cortez in 1530, which were found in

some rice brought from Spain for the use of the troops.' In Quito, says Hxmiboldt,' the
first wheat was raised by a Franciscan monk in front of his convent.
The first wheat
introduced into Peru was
by a Spanish woman who took
the colonists, says Prescott,' but no dates are given.
up
to 1547, no wheaten bread
had been
great pains to disseminate
Garcilasso de la
sold at Cusco, Peru.
Vega
it
among
affirms that,
In 1542, John Alphonse,*
about the present Montreal, says, ",I have

com 120 grains, like the com of France and you need not to sow your
wheat imtil March and it will be ripe in the midst of August." The first wheat grown
chief pilot to Roberval, in speaking of the region
told in one ear of
in
New
England was that sown by Gosnold,'" on the Elizabeth Islands, off the coast of
"
which sprang up eight or nine inches in fourteen days." In 1604, on
Massachusetts,
the Island of St. Croix, near Calais, Maine, the French had some wheat sown, which
wheat was sown by L'Escarbot near the port of Port Royal,

Annapolis Basin, Nova Scotia. In 16 10, wheat was among the plants in Champlain's
In Virginia, the first wheat appears to have been sown in 16 11;''
garden at Quebec."
flourished freely," and, in 1606,
samples of wheat grown in the Dutch colony of New Netherlands were taken
In 1629, wheat was ordered by the Plymouth Colony, from
England, for seed." In 17 18, wheat was introduced into the Valley of the Mississippi
in 1626,
to Holland for exhibit."
by the Western Company.'*

'
Pictet Anthrop. Rev.
In California, wheat
and Journ. 1:241.
Wonders East.
Jordanus, Fr.
*
De Candolle,
'
Humboldt, A.
A.
1877.
Hakl. Soc. Ed.
Geog. Bot. 2:931.
Views Nat. 130.
spoken of by Father Baegert," as
1863.
Dutt, U. C.
is
12.
1863.
1855.
1850.
Ibid.
'
Prescott,
W. H.
Canq. Peru 1:142.
''Walton Journ. Agr.
Pinkerton
Co.
" Hubbard, W.
"
"
Flint, C. L.
Ser. 1:615.
Foji.
12:674.
New
Eng.
Champlain Voy.
" Parkman, F.
2ad
Note.
1845.
1812.
Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. 5:11.

1878.
Pion. France 360.
U.
i860.
S.D.A.
1894.
Rpt. 280.
1872.
"Ibid.
"
Ibid.
" U.
S. D. A. Rpt. 127.
1853.
" Baegert, F. Smithsonian Inst. Rpt.
356.
1863.
1818.
and
Ser.
58o
and
flourishing, 1751-1768;
it
was
by the Pimas Indians
ctiltivated
of the Gila River in
I799-'
The northern
limit to the
growing of wheat is 57 north in Britain, 64 in Norway, 60"

In North America, wheat is raised with profit at Fort
in Russia and lower in Siberia.'
Liard, 60
The
Egypt and of Algiers, says Humboldt, as well

and
Cuba, prove that the augmentation of heat is not
Aragua
to the harvests of wheat, unless it be attended with an excess of drought or
north.
fine harvests of
as those of the valleys of

prejudicial
In the moist region on the slopes of the moimtains of Mexico and Xalapa, the
luxuriance of the vegetation is such that wheat does not form ears.'
moisture.
The
varieties of
wheat are almost
endless,
the influence of cultivation and climate.

Cornell University;^
Darwin says Dalbret
their characteristics
and
of 150;
that the one can be converted into the other

species of
wheat and De CandoUe
distinct kinds; in
Japan there
is
four.
museum
Philippar,' 322 varieties.
summer and winter kinds were classed by Linnaeus as distinct species but
'
vary widely under
distinct sorts in the
of
cultivated dtiring 30 years from 150 to 160
Le Conteur * possessed upwards
kinds; Colonel
and
There are 180
by
cultivation.
it
Godron
The
has been proved

'
describes five
Reports come from little-known regions of
said to be a variety which cannot be forced to
grow higher
than 20 or 24 inches, though the length of the heads may increase. In general, wheat
is the most esteemed of the cereal productions but, so far does habit govern, that in
the flour of
Abyssinia, according to Parkyns,'
Europeans,
is
by
preferred
teff,
or dagussa, scarcely palatable
to
the natives to that of any other grain.
Tropaeolum edule Paxt. Geraniaceae. nasturtium.

Chile.
Mr. Bridges, writing in the Journal of Botany, 1842, says the roots are eaten
in times of scarcity in Peru.'*
T.
majus Linn.
Peru.
The
tall nasturtium.
Indian cress,
is
plant
grown more
for
ornament than
for food ptuposes, but the flowers
and young leaves are frequently used to mix in salads, and the seeds, gathered while young
"
The seeds
and green, are used for pickling and as an excellent substitute for capers."
of this rare and faire plant came first from the Indies into Spaine and those hot regions,
and from thence into France and Flanders, from whence I have received seeds that hath
borne with me both flowers and seeds," says Gerarde, 1597.'^ We cannot agree with those
Whipple and Turner
'
PaciJ. R. R. Rpt. 3: 123.
Enc. Brit. 17:630.
'Humboldt, A. Troi'. 1:498.

<
Gould Agr. Conn. 25. 1872.
'Darwin, C.
1889.
Ans. Ph. Domesl.
1893.
1:^,2,2.
Ibid.
'Godron Journ. Roy. Agr.

'
De CandoUe,
'
Parkyns Life Abyss,
A.
^"Card. Chron. y>i.
"Mcintosh, C.
"Gerarde,
J.
Soc. 19:104.
Geog. Bot. 2:930.

i
:3o6.
1858.
1855.
1856.
1842.
Book Card. 2:170.

Herb. 196.
1597:251.
1855.
1633.
1856.

who
authors
as
was
it
consider this the dwarf form, as the
by
figured
33 years before
its
introduction
and
this use is also
was
noticed
works printed
by Linnaeus.
1806,
and by
all
The synonymy
in culture.
given comes nearer to the
in 1651, with the
Ray,* 1686, speaks of
spoken of by Townsend,' 1726.
by McMahon,^
dominant kind
in his
Bauhin/
J.
figiire
58 1
its
name
tall,
scandens,
use as a vegetable,
In American gardens, this nasturtiiun
the early garden writers as being the preas follows:
is
Nasturtium Indicum. Cam. /com. t. 3 1

1588.
Nastuftium Indicum. Indian cresses. Ger. 196. 1597.
Nasturtium indicum folio peltato scandens. Bauh, J. 2:75.
.
Cardamindum ampliore folio and majore flore.
dwarf nasturtium.
The Dwarf nastvirtiimi was
1651.
Feuille, Peru. 3:
t.
8.
1725.
T. minus Linn,
Peru.
native.
brought into Europe from Peru, where
is
described
by Gerarde
it is
as coming from the
Spain and thence into France and Flanders, whence he received seeds.
grown principally as an ornament, but the flowers
Indies into
The
first
reached England in 1596 and
It
plant, like the tall nasturtium, is
and leaves and green

have been
Lobel,'
first
576;
and
is
may
fruit
known
be used in salads or
for pickling.
This species seems to
Europe about 1574; was described by Monardes;' is figured by

It was
generally spoken of about this period as a new and rare plant.
in
in the vegetable garden in
England
in 1726,' probably before,
and
is
mentioned in American
gardens in 1806.'
T. pentaphyllum Lam.
Brazil
and
five-leaved nasturtium.
This species furnishes an edible
Chile.
sweet, fleshy, edible berry, black, juicy
and not unlike
cress.'"
in
It bears
a three-lobed,
appearance and flavor to the
Zante, or currant, grape."
T. sessilifoliiim Poepp.
its
&
Endl.
one of the most ehgible of the species of this genus for

tubers, which can be eaten even in a raw state.^^
Philippi says this is
Chile.
T. tuberosum Ruiz
&
Peruvian nasturtium.
Pav.
Bolivia and Peru; long cultivated on the Peruvian Andes for
The tubers
>
'
J.
Hist. PI. 2:75.
Hist. PI. 487.
Townsend Seedsman
McMahon, B.
Gerarde,
40.
'
Lobel O65. 338.
" Unger, F.
" Moore, T.
I.
40.
1726.
Amer. Card.
Cat. 318.
Treas. Bot. 1:280.
Pickering, C.
1597.
1713.
"Mueller, P.
1806.
1576.
Townsend Seedsman
B.
Cat. 318.
1633 or 1636; 195.
Hortiis Eystet. ord. 13, fol.
McMahon,
726.
Amer. Card.
Herb. 251.
J.
1651.
1686.
'
"
tuberous roots."
are called ysano, are yellow and red and about the size of small pears.
Bauhin,
Ray
its
5e/. P/i. 493.
1870.
1806.
1859.
iChymocarptu pentaphyllum)
1891.
1879.
They
582
are cooked
and then frozen before being eaten; the women
of
La Paz
are very fond of this
-frozen dish.*
Trophis americana Linn.
West
The
Indies.
ramoon tree.
Urticaceae.
which are about the
berries,
size of large grapes,
have a very
pleasant flavor.*
Tsuga canadensis Carr. Coniferae.

The Indians
North America.
and
this tea
is
relished as
a drink.
hemlock.
Maine prepare a tea from the leaves of hemlock

The spray is also used in New England and elsewhere
of
According to McKenzie,'
to a limited extent in the domestic manufacture of spruce beer.
the aborigines of the West employ the inner bark as a food; it is taken off early in the
spring and made into cakes, which are eaten with salmon oil and are considered dainties.
Langsdorff
speaks of the Thlinkets at Sitka eating cakes
with roots, berries and train
Typha
angustifolia Linn.
Typhaceae.
latifolia

in salads.
Long
it
kind of bread, called boor or
name
In Virginia, the poorer settlers ate the root of the

has a sweetish taste.'
it
of Cossack asparagus.
He
luxuriantly in the shallows of the Don.

of avidity as
though
it
booree, is
reed mace.
Haller
'
says the roots are eaten
says the seeds are esculent, roasted; Lindley, that
as food under the
a degree
shoots are edible and resemble asparagus.'
cossack asparagus,
cat tail,
bulbrush and were very fond of

'
mixed
elephant's grass.
bulrush,
Linn,
fir,
small bulrush.
The young
Mediterranean region and East Indies.

made in Scinde from the pollen.'
T.
of bark of spruce
oil.

T. elephantina Roxb.
made
had been a
it is
sometimes used
This plant, says Clarke,'" flourishes
found the people devouring
religious observance.
the streets and in every house, bound into faggots."
"
They
It
"
it
with
raw;
was to be seen
in all
peel off the outer rind
and
a tender, white part of the stem, which, for about the length of 18 inches,
cooling, and very pleasant article of food."
find near the root
affords
crisp,
T. laxmanni Lepech.
scented flag.
Europe and northern Asia. The rhizomes furnish a meal which

They are used also as a vegetable."
'
Journ. Hort. Soc. Land. 9:59.
Lunan,
J.
Jam. 2:1^0.
No. Amer. Sylva
Hort.
Nuttall, T.
*
Langsdorff 70^.2:131.
Drury, H.
'
1814.
2;i(>2,.
'
Forster, J. R.
'
Lunan,
Fl.
1865.
(rhvja giganlea)
1813-14.
Treas. Bot. 2:1269.
J.
1855.
1869.
1870.
Amer.
Septent. 41.
Hort. Jam. i:i(>g.
1771.
1814.
Ibid.
'"Clarke Trav Russia 1:175.
" Smith, F. P.
Contrib.
1871.
is
made
into cakes.
STURTEVANT
Ullucus tuberosus Caldas.

melloco.
Chenopodiaceae.
583
ulluco.
Andes of Bolivia, Peru and New Granada. The iilluco, or rnelloco, is a juicy plant
with a creeping stem, the sprouts of which swell at the tips into tubers from the size of
a hazelnut to that of a pigeon's egg, like the sweet potato.^ In Peru, it is called oca quina
and Hemdon ^ says is more glutinous than the oca and not as pleasant to the taste. The
plant
is
extensively ctiltivated and, from the tubers
a starchy substance
is
obtained, which
the failure of the potato crop
is
called
was dreaded
in
by
by
alternately freezing
the Indians chuna and
and
steeping,
is relished.
When
England, this plant was one of the substitutes
proposed, but the tubers were not considered sufficiently agreeable to the British palate.
Ulluco was introduced into France in 1848, but trial showed its unfitness for that climate.'
Ulmus campestris Linn. Urticaceae. English elm.

Etu-ope and the Orient. The English elm was early introduced into Boston and is
now grown here and there as a shade tree. In Norway, the inhabitants kiln-dry the
bark and in time of scarcity grind it into a meal to be mixed with flour for bread. The
fruit, in
a green state, according to Browne,
''
sometimes eaten as a
is
an immense quantity
ago, in England, says Johnson,^
of dried
salad.
Some
years
elm leaves were used
for
adulterating tea and for manufactvuing a substance intended to be used as a suljstitute

it.
In Russia, the leaves of a variety are used as tea.*
the ground bark, the leaves and the membranous fruit are
for
red elm.
U. fulva Michx.
all
eaten as food in China.'
slippery elm.
New
England to Wisconsin and Kentucky.

mixed with milk, like arrowroot,
and nutritious food for infants and invalids.
and
In times of great scarcity,
Flour prepared from the bark by drying

is
grinding,
said
by Emerson
Laurineae. balm of heaven,

cajeput tree,
MOUNTAIN LAUREL. SASSAFRAS LAUREL. SPICE BUSH.
Umbellularia califomica Nutt.
FORNIAN OLIVE.
The
Hunters
lates the
to be a wholesome
cali-
when bruised, gives out a camphor-like scent.

make use of a decoction of the leaves, which stimusystem and produces a glow of warmth. The Spanish-Americans use the leaves
foliage,
often, according to Douglas,'
as a condiment.'"
Uncaria gambler Roxb.
gambir.
Rubiaceae.
Malacca, Sumatra, Cochin China and other parts of eastern Asia; largely cultivated
in the Islands of Bintang, Singapore
'
U.S. Pat. Of. Rpt. 311.
Unger, F.
'Hemdon, W. L., and Gibbon,

Bon Sard. 649. 1882.
Browne, D.
Trees
J.
Johnson, C. P.
'Browne, D.
'
Trees Amer. 497.
Emerson, G. B.
'"Smith, A.
Amer. 4g7.
Contrib. Mat.
W.J.
L.
Trees,
Fl. Bar.
Gambir
1859.
1854.
1846.
1862.
1846.
Med. China
92.
Shrubs Mass. 2:335.
Amer. 2:137.
Treas. Bot. 2:i2i.
of Wales.
J.
Smith, F. P.
Hooker,
and Prince
1870.
1840.
1871.
1875.
(Tetranthera californica)
(Oreodaphne californica)
is
prepared by boiling
584
the leaves and evaporating the decoction

for tanning leather, also
gambir
is xised
Among
the Mala\-s, the chief use
and the
is
acquires the consistence of clay.
vintil it
by dyers and
curers,
This
forming an article of export.
as a masticatory, in combination with the areca-nut
betel-leaf.*
Unona concolor
Attonaceae.
Willd.
This plant has an acrid and aromatic
Guiana.
fruit,
used as a pepper by the negroes
in Guiana.^
U. discolor Vahl.
The
Tropical Asia.
U. discreta Linn.
way
as
is
that of the species above.*
f.
The
Guiana.
used in the same
fruit is
purple, aromatic, berries are of a very good taste.^
U. dumetorum Dun.
^^
1
Cochin China.
The pulp
of the fruit
sparing but
is
is
of a grateful taste.'
U. undtxlata Dim.
The
Tropical Africa.
at Wari
Urceola elastica Roxb.
fruit,
which
is
used as a condiment
fruit,
This plant
is
a gigantic climber which yields Borneo rubber.^
the size of an orange, contains numerous, kidney-shaped seeds nestling in a
copious, tawny-colored pvilp, which
dents and
rubber tree.
Apocynaceae.
Indian Archipelago.
Its
plant has an aromatic
in Guinea.*
is
is
much
relished both
by
natives
and European
resi-
said to taste like well-rotted medlars.'
Urginea sp.?
Liliaceae.
Equatorial Africa.
species
which has nauseous and
and furnishes a vegetable to the natives. Grant

leaves and stalks and cook them as a spinach."
'
bitter roots and white flowers

"
the men of the Moon roast
writes,
its
Urtica dioica Liim.
nettle.
Urticaceae.
North temperate
to Sir Walter Scott,*"
regions; naturalized in
America from Europe.
was at one time cultivated
in the spring, says Lightfoot," are often boiled

'Smith, A.
'Don, G.
Treas. Bot. 2:779.
Smith, A.
<Don, G.
1870.
Treas. Bot. 1:56^.
1870.
{U. aromatica)
(Habzelia aromatica)
1831.
'
'
Ibid.
Ibid.
'
Brandis, D.
'
Smith, A.
"
Speke, J. H.
Forest Fl. 320.
" Masters, M.
"
1874.
Treas. Bot. 2:1193.
Lightfoot, J.
1870.

T.
Treas. Bot. 2:it()6.
Fl. Scot. 2:579.
1789.
1870.
nettle, according
Nettle tops,
and eaten by the common people
{Nauclea gambir)
1831.
The
in Scotland as a potherb.
1864,
of Scotland
STURTEVANT
as greens,
and the young leaves are often boiled in soup
a very palatable
in the outer Hebrides
The tender tops
article of food, it is said.'
585
are
and form
much more commonly
eaten in Germany, Belgium and other parts of Europe than in England^ and are also
used in northern Persia.'
Uvaria burahol Blume

Baillon
Java.
say^ the fruit
&
U. cordata Schum.
Anoncu:eae.
eaten in tropical Asia.
Thoim.
The
Tropical Africa.
is
plant bears edible fruits.'
U. dulcis Dun.
Burma, Malay and tropical

of Jamaica, this species
is
The perfumed
Asia.
fruit is eaten.
In the Public Gardens
as a fruit tree.^
grown
U. zeylanica Linn.
The
East Indies.
fruit is eatable, of
Uvularia perfoliata Linn.
taste,
resembling that of an apricot.'
belwort.
Liliaceae.
a vinous
saj^ the roots are edible
Griffith
when cooked, and the
young shoots are a very good substitute for asparagus.

U.
belwort.
sessilifolia Linn,
This pretty herb
is
mentioned as
5rielding
a good substitute
for asparagus.'
Vaccinium caespitosum Michx.
Vacciniaceae.
dwarf bilberry.
Alpine regions of northeastern United States.
small bush, says Mueller,'" with
bluish, edible berries.
sour-top or velvet-leaf blueberry.
V. canadense Kalm.
Canada and Maine
to Wisconsin
and the Rocky Mountains.
The berry
is
blue and
sweet."
V.
corymbosum Liim.
swamp blueberry.
and southward. The berries are
high blueberry,
Northeastern United States
a bluish bloom and of a sprightly, acidulous
by
and
horticulturists for cultivation

^
Jotirn. Agr. 2:378.
Masters,
M.
Unger, F.
Baillon,
Masters,
H.
T.
1831.
1870.
1859.
T.
Ph. 1:272.
1871.
Treai. 5o/. 2:1198.
'Don, G.
8
Griffith,
W.
Med.Bot.6^1.
Mueller, F.
Se/. P/j. 498.
"Mueller, F.
Sel. Pis. 499.
"Wood,
A.
some
Treas. Bot. 2:1 ig6.
Hist.
M.
in
Class
Book
Bot.
1870.
1880.
1831.
1847.
1891.
1891.
i\,9,2.
1864.
taste.
often large, black, with
This blueberry has been recommended
of its varieties
is
very deserving.
586
V. erythrocarpum Michx.
Pennsylvania to Georgia on high mountains.
The
transparent, scarlet berries are
of excellent taste.
V. leschenaultii Wight.
The
Neilgherries.
make
Mueller
excellent tarts.'
about the
berries,
^
size of
red currants, are agreeably acid and
says of Ceylon also, a
tree, flowering
and
fruiting through-
out the year.

V. leucanthum Schlecht.
The black
Mexico.
V. maderense Link,
The
Madeira.
V. meridiooale Sw.
fruit is edible.'
maderia whortleberry.
berries are black, juicy, eatable
Jamaica bilberry.
and
gratefully add.*
'
The berries are sapid, red, acid, astringent, bitter

make
they
good jelly.' This species is grown in the Public Gardens
Jamaica.
V. mortinia Benth.
and, like bilberries,

of Jamaica.'
mortinia.
Ecuador and the mountains of Columbia.
The
berries
come
to the Quito market
under the name of mortinia.'
blaeberry,
bilberry,
V. myrtillus Linn,
whinberry.
whortleberry.
North temperate and arctic regions. The Highlanders of Scotland frequently eat
milk and sometimes make them into tarts and jellies.^ In the Orkneys,
the berries in
the blaeberry grows in abundance, the fruit of large
from
it.
'
size;
wine of
fine flavor
has been
says the berries are slightly acid and sweetish but do not possess
made
much
Johnson
raw state, though liked by some persons. They are sold in the English markets.
a favorite food of the Rocky Mountain Indians.*"
flavor in the
This
is
V. ovalifolium Sm.
The

into a cake, then dried
and
laid by.
berries are gathered before quite ripe, are pressed
When
water and stirred rapidly with the hand until
used, a quantity
it
is put into a vessel of cold

assumes a form not unlike soapsuds. It is
pleasant to the taste, with a slightly bitter flavor."
Wight, R.
'
Icon. Pis.
Mueller, P.
4:Pl 1188.
Sel. Pis. ^gg.
1850.
1891.
'Don, G.
1834.
<Don, G.
1834.
Titford,
W.
J.
Hort. Boi. Amer. 60.

'
Mueller, F.
Sd. Pis. 500.
Johnson, C. P.
>
1789.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 415.
"Brown, R.
1891.
Fl. Scot. 1:201.
Lightfoot, J.
1812.
1880.
1870.
1868.
1862.

red huckleberry.
V. parvifolium Sm.
Northwest coast of North America.
The
berries are of
587
good
size
and
The
berries are red
and make
excellent tarts.'
flavor.^
low sweet blueberry.

Northern America, producing many varieties. The berries says Pursh,'
early blueberry,
Lam.
V. pensylvanicum
bluish-black, extremely sweet
and sweet and the
and agreeable
earliest blueberry in the
to eat.
market.
Gray
Emerson
are large,
says the berries are large

*
says the berries are blue,
very sweet, rather soft for marketing, but are particularly suited to be preserved by
Kakn * says the Indians formerly plucked huckleberries in abundance every year,
drying.
dried
them
in the sun,
and preserved them
"
found the
Huron gathering
Indians near Lake
'
blueberries for their winter store.
Roger Williams
"
Indians that they
gathered attitaask, worthleberries, of which
New England
says of the
In 1615, Champlain
for eating.
some opening, some of a binding nature.

Sautaash are these currants dried and so preserved all the year, which they beat to powder
and mingle with their parched meal and make a delicate dish which they call sautauthig,
which is as sweet to them as plum or spice cake to the English." The Indians of the Norththere are divers sorts: sweet, like currants,
west coast are very fond of this

V. praestans
V. salicinum
Alaska.
This
&
Cham.
The
and smoke-dry
is
deerberry.
and dried by the natives."
squaw huckleberry.
Elliott
says the berries are eaten.
Emerson "
and Michigan make extensive use of the fruit."
bog bilberry,
V. uliginosum Linn,
Northern climates.
Don, G.
Don
'*
Emerson, G. B.
Kalm,
P.
1834.
Trees, Shrubs
Pion. France
Williams, R.
Key.
'U.S. D.A.Rpt.
"Mueller, F.
"
zt)i[.
1894.
1870.
1891.
So/. 5o. Car., Ga. 1:496.
415.
1879.
1821.
1870.
Trees, Shrubs Mass. 2:^54.
Johnson, C. P.
187;.
1772.
" U. S. D. A. Rpt.
" Emerson, G. B.
"Don, G.
Mass. 2:456, 457.
Narragansett Club Ed. 1:122.
Sel. Pis. $02.
Pickering, C.
"Elliott, S.
iî$.
1814.
1868.
Trav. iVo. ylwer. 2:390.
'Parkman, F.
"
Bot. 291.
is
of Wisconsin
scarcely eatable.
says the berries are large, juicy, black, covered with a
Case Bot. Index 38. 1881.

'Pursh, F. Fl. Amer. Septenl. 1:288.
'
says the fruit
eatable, but neither grateful nor wholesome.
Man.
The Indians
moorberry.
'
'Gray, A.
fruits.'"
Schlecht.
'
in large quantities for winter use.''
a minute plant but with large, delicious
berries are collected
V. staminetun Linn,
mealy bloom,
it
Kamchatka bilberry.
Lamb.
Kamchatka.
fruit
1875.
1834.
Use/id Pis. Ct. Brit. 163.
1875.
1643.
The
berries, says Johnson,'*
588
"
are eaten occasionally but in any
large quantity cause giddiness
Siberia, the berries are fermented, distilled
and furnish a strong
said that the berries are used in France to color wine.
Arctic circle this species
than
of a finer quality
in
is,
'
It
is
says, beyond the

is
localities.
low blueberry.
V. vacillans Soland.
Massachusetts and Vermont to Pennsylvania.
From
alcoholic spirit.
Richardson
In
good seasons, plentiful to an extraordinary degree and
more southern
in
and headache."
This vaccinium has a small
bush, with rather late-ripening berries.
cranberry,
cowberry,
V. vitis-idaea Linn,
foxberry.
Northern and arctic regions. This is the wi-sa-gu-mina of the Crees and the cranberry
most plentiful and most used throughout Rupert's Land. This berry, says Richardson,^
is
which a cranberry can be applied. Thoreau,' in the

desserts on these berries stewed and sweetened, but Gray * says
excellent for every purpose to
Maine woods, made
his
The
they are barely edible in America.
The
valued in Sweden.
exposure to
frost,
berries are tasteless
they become very sour.
and are eaten
African valerian
is
waste places.
greatly
when gathered but, after

sold in the London market
acid
are often
African valerian.
Valerianeae.
a recent introduction into gardens and furnishes in its leaves a salad

plant is native to the Mediterranean region in grain fields and
C. Bauhin,* 1596, speaks of
gardens in his time;
Don
They
little
is
The
of excellent quality.
This valerian
and but
eaten in Britain but
in spring.'
Valeriana comucopiae Linn.
in
much
In Siberia, they are kept in water in winter, where they acquire their
as cranberries.
proper acidity
not
fruit is
and
it
as
if
of recent introduction to botanical
Clusius,' 1601, J. Baxihin,' 1651,
and Ray,'
1686, all describe
it.
not spoken of as under cultivation in Miller's Dictionary, 1807, nor does

speak of any use, although he is usually very ready
is
in his Gardener's Dictionary, 1834,
In 1841, the Bon Jardinier, in France,
with such information.

salad plant.
refers to it as being
a good
neither Noisette,'" 1830, nor Petit," 1826, nor PiroUe,*'' 1824, mentions
As
we may
In 1863,
assiune that it had not entered the vegetable garden at these dates.
'*
"
as
does
Vilmorin
American
valerian
African
describes
Burr
garden vegetables,
among
it,
J.
1851.
'Richardson,!.
Arctic Explor. 2:^01.
1851.
'
Richardson,
Thoreau Me. Woods 30.

*
Man.
Gray, A.
'Johnson, C. P.
'Bauhin, C.
'
Ray
"
UseftU Pis. Gt. Brit. 164.
Phytopinax 293.
1
1651.
1830.
1826.
^'Pkolle L'Hort. Franc.
1824-25.
" Vilmorin Lei
1623; Prod. 87.
1686.
Man. Jard.
Diet. Jard.
" Burr, F.
60 1
1862.
1596; Pinox 164.
Hist. PI. siPt. 2, 212.
J.
Hist. PI. 394.
Noisette
" Petit
1868.
Bot. 290.
Clusius Hist. 2 : 54.
*Bauhin,
1877.
P/i. Poiog. 562.
1863.
1883.
(Fedia comucopiae)
1671.

and
in France in 1883,
described in England in 1885.
is
it
No
589
varieties are described,
although a purple and a white-flowered form are mentioned by Bauhin as occurring in

the wild plant. The one sort now described has pink- or rose-colored flowers.
tobacco root,
V. edulis Nutt.
valerian.
Ohio to Wisconsin and westward.
who
This
among the Indians

Rocky Mountains.
and an odor most offensive.^ The
the principal edible root
is
inhabit the upper waters of the streams on the western side of the
very strong and remarkably peculiar taste
It has a
root
is
large, of
a very bright yellow
color, is full of
nutriment and, to some, the taste
The Indians of the Northwest collect the roots in the spring and,
agreeable.
use them as food. From a bitter and somewhat pernicious substance, it
by
mass
baking into a soft, pulpy
Valerianella coronata
Europe and the
DC.
of sweet taste
which
is
is
after baking,
is
converted
not unwholesome.'
Valerianaceae.
Orient.
In France, this species furnishes a salad.'
Italian corn salad.
V. eriocarpa Desv.
Europe and north Africa. This plant is much used in Europe as a substitute for
lettuce in the spring and also, when grown in rich soil and of a considerable size, for spinach.*
This species occtirs in gardens in two varieties. It has a lighter green, somewhat longer
than the ordinary com salad, slightly hairy and a little dentate on the borders towards
leaf
the base.*
its
It
has the same uses.
common name
greese mdche,
It is described for
American gardens
in 1863.'
Under
noticed in France in 1829 and also as mdche d'ltalie
it is
in 1824.''
corn salad,
V. olitoria PoUich.
lamb's lettuce.
This annual plant has been foimd spontaneous in

north; in southern Europe to the Canary
Isles,
Asia Minor and in the region of the Caucasus. '

and, as long ago as 1623, Bauhin
row, broad and entire leaves.
as also
by Camerarius
'^
records
'
Fremont,
J.
C.
1588; but with
Explor. Exped. 135, 160.

Fl. Bor.
'
Bon
Jard. 522.
'
'"
Noisette
Jard.
De CandoUe,
A.
Pinax 19:165.
is
J.
(Patrinia ceratophylla)
1863.
1885.
Fig. p. 412.
Dalechamp Hist. Cen. PI. (Lugd.) 554, 1127,

"CamerariusHor/. il/ed 175. 1588.
Herb. 243.
1597.
1576;
it
occurs with nar-
Dalechamp," 1587;
In 1597, Gerarde " says
1845.
1840.
1623.
"
" Gerarde,
recognized.
1855.
1576.
saying
as occurring in fields and without mention
1829.
Bauhin, C.
Lobel 06i. 413.
all,
1883.
Man.
its variability in size,
1882.

Burr, F.
'
Amer. i:2gi.
Book Card. 2:172.
'Mcintosh, C.
This species seems quite variable in nature,
Com salad is described by Lobel,'"
of culture, although its value as a salad
'Hooker, W.J.
temperate Europe as far as 60

Madeira and the Azores; in north Africa,
all
fig.
1587.
it
has
STURTEVANT
590
grown
in use
the French and Dutch strangers in England, and
among
He
in gardens as a sallad herbe."
and
Tabemaemontanus
gives
and vineyards.
two
figures
as a witness that
Ray,^ 1686, quotes
varieties.
it
Bauhin
J.
was found
"
hath beene sowen
Bauhin only; Chabraeus,' 1677, describes
J.
two
describes
sorts
in gardens as well as in fields
in gardens as a salad herb; Worlidge,* 1683, Maeger,' 1683,
it
as
grown
Quintyne,' 1693 and 1704,
Townsend,' 1726, Stevenson,' 1765, Mawe,' 1778, Bryant,'" 1783, all refer to its culture
In France, according to Heuze," the species is spoken of as cultivated by
in England.
and is referred to as if a well-known cultivated salad
Olivier de Serres
Com
161 2.
in Le Jardinier Solitaire,
American gardens previous to 1806.'* Vilmorin " describes
which are distinct.
All these have blunt leaves.
The variety quite fre-
was
salad
four varieties,
in
quently distributed in American gardens
that which
is
is
figured
by the
herbalists as having
pointed leaves; as, for instance:
Phu minimum
alter um.
Lob. 412.
Polypremnum.
Dalechamp
Lactuca agnina.
Ger. 242.
The round-leaved
1576;
Dalechamp
form, the mdche ronde of Vilmorin, has
Vangueria madagascariensis
The
Tropical Africa.
an apple and
fruit is
J.
F. Gmel.
its
type
figiu-ed
Rubiaceae.
tamarind of the indies.
vmder the name of voa-vanga.^* It is the size

is far from palatable."
In Bengal, the
fruit is eaten
At Martinique,
eaten by the natives."
and
its
it
is
called
tamarind of the Indies; the
color recall the medlar of Europe."
V. spinosa Roxb.
Tropical Asia.
'
Bauhin,
Ray
'
The berry
Hist. PI. 3:33^.
J.
Hist. PI. 392.
is
the size of a cherry, succulent and edible.'*
1651.
1686.
Chabraeus Sciag. and Icon. 437.
*WorUdge,
Syst. Hort. 214.
J.
'Meager Eng. Card.
61.
1677.
1683.
1683.
Quintyne Com/). Card. 144. 1693:205.

'
'
Stevenson Card. Kal. 34.
Mawe
Ft. Diet. 116.
" Heuze, G.
B.
"
Kckering, C.
Wight, R.
"
177S.
1806.
Treas. Bot. 2:1203.
1870.
1879.
Ind. Bot. 2:76.
(7. /ocujfa)
1850.
( T'.
Hist. Dickl. Pis. 3:550.
1834.
edulis)
V. edulis)
Belanger Trans. N. Y. Agr. Sac. 18:567, 568.
" Don, G.
V. locustc)
1885.
Illustr.
1873.
.4mer. Card. Col. 4S5-
"Vilmorin Veg. Card. 202.
" Masters, M. T.
Bot.
1783.
Pis. Aliment. I, V.
"McMahon,
1704.
1765.
"Bryant
by Dodo-
olus.
eaten both raw and roasted but
is
flavor of its pulp
1587.
1597.
naeus in his Pemptades, 16 16, under the name album
of
1127.
1587.
554.
1858.
(V. edulis)
STURTEVANT
Vanilla aromatica Sw.
59I
vanilla.
Orchideae.
This species
Tropical America.
said to be cultivated in the isles of France
is
and
constitute one of the vanillas of commerce.'
The pods
Bourbon.
V. guianensis Splitg.
This species
Tropical America.
The
and Mexico.
Indies
fruit.
vanilla.
V. planifolia Andr.
West
described as jaelding an aromatic
is
best vanilla
other South American species are also used.
is
the produce of this species but several
The product
is
employed very extensively
for flavoring.
Vateria indica Linn.
This species
East Indies.
dammar.
Dipterocarpeae.
a tree of Ceylon from whose seeds the natives make a
is
kind of bread.^
Veitchia joannis H. Wendl.
The
Fiji Islands.
Palmae.
kernel has a slightly astringent taste but
is
eaten readily by the
natives of Viti, especially the youngsters.'
Veltheimia.
Liliaceae.
Eastern equatorial Africa. This plant grows in the swamps of the Nile, and
flowers are utilized as a spinach.*
Veratrum
North America.
Josselyn
round-leafed tobacco as utilized
Veronica anagallis Linn.
Northern climates.
and
New England
is
Lightfoot
The
U. S. Disp. 849.
W.
says of brooklime,
Seemann, B.
Speke, J. H.
T.
J.
C.
Johnson, C. P.
Sinclair,
G.
'"
Eng. Rar. 103.
it is
says
is
esteemed an anti-scorbutic
bitter
and not so agreeable
recommended by Hoffman ' as

more astringent and less grateful than tea.
1840.
1864.
1672 original date.
1865.
Treas. Bot. 2:1211.
Hort. 683.
it
more
used in Britain as a salad.
1865-73.
Fl. Scot. 1:73.
'Lightfoot,;.
Loudon,
it is
New
M.
says
it is
1865.
Fl. Viti. 272.
'Josselyn, J.
Masters,
sallet,
but
"
leaves of this species were
Journ. Bot. 2:239.
J.
water speedwell.
speedwell.
a tea substitute, but Withering
Hooker,
smalli
water pimpernel.
'
Loudon
fluellen.
Northern climates.
when mentioning a
Indians.
considered to be antiscorbutic*
eaten by some in the spring as a
V. officinalis Linn,
'
by the
plant
to the palate as watercresses."
'
probably referred to this plant
brooklime.
V. beccabunga Linn,
is
'
Scrophularineae.
The
Northern climates.
white hellebore.
Indian poke,
Liliaceae.
viride Ait.
its
870.
1789.
i860.
Hort. Gram. Woburn. 330.
1862.
1869-
STURTEVANT
592
\nbuniiun cotinifoliiim D. Don.
Himalayan
The
regions.

viburnum.
Caprifoliaceae.
ripe fruit
sweetish
is
and
is
eaten in India.'
V. foetens Decne.
Himalayan
In India, the sweetish
regions.
nannyberry.
V. lentago Linn,
nudum
of
an inch
naked viburnum,
Linn,
sweet viburnxtm.
sheepberry.
The
Northeastern America to Georgia.

flavored, black, and sweetish.
V.
fruit is eaten.'
The
Newfoundland to Georgia.
berries are said
by Wood
raisin.
'
to be well-
withe-rod.
fruit is apple-shaped,
long, of a deep blue color, of a sweetish taste
cranberry tree, guelder rose,
V. opulus Linn,
wild
compressed, about a quarter
and may be
pimbina.
eaten.*
snowball tree, written
tree.
Middle and northern Europe and northern America. The fruit is a poor substitute
hence the name cranberry tree.^ The fruit, when ripe, is of a pleasant,
for cranberries,
add
taste
and
is
sometimes substituted for cranberries.'
in a garden in Bangor.
and a
Lindley.^
spirit is distilled
On
of
from them.*
the Winnipeg river, the fruit
This plant
to the taste.
from the North and

i"
by Roger Williams
of
an orange
color, fleshy
Probably
and agreeable
this is the fruit
brought
by the Narragansett Indians wuchipoquameneash, described
"a
kind of sharp
fruit like
a barberry in taste."
black haw.
V. prunifolium Linn,
New York
is
miserable food for savage nations, says
the nipi minan of the Crees.
is
called
as
'
stewed them with

Maine cook them with molasses; he afterwards saw them
In Norway and Sweden, the berries are eaten with honey and
sugar and says the Itunbermen
flour,
Thoreau
The
to Georgia.
blackish berries are sweet
and
eatable.'^'
'^
V. stellulatum Wall.
Himalayan
Vicia cracca Linn.

Asia,
The
regions.
small, acid fruit
as affording provender of good quality, but

>
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 258.
1874.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 259.
1874.
'
Wood, A.
Emerson, G. B.
Masters,
M.
Lindley, J.
" Pickering,
C.
2:1^16.
1870.
1846.
Chroti. Hist. Pis. 806.
Book
Rafinesque, C. S.
Fl.
Royle, J. F.
Mass.
1877.
Treas. Bot. 2:121$.
Class
" Brandis, D.
"
173.
Veg. King. 767.
" Wood, A.
"
T.
1864.
Bot. 398.
La. 77.
Forest Fl. 258.

Illustr. Bot.
1875.
1868.
Trees, Shrubs
Emerson, G. B.
1879.
1864.
1817.
1874.
Himal.
"
This vetch has been occasionally cultivated,

does not ripen a sufficient quantity of seed
it
Shrubs Mass. iit^w.
Bot. 207.
'Thoreau Me. Woods

'
Bot. 398.
Trees,
Man.
'Gray, A.
'
Book
eaten in the mountains of India."'
tufted vetch.
Leguminosae.
Europe and northern America.
Class
is
1 1236.
1839,
1875.
STURTEVANT
to
make
easy to grow
it
it
as an annual green crop.
'
Johnson
593
says the seeds
may
be
used as food.
V. ervilia Willd.
North Africa and Europe.

places as a
This vetch
lentil.
broad bean.
V. faba Linn,
This vetch, according to Loudon,^
is
is
cultivated in
some
by the French.
cultivated
European bean,
English bean.
horse bean.
Windsor
BEAN.
Europe and
The Etiropean bean appears
Asia.
our cultivated esculents.
land ascribed to the Bronze Age.
by the Hebrews and
by
to be
It
the most ancient of
was cultivated by the ancient Greeks and Romans,
the ancient Egyptians, although
in the catacombs, perhaps,
among
variety has been found in the lacustrine deposits of Switzer-
De
Candolle
'
it is
remarks, because
it
not
among
the seeds found
was reported unworthy
the nourishment of priests, or certain priests, or from motives of superstition.

*
dotus
states that the priests in
throughout the land;
from
their eyes
away
ment
Egypt held beans
for
Hero-
none were sown
in such aversion that
if
by chance a single plant anywhere sprang up, they turned
it
as from an impiare thing.
Wilkinson
remarks that this state-
applied, apparently, only to the priests for the people were allowed to eat these
beans.
have eaten beans very frequently, but his disciples seem to have
and it is related that their aversion was carried to such an extent
said to
is
Pythagoras
forbidden their eating,
that a party of Pythagoreans allowed themselves to be slaughtered
by the
soldiers of
Dionysius rather than to escape by passing through a field of these vegetables.^ Por"
take the flowers of the bean when they begin to grow black, put them in
phyrus says,
a vessel and bury
it
in the ground; at the
end
be found in the bottom."
of a child will
of ninety days,
are particles."
name from
this
plant,
One
of the noble
it is
families of
opened, the head

"
beans are the
animated matter of which our
substance which contains the largest portion of that

souls
when
Diogenes Laertius says,
''
Rome, the
and the Romans had a solemn
Fabii,
derived
feast called Fabaria, at
their
which
honor of Cama, the wife of Janus. At one time, the Romans

such
as had died resided in beans and Clemens Alexandrinus, and
believed the souls of
they offered beans in
even Cicero, entertained equally extravagant notions of them. The Flamen Dialis were
not permitted to mention the name, and Lucian represents a philosopher in Hades as
saying that to eat beans and to eat one's father's head were equal crimes.' A temple
God
dedicated to the
1
'
'
Johnson, C. P.
Loudon, J. C.
De
'Wilkinson,
'
>
J. J.
J.
G.
upon the sacred road to
1862.
Enc. Agr. 843.
Candolle, A.
Barthelemy,
of Beans, Kyanites, stood
1866.
Geog. Bot. 2:956.
1855.
(Faba vulgaris)
Voy. Anacharsis Greece 6:2.
Anc. Egypt. 1:323.
1825.
1854.
Barthelemy,
J. J.
Voy. Anacharsis Greece 6:2, 3, 4.
Barthelemy,
J. J.
Voy. Afiacharsis Greece 5:^66.
1825.
1825.
Ibid.
Mcintosh, C.
Book Card. 2:62.
1855.
(Faba vulgaris)
Elensis,
and the
594
bean
or
Kyampsia
characterized
by the use
honor of Apollo, was

the Greeks called the Egyptian bean was the
which the Athenians celebrated
feast,
What
of beans.
in
seed of Nelumbium speciosum}
The Emperor Chin-nong * is said to have introduced the bean into China in the year
2822 B. C. The period of its introduction into Britain is unknown but Gerarde,' 1597,
appears to have known only two varieties. At Teneriffe, at the discovery, the people
are said to have had beans and peas or vetches, all of which they call hacichei.* In 1667,
"
"
in Congo.
In 1776, they
Father Carli ' speaks of
kidney beans and common beans
The first introduction into the North American colonies was by Captain Gosnold, 1602, who planted them on the Elizabeth Islands near the
coast of Massachusetts, where they flourished well. They were also cultivated in New-
were seen by Thunberg
in Japan.
foundland as early as 1622, in New Netherlands in 1644, and in Virginia prior to 1648.^
Beans are mentioned as activated in New England prior to 1671 by Jossel}^!.* In
McMahon's
in his seed
in
'
work of
six kinds
list,
America now,
The vague
1806, fourteen kinds are eniunerated.
and
'"
gives,
European beans are seldom cultivated
in 1881 but four.
their place being
In 1828, Thorburn
taken by the kidney beans.
indications of the supposed habitat of the bean in Persia or
on the shores
of the Caspian, says Targioni-Tozzetti," have not been confirmed by modem researches.
"
"
May it not," says he, have originated from Vicia narbonensis, a species not uncom-
Mediterranean region from Spain to the Caucasus and very much resembling the bean in every respect except in the thinness of the pod and the smallness of the
mon
in the
seeds?
"
Linnaeus forms this bean into two botanical
names the one
hortensis, or the
are both figured or mentioned
varieties, as
does also Moench,
garden bean, the other equina, or the horse bean.
by
who
These
the early botanists; the hortensis, or garden bean,
by
by Pena and Lobel in their
Adversaria, 1570, and by Lyte in his Dodoens, 1586, as well as by Dodonaeus, 1566.
R. Thompson,'^ 1850, describes ten varieties, giving synonyms and these include all known
The equina
Fuchsius, 1542, and Tragus, 1552.
to him.
is
described
Let us follow up his synonymy, in order to see whether varieties of
founded upon identity of names in most instances

only, yet collateral evidence would seem to indicate a
This synonymy
origination appear.
and applies to the garden bean
is
substantial correctness:
De CandoUe,
A.
Geog. Bot. 2:956.
1855.
Ibid.
Gerarde,
J.
iferft.
1038.
1597.
Gen.
'
'
Thunberg, C. P.
'
Perj. Desc. Va. 4.
'
Coll.
Voy. Portugese 183.
Josselyn, J.
McMahon, B.
" Thorburn Cat.
Fl.
New
1789.
1744.
Jap. 284.
1784.
1649.
Eng. Rar. 143.
1865.
Atner. Card. Col. 580.
1828 and
88 1
1806.
"
Targioni-Toazetti Journ. Hort. Soc. Land. 138.
"
Thompson, R.
Gard. Chron. 84.
modem
1850.
1855.
8.
1838.
STURTEVANT
1.
595
1850.
Early mazagan. Thompson.
Brought from a settlement of the Portuguese
on the coast of Africa, just without the Straits of Gibralter. Mill. Diet. 1807.
Early mazagan. Mawe 1778; Bryant 1783;

Thorb. Cat. 1884.
Feve naine hdtive.
2.
Marshall's Early
3.
Long-pod.
1806; Thorb. Cat. 1828;
Noisette 1829; Vilm. 1882.
Dwarf
Thompson.
Thompson.
Prolific.
1850.
1850.
1806.
McMahon
Eafiy long-pod. Mawe
Long-pod.
Early
McMahon
1778; Bridgeman 1832;
Mawe
Portugal or Lisbon.
Loudon
i860.
1778; Mill. Diet. 1807.
McMahon 1806; Bridgeman 1832.

Turkey long-pod. Mawe 1778; McMahon 1806; Bridgeman
Tall long-pod.
Mawe 1778.
Early Lisbon.
Sandwich.
J.
W.
Gent.
1683;
Townsend
1832.
1726; Stevenson 1765;
Mawe
1778;
Bryant 1738; Bridgeman 1832.

Sword long-pod. Thorb. Cat. 1828; Fessenden 1828; Bridgeman 1832; Thorb.
Cat. 1884.
Hang-down
4.
Vilm. 1883.
long-pod.
Ftve a longue cosses. Noisette 1829; Vilm. 1883.

Green long-pod. Thompson.
1850.
Green Genoa.
McMahon 1806; Bridgeman 1832.

McMahon 1806; Thorb. Gard.
Green Nonpareil.
5.
6.
Kal. 1821; Fessenden
1828;
Bridgeman 1832; Thorb. Cat. 1884.

Dutch long-pod. Thompson. 1850; Loudon i860.
Windsor. Thompson.
Broad Windsor. Mill.
1850.
Diet. 1807;
Fessenden 1828; Loudon i860; Thorb. 1884.
Kentish Windsor.
Bridgeman 1832.
Bridgeman 1832.
Mumford. Mawe 1778; Bryant 1783; McMahon 1806; Bridgeman 1832.
Small Spanish. Mawe 1778; Bryant 1783.
Windsor. Stevenson 1765; Mawe 1778; Bryant 1783.
Taylor's Windsor.
7.
Large Windsor.
Green Windsor.
Van
der
Donck
Thompson.
1653; in present
New
York.
1850.
Stevenson 1765; Mawe 1778; Bryant 1783; Bridgeman 1832.^

Feve de Windsor verte. Vihn. 1883.
Toker.
8.
9.
Green China.
Thompson. 1850.
Dwarf crimson-seeded. Thompson.
Fhie
10.
trbs
naine rouge.
Dwarf fan. Thompson. 1850.

Dwarf fan or cluster. Mawe 1778.
Dwarf cluster. McMahon 1806; Bridgeman
Fhie naine hdtive d chdssis.
11. Red-blossomed.
12. White-blossomed.
The only two

culture.
within types only.
other varieties advertised lately are Beck's Dwarf Green

is
The crowd
becomes reduced to
1832.
Vilm. 1883.
Mawe 1778; McMahon 1806; Bridgeman 1832; Thompson 1830.

Mawe 1778; McMahon 1806; Bridgeman 1832; Thompson 1850.
There
Seville Long-pod.
modem
1850.
Vilm. 1883.
certainly
Gem
and
no indication here that types have appeared
in
new names which appear during a decade gradually

a synonymy, and we find at last that the variation gained has been
of
596
smooth tare.
V. gemella Crantz.
Eiarope and the Orient; a weed of Britain, which

places.
It is
now
some
Hook.
V. gigantea
The
California to Sitka.
seeds are eaten
when young,
seeds are eatable,
Indians.'
Gray remarks that the
like green peas.
Europe, northern Africa and Asia.
some places as a
by the
hairy tare.
V. hirsuta S. F. Gray,
in
said to be cultivated in
is
United States near the coast.
nattiralized in the
This species
This plant
lentil.
is
said
by Loudon
'
to be cultivated
naturalized in the United States from Massa-
is
chusetts to Virginia.'
V.
monanthos Desf.
This
a lens cultivated by the French.*
is
narbonne vetch.
V. narbonensis Linn,
Orient and Mediterranean region.
This species
The
to be the original of the English bean.
supposed by Targioni-Tozzetti
seeds are of excellent quality.'
wood vetch.
V. pallida Turcz.
Himalayan
is
This vetch has been cultivated chiefly in cold, northern regions,

It is fotmd wild even within the arctic regions.'
regions.
being remarkably hardy.

V. pisiformis Linn.
This
Europe.
is
is
some
cultivated in
V. sativa Linn.
the
places as a
tare,
du Canada
lentille
white vetch.
North Africa and the
Eiu-ope,
of the French and, according to Loudon,*
lentil.
Orient.
In 1686, according to Ray,' this tare was
grown throughout Europe for feeding animals. There are a number of varieties, the
most prominent of which are the spring and winter tares. The seed of the white vetch
is
eaten in some countries.
nor nutritious.
In
many
The
'"
to be neither very palatable

cantons of France, the seeds are, however, eaten in soup and
seeds are said
by Johnson
enter into the composition of flours vised for breadmaking."
bush vetch.
V. sepitun Linn,
Northern Asia, Himalayan regions and Europe.

Brown, R.
'
'
Loudon,
J.
C.
Man.
Gray, A.
Enc. Agr. 843.

Bot. 139.
(Ervum hirsulum)
1883.
(Ervum monanthos)
Mueller,?.
'Morton
"
1868.
1866.
1868.
Vilmorin Les Pis. Polag. 320.

'
Sel. Pis. $05.
Cyc. i4gr. 2:1071.
1891.
1869.
8th Ed.
{V. sylvatica)
Loudon,
J.
C.
Enc. Agr. 843.
1866.
Loudon,
J.
C.
Enc. Agr. 841.
1866.
Johnson, C. P.
" Bon Jard. 621.
" Johnson, C.
P.
The
1862.
1882.
1862.
1855.
seeds
may
be used as food."

large Russian vetch.
V. villosa Roth,
This species has been cultivated of late years with

parts of northern and central Europe.
Russia.
Victoria regia Lindl.
water
Nymphaeceae.
The Spaniards
Guiana.
597
collect the seeds
lily,
water
and eat them
much
success in several
maize.
roasted.*
Vigna catjang Walp. Leguminosae. cowpea. Jerusalem pea. marble pea.

East Indies. This plant is cultivated in Portugal and Italy.^ In India, varieties
with white, brown and black seeds are cultivated.'
esteemed as an
In Martinique, the seeds are highly

In the southern states, this species has many permanent
article of food.
Red Cowpea, Black-eyed pea and so on. So conspicuous is this species that
some localities it is made to carry the name of all others, all being referred to as the
varieties, as
in
This plant
cowpea.*
feet in length, contain
form a considerable
The
called koondii.
and
pods, which are often
clay pea.
cultivated at
This plant
seeds are eaten.'
There are several
pulse.'
Karagwe on the upper

is
commonly
varieties of this
bean
from
where
Nile,
cultivated about
Bombay
their form,
by
the other kinds in the beans being truncated at either end. '
all
it is
in India, white, red, dim,
green, black; they vary also greatly in size but are distingioished
differs
two
a number of pea-like seeds, called by the Hindus chowlee, and

In China, the green pods are used as a vegetable.^
native of tropical Africa;
for its pods
its
article of food.
Chinese dolichos.
V. glabra Savi.
extensively cultivated in India for
is
which
Firminger
'
however, as a bean of indifferent quality. In China, the pods are eaten as

In Egypt, it furnishes a vegetable food.'" In the Barbados, this species
furnishes the calavances, or red beans, of Long " and is also called Chinese dolichos and
speaks of
it,
a string bean.
The
clay pea.'^
pulse
V. lanceolata Benth.
is
called
by the Hindus
chowlu,
by the Chinese
tow-cok.
vigna.
Tropical and subtropical Australia.
According to Mueller," the plant
for culinary purposes.
Villaresia
congonha Miers.
The
Brazil.
Masters,
'
'
M.
Unger, F.
Roxburgh,
Olacineae.
leaves, dried
T.
and pulverized, are used as tea
Treas. Bot. 2:1215.
1870.
1859.
W.
Hort. Beng. 55.
1814.
West. Farm. Almanac.
<Stille, J. P.
Dom.
'
Smith,
'
Pickering, C.
'
Pickering, C.
Elliott,
J.
W.
Bot. 418.
1871.
Bot. Sec. Edinb. 7:293.
Firminger, T. A. C.
'
1881.
Card. Ind. 149.
Unger, F.
"
Long, E.
"
Schomburgkh, R. H.
Hist.
Mueller, F.
Jam. 786.
1774.
Hist. Barb. 606.
Sel. Pis. 507.
1891.
1879.
{Dolichos catjang)
in Brazil.
is
available
598
\ôla odorata Linn.
violet.
Violarieae.
This violet
Europe, Africa and northern Asia.
Turks
wild okra.
violet,
The
plant
is
mucilaginous and
the southern United States for making soup and

Vitex cienkowskii Kotschy
The
Tropical Africa.
ingly
by the natives
esteemed by the Egyptians and
which they make of violet sugar dissolved in water.
for use in sorbet,
V. palmata Linn,
is
&
is
is
in
employed by negroes
called wild okra.'
Verbenaceae.
Peyr.
sweet, olive-shaped fruit, says Schweinfurth,*
is
relished exceed-
of central Africa.
V. doniana Sweet.
The
Tropical Africa.
and yellow plums
fruit is eatable, says Sabine,'
but
is inferior
of .that country.
\^tis acetosa F. Muell.
Ampelideae.
Australian grape.
The stems are herbaceous rather than shrubby, erect.

with
acidity and proves valimble in cases of scurvy.
pervaded
Australia.
is
to both the sugar
The whole
The
plant
berries
are
edible.*
V. acida Chapm.
The whole
South America and West Indies.
plant has an acid taste.*
V. adnata Wall.
The
bunch grape, pigeon grape, summer grape.

America. The berries are pleasant and the flowers fragrant.
V. aestivalis Michx.
Êastern
referred to
by Wood
in his
New
England's Prospects as the
which groweth in the Islands, which
sooner ripe and more
is
"
This grape
is
smaller kinde of grape
delectable."
As
it
occurs
and has produced, according to William Savmwild,

presents many
ders,* the ctiltivated forms known as Lenoir, Herbemont, Devereaux, Alvey, Cynthiana
and Norton's Virginia; according to Ravenel, Clinton and Delaware. This species was
varieties in its fruit
it
introduced into England in 1656.9

V. africana Spreng.
Tropical Africa.
'
Porcher, F. P.
'
Schweinfurth, G.
Mueller, P.
'Don, G.
'Wood, W.
Saunders,
Loudon,
"Don,
G.
Heart Afr. 1:221.
Sel. Pis. 508.
eatable.'"
1869.
1874.
Lond. S'-455-
1824.
{V.umbrosa)
1891.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. 1 :6gi.
1831.
Unger, P.
and
berries are black
Tratis. Hort. Soc.
Sabine, J.
<
The
(Cissus acida)
1859.
(Cissus latifolia)
New Eng. Prosp. 20. 1865.

W. Amer. Pom. Soc. 70. 1879.
J.
C.
Arb. Frut. Brit, i:\y9.
Hist. Dichl.
Ph. i:6g4.
1854.
1831.
(Ampelopsis botria)
STURTEVANT
599
V. antarctica Benth.
This species
East Australia.
is
an evergreen, bearing small and edible
berries.'
arborea Linn.
The
Orient and North America.
matured, but Nuttall
fruit is said to
says, to his taste,
it is
become agreeable when
perfectly
always nauseous.
canyon grape.
V. arizonica Engelm.
The
Arizona and Utah.
fruit is small,
borne in small clusters and
is
said to be quite
luscious.'
V. aixriculata Wall.
Himalayan
region,
Burma and
The
Java.
berries are large
and
juicy.*
V. berlanderi Planch.
Texas and northern Mexico.

remarkably
V. bicolor Le Conte.
New
erally
The
^
small, fruit.
This vine bears a very large cluster of

is
quality
summer grape.
blue grape,
to
though
rich,
fine for wine.'
North Carolina and westward.
The
Hampshire
sweet and agreeable.'
berries are small
and gen-
V. caesia Sabine.
The
Tropical Africa.
round and black, with an austere, acid taste not
berries are
very agreeable to Europeans; the grapes are eaten chiefly

fond of them.
by the
negroes,
who
are very
V. califomica Benth.
The quantity of the fruit that an Indian will consume

The ancient Pueblo Indians were in the habit of culti-

at one time
scarcely credible.
is
vating this grape as
is
evident from the pecialiar distribution of the plant near reined
In Arizona, near Fort Whipple, they are foimd arranged in rows and the
vines are very old.* The berry is small and round and much resembles the ordinary
settlements.
grape of
frost
New
England but
it is
larger,
more
juicy
and
richer in flavor.
V. candicans Engelm.
The
beneath which
is
This species bears

tough pulp
'
'"
but
cuticle containing
a red and very acid
fruit lonfit for eating
may have
Sel. Pis. 50^.
Nuttall, T.
Gen. No. Amer. Pis. 1:1^.
Mueller, F.
1891.
Col. i
105.
Munson Card. Forest 475. 1890.

Munson Amer. Card. 12:659. 1891.
'
'Sabine,
*U.
S.
J.
1857.
1870.
Card. Forest 475.
1818.
1880.
Trans. Hort. Sac. Land. 5:447.
D. A.Rpt. 41$.
Munson
(V. baudiniana)
1880.
Sel. Pis. 348.
'
1890.
juice.
The
true pulp
owing to the biting pungency of
promise as a wine grape.
Mueller, F.
Brewer and Watson Bo'.
berries are large, black or dark purple; skin thin,
1824.
its
is
skin
edible.
and the
600
V. capensis Burm.
The beny
South Africa.
DC.
V. caribaea
said to be excellent but with a different flavor from our
Good Hope.'
brought to the table at the Cape of
It is
grapes.
is
caribean grape.
West Indies and moist
thickets in Florida
and along the shores
of the Gulf of
Mexico
This grape was found in Arkansas by Nuttall.'' Its grapes

and generally impalatable, yet sometimes it has fruit agreeably acid. Its
to be so full of sap as to be used in the West Indies to allay thirst.' Sloane *
as far as southern Texas.

are small, sour
vines are said
says, in Jamaica, it is red or deep purple
Loudon
well as astringent.
when
says
it
The
and the
size of
a currant and agreeably
was introduced into England
chicken grape,
V. cordifolia Michx.
black
'
frost grape,
fruit
hangs
acid, as
in 1800.
winter grape.
in short clusters, is dark purple, almost
with a dark blue bloom, about the size of a large pea.
It is very acid,
but
with
a
taste
and
without
Emerson,'
rich,
says
pleasant,
spicy
any acerbity remaining
Natural varieties of this grape have been transferred to gardens in Massaafter eating.
chusetts
"
oval,
ripe,
and the
berries of these plants are described as of

"
"
sweet and spicy,"
round and sweet,"
sweet
has been strongly recommended for wine-maMng.

black
Some
"
a juicy, agreeable, wine taste,"
and agreeable." This species

have red, others
of the varieties
fruits.
V. elongata Wall.
The
East Indies.
berries are large
and
juicy.'
V. geniculata Miq.
Java.
The
fruit is eaten.*
V. heterophylla Thimb.
China and Japan.
The
leaves are used for food.'
V. hypoglauca F. Muell.
East Australia.
This species
is
an evergreen climber of enormous
berries attain the size of small cherries."
V. imperialis Miq.
Sumatra and Borneo.
Lindley, J.
Its berries are large
Buckley U. S. Pat. Of. Rpt. 483.
and
1824.
juicy."
(^Cissus capensis)
1861.
Ibid.
Loudon,
J.
C.
1854.
Ibid.
'
Emerson, G. B.
'Mueller, F.
'
Don, G.
Trees, Shrubs
Sel. Pis. $10.
Mass. 2: 52)A-
Hist. Dichi. Pis. i:6g3.
Bretschneider, E.
"Mueller,?.
" Ibid.
Bot. Sin. $1.
Sel. Pis. 510.
1875.
1891.
1891.
1831.
1882.
{Cissus elongata)
length.
The black
STURTEVANT
60I
V. indica Linn.
The
East Indies and India.
small berries are edible.'
skunk grape.
fox grape,
V. labrusca Linn,
probably the grape seen by the Northmen at Vinland, when the two Scotch slaves sent out to explore brought back a bunch of grapes in
This
is
This grape was mentioned by Edward Winslow^ in Massachusetts,
1006.
"white
and very sweet and strong
ajid red
1621,
as
Master Graves' says "vines doe

I saw; some I have seen
also."
grow here plentifully laden with the biggest grapes that ever
The
four inches about."
fox grape
is
often mentioned
by the
colonists.
In 1769, the
made upwards of one hundred hogsheads of strong

wine from the wild grape. The fruit varies much in size, color and taste, and some of
the natural varieties are very fair fruit and may be fovmd even now around many New
French
settlers
on the
River
Illinois
England homesteads, although they all have more or less of the strong, musky flavor,
which in some varieties is disagreeably intense. Emerson * says he has gathered grapes
in the woods decidedly superior to the Isabella.
This species has given origin to
many
cultivated varieties, such as Isabella, Concord,
Moore's Early and Hartford Prolific. Emerson * says also, the Catawba, Blands Grape,
The Isabella
Schuylkill, Elsinberg and others; Ra venal includes Diana and Rebecca.
and Catawba were introduced to notice
Concord about
in 1816, the
Diana was
1854.
and Moore's Early for the first time in 1872. At the present time,
of American grapes are approved by the American Pomological Society,
exhibited in 1843,
1879, 46 varieties
and many others are before the public on probation. Oh account of the immunity of the
grape vines derived from this species from the phylloxera, large numbers of vines have been
exported to France for use in vineyards as stocks for grafting.
promises to be as prolific of valtmble varieties as
is
At
present, this species
the V. vinifera of Europe and Asia.
V. latifolia Roxb.
The
East Indies.
V. linsecomii Buckl.
Texas.
pine-wood grape,
The grapes
post-oak grape,
turkey grape.
are from one-half to three-quarters of an inch in diameter, of
a deep purple, tender, pleasant and
free
from musky
flavor.
It is cultivated in
a few
gardens in Texas.'
V. monticola Buckl.
mountain grape.
Texas; occasionally activated in gardens.
The
berries are large, white or
colored; skin thin; pulp tender, juicy and sweet.'
'MueUer, F.
'Young, A.
Sel. Pis. ^lo.
1891.
Chron. Pilgr. 234.
1841.
'
Mass. Hist. Soc.
Emerson, G. B.
Trees,
Emerson, G. B.
Trees, Shrubs
'
Coll. ist Ser.
1:124.
Reprint of 1792.
1875.
Mass. 2:531.
1875.
Unger, F.
Buckley U.
Ibid.
1806.
Shrubs Mass. 2:532.
1859.
1861.
amber-
6o2
y. mutabilis Miq.
The
Java.
berries are large
and
edible.*
V. opaca F. Muell.
The
East Australia.
vine produces as
as eight to ten large tubers.
many
Though
sought by the natives for food.^
insipid, these are eagerly
& Am.
V. pallida Wight
The
berries are large, edible
and
particularly sweet.'
V. quadrangularis Wall.
The
Arabia to India and central Africa.

shoots
and
leaves are used
by
The
and very
grapes
and the young
riverbank grape.
frost grape,
V. riparia Michx.
berries are eaten in India,
the natives as a potherb. *'
berries are usually small, blackish or amber-colored
This species has given origin to the CUnton, Taylor, Elvira and other
acid.
now under
cioltivation.
V. rotundifolia Michx.
muscadine,
bullace.
southern fox grape,
This species bears
scuppernong.
its berries in loose clusters, scarcely
exceeding five or six berries, changing from reddish-brown to black in ripening, with a thick
and large pulp.
skin
In a cultivated form,
In the southern states,
it
occurs in several white and black varieties.
is
highly relished and
The
berries are esculent.*
it
is
used for domestic winemaking.
V. rubifoUa Wall.
Himalayan
regions.
bush grape,
V. rupestris Scheele.
mountain grape,
rock grape, sand grape, sugar
grape.
Southwestern America.
This species
upright and but two or three feet high.
is
the mountain grape of Texas.
The bunches
The stems
are small and the berries are of
the size of peas, black and very sweet and grateful to the taste.
V. schimperiana Hochst.
Abyssinia.
Barter compares the edible berries to clusters of Frontignac
V. sicyoides Miq.
Tropical America.
The black
berries are eaten.*
V. thrysiflora Miq.
The
Sumatra.
Mueller, F.
'
berries are large
Sel. Pis. 510.
Card. Chron. 365.

Mueller, F.
'Wight, R.
'Ainslie,
Don, G.
W.
'Don, G.
1891.
1876.
Ind. Bol. 1:151.
Afo/. /nd. 2:303.
Hist.
'Mueller, F.
DicM.
Pis. 1:711.
Sel. Pis. 513.
Sel. Pis. 510.
1840.
{Cissus quadrangularis)
1826.
1831.
1891.
Hist. Dichl. Pis. i:6()i.
MueUer, F.
edible. '
1866.
Sel. Pis. 255, 256.

Illustr.
and
1891.
1831.
(Cissus ovata)
are
grapes.''
603
V. trifolia Linn.
The
leaves are acid
and
edible.'
V. uvifera Baker.
The
Tropical Africa.
berries are black, ptalpy, of
an
austere, acid taste
but are eaten
by the natives.^
The European grape

Karamania. From Asia,
carried
it
wine grape.
European grape,
V. vinifera Linn.
found wild on the coast of the Caspian, in Armenia and in

passed into Greece and thence into Sicily. The Phocians
is
it
to the south of France; the
Romans
planted
it
on the banks of the Rhine.
This
and vineyards are

grape
figured under the Fourth (2440 B. C), Seventeenth (1680 B. C.) and Eighteenth (1525
B. C.) Dynasties in Egypt, and vineyards and wine are mentioned in the Scriptural history
is
of
Noah.
Virgil
'
we
nor imports
world has but multiplied
neither can recount
how numerous
its peculiarities.
the species, nor what are their names,
to comprise their number; which whoever would
it
how numerous
how many
know
the same
may
seek
by the zephyr; as to know

when Eurus, more violent, falls
are the sands of the Libyan sea tossed
waves of the Ionian sea come to the shores,
In the time of Chaptal,^ about 1825, there were 1400 varieties entunerated
upon the ships."

in the
Full details of wine-making
culture.
Its introduction into all parts of the

"
says
to learn
most ancient
of the
Lvtxembourg catalog obtained from France alone; the Geneva catalog numbered
600; Presl
*
Redding notices 12 kinds near
The Pinceau variety of France was
describes 44 varieties as cultivated in Sicily;
and Bumes
Shiraz, Persia;
'
10 kinds at Cabul.
known as long ago as 1394.'

Some believe that the vine was introduced
England by the Romans, while,

brought by the Phoenicians, who also have the credit of
according to others,
it
was
having transplanted
it
from Palestine to the
English chronicles
first
make mention
until the Reformation;
islands of the Mediterranean.
of vineyards,
but the English climate
and vine culture
"
is
The
earliest
said to have continued
not suitable and the grape is grown only

The vine was brought to the New World
is
tmder glass except in a few favored locations.

in 1494 at Hayti,
into
cuttings from
European vines already began to

In 1741, there were some thousands of vines from Portugal thriving
at Augusta, Georgia,'" and there are accoimts of this vine in New Albion in 1647."
There
are accounts of wine-making from grapes of unknown species in Virginia in 1630, 1647,
by Colimibus, and,
form their clusters."
U. S. Pat. Of. Rpi. 359.
Unger, F.
'Don, G.
'
'
W.
J.
1859.
Journ. Bot. 1:106.
i860.
i860.
Daubeny, C.
Irving,
W.
Desc.
New
Trees, Shrubs Anc. 71.
Columbus i:z&o.
^Desc.Ga.n.
i^
{Cissus crenata)
Virgil Ceorgics lib. 2, verse 103-108.
'Hooker,
'
1859.
1831.
1741.
Albion
i.
1834.
1865.
1848.

1648.
1838.
1838.
6o4
1651; in Massachusetts, in 1634; in Pennsylvania, in 1683

1804.
In Chile and in California,
duction was due to the
its
and 1685; and
culture seems successful.
Missions which
in Indiana in
In California,
its intro-
were mainly established from 1769 to 1820.
Except in California, here and there a single vine in exceptional localities may succeed.
The currant, or Zante, grape is the variety which furnishes the dried currants of
commerce, the
individtial grapes being
no
larger than peas, entirely free
from seeds and
This vine was introduced into the United States in 1855 and is
now grown in California, where, however, it troubles the cultivator by occasionally producing seeds. At present, our supply of currant grapes comes from the Ionian Islands
of
an agreeable
flavor.
chiefly but they are also
not succeed upon the
and flooded
of drainage
in France.
Unlike other grape vines, this, in Zante, will
but flourishes in low lands, retentive of moisture, incapable
grown
hills
for
two months
Voandzeia subterrana Thou.
of the year.
Leguminosae.
groundnut.
African tropics; extensively cultivated from

Natal,
esculent pods
its
Bambarra and the coast
and seeds forming a common
article of food.
of
Guinea to
In 1682, Father
name of incuntbe, growing tmder

a musquet-ball and very wholesome and well tasted."
Merolla describes this species in the Congo under the

ground.
Montiero
The
plant
He
'
is
it
says
is
." it
saj^,
like
is
commonly found now
Voyria rosea Aubl.
in Brazil
and
the surrounding district.
in Surinam.
Gentianeae.
The tuberous
Guiana.
Cambambe and
sparingly cultivated at
roots are baked
and eaten
in Gviiana like potatoes.
They
are of a reddish color externally and white within.^
Washingtonia filifera H. Wendl. Palmae.

This palm is found in rocky canyons near San Felipe, Cahfomia, attaining a height
of 50 feet.
The frtiit is small, black, ptdpy and is used as food by the Indians.
Weinmannia racemosa Linn.
New Zealand.
a
fruit the color
f.
Saxifrageae.
This tree resembles the beech in leaf and general appearance and bears
and
size of
Willughbeia edulis Roxb.
a Damson plum.
The
fruit is
sweet and pleasant.'
Apocynaceae.
Himalayas, Bmraa, India and Malay. The fniit is of a dark orange color, the size
of a large lemon, and is filled with a soft, yellowish pulp, in which are immersed a few
seeds the size of a horse bean.
DC.
Wistaria chinensis
The
China.
thought good by the natives.*
Leguminosae.
wistaria.
flowers are used for food.'
'
Montiero,
'
Masters,
Card. Chron. 703.
Roxburgh, W.
J. J.
M.
It is
T.
Treas. Bot. 2:1225.
1841.
Pis.
Bretschneider, E.
1875.
1870.
(Leiospermum racemosum)
Coram,
y.-jy.
Bot. Sin. $2.
1819.
1882.

Xanthinm strumarium Linn.
Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge.
The
Sapindaceae.
and
flowers, leaves
Xanthorrhoea arborea R. Br.
An
bur weed.
Compositae.
In China, the leaves and shoots are eaten as a vegetable.^
Cosmopolitan.
China.
605
used for food.'
grass gum tree.
Juncaceae.
The
tree.
Australian
fruit are
white
tender,
center
of
the
leaves
is
used
as
vegetable.'
grass tree.
X. hastilis R. Br.
The
Southern Australia.
having a milky taste with a
Xanthosoma
Lunan
and
far
from disagreeable,
balsamic flavor.*
slight,
sagittifolium Schott.
Aroideae.
This plant
Tropical America.
table.
tender, inner leaves are esodent
generally planted in Jamaica for the use of the
is
says, in wholesomeness
and
delicacy,
The
with any European vegetable whatever.
it
is
and
superior to spinach
roots are said to be edible.
vies
Starch
is
obtained from the rootstocks.*
Ximenia americana Linn.

Cosmopolitan
able taste.^
The
The
fruits
plant bears round, orange-colored
islands of the Pacific
fruits, of
fruit,
is
which the natives of the
Ocean are very fond, though they are rather
ripe they possess a powerful odor of essential
which
seaside plum.
resemble yellow plimis, are edible and of an agreehave an acid-sweet, aromatic taste, with some degree of austerity.'
tropics.
They
hog plum,
Olacineae.
about the
a pigeon's egg,
size of
Xylopia aethiopica A. Rich.
Anonaceae.
of almonds.^
oil
is
tart.
Fiji
and other
Before they are
In the Circars,
its
yellow
eaten by the natives.'"
Ethiopian pepper,
guinea pepper,
negro
pepper.
A tall shrub whose fruit, consisting of a nimiber of smooth, pod-like

about
the
thickness
of a quill and two inches long, is dried and used instead of
carpels
pepper. The seeds have an aromatic, pimgent taste and were formerly sold in English
Tropical Africa.
name
shops under the

'
Smith, F. P.
Bretschneider, E.
'
Smith, A.
Pickering, C.
'
Lunan,
'
M.
'
Smith, A.
'
Ibid.
1871.
1870.
1879.
18 14.
Treas. Bot. 2:1239.
Treas. Bot. 2:1241.
1870.
1875.
1870.
etliptica)
Pickering, C.
"Don,
2:1239.
T.
Guinea pepper and Negro pepper."
1882.
U. S. D. A. Rpt. 156.
( X.
G.
Med. China 233.
Bol. Sin. 52.
Hort. Jam. 1:415.
'Vasey, G.
>
Contrib. Mat.
7"reoj. Bo<.
J.
Masters,
of Ethiopian pepper,
Chron. Hist. Pis. ^56.
1879.
1831.
{X. spinosa)
Unona
aethiopica)
606
X. fmtescens Aubl.
The
Tropical America.
Guiana instead
negroes in
The wood, bark and
Jamaica.
berries
have an agreeable,
Freshly gathered from the
that of the orange seed.
and
and are used by the
bitterwood.
X. glabra Linn,
palate
seeds have an acrid, aromatic taste
of pepper.'
bitter taste, not tmlike
tree, the berries are agreeable to the
grateful to the stomach.'
X. sericea A. St. Hil.
Arruda
Brazil.
'
says the capsules have the taste and pungency of black pepper
and are used by many as a
The
fruit,
says
be employed as a
spice in cooking
and by some are preferred even to pepper.

is not as strong.
It can
has the odor and taste of pepper but
St. Hilaire,^
spice.
X. undulata Beauv.
It also furnishes
Tropical Africa.
Xysmalobium heudelotianuni Decne.
The
Tropical Africa.
negroes,
by whom
Asclepiadeae
plant has a watery, turnip-shaped root, called yakkop by the
&
K.
maguey.
Liliaceae.
The sweet and fermented
Venezuela.
spice.*
eaten.*
it is
Yucca acaulis H. B.
a similar
juice of this plant yields a spirit
by
distillation;
the yoimg leaves are eaten.'
Spanish bayonet.
Y. baccata Torr.
Southwestern North America and Mexico.
The
a large
fig
with
a sweet, edible pulp.* The Indians of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah are very fond of
the fruit and dry it for winter use. The young flower-buds, when about to expand, are
also roasted
but to Whites are insipid food.
Bartlett
'
saw
in
an Apache camp a pot
of
the flowers boiling for food.

edible;
needle palm.
adam's needle,
Y. filamentosa Linn,
they are called
The
datile.^"
This 5mcca bears

fruit,
large,
the size of a peach,
food.
Don, G.
Loudon,
'
Hist.
J.
Koster, H.
C.
DicM. Pis. 1:96.

Enc. Pis. 481.
Trav. Braz. 2: $62.
Saint Hilaire, A.
'
Treoi. Bo<. 1:564.
Smith, A.
Treas. Bot. 2:1243.
Torrey,
J.
rrati.
Bot. U. S.
1817.
1:484.
1870.
R.
Torrey, J.
Bot. V. S.
Unona carminativa)
1825.
{Habzelia undulata)
1870.
1889.
Mex. Bound. Surv. 2:221.
Explor. Texas 2:4.92.
Bartlett, J.
Merid. 1:33.
Smith, A.
'Humboldt, A.
"
Fl. Bras.
183 1.
1855.
1859.
1854.
Mex. Bound. Surv. 2:221.
1859.
Y. puberula)
fleshy
is
fruits
which are
used as an article of
'
607
Y. glauca Nutt.
The
America.
plant bears an edible fruit often three inches long
and one-half inch
across.'
Y. treculeana Carr.
Mexico and western Texas.

Zalacca
The
fruit is said to
resemble a
pawpaw and
to be edible.
Palmae.
affinis Griff.
This palm
Malay.
The
found in Malacca and
is
is
called
by the
natives salak batool.
fruit is edible.*
Z. conferta Griff.
Malay and Sumatra. The fruit is large, deep brown and hangs sometimes quite
down in the mud in deeply clustered branches, almost hidden by the half-decayed bracts.
The pulp surrounding the seeds is intensively acid and is much used by the Malays as
a condiment.
Z. edixlis Blimie.
Burma and Malay.
The
fruit is
much sought
after
by the Bimnese on account
of
the fleshy and juicy covering of the seeds, which has a pleasantly acid and refreshing taste.'
The fruit is eaten.* It is about the size of a walnut and is covered with scales like those
of
preserve
below the scales are two or three sweet, yellow kernels, which the Malays
lizard;
also
is
made
Zamia chigua Seem.
New
Cycadaceae.
The
Granada.
milk and sugar.
Bread
Z. fuifuracea Ait.
and reduced to a mash which
seeds are boiled
is
also
made from
Z. integrifolia Ait.
An
is
much used
in Jamaica.'
sago cycad.
Florida.
This cycad furnishes the Seminole Indians with their
arrowroot has been prepared from
it
at St. Augustine.
vated to a limited extent.'

Z. pumila Linn.
West
Case
Indies.
Bot.
GriiBth,
'
<
'
'
Palms
plant furnishes a kind of arrowroot. **
1880.
Brit.
Wallich PI. Asiat. 3:15.

Griffith,
W.
Palms
East Ind.
12.
Brit.
East Ind.
Seemann, B.
Bot. Voy. Herald 1:257.
J.
Porcher, P. P.
Balfour, J.
1853.
1882.
Man.
Bot. 601.
(/.
1875.
Torr. Bot. Club Bui. 22: 107.
H.
1830-32.
1850.
15.
Card. Chron. 584.
Smith,
1850.
Pis. 222, 223, 224.
Cook, Capt.
Havard, V.
>
The
Index 92.
W.
served with
sago cycad.
West Indies and

white meal.'
is
them.^
This plant yields a sago which
Mexico.
eat.
of the fruit.'
1875.
1869.
1893.
macrostachya)
It is
now
culti-
STURTEVANT
6o8
Z. tenuis Willd.
Bahama
The
Islands.
plant yields from
its
tmnk a
ptire starch,
used as a fine arrow-
root in the Bahamas.
2^thoxylum alatum Roxb.

Himalayas and China.
Rutaceae.
This
a small
is
as well as in India as a condiment.*
Its
tree,
the fruits of which are used in China
aromatic capsules are used as a condiment in
India.*
Z.
Wall.
budnmga
The
Himalayas and Burma.
capsules are used for their
warm,
spicy, pepper-like
pungency.'
DC.
Z. piperitum
The
China and Japan.

Z. rhetsa
DC.
East Indies.
The unripe
capsvdes are like small berries
The
a fresh orange.*
tasting like the peel of
On
bark, leaves and fruits are used as a spice.*
the Coromandel Mountains,
its
and are
gratefully aromatic,
seeds are used as a condiment in Malabar.*
aromatic bark
is
put in food as a condiment, and
its
seeds are used as a pepper substitute.'
Zea mays Linn.
corn,
Gratnineae.
The
Tropical America.
maize.
earliest record of
maize
is in
the Popol Vuh, the sacred book
Quicke Indians of western Guatemala, whose records extend back to the eighth
"
In Paxil, or Cayala (land of divided
In the Popol Vuh the legend runs:
century.
of the
and stagnant waters) as

are the
names
it is called,
of the barbarians
and the Crow
were the ears of yellow maize and of white.
These
who went to seek food- the Fox, the Jackal, the Paroquet
who made known to them the ears of the white maize
four barbarians
and of the yellow, who came to Paxil and guided them

obtained at last the food that was to enter into the flesh
thither.
of
There
man, of
man
it
was they
created and
this maize that

it was that was his blood, that became the blood of man
him by the provision of him who creates, of him who gives being. And they
that they had at last arrived in this most excellent land, so fidl of good things,
formed; this
entered into
rejoiced
where the white and yellow maize did abotmd, also the cacao, where were sapotes and
many fruits and honey all was overflowing with the best of food in this country of Paxil,
;
There was food of every kind; there were large and small plants, to which
the barbarians had guided them. Then they began to grind the yellow and white maize
and of them did Xmucane make nine drinks, which nourishment was the begiiming of
or Cayala.
Hanbury, D.
'Royle,
F.
J.
Set.
Papers 230.
Illustr. Boi.
1876.
Himal. 1:157.
1839.
Ibid.
*Don, G.
Wight, R.

Illustr.
Pickering, C.
'
Ibid.
1831.
Ind. Bot. 1:168.
1840.
187Q.
man
strength, giving unto
and
flesh
609
Such were the deeds of the begetter and
stature.
Thereupon they began to speak of creating our first

giver of being, Tepeuh, Gucumatz.
mother and our first father. Only yellow maize and white maize entered into their flesh
and these alone formed the legs and arms of man; and these were our first fathers, the four
men who were
formed, into whose flesh this food entered."
This Paxil, or Cayala,

Usimiacinta River, in what
suggested by Bancroft to have been the region of the
is
is
now
the Mexican province of Tabasco.
by an anonymous native
written in Aetec with Spanish letters
Pre-Toltec period,
it is
"
said:
At that time
Nahua
In a
record,
author, referring to the
Azcatl, the ant, going to Tonacatepetl,
mount
'
of our subsistence, for maize,
insisted
and repeated,
was met by Quetzalcoatl, who said where hast thou been

At first the ant woidd not tell but the Plumed Serpent
Tell me.'
to obtain that thing?

'
whither shall
'
They went
go?
morphosing himself into a black ant.
there together, Quetzalcoatl meta-
Tlattlauhqui Azcati, the yellow ant, accompanied
Quetzalocoatl respectfully, as they went to seek maize and brought
Then the gods began to
eat
and put some
of the
it
to Tamoanchan.
maize in our mouths that we might become
strong."
Another tradition of the Pre-Toltec period is also given by Bancroft * in which an

old man and old woman pulled out the broken teeth of precious stones from the jaw of
Vucub
Caldx, in which he took great pride,
age of
and substituted
grains of maize.
In the golden
Mexico, during the reign of Quetzalocoatl, tradition says, maize
was abundant,
and a head
of
was as much
as a
man
could carry clasped in his arms.
During the reign

which
Humboldt ascribes to 1250 A. D., the
of Nopaltzin, King of the Chichimecs,
cvdture of maize and the art of making bread, long neglected and in danger of being lost,
was revived by a Toltec named Xinhtlato. In Mexico, Centeotl was goddess of maize
it
'^
and had various
appellations, such
as Tonacajohua,
"
she
who
sustains us," Tzinteotl,
"original goddess," and during her festival a sort of porridge made of maize,
mazamorra, was given to the youths, who walked through the maize fields, carrying
called
stalks
maize and other herbs called mecoatl with which they afterwards strewed the image
of the god of cereals that every one had in his house.
of
At harvest time
com
fields,
in cloth
in Quegolani, the priests of
sought the fairest and best-filled
and
ear,
at next seedtime, with processions
the maize god, ceremonially visited the

which, after worshipping, they wrapped
and solemn
deer skin, in a hole lined with stems in the midst of the
came,
if
it
were a
fruitful
one, the
rites,
fields.
earth was dug up and
buried,
When
wrapped
in
another harvest
the decayed remains dis-
happy populace as talismans against all kinds of evil. The

Mexican god Tlaloc is represented with a stalk of maize in the one hand and in the other
an instrument with which he is digging the ground.
This sanguinary deity seems to
tributed in small parcels to the
have required the sacrifice of a boy in April, whose dead body was put in the granaries
or the fields.
In the great temple at Mexico, there was a chapel dedicated to the god
Cinteutl, called Cinteupan, the
'
Bancroft, H. H.
'
Pickering, C.
Native Races s:iy 3.
Charnay No. Amer. Rev. 306.
20
god
1880.
of
maize and of bread.

1886.
1879.
In 1880, Charnay' found
6io
a statue
in
Mexico upon whose base, among other
things, are sculptured representations
com.
-of ears of
by Europeans on the mainland, in 1498, on the shore of the Gulf

In
of Paria, where the natives brought to the ships maize and a beverage made therefrom.'
full
of
maize
and
cultisix
of
"saw
above
leagues
ground
1503, Diego Bartholemew'
Maize was seen
first
"
they have plenty of a very palatable kind of beer made

Vasco
of maez."
Nunez,* is 13. speaks of maize at Darien. In 1520, the Spaniards in their
battle with the Tepeacans were embarrassed by the tall maize that covered part of the plain.
As
vated."
Cortez
where
it
for liquor,
he
com
also found
says,
in
Honduras
in plantations
had previously been seen by Columbus
'
in
and everywhere throughout Yucatan,

In this region, Morelet,' more
1502.
than three centuries later found the plains covered with maize often seven to eight metres
in height.
the ear ripens in two months after planting; Oviedo

is
Humboldt
the varieties cultivated in Mexico,
Among
'
'
mentions one in which
mentions one in Nicaragua which
reaped in between 30 and 40 days from planting.
The
com
seen by Europeans was
by Colimibus,
in
November,
1492, in
Cuba,
a kind of grain called maiz, of which was made a very well-tasted flour."' Peter Martyr,"
"
in his First Decade, said by Robertson to have been written in 1493, says,
the panicum
first
"
by a spanne, somewhat sharpe towards the ende and as bygge

brawne:
the grains whereof are set in a marvellous manner and are
ye
in forme somewhat lyke a Pease.
Whyle they be soure and vmripe, they are whyte but
of this country
as a man's
is
arme
when they are
longer
in
they be very blacke, and when they be broken, they be whiter then
snowe: this kynde of grayne they call maizim." In his Third Decade he adds, "bearing
also more than a thousand graynes."
Acosta," strangely enough, says that this grain
ripe,
occurred on the mainland but that he did
"
not find that in old time, on the islands of
Barloventa, as Cuba, S. Dominique, Jamaigue, and
S.
Jean, that they used mayo."
Gomara,'^ however, asserts that the islanders were acquainted with maize and Oviedo
describes maize without
In 1564,
Hispaniola.
the eare whereof
is
any intimation of its being a plant that was not natural to

Hawkins " found maize at Margarita Island " in bigness of a pease,
much
like to
teasell
but a span in length, having thereon a niunber
of grains."
'
'
'
'
'
Irving,
W.
Columbus 2:116.
Harshberger, J.
W.
Maize
1849.
137.
1893.
Narrative.
Hakl. Soc. Ed.
Andagoya, P. de.
W.
H.
Mex.
Prescott,
Conq.
3:284.
1843.
Columbus 2:335. 1849.
Irving, W.
29.
Morelet Trav. Cent. Amer. 326. 1871.

Humboldt, A. Polit. Essay New Spain 2:313.
1 865.
181
1.
Ibid.
^''
Knox Coll.
Eden Hist.
Voy. 1:83.
Trav. 10.
" Acosta Nat. Mar.

"
C.
Pickering,
1767.
1577.
Hist. Ind. 254.
Geog. Dist.
" Hawkins Second

Voyage.
1604.
Hakl. Soc. Ed.
Ans. Pis. Pt. 1:135.

1863.
1877.
1880.
6l
In South America, in 1498. maize was brought to Columbus ' off the coast of Venezuela.
In 1541, Benzoni ^ speaks of the wine of maize, made in the region of the Gulf of Paria.
Hans
Stade,' about 1550, during his captivity in eastern Brazil, speaks of maize under
and milhe deGuine.
In 1520, Magellan found maize

maiz
at Rio
by the Indians. In 1596,
says
"
^
Masham says that in Guiana there is great store of Guiny- wheat (whereof they make
pas.sing good drinke) which after it is once sowed, if you cut off the eare, in the same stalke
the
names
abaty, abatij, abashi, ubatim,
Nienhoff
Janeiro, and, in 1647,
it
was
called
Dobrizhofifer,' 1749-67, speaks of several kinds
groweth another."
grown
the best known, the ahati hata, composed of very hard grains; the abati
sists of
in Paraguay:
ntoroti,
which con-
very soft and white ones; the abati miri, which ripens in one month and has very
which are
all, the grains of
small, dwarfish grains; and bisingallo, the most famous of
On
angular and pointed.

at the Isle of
the western coast, maize was found by Cavendish' in 1587
Mocha and on
In 1649, Alonzo de Ovalle
the coast of Chile.
ordinary diet of the people of Chile
is
boiled maize.
'
says the
Molina,' 1787, says eight or nine
varieties are cultivated, one called curagua having smaller grains than the other
varieties.
This seems to have been a pop com, as under Zea curagua, the Valparaiso com, Loudon
says a distinct variety, to which a sort of religious reputation
is
'"
attached, on account of
when roasted, split regularly in the form of a cross.

In Peru, Squier " found in an ancient burial place ears of maize, thick, short and
the grains which,
and a very good carving
variegated,
long and
in
a variegated talc of an ear of maize three inches
of just proportions, besides one jar filled with maize.
Tschudi ^ describes two
kinds which were taken from tombs, apparently dating back to the dynasty of the Incas.
Darwin " fotmd on the
identical with those taken
com, apparently
de
la
Vega
'*
coast, at 85 feet elevation,
two kinds
says there are
called muruchu, the other tender
and
embedded amidst
shells,
a head of Indian
from the old Peruvian tombs.
of sara, the Inca
called capia.
name
for maize, the one
De la Vega "
Garcilasso
hard and
sa)^ the Peruvians
made
a beverage from the stalks before they were ripe.

So much was this grain esteemed that the palace gardens of the Incas were decorated
with maize in gold and silver, with all the grains, stalks, spikes, leaves, and, in one instance,
"
"
in
the gardens of gold and silver there was an entire com field of some size, representing
'
Irving,
W.
Columbus 2:116.
New
Benzoni Hist.
*
*
Captiv.
Hans
Stade.
Churchill CoW. Koy. 2:135.
'Masham
1849.
World.
'732.
Raleigh's Third Voy. Guiana.
Dobrizhoffer Acct. Abipone 1:425.
''
Lives, Voy. Drake. Cavendish
'
Churchill CoW. Koy. 3:73.
Molina
Hjj/.
" Loudon,
"Squier,
J.
E.G.
"Darwin, C.
" Darwin, C.
"
Vâ Roy.
" Vâ Roy.
CMi
C.
1:90.
I T,2.
1749-67.
1854.
1808.
1866.
1877.

Voy.
H. M.
Hakl. Voy. 11:14.
1732.
Enc. Agr. 829.
Peru gi.
1857.
1874.
S. Beagle 370.
1893.
1884.
Comment.
1871-
Comment.
1871.
1904.
6i2
the maize in
its
De
natural shape.
la
Vega
'
notices the curious
workmanship with which
the golden ear was half-disclosed amidst the broad leaves of silver and the light tassel
of the
same material that
floated gracefully
was surrounded with broad
fields of
yearly produce was distributed
from
At
its top.
Titiaca, the sacred temple
maize, which imbibed a portion of
among
its sanctity,
and the
the different public magazines, in small quantities
would sanctify the remainder of the store.' Acosta' says

they take a certain portion of the most fruitful of the maize that grows on their farms,
"
the which they put in a certain grenier which they do call Pirua, with certain ceremonies,
to each, as something that
watching them nights: they put this
Mays
in the richest
garment they have, and being
thus wrapped and dressed, they worship this Pirua and hold
it is
the mother of the
and
is
it
in great veneration, saying
Mays of their inheritance, and that by this means the mays augments
"
the corn-stalks with many ears or with
Rivers and Tschudi say,
preserved."
double ears were considered as sacred things but not as Deities: they were called by the
Indians Hirantazara, or Aryherazara, because they danced with the dance Arihuay, when
com was
the
suspended by branches of willow; in the same way did they worship the
ears,
the grains of which were of various colors, or were arranged in rows, imited in the shape
of a cone."
^
In 1532-50, Cieza de Leon
and
of four colors: red, white, yellow
made
in
fields,
requiring four
months
com at Tarma as being small-grained and

Hemdon * says, on the Montana, three crops
Gibbon,' 1851, describes the
for its growth.
are
found maize abundant in
On
a year.
compact, vitreous grains.

the ancient Peruvians,
of fish together with
the Island of Titraca, says Squier,^ the stalks of the maize are
and the
scarcely three feet high,
blue.
On
ears,
not longer than one's
the coast of Peru,
"
sajre
de
finger, are closely
la
covered with
Vega,' the sowing
is
done by
holes with thick stakes, into which they put the heads
by making
two or three grains
This seems to be the same method
of maize."
now
vogue among the Indians in some parts of Mexico and as described in part by
'
Bancroft, for the ancient Aztecs.
in
The
mention of corn in the present territory of the United States and Canada,
seems to have been in the Icelandic Sagas. At Hop, supposed by Prof. Rafn
to be in
first
'
the vicinity of Tatmton River, Massachusetts, Karlsefne, in 1006,
land
self
sown
fields of
somewhat.""
rose
Vâ
ICarlsefne
'^
is
1869.
1869.
'
Acosta Nat. M.-r. Hist. Ind. 403.
Markham, C. R.
Hemdon, W.
Hemdon, W.
1604.
Hakl. Soc. Ed.
1880.
L..
and Gibbon,
L.
Explor. Vail.
Amaz.
L.,
and Gibbon,
L.
Explor. Vail.
Amaz. 1:86.
2:1.
Peru 341. 1877.

Hakl. Soc. Ed. 2:13. 1871.
Vega. Roy. Comment.
Native Races 1:625.
Bancroft, H. H.
1875.
'Squier, E. G.
Rafn Voy. Northmen Amer. Prince Soc. Ed. 116.

" Karlsefne
Prince Soc. Ed.
Voy. Northmen Amer.
^''
"
Ibid.
1877.
51.
it
two Scotch people to explore and
said to have sent out
Roy. Comment.
'
foimd there upon the
wheat, there where the ground was low but vines there where
*Ve%3i Roy. Comment.
'
"
1877.
1864
1854.
1854.

"
when they returned they brought back

wheat."
with a wooden
shed?), but
(com
Komhjaknr
a bunch of grapes and a new sowen ear of
on an island
Again, in 1002, Thorwald,^

"
613
far to the
westward of Vinland,
saw no other
"
met
signs of inhabitants, nor of
wild beasts.
The
first
by Narvaez
mention
more modem time
in
in 1528.^
De
Dtiring
is
and westward, where it was found

1540, maes was fotmd everywhere
in Florida
Soto's invasion,
along his route, from Florida, Alabama, to the upper part of Mississippi, probably on the
western bank of the Yazoo, in

Indians sow their
in 1535, that
or stored in granaries.
When
with Mahiz.
fields
town was
fields
Ribault,' 1562, says the Florida
Cartier visited Hochelaga,
situated in the midst of extensive
com
now
the grain
fields,
the millet of Brazil, as great and somewhat bigger than small peason."
called the grain carracony
\n 1613, Champlain
or bone
"
at
and stored
mentions
com
"
even as
The Indians
in granaries situated on the top of their habitations.

"
growing in fields feebly scratched with hoes of wood
it
Lake Coulonge, on the Ottawa River.

*
In 1540, Colonado,' in marching

to be within the present territory of
from Mexico to Quivira

supposed by Bancroft
found com everywhere in abundance, wherever arable
Kansas
be found.
Montreal,
He
mentions that the Zuni Indians practiced
soil,
apparently, could
Alarcon,' in 1540,
irrigation.
foimd the Indians of the Colorado River growing abundance of corn as did Espijo in
1583-
The Navajo Indians have this tradition:

a turkey hen came flying from the direction of
an ear
of blue
white, red
com
into the midst of the
and even black com
is
"
All the wise
men
being one day assembled,
the morning star and shook from her feather
company."'
cultivated in
New
At the present
time, blue, yellow,
Mexico, the blue being predominant
In Virginia, in 1585, Sir Richard Grenville '" is recorded as having

"
destroyed the standing com of the natives. Heriot
1586, mentions a kind of grain
and most esteemed.'
'^
under the name of
mayze in the West Indies. Com is mentioned by Strachey
In A True Declaration of Virginia}^ 1610, the com is said to grow to a height
poketawes.
"
of twelve or fourteen feet,
yielding some four, five, or six eares, on every stalke and in
called
every eare some five hundred, some seaven hundred comes."

Indian method was grown in 1608, the
'
Pickering, C.
Smith, B.
De Vaca
Rel.
'Divers Voy. Amer.

*
Parkman, F.
Bancroft, H. H.
'
'
1879.
1871.
47.
Pion. France 374.
'Pacific R. R. Rpt. 3:
10.
successful attempt
first
1894.
1840.
25th Ed,
1856.
Native Races 1:538.
1875.
Whipple and Turner Pacific R. R. Rpt. 3: 1 12.

Native Races y. 83.
1882.
Bancroft, H. H.
Massie U. S. Pal.
"Bancroft, G.
Off. Rpt. 346.
Hist.
" Hariot, T. Narrative

Strachey,
" True
" U.
W.
t/.
5. 1:96.
Va. 1588.
Dect. Va. 12.
1852-53.
1839.
Quaritch reprint 21.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 6: 116.
Traf. Ka.
1610.
1856.
1853.
1893.
1849.
i.
1844.
Com
cultivated after the
by Englishmen on
record.'*
6i4
In
New England, com was mentioned in

mouth
by the Indians at the
com and
of
of the
1605
Kennebec.
He
also fields lying fallow.
by Champlain,* who saw it in cultivation

At Cape Cod, a little later, he saw fields
mentions the method used for storing to be n
sand on the slopes of the hills, into which the large grass sacks of com are stored
pits dug
and then buried. In 1620, Miles Standish,* exploring for the Pilgrims, found the fields
in
in stubble for
see
it
was November and
how they paddled
com,
plentiful eares of
some
six
come,
and
yellpw, red
new
fine, great,
In 1629, Higginson
"
newly done: we might
basket, full of very faire
com, some yellow and some

"
There is not such greate
says,
suppose, any where else to be found but in this country:
and
as red, blew,
there springeth four or five hundred."

three sorts,
"
thirty goodly ears of
because, also, of varietie of colours
is
under the heap of sand
with their hands,"
it
of this year, with
red and others mixt with blue."'
and
finally
and blew.
Josselyn
'
yellow, etc.
"
is
and
come
of one
Indian wheat, of which there
says,
The blew
ripe before the other,
commonly
month."
In August, 1636, when the English
"
made
their attack
on the Indians at Block
Island,
were under cultivation and the maize, already partly harvested,

was piled in heaps to be stored away for winter use."* The Indians have a tradition,
"
the crow brought them at first an Indian Grain of Com
says Roger Williams,' that
two hundred acres
and an Indian,
in one Eare,
field in
of corn
or French,
Beane
another, from the great
is
the Southwest, from whence they hold
common
corn was found as a
food
came
all
when Europeans
their corne
first
navigated Lake Ontario and landed
from Indian corn,
of a kind to
among
fire."
in 1609,
com
bread
'
made
destroyed was
In 1696, the French army under Frontenac
at 1,200,000 bushels.
"
In 1687, in an invasion into the
country of the Senecas by Marquis de Nouville, the quantity of
mated
New York
In 1653, when Le Moine
the Senecas, they gave him
be roasted at the
Kautantouwits'
Indian
landed at
extensive fields being cultivated and the grain preserved.*
God
and beanes."
'"
esti-
invaded the
country of the Onondagas and spent three days in destroying the growing crops in the
fields which extended a league and a half from the fort.
In 1633,
and
peas.
De Vries"
obtained from the Indians on the Delaware River Indian
com
In 1696, the Rev. John Campanius," in his Delaware and Swedish translation
of the Catechism, accommodates the Lord's Prayer to the circiunstances of the Indians:
"
"
a plentiful supply of venison and
thus, instead of
give us our daily bread," he has it,
'Champlain Voy. 1604-10. Prince Soc. Ed. 2:64, 121.

'Young, A. Chron. Pilgr. 130, 132. 1841.
Mourt Rel. Mass. Hist. Soc. Ser. i. 8:210. 1802.
New
'Higginson, Rev. Francis.

'Josselyn, J.
Harshberger,
'Williams, R.
New
Eng. Far. 8$.
W.
Maiu
Key.
1643.
J.
131.
Eng. Plant.
1629.
1878.
Mass. Hist. Coll. 1:118.
1638-63.
1893.
Narragansett Club Ed.
N. Y. Agr. Soc. 10:386. 1850.

Delafield Trans. N. Y. Agr. So(. 10:387.
185a
" Frontenac Z5t/7c. ffis/. N. F. 1:213. 1850.
" Hazard, S. Annais Pa.
144.
1866.
Delafield Trans.
ii, 32.
"Hazard,
S.
Annals Pa. 101.
1850.
1850.
'
1792.
615
The Indians on the Delaware were very fond of hasty pudding, which they called
sappaun, and Campanius relates that the sachems and other Indians were feasted upon
com."
'
it
In 1680, Hennepin^ found
in 1654.
the Mississippi River.
in his
everywhere
The Mandan
the Illinois Indians.
journey from Niagara to
and Membre,^
Marquette,' 1673, Allouez,^ 1676,
com by
the cultivation of
com
1679, all
mention
Indians, according to Catlin,^
whose ears are not longer than a man's thumb.

The Tuscarora corn
is thought to be the variety cultivated by the North Carolina Indians upon the settlement
of their country and was introduced into the State of New York in 1712, when the Tuscarora
cultivate a variety
The com
Indians migrated thither.
raised
by
the
Yakima Indians
of
Washington
is
an
eight-rowed variety, small and attenuated, the ears not over five inches long.
We thus
com was
see that the cultiu-e of
general in the
New World
at the time of the
reigned from Brazil to Canada, from Chile to California; that it was

always an indication
grown extensively in fields; and that it had produced many varieties
It furnished food in its grain, and, from its stalks, sugar to the
of antiquity of culture.
discovery; that
it
Peruvians, honey to the Mexicans and a kind of wine or beer to
all
the natives of the tropics.
In Etirope, maize is said by Benzoni,'' who wrote in 1572, to have been brought with
Colmnbus on his return from America to Spain, along with parrots and other new Indian
articles.
Peru.
Descourlitz,
There
'
a statement that
is
maize was introduced by the Spaniards from
1829, asserts that

it
came to the northern provinces
of Spain, across the
Isthmus of Panama, brought by Basques who accompanied Pizarro to Peru. But Oviedo '
states in his work, printed in 1525, says Boussingault,'" that he had seen com growing
in Andalusia and the neighborhood of Madrid, and the Spaniards under Pizarro landed
Yet
at Tvimbez, for the conquest, only in 1532.

in Spain, for
Hernandez," who
it
could not have been generally
on maize, expresses indignation that the Spaniards
authorities differ), in a long chapter
had not yet introduced into their country so useful a plant.

and the Peruvian name of
indicate its
and the
'Hazard,
com
W.
C.
be very accurate
III.
66.
1820.
13:301.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Catlin,
'
No. Amer. Indians 1:121.
G.
Benzoni
Descourlitz,
Brewer U.
"
New
M. E.
ffii<.
World.
S. Census y.g^.
Boussingault, J. B.
" De Candolle, A.
"Gerade,
J.
" Bonafoxis
1572.
Fl. Antill.
8:57.
1597.
Mais
1829.
1880.
Rur. Econ. 179.
Herb. 77.
1842.
Hakl. Soc. Ed. 23.
Ceog. Bot. 2:946.
Hist. Nat.
11.
of
mahiz
1836.
I865.
1855.
maize was brought
and
Virginia, but the
in his histories.
1850.
Reprint Amer. Antiq. Soc.

Agr.
597, writes that
mentioned by Bock," or Tragus as he
Annals Pa. 152.
S.
'Hennepin Voy.
Flagg,
is
Gerarde,'''
islands adjoining, as out of Florida
old herbalist need not be expected to
In Germany,
The Haitian name
both used in Spain, without indicating a date, perhaps
sara,
introduction from both coimtries.
to Spain out of America
known
returned to Europe from Mexico in 1571 or 1593 (the
1857.
is
often called,
who
is
one
6i6
German
of the earliest writers on
com
"
and published
plants
came from Arabia.
asserts the plant
called Turkish Korn, but in those
is
Turkish;"* but he also
and hitherto unknown
But Bonafous,'
days everything foreign was
welschkorn
calls it
in 1539.
1532,
In Kyber's Botany, 1552, an edition of Tragus,
receives this name.
likely to
be called
and says (page 650) that everything strange

Fuchsius,' 1542, also declares that com came
from Asia to Greece, thence to Germany. We may, therefore, assert with considerable
certainty that maize became known in Germany early in the sixteenth century.
a native of France, 1536, asserts that maize came from Arabia and calls
Turcicum fruntentum. This seems to indicate that he knew the grain in France. The
Ruellius,^
it
variety of
"
"
for this grain in various parts of Prance, such as;
wheat of Turkey,"
"
"
"
"
wheat of Barbary,"
wheat of Gmana
and
wheat of Spain,"
names used
wheat of Rome,"
indicate that in the course
of
cultivation
the
seed
had been received from diverse
sources.
It
was not
vmtil after the year 1610, says Targioni-Tozzetti,' that
through Spain and
maize found
its
way
Cardan,' iSS3. and Matthiolus, 1570, both Italians, mentioned
Sicily.
the plant in their writings, but the former does not affirm that
does the latter in his edition of 1645, and, indeed, says that
it
it
was known
in Italy,
should be called
"
nor
Indian
"
and not " Turkish wheat," because it came from the West Indies and not from
Asia nor from Turkey. In 1685, George de Turre ' says that the maize, or Turkish wheat,
wheat
was imported into Italy
by Pickering
In Asia,
"
since a
Ramusio,* who died in 1557,
few years."
as stating that the plant was
first
is
quoted
seen in Italy in his time.
com to Java by the Portuguese

In 1521, maize was found by Magellan " at the island
In 1665, white and red varieties are mentioned by Nieuhoff at Batavia.
we have
record of the early introduction of
in 1496, according to Rvrniphius.*"
of
Limasava.
Adams,'" 1484, says of Borneo, that the magnificent maize springs up often in large and vivid
Com reached China in 1516, according to Malte-Brun." Bretschneider '^ says
patches.
Li-shi-chen
was the
first
Chinese author
of the sixteenth century.

is
enimaerated
He
Bonaious Hist. Nat. Mais
'Brewer U.
S. Census y.g^.
states that maize

i775, as
by Thunberg,'*
who mentioned com,
11.
among
1836.
Flint Trans. N. Y. Agr. Soc. 292.
1849.
Ibid.
'
Targioni-Tozzetti Trans. Hort. Soc. Land. 9:137.
'
III.
Turre, G.
Agr. Soc. 472.
Dryadum
Pickering, C.
478.
1685.
Ibid.
" De
Candolle, A.
Geog. Bot. 2:950.
" Lives,
Voy. Drake, Cavendish 33.
Thunberg, C. P.
Bot. Sin. 59.

Fl.
Jap.
2,7.
1855.
1854.
" Adams, A.
Voy. Samarang 2:^2^.
" De Candolle, A. Geog. Bot. 2:950.
" Bretschneider, E.
1855.
1856-57.
Geog. Dist. Ans. Pis. Vt. ilizS-
1848.
1855.
1882.
1784.
to China from central Asia.
1880.
Trans.
came
the date being the close
1863.
Com
At Lew Chew,

no maize was found or was believed to
although
com
says
it is
is
exist at the
mentioned as being there by
time of the
Hall,^ 1818,
visit of
and by
617
the Perry expedition,'
Belcher,' 1848.
Roxburgh
cultivated in different parts of India in gardens but nowhere on a large scale.
Firminger says com has now become thoroughly naturalized in all parts of India but
seems to be much degenerated as compared with that raised from seed annually brought
'
Dutt
from America.
Ebn
and upper India.
com
says
has no Sanscrit
name but
is
largely cultivated in Bihar
Barthon,' an Arab physician of the thirteenth
makes no mention
century,
who
any plant which appears to be maize.'

Friar Odorri,' who traveled in 13 16-1330 to China, makes no mention of maize, nor does
traveled extensively in Asia,
Monticorvino,'"
who
Batuta,"
1292-1338.
of
traveled
from 1325 to
1355,
mentions in
China almost every cultivated product but not maize. Varthema," who in 1503-8 visited
Egypt, Arabia, Persia, India and Ethiopia, mentions many fruits and vegetables but
makes no reference to maize.

of
Yemen but
Forskal," in 1774, found maize cultivated in the mountains
the mention of
com
as coming from Arabia
is
made by Bock,
1532, Ruellius,
1536 and Fuchsius, 1542, as has been mentioned before.
Barbot " in his Description of
the Coast of
Guinea says the Portuguese
first
enriched
these African countries with the Indian wheat, or maize, bringing the seed from the
Island of St. Thomas in the bight of Guinea, to the Gold Coast. He says there are two
sorts,
the red and the white.
writing, translated into Italian

1557,
In the early part of the sixteenth centiuy, a Portuguese

and inserted in Ramusio's collections (Ramusio died in
and the publication of his collection began in 1550), states that at St. Jago, Cape
"
they sow a grain called Zaburso, the same that grows in the West Indies
de Verde Islands,
under the name of maize.

islands
forty
and
This grain
is
as
common on
days." About
Heriot "
1550,
Hans Stade'^
speaks of
in 1586,
"
Perry Japan 2 : 33
uses
They gather their crop in

the words zaburso and milho de Guine, and,
Guinea wheat," a
distribution in that portion of Africa.
striking
'
Ibid.
'
Firminger, T. A. C.
W.
Roxbiu-gh,
852-54.
Dutt, U. C.
De
Fl. Ind. y.56?,.
1832.
Card. Ind. 3:111.
Mai. Med. Hindus 270.
Candolle, A.
Ceog. Bol. 2:948.
1874.
1877.
1855.
Ibid.
Cathay,
Way
Thither.
Hakl. Soc. Ed.
1866.
"Ibid.
"
"
"
Ibid.
Jones, J.
W.
Forskal, P.
Trav. Varthema.
Ft.
Aeg. Arab.
"ChurchiU CoM. Foy. 5:196.

"
Hans Stade. Hakl.
Captiv.
"
Pinkerton
Colt.
"Hawkins, R.
Hakl. Soc. Ed.
LXXV.
1863.
1775.
1746.
Soc. Ed. 49.
Voy. 12:595.
Voy. So. Seas.
commentary on the extent
In 1593, Hawkins
Ibid.
'
the coast of Africa as in these
the chief sustenance of both these countries.
is
1874.
1812.
1847.
i'
of its
found at the Canary Islands
6i8
"
mayes, which wee
call
Maize
Guynnewheate."
mentioned
is
Congo by Father
in the
and by Father MeroUa' in 1682. In Barbot's Description of the Coasts

Malabar in the beginning of the sixteenth century, there is ample
and
of East Africa
mention of almost every kind of vegetable which might be looked for in this region but
Angelo
'
in 1667
not of maize, except in a misprint (page
who wrote
Alpinus,'
1775, Forskal
Delile's
Sorgho.'
of the agricultiare of
found
com
Hakluyt Society Edition) for yams. Prosper

Egypt in 1592, makes no mention of maize. In
14,
and
Uttle cultivated
accoimt of the Egyptian
was received from the North
by way
it
then had not a
name and
of Syria
name
distinct
from
tradition indicates that the plant
and Turkey.
maize in northern Africa and Parkyns,' in Abyssinia.

In Polynesia, com does not seem to be much grown.
Barth
'
mentions finding
In 1595, Mendana
"
sowed
maize before the Indians" in the Marquesas group. In 1792, "a little tolerably good
"
was fovmd by Vancouver * at Tahiti. In the Fiji Islands, com is grown by the
maize
white settlers but not as yet (1865) by the natives. There is but one kind, a small, yellowgrained one, and
in 1840, a little
it is
called sila ni papalagi, foreign
com was
growing.
sila,
natives.
At Tongatabu,
exposition of 1852, specimens of maize were exhibited from Algeria,
At the French
At the London Exhibition
Canada, Australia, Portugal, Himgary and Syria.

Professor Brignoli of the
200 varieties, collected by
were shown.''
by the
"
Modena Royal
of 1862,
Botanical Gardens,
In 1880, the writer hastily collected from northern America and exhibited
before the Massachusetts
Board
Although these are but

a tithe of the various kinds that could be gathered together from the various regions of
the globe, yet they all belong to one botanical species, Zea mays Linn., although Steudel '*
in his synopsis of plants catalogs six others, namely: Zea hirta Bonaf., the hairy maize,
of Agriculture, 307 varieties.
rostrata Bonaf., of Peru; Z.
from California; Z.
macrosperma Klotz., of Peru; Z. curagua

Molina, of Chile; Z. cryptosperma Bonaf., of Buenos Aires; Z. erythrolepis Bonaf., or redhusked com. In popular language, we have hard corns and soft corns; flints, dents, pop
corns and sweets; yellow, red, white, black and variegated and
shades.
The rows vary
48; the length of ear, in varieties
Some
'
from
8 to 32
The
Churchill Co//. Foy. 1:491.
1744.
Churchill Co//. 7oy. 1:563.
1744.
Churchill Co//. Fov. 5:196.
1746.
Pickering, C.
inches to
Barth, H.
Ceog. Dist. Arts. Pis. Pt. 1:135.
Trav. No. Cent. Afr. 276.
Parkyns, M.
Dalrymple
Life Abyss. 1:306.
Co//.
Voy. 1:70.
Vancouver, G.
'
many
Seemann, B.
" Wilkes, C.
" Simmonds,
1857.
1856.
1770.
No. Pacific Voy. 1:339.

Fl.
Viti.
$27.
1865-73.

P. L.
Trop.
A gr.
1801.
306.
1889.
1845.
1863.
other colors and
in individual specimens
12, in
specimens from
variation in the form of kernel
Ibid.
'
and
ears are cylindrical, others tapering, others forming a cone, and
corns are globular egg-shaped.
'
from
in varieties
is
from 4 to
inch to
16.
some small pop

also as marked.
619
from large to small, wrinkled and smooth, dented, roimded, flat, pointed and tipped wdth
a spine. There is no genus of plant more variable imless it be Brassica.
The
In the
history of the appearance of sweet
New
England Farmer, Aug.
com was
asserts that sweet
who was
not
com
1822,'
3,
known
New
in
in gardens
"
shows
it
to be quite
modem.
a writer in the Plymouth paper

England until a gentleman of that place,
it is said,
Gen. Sullivan's expedition against the Indians in 1779, brought a few ears
to Plymouth, which he found among the Indians on the border of the Susquehannah."
A writer the following September 2 adds that this sweet com was brought by Lieut. Richard
in
Bagnal from Gen. Sullivan's expedition against the Six Nations in 1779 and was called
"
That was the first of the species ever seen here and has since that time
papoon corn.
been more and more diffused; and,
I believe
within a few years only, has been generally
and extensively cultivated for adinary purposes. The species has imdergone some change
since it was first introduced
then the core was a bright crimson, and after being boiled
and the com taken

indelible stain.
by the
distinguished
assimilates
Sweet
it
off, if
the
com was
laid in contact with
This inconvenience has disappeared.

appellation of southern, or
to our local
com
is
flat,
any
linen, it
This species,
commimicated an
also,
like
what
com, by repeated plantings
is
here,
com."
not referred to by Jefferson in his Notes on Virginia, 1781; nor by
McMahon, 1806; nor by Gardiner and Hepburn, 181 8; nor by Thorbum, 181 7; nor by
"
Randolph, 1818; nor by Fessenden, 1828. In 1801, Bordley' mentions the sweet com,
"
as yielding richer juice in the stalks than
having a white, shrivelled grain when ripe
common com.
In 1832,
by Bridgeman.*
"
sweet or sugar
In 1851, Buist
'
"
com
mentions two
is
mentioned among garden vegetables
varieties.
In 1853, Bement
"
says of the
of Plymouth, that one

Early Sweet com, the variety introduced by Cape Bagnoll
kind has a white cob, the other a red cob." In 1854, Schenck * mentions the Extra Early,
'
the Eight-rowed Sweet, and StoweUs Sugar, which has been brought into notice within a
few months. In 1858, Klippart ' mentions in addition the Mammoth Sugar and says
the yellow, blue and red sugars are
desirable.
offers
all
mere sports from the
In 1866, Burr describes 12 varieties.
one variety, the Sugar, or Sweet; in 1881, 16
New England and
The seed catalog
of
are not
Thorbum,'"
1828,
varieties.
Zephyranthes atamasco Herb. App. Amaryllideae. atamasco lily.

Southern states of North America. The bulbous roots were eaten by the Creek
Indians in times of scarcity." In France, this species is cultivated in the flower gardens.
^New Eng. Farm.
*New Eng. Farm.
'New Eng. Farm.
*
Aug.
1822.
June 14, 1823.

Bridgeman Card. i4M^ 1832.
Buist, R. Family Kitch. Card. 61.
Bement Trans. N.
'
3,
Sept. 1822.
1851.
Y. Agr. Soc. 13:336.
1853.
Ibid.
Schenck, P. A.
Card. Text Book 183.
1851.
Klippart Rpt. State Bd. Agr. Ohio 13:518.
"Thorbum
Cat.
"Pickering, C.
1858.
1828.
1879.
620
myagroides Forsk.
Zilla
The
Egypt and Arabia.

Zingiber mioga Rose.
This
Japan.
Cruciferae.
and eaten by the Arabs.'
wild ginger.
Scitamineae.
a kind of wild ginger of Japan where the root
is
is
said to be utilized.
ginger.
Z. officinale Rose,
The rhizomes
Tropics.
leaves are boiled
of this species fiurosh the well-known ginger.
and West
largely cultivated both in the East
Indies, as well as in Africa
The
plant
and China.
is
It is
supposed that there are two varieties, one producing darker-colored rhizomes than the
independent of the
other, this difference in color being
mode
of preparation.
The yoimg
known
as preserved
rhizomes, preserved in syrup, are imported for the delicious conserve
that imported from the
ginger
Z.
West
Indies being preferred to the Chinese kind.^
wild ginger.
zenimbet Rose,
The
Tropical Asia and the Malayan Archipelago.
leaves
and shoots are used as
greens in Bengal.
North America and eastern

streams and in shallow water,
Gould
'
has fovmd
it
nine feet
Hudson and Delaware
wild rice.
Indian rice,
Gramineae.
Zizania aquatica Linn.
Wild
Asia.
common
rice is
at the foot of
tall
found on the swampy borders of
in the United States, especially northwestward.
Rivers, where the tibe ebbs
Lake Champlain and in places on the

and flows, over twelve feet high. The
seeds have furnished food from early times to the Indians
sidered
of cultivation.
worthy
made
attempts were
at
and the plant has been con-
In 1791, seeds from Canada were sent to England and
Father Hennepin,^ in 1680, in his voyage on the

it better and more wholesome than rice.
its culture.^
upper Mississippi, ate the grain and pronoimced
In 1784, Jonathan Carver * speaks of wild rice as being the most valuable of all the spontaneous productions of the Northwest. Jefferys,^ 1760, says the people of Louisiana
gather the seeds and
make them
into a bread.
says, but for this grain the Canadian

and hunters could hardly exist. Pinkerton ' says, " this plant seems to be designed
by nature to become the bread corn of the north." Almost every observer who has mentioned it has used terms of praise. Gould " says the plant seems especially adapted for
Flint
traders
the soiling of cattle and that

Louisiana, its use
'Don, G.
'
Hist.
M.
Masters,
Gould,
J.
Dkhl. Pis. 1:255.
JeflFerys,
T.
Flint, T.
'Gould,
J.
1869.
Amer. 210.
1784.
West. States i:&^.
1815.
1820.
1760.
1828.
1860.
1821.
In
in Savannah, Georgia, says Elliott," imder
1870.
Ibid.
Elliott, S.
and
1831-
Treoi. Bo/. 2:1250.
Trav. No.
Carver, J.
"
use increases the yield and the richness of milk.

for hay,
Amer. Antiq. Soc. (Arch. Amer.) 1:89.
'
'
T.
its
recommended
Trans. N. Y. Agr. Soc. 22^.
J.
Banks, Sir
^
is

the
for
name
of wild oats,
it is
ping so readily
used almost exclusively during the summer as green fodder

its culture seems to come from the seed drop-
The one objection to

when ripe. The northern
cows and horses.
62 i
Indians, of the lakes
and
rivers
between the
Mississippi and Lake Superior, gather the seed by pushing the canoe amongst the stems
and shaking the heads over the boat. An acre of wild rice is supposed to be equal to an
The
acre of wheat in the nutrim.ent afforded.
seeds are black, smooth, narrow, cylindrical,
about half an inch long, white and farinaceous when cooked and are very palatable.
This is.ê kaw-sun of China and is found in the lakes of Anam, Manchuria, China
and Japan. From Dr. Hance,' we know that the solid base of the stem forms a very
choice vegetable largely used in China, where
&
Zizyphus agrestis Roem.
The
cultivated.
Rhamneae.
Schult.
China and Cochin China.
it is
globose, red drupe
is
eatable.*
Z. joazeiro Mart.
This plant
Brazil.
Z. jujuba
Lam.
is
recommended as
Chinese date,
yielding fruit in arid regions.*
jujube.
East Indies and Malay; cultivated generally in the East Indies.

years ago
this plant
was introduced into China by
way
who recognize many
excellent dessert fruit for the Chinese,
color
and
fruit is
more or
ciiltivated
in
the
size of
less
More than 1200
and now
yields
an
varieties, differing in shape,
Those of one variety are called Chinese date. In India, the

globose in the wild and common sorts and is ovoid or oblong in the
fruits.
and improved
South India, an
of Persia
oil is
plant.
The pulp
is
mealy, sweetish, with a pleasant
extracted from the kernel.'
Wallich
taste, and,
describes a variety which
produces a fruit of a long form, about the size of an egg, and which is of excellent quality.
A variety with a small, sour berry is a great favorite with the Burmese.' In Abyssinia,
its
made
fruits are
into a substance like dry cheese.'
described, of these fovu" are pleasant tasting
Z. lotus
African date palm,
Lam.
and a sweet
so
common
The
jew thorn,
According to Theophrastus, the lotos was

in Zerbi, the island of the Lotophagi, that a Roman army on its way to Car-
Card. Chron. 633.
Hance, Dr.
Don, G.
its fruit.
Sel. Pis. 527.
Pickering, C.
Forest Fl. 88.
W.
Mat. Med. Ind.
'
Pickering, C.
'
Grant Treas. Bot.
'
Hooker,
"
W.
Unger, F.
1832.
1891.
Brandis, D.
J.
2: 1308.
1879.
1874.
2:<)5.
1826.
1879.
1876.
Journ. Bot. 1:320.
Homer
also m.entions this attractive fruit,
violence, in turning
1872.
'Mueller,?.
Ainslie,
lotus.
taste resembling figs or dal-es."
from which Ulysses succeeded, only by
and two not good.'
roundish, purplish fruit has the appearance of olives
thage was nourished several days on
'
In Mauritius, six varieties are
1834.
1859.
away
his companions.
It
622
forms an important article of food in Tunis and Barbary and
is
also cultivated in southern
"
Europe at the present time.

Z. lycioides A. Gray.
Texas and the neighboring Mexican
states.
but rather astringent berries, about the size of a
The
plant bears round, black, edible
rifle
ball,
which are called gerambuyo
prieto and cornndo de cuervo}
Z.
mucronata Willd.
Tropical Africa,
of
Cape
Good Hope and
Senegal.
The red
fruit is eaten
'
and
is
used in Africa for making into a bread and also for the preparation of a pleasant beverage.'
Z. napeca Willd.
The
East Indies.
and astringent, but
acid
Z. obtusifolia A.
it is
a pea, smooth, shining, black.
The
taste is
eaten by the natives.*
Gray.
The
Texas.
large,
round, black berries are eaten by Mexicans although nearly
tasteless.'
Z. oxjrphylla
Edgew.
Himalayan
region.
The
South America.
and East
The
Z. rugosa
eaten."
fruit is eatable.^
taste
is
Indies.
The
fruit is eaten
and during famines has supported thou-
sweet and acidulous.*
Lam.
The
The
is
Lam.
Z. rotundifolia
sands.
acid fruit
DC.
Z. reticulata
Persia
The very
fruit is yellow
Z. sativa Gaertn.
and the
fruit is eaten
a small
size of
but has a pecidiar, mawkish
flavor.*
cherry.'"
jujube.
Mediterranean and temperate Asia. The jujube is indigenous in Syria, in the HimaIt has been
layas, in Greece and is cultivated on both shoies of the Mediterranean.
naturalized in Italy since the time of Augustus
when
it
Torrey,
J.
'Don, G.
'
Hist. Dichl.
Smith, A.
*Don, G.
Ph. 2:24.
Treas. Bot. 2:i2$i.
1870.
Proc.
Forest Fl. 86.
Forest Fl. 8g.
1874.
Brandis, D.
Forest Fl. 90.
1874.
Don, G.

J.
C.
1885.
1874.
Brandis, D.
"Loudon,
(Z. baclei)
1832.
'Havard, V.
Don, G.
1857.
1832.
'Brandis, D.
'
Syria,
where
have been brought from India by the way of Vahayra.. It is now cultivated
France and Italy as far north as Genoa." The fruit is scarlet, about an inch
said to
it is
in Spain,
was brought from
1832.
(Z.
1832.
nummularia)
(Z. xylocarpa)
1844.
{Z. vulgaris)

long,
and has an edible pulp.
variety
is
Brandis
'
623
says that, while the fruit of the Mediterranean
sweet, that of the Indian variety
acid but well flavored.
is
This shrub was
introduced into South Carolina in 1837, and the seed was distributed from the Patent
Office in 1855.^
North Africa and the Orient.

a pleasant, subacid
nubk tree.
chpist's thorn,
Z. spina-christi Willd.
taste.
It is
The
fruit is oblong,
about the
size of
a sloe and has
used as food by the inhabitants of Egypt and Arabia.'
Z. xylopjrrus Willd.
The
East Indies.
fruits are
Zostera marina Linn.
not eaten by
men
eel grass,
Naiadaceae.
but the kernels are.*
grass-wrack,
sea grass.
In the outer Hebrides, the root of this plant, which after storms
Europe.
upon the shores in great abundance, is chewed

The plant is much used as a manure.
Zygophyllimi coccineum Linn.
North Africa and Arabia.
for the saccharine jtuce
which
it
is
cast
contains.*
Zygophylleae.
The aromatic
seeds are employed
by the Arabs "in the
place of pepper.*
bean caper.
Z. fabago Linn,
Spain, north Africa and western Asia.

Brandis, D.
2
Forest Fl. 85.
'Loudon,
J.
C.
Brandis, D.
'
7orn.
i4gr.
Masters,
'
M.
(Z. vulgaris)
1855.

Forest Fl. 90.
2:379.
T.
Balfour, J. H.
1874.
1844.
1874.
1831.
Treas. Bot. 2:1254.
Man.
Bot. 466.
The
1875.
1870.
flowers are used as a caper substitute.'
AUTHORS AND TITLES QUOTED IN STURTEVANT'S NOTES
ON
Adams, A. Yoy. Samarang.
Adams, Arthur: The Zoology
EDIBLE
of the
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STURTEVANT.'S NOTES
634
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INDEX
TO SYNONYMS
Abies excelsa, 434; nigra, 434; Williamsonii, 436

Abronia latifolia, 17
Berce pubescente, 301

Bergera konigii, 372
Acacia adstringens, 20; esculenta, 334; fistula, 20;

julibrissin, 29; lucida, 29; nemu, 29; sophorae, 19;
verek, 20
Bermudiana bulbosa, 187

Beta brasiliensis, 92
Achras
australis,
534
Achyranthes aspera, 22
Acioa guianensis, 195
Actinidia arguta, 24
Bignonia stipulata, 245 xylocarpa, 558

Blakea quinquenervia, 85
Blitum capitatum, 161
Borassus aethiopium, 98
Borrera prunastri, 266
;
Bouea oppositifolia, 99
Brachychiton populneum, 558
Brasenia peltata, 100
Adenophora liliifolia, 25
Aesculus macrostachya, 26
Agathophyllum aromaticum, 488
Agati grandiflora, 532
AUiaria officinalis, 536
Allium descendens, 38 latifolium, 30
Alstroemeria dulcis, 96; edulis, 96; pallida, 42
Brassica eruca, 256, 257; rapa, 102
Brehmia spinosa, 559
Altemanthera lanuginosa, 177
Bromelia ananas, 49
Bumelia macrocarpa, 122
Bunias cakile, 1 25
Amaranthus polygonoides,
Bunium bulbocastanum,
44; sanguineus, 43, 44;
Cacalia ficoides, 531
persica, 462, 463
Caladium glycyrrhiza, 41; sagittaefolium, 125

Calamus secundiflorus, 50
azoricum, 273; foeniculum, 271; graveo-
lens, 41 5
Anona aquatica, 52;

Annona triloba, 71
procumbens, 297; sarracenica,
Cactus opuntia, 396

Cajanus flavus, 124
Ampelopsis botria, 598
Anethum
531; sonchifolia, 253
Amygdalus communis, 456;

Anamirta cocculus, 48
Andropogon citratus, 50
longifolia, 248;
Calophyllum madruna, 490; spurium, 127

Calysaccion longifolium, 390
Cambogia gutta, 285

Campanula speculum, 553
mucosa, 503
Anthistiria ciliata, 53
Canavalia gladiata, 131
Antichorus depressus, 189

Apium antarticum, 55; petroselinum, 147
Aralia edulis, 60
Capparis sodada, 133
Canthium parviflorum, 446

Capsicum fastigiatum, 137; microphyllum, 136
Cardamine pennsylvanicum, 141
Arduina grandiflora, 143

Areca oleracea, 396; sapida, 493
Armeniaca sibirica, 465
Arracacia esculenta, 66
Arum
Cardiopteris rumphii, 142
Carduus marianus, 535

Carolinea insignis, 403; princeps, 403
colocasia, 185; esculentum, 186; indica, 186;
lyratum, 46; minus,

ginicum, 412
186;
144; flexuosum, 188
Byrsonima cumingiana, 124
43
Amelanchier botryapium, 45; ovalis, 45
Amomum globosum, 41 grandiflorum, 46
tristis,
triphyllum, 65; vir-
Carpodinus sp? 325

Caryophyllus aroraaticus, 259
Cassia
ciliata,
152
Asclepias gigantea, 127; spiralis, 413; volubilis, 247
Castanea vesca, 153
Aspidium munitum, 449
Celastrus edulis, 154

Cerasus, 459; aspera, 458; avium, 458; capollin,
458; chamaecerasus, 459; jenkinsii, 461; lauro-
Atriplex orache, 76
Avicennia
resinifera, 79; tomentosa, 79

Balsamita vulgaris, 163
Balsamorhiza helianthoides, 81; incana, 81
cerasus, 461
padus, 462
Chaerophyllum sativum, 54
Chamaerops ritchiana, 380; stauracantha, 20
Barringtonia coccinea, 83; speciosa, 83

Basella alba, 83
Bassia parkii, 123
Chiogenes hispidula, 162
Chondodendron convolvulaceum, 162
Batatas edulis, 315; paniculata, 316

Berberis cristata, 87; dulcis, 87
Choripetalum undulatum, 253

Chrj'sobalanus luteus, 164
669
STURTEVANT
670
Chymocarpus pentaphyllum, 581
Eragrostis abyssinica, 447

Erica vulgaris, 1 26
Cicca racemosa, 430

Cirsium eriophorum, 179; seiratuloides, 180; virginianum, 180
Ericoma cuspidata, 400

Erodium hirtum, 256
Cissus acida,
Ervum
598;
capensis,
600;
crenata,
603;
hirsutum, 596; lens, 331; monanthos, 596

alliaria, 536; barbarea, 82
Erysimum
elongata, 600; latifolia, 598; ovata, 602; quadrangularis, 602
Eugenia
michelii,
264
Cleome pentaphylla, 296

Cnidium silaus, 534
Faba
Cnidoscolus stimulosus, 318

Cochlearia fenestra ta, 182
Fedia comucopiae, 588

Ficus cordifolia, 270; macrophylla, 270
Flacourtia crenata, 270; rhamnoides, 247
Cocos guineensis,
Codiaeum
81
Fagus americana, 267; castanea, 153
nypa, 388
Fluggea abyssinica, 271
chrysosticton, 183
Freziera theoides, 179
187
Commelyna polygama,
Gardenia arborea, 287; florida, 287

Gautteria cerasoides, 448
Conohoria loboloba, 42
Coflvallaria multiflora, 448; polygonatum, 448
Convolvulus batatas, 315; dissectus, 188; edulis,

31S; reptans, 314; soldanella, 128; turpethum,
Gladiolus plicatus, 79
Globba uviformis, 42
Glycosmis citrifolia, 292
Glycyrrhiza hirsuta, 292
317
Cookia punctata, 177

Corchorus obtorius, 189
Gonohoria loboloba, 42
Grewia elastica, 294; sclerophylla, 295
Cordia angustifolia, 190
Comus
vulgaris, 593
canadensis, 193; polygamus, 192; sericea,
Guildingia psidiodes, 371

Guilielma speciosa, 80
193
Corydalis solida, 193
Guizotia oleifera, 296
Corynosicyos edulis, 201

Crataegus pinnatifida, 198; rivularis, 478; trilobata,
Gunnera
scabra, 296, tinctoria, 296

Habzelia aromatica, 584; undulata, 606
Hamiltonia oleifera, 472
479
Crataeva adansonii, 199
Crocus edulis, 200
Cucurbita citrullus, 172
Hedycrea incana, 335
Hedysarum
boreale, 298
Heleocharis tuberosa, 252

Helianthus lenticularis, 299
Cupania tomentosa, 223
Helmia
Curculigo stans, 223

Cydonia japonica, 475
bulbifera, 239
Helminthia echioides, 435
Helosciadium califomicum, 391
Hemerocallis graminea, 301
Cyminosma pedunculata, 23
Cynara acaulis, 156
Cynosurus coracanus, 252
Dacrydium taxifolium, 447
Hibiscus esculentus, 17
Honkeneja peploides, 64
Delabechea rupestris, 558

Dentaria diphylla, 141
Hordeum
Desmochaeta muricata, 237
Hyperanthera moringa, 368
Dialium acutifolium, 237

Digitaria sanguinale, 406
Ilex gigantea, 312
vulgare, 306
Hymenochaeta
grossa, 526
Inga bigemina, 445; dulcis, 445; saman, 445; sapida,

313
Ipomoea reptans, 314
Iris edulis, 368
Jambosa alba, 261; aquea, 259; makapa, 262;
Dillenia scabia, 238; speciosa, 237
Dimocarpus
litchi, 383
Dioscorea brasiliensis, 482; tugui, 240
Diospyros ebanaster, 242; mabola, 242; psidiodes,
malaccensis, 262; vulgaris, 261
348
Disocactus biformis, 431
Juniperus squamata, 321

Lablab vulgaris, 246
Dobera glabra, 245

Dolichos bulbosus, 403; catjang, 597; glycinoides,
597; sinensis, 597; tuberosus, 404; uniflorus, 245
Lantana psuedo-thea, 338
Dracaena
Laserpitium aquilegifolium, 535; trilobum, 535

Laurelia sempervirens, 329
Drimys
Lappa major, 62
indivisa, 190; terminalis, 190, 191
granatensis, 247
Duvaua
latifolia, 525
Echinocereus pectinatus, 157
Eclipta prostrata, 249
Ehretia serrata, 249
Elaeocarpus hinau, 251 serratus, 251
Emblica distichus, 430; officinalis, 431
Endosmia gairdneri, 146
;
Laurus persea, 414; sassafras, 523

Leiospermum racemosum, 604
Leontodon taraxacom, 563, 564
Lepidiastrum diffusum, 331
Leptomeria acerba, ^66; billardieri, 163
Leptospermum lanigerum, 334
Leptotes bicolor, 568
STURTEVANT
Lichen rangiferinus, 177

Limbarda crithmoides, 314
Luffa pentandra, 341
Pisonia morindifolia, 440
Pisum americanum, 327; maritimum, 327; ochrus,

328
Macranthus cochinchinensis, 371

Magnolia conspicua, 349
Malus sylvestris, 478
Polanisia icosandra, 178
Polygonum cymosum,
266; fagopyrum, 266;

cum, 266; undulatum, 449
Prenanthes chondrilloides, 162
Primula veris, 453
Mammea africana,
390
Mangifera gabonensis, 318
Manihot janipha, 353
Maranta
alloifti,
339;
Prosopis horrida, 455

Prunus americana, 465; demissa, 466;
flavescens,
spicatum, 179; succosum, 301

Melilotus caerulea, 575
Mercurialis perennis, 362
Mespilus germanica, 475; japanica, 256

Milnea edulis, 28
301;
Rhaponticum
acaule, 156
Rheum hybridum,
490; rhaponticum, 492
Rhinocarpus, 47
Rhizophora mangle, 492

Ribes floridum, 494; irriguum, 495
Rosa kamtchatica, 504
Rubus
rubra, 373
Myristica raoschata, 379

Myrtus acris, 258; tomentosa, 492
Nauclea cadamba, 54; gambir, 584
Nemopanthus canadensis, 382
acaulis, 505; albescens, 508; macropetalus,
511; suberectus, 509; tiliaceus, 510
Rumex
Sagus
domesticus, 513
farinifera, 488; laevis,
364
Salsola indica, 560
Nephelium informe, 265; pinnatum, 450

Niemeyera prunifera, 165
Sapota elengoides, 534
Nitraria billardieri, 388
Satureia Juliana, 364; viminea, 364
Nyssa candicans, 390
Saturjea capitata, 570

Scaevola taccada, 525
Schinus huygan, 525
Ocimum
Ocymum
sp.,
Sarcostemma viminale, 523
398
zatarhendi,
Olea americana, 400;

Oncinus sp?, 360
85
latifolia,
Schmidelia africana, 40
428
Scirpus tuberosus, 251

Scorzonella ptilophora, 364
Scorzonera caricifolia, 529; lawrencii, 364; picroides,
Oreodaphne califomica, 583
Omus
salicifolius,
465
Psidium acidum, 467; aromaticum, 130; cordatum,
468; guineense, 467; pumilum, 468
Psoralea brachiata, 469
Pterococcus aphyllus, 126
Pjmis toringo, 479; variolosa, 478

Quercus ballota, 481; castanea, 482
Raphanistrum maritimum, 483
Rhamnus inebrians, 489
Mimusops balota, 365

Monarda punctata, 366
Moneses uniflora, 367
Moniza edulis, 568
Monocera munroii, 251
Mora excelsa, 238
Morinda bracteata, 368
Moronobea esculenta, 369
Morus paniculatus, 440
Musa
tatari-
Pritchardia filamentosa, 454
125; ramosissima, 179
Martynia violacea, 355

Melastoma arborescens,
671
europaea, 283
Orobus tuberosus, 327

Ouvirandra fenestralis, 58
Panax quinquefolium, 60
Pancovia edulis, 256
Panicum germanicum, 533; italicum, 533
435
Sedum
*
rhodiola, 530; spinosum, 195
Seseli triternatum,
418
Setaria aurea, 533

Silene inflata, 534
Pastinca sativa, 417

Patrinia ceratophylla, 589
Sinapsis alba, 100
Paullinia sorbilis, 41
Soja hispida, 291, 292

Solanum laciniatum, 540; lycopersicum, 344, 346;
racemiflorum, 348; viride, 550
Pavia indica, 26
Pavot coquelicot, 406
Penicillaria spicata, 413
Peumus mammosa,
201
Phaca aboriginorum, 74
Phalangium bulbosum, 128
Pharbitis hederacea, 316
Phannaceura pentagoneuni, 366

Phaseolus coccineus, 421
Phytolacca esculenta, 434

Picrasraa excelsa, 435
Pircunia esculenta, 434
Sisymbrium nasturtium, 381
Sorghum saccharatum, 552

Sphaerocarya
edulis,
472
Spilanthes oleracea, 553
Spondias birrea, 527; dulcis, 555; mombin, 555;

zanzee, 466
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, 557
Stalagmitis celebica, 285; cochinchinensis, 285
Stapelia articulata, 41 1 incamata, 99
Sterculia acuminata, 1 85
;
Syzygium jambolanum, 261
672
Tamarindus occidentalis, 563

Tasmania aromatica, 247
Valeriana comucopiae, 267
Temus moschata, 380
Vangueria
Tetragonia potatoria, 567

Tetranthera califomica, 583
Thapsia edulis, 568
Thuja gigantea, 582
Vicia coccinea, 421 sylvatica, 596

Vieusseuxia edulis, 368
Valerianella locusta, 590

edulis,
590
;
Vigna luteola, 597

Vitex umbrosa, 598
Trianthema monogyna, 574
Vitis baudiniana, 599
Tribulus lanuginosus, 574

Trichosanthes colubrina, 574
Webera
tetrandra, 446
Witheringia solanacea, 99
Trigonella esculenta, 576; platycarpus, 358
Xanthochymus
Triphasia trifoliata, 577

Triticum amyleum, 577; turgidum, 578
Turia moghadd, 180
Ximenia spinosa, 605

Yucca puberula, 606
Zalacca macrostachya, 607
Unona aethiopica,
Zamia
605; aromatica, 584; canninativa,
606
Vaccinium alatum, 154;

288; grandiflorum, 157
caffra,
254
622; nummularia, 622; vulgaris,

622, 623; xylocarpa, 622
Zizyphus
bicolor, 466; frondosum,
pictorius, 287
baclei,
INDEX
TO COMMON NAMES
476; alligator, 52; American crab, 474;
balsam, 366; chess, 472; Chinese flowering, 479;
Abacate, 414
Absinthe, 66
Apple,
267;
golden,
Acacia, false, 503
conch,
Ach, 265
Ache, 55
25, 540; Jew's, 541; kai, 17;
Ach-root, 368
Aconite, 23
mad, 540, 541; Malay, 262; mammae, 351;

monkey, 51, 52; Mexican, 151; Oregon crab, 478;
Adam-and-Eve, 70
Adam's needle, 606
Otaheite, 555; plum-leaved, 478; pond, 52; rose,

261, 262; star, 164, 165; sugar, 51, 53, 503;
kei,
17;
elephant,
410;
large-fruited rose,
17;
262; love, 343,
wood, 267
Age, 136
Apple-berry, 95
Agrimony, 28
Ague-root, 30
Ahuacate, 414
Akee fruit, 96
Apples, cane, 61
Apricot,
457;
black,
460;
Japanese,
462;
South
American, 351
Arbute, 61
Alder, black, 312
Archangel, 61, 325
Alecost, 163
Areca nut, 63
Argan tree, 64
Argaroba, 455
Alehoof, 383
Alexanders, 538, 539
Amut,
358
Algaroba, 454
Alkekengi, 432
All good, 160
AU-Jieal,
343;
540;
Agar-agar, 293
Alfalfa,
gold,
kangaroo, 540; kau,
188
Arracacha, 65, 401
Arrow-head, 518
Arrowroot, 224, 354
556
226; Chinese, 556; Jerusalem,

white Jerusalem, 96
Arum, arrow, 412; Italian, 70; water, 125
Asefetida, 267, 268
Artichoke,
Allspice, 435; Carolina, 127
Almendor, 289
Almond, 456; earth, 59, 230; Indian, 566; Java,
130; wild, 130, 460
Almonds of the Amazon, 89
299;
Ash, 282; bitter, 435; ground, 25, 50; manna, 283;

mountain, 473
Aloe, 41; American, 27; Utah, 28
Ash weed, 25
Alphabet-plant, 553
Asparagus, 72J cape, 58; Cossock, 582; Prussian,

398; racemose, 71
Amada, 223
Amaranth, green, 44;
Amaranthus, 43
Amatungida, 143
Amazon
red, 43; thorny, 44
Asphodel, 74
Aster, 74
Astragalus, 74
nut, 89
Avens, 290; mountain, 248; purple, 289; water,

289
Avocado, 414
Amelanchier, 45
American Arbor Vitae,570

Amole, 162
Amomum,
Avocate, 414
Awl
41
Amorphophallus, 46
Anchu, 50
Angelica, 61
great, 61
tree,
368
Azarole, 197
Babool-bark, 18
;
wild,
50
BaVx)on-root, 79
Angle-pod, 293
Badderlock, 325
Anise, 379, 435; Chinese, 312
Bakeapple, 506
Ball tree, 25
Balloon vine, 142
Annatto, 95
Anon,
51, 52, 53
Anyswortel, 51
Balm, 359; bee, 366
Balm
Ape, 41
22
673
of Gilead, hoary, 155
STURTEVANT
674
Balm
of heaven, 583
Balsam-root, 81
Bishop's-weed, 25
Bamboo,
Bitter sweet, 155
Bistort,
82, 290; sacred, 38a
Banana, 372, 373; Abyssinian, 372; Chinese dwarf,
Banyan, 268
Baobab, 24
Barbadoes pride, 24
Barbary-gum, 19
Barbe de Capuchin, 167
506; western, 511
Barberry, 86, 88; American, 87; Asiatic, 87; blue,

88; Darwin's, 87; Fuegian, 88; hairy, 88; Indian,
88; Magellan, 87; Nepal, 87; Siberian, 88
Barley, 306; battledore, 308; big, 307; maned, 307;
Nepal, 307; Red Sea, 306; six-lined, 307; sprat,
West
Indian, 19
Bladder nut, American, 557; European, 557

Blaeberry, 586
Blimbing, 79
Blito, 161; strawberry, 161; wild,
43
Blueberry, early, 587; high, 585; low, 588; low sweet,
390
Basswood, 571
Bay, 329; sweet, 329
Beam tree, white, 472
Bean: Algaroba, 156;
Basil, sweet,
587; sour-top, 585;

Blue- wood, 188
asparagus, 246; bona vista,
caffir,
526; civet, 418; coffee, 291
English, 593;
European, 593; goa, 468; horse, 131, 593; horsecaseknife, 421
eye, 371; hyacinth, 245; kidney, 422; lima, 418;

locust, 156;
Blackcap, 509
Blackthorn, 465;
Blackwood, 20
Bloodwort, 514
308; squirrel- tail, 307; winter, 307
245; broad, 593;
Bitterwood, 606
Blackberry, 511; cut-leaved, 508; European, 507;
evergreen, 508; low, 506; parsley-leaved, 508;
running, 507; sand, 506; swamp, 507; trailing,
372
common, 422; Dutch
449
moth, 418; mung, 422; negro, 371;
pishurim, 79; potato, 404; prairie, 422; rice, 418;

screw, 455; sieva, 418; soja, 291 soy, 291 sword,
;
131, 254; wild, 46, 54;
Windsor, 593; yard-long,
246
Bean
swamp, 585;
velvet-leaf, 585
Bobbins, 70
Bolbonac, 341
Boldu, 418
Boneset, 560
Borage, 97; country, 185
Borecole, 100
Bottle tree, 558
Bottle-brush tree, 83
Box, 123; Chinese, 372; marmalade, 289; mountain,

63
Bracken, 470
Brake, 470
tree, 358
Bearberry, 63, 489 alpine, 63
;
Bear's-foot, 23
Bedstraw, 285; yellow, 285

Beech, American, 266; European, 267
Beef-wood, 63
Beet, 89; Chilian, 89; sea, 89; sea-kale, 89; Sicilian,
89; spinach, 89; sugar, 89
Beggar's buttons, 62
Bramble, 507; Arctic, 505; Australian, 510; crimson,

505; dog, 495; stone, 510
Brank, 266
Brawlins, 63
Brazil nut, 89
Bread
Bread
root, 469
318
tree,
Breadfruit, 67, 404, 405; Hottentot, 253

Breadfruit tree, 574
Begonia, 85
Bela tree, 25
Breadnut, 121
Bellflower, 129; creeping, 129
Bread-plant, tartar, 196
Belwort, 585
Benjamin bush, 337
Bennels, 43b
Breadroot, 415
Benzoin, 560; false, 567

Bere, 307
Brooklime, 591
Briar, green, 538

Broccoli, 100
Broom, 231 butcher's, 515; Scotch, 231; sweet, 528

Broom-weed, 189
Brownwort, 529
;
Bergamont, 174
Bergamot, 173, 174
Betel nut, 63
Brussels sprouts, 100
Bilberry, 586; bog, 587; dwarf, 585; Jamaica, 586;
Bryony, black, 563; red, 122; white, 121

Buckbean, 361
Kamchatka, 587
Buckeye, 26
Bilimbi, 79
Bindweed, 127;
Bine, 308
field, 188; sea,
127
Birch, black, 95; canoe, 95; cherry, 95; Indian, 123;

lady, 95; mahogany, 95; paper, 95; red, 95; river,
Buckrams, 40
Buckthorn, 489; false, 122; sea, 305; western, 122
Buckwheat, 266; notch-seeded, 266; perennial, 266;
Tartarian, 266
95; sweet, 95; white, 95

Bird of paradise flower, 559
Buffalo berry, 533
Biscuitroot, 415
Bugloss, 50
Bishop's leaves, 529
Bullace, 461, 602
Buffalo-nut, 472
675
Bullock's heart, 52
Carrot, 232; candy, 75; native, 289; Peruvian, 65
Bulrush, 526, 582; seaside, 526; small, 582

Bumblekites, 507
Carrot
Bunchberry, 192
Bunya-bunya, 60
Caryocar, 150
Casava, bitter, 353; sweet, 353
Bur weed, 605
Cashau, 454
Cashew, 47 wild, 47
Burdock, 62
Burnet, 452
Bum- wood, 1^7
Bur-weed, 285
Butter leaves, 76
Butter tree, 123, 187, 413
tree, 568
Cart-track plant, 445
Cassia, 152, 168

Cassie-oil plant, 19
Cassina, 312
Castor
Cat
oil plant,
Buttercup, 483
Butterfly weed, 71
582
Catch-weed, 285
Catechu, 18, 63
Butternut, 89, 151, 319
Caterjjillars,
Butter-root, 335
Catjang, 124
Button tree, 293

Cabbage, 100; Chinese, 100; dog's, 568; Kerguelen's
land, 453; Portugal, 100; red, 100; Savoy, 100;
Catnip, 383
Cat's claw, 445
Cauliflower, 100
wild,
503
tail,
528
Cedar, Barbadoes, 154; bastard, 295; Bermuda, 320;
154
Russian, 436; white, 570
Cabbage-wood, 256
Cacao, 568
Cedar of Lebanon, 155
Cacay, 152
Cacoa, 568
Cactus, melon, 360; Turk's cap, 360
Ceiba, 256
Celandine, lesser, 483 small, 483

;
Celeriac, 57
tree, 583
Calabash, sweet, 410
Celery, 55; Australian, 58; turnip-rooted, 57
Calabash
Calabur, 371
Century plant, 27
Ceriman, 367
Calalu, 434
Champaca, 364;
Cajeput
Celtis, 155
tree, 199
Calalue, prickly, 44
Caltrops, 156; land, 574; water, 573
Camass, common, 128

Cambuca, 355
Camel's hay, 50
Camelsthom, 30
Camomile, 53
Campion, bladder, 534
large, 70; rattan, 125; sugar,
515; tobago, 81
Canna, 131
Canna
root, 362
Cannon-ball
tree,
Cherimoya, 51
Cherimoyer, 51
Cherry, 459; Barbados, 350; bastard, 250; bird,
458, 462; Brazil, 259, 264; Cayenne, 264; choke,
466;
195
Cantaloupe, 202
Cape-gum
Chayote, 530
Checker berry, 288
Cheero jee-oil plant, 122
Cheeses, 351
Cherimalla, 51
Canaigre, 513
Canarium, 130
Candlenut tree, 30
Cane, 70; dumb, 237;
fragrant, 364
Chanal, 293
Chanar, 293
Chard, 89; Swiss, 89
Charlock, 100, 120; jointed, 483
Chaw-stick, 293
tree, 19
clammy,
190; cornelian, 192; cow-itch, 351;
dwarf, 465; evergreen, 460; ground, 431, 432,

433; Indian, 459, 489; mountain, 459; Oregon,
460;
pic,
459;
pin,
462;
prairie,
460;
purple
Caper, 133; beam, 623
ground,
Capillaire, 25
sand, 465; sour, 459; Suriam, 264; sweet, 458;

wild, 458, 460; wild black, 465; wild red, 462;
Caracol, 418
Caramba, 79
Carambola, 79
Caraunda, 143
Caraway, 144; edible-rooted, 145
Cardamon,
41, 45; bastard, 46; Ceylon, 252; great,
45; Java, 46
Cardoon, 226; Spanish, 229
Camel, dwarf, 192

Carob tree, 156
Carrageen, 163
432;
purple
winter,
432;
rum,
465;
winter, 142, 431, 432
Cherry of Senegal, 523

Chervil, 54; parsnip, 159; sweet, 379; turnip-rooted,
159; wild, 525
Chestnut, American, 152; earth, 188; European,
153; Malabar, 403; Moreton Bay, 153; Tahitian,
313; water, 573; wild, 99

Chia, 520
Chica, 558
Chick-pea, 165; lesser, 327
676
Chickwecd, 557; sea, 64
Corkscrew-flower, 418
Chicory, 167
Chicot, 296
Cork-wood, 52
Com, 608; broom, 551; Egyptian, 551;
.Chillies,
negro, 55';
136
rice,
358
Com salad,
China-root, 537
Comus, 192
Chinquapin, 153; water, 382
Coroa, 534
Chive, 39
Chocolate, Indian, 289
Corossol, 51, 52
China
tree,
589; Italian, 589
Chokeberry, 472
Costmary, 163
Cotton, 293
Chrysanthemum, com, 163
Cotton
Chufa, 230
Cow
Cow
Cow
258
Cigar-box wood, 154 Cinnamon, 168; American, 3S1; wild, 131
tree,
Cinnamon
tree,
97
parsnip, 301, 302; American, 301
downy, 301
yellow, 301
Chupa-chupa, 356
Ciboul, 36
Cicely, sweet, 379
Cider
Kaffir, 551;
551
vine, 240
Cinquefoil, rock, 452; shrubby, 452

.Citron, 173, 176
Citron myrobalan, 566
plant, 296
tree, 365,
560
Cowa, 285
Cowa-mangosteon, 285
Cowberry, 588
Cowhage, 371
Cowitch, 371
Cowpea, 597
Give, 39
Cowslip, 127, 453; Jerusalem, 471

Cow-tree, 121
Clary, 521
Crab, American, 472; garland, 474; Siberian, 473;

sweet-scented, 474
Clearing nut, 559

Cleavers, 285
Crab's eye, 330
Clotbur, 62
Crakeberr>', 253
Cranberry, 402, 588; Australian, 338
Cranberry tree, 592
Cloudberry, 506
Clove, 259; wild, 258
Clover, bur, 357; red, 575; sweat, 359; white, 575
Clove-root, 290
Cranberry-myrtle, 380
Crataegus, 197
Cobnut, 193, 194. 594
Cream
Coca, 257
Cocklebur, 28
Coco de Mer, 339
Cocoanut, 182; Buddha's, 557; double, 339
Cream-fruit, 505
Cocum, 285
Coffee, 183; Liberian, 184; Swedish, 74; wild, 260,
576
Coffee-tree,
Cokemut,
Kentucky, 296
little,
318
of tartar tree, 24
Creamnut, 89
Creashak, 63
Creeping crowfoot, 483

Creosote plant, 326
Cross, 332; American, 82; bank, 536; Belle Isle, 82;
bitte'-, 82, 140; early winter, 82; garlic, 412; hairy,
141; hoary, 331; Indian, 381, 580; lamb's, 141;

land, 82; March, 381 meadow, 141 New Zealand,
;
332; para, 553; penny, 570; swine, 531

water, 380, 381; winter, 82
Crookneck, Canada, 211 winter, 211
Colanut, 184
Cole, red, 180
Coleus, 185
wart, 531
Colewort, 195
Crowberry, 253
Crow-corn, 30
Cuckold, 62
Colic-root, 30
Collards, 100
Comfrey, 560
Conch nut, 410
Cuckoo flower, 141

Cuckoo flowers, round-leaved, 141
Cuckoo pint, 70
Cucumber, 208; bur, 201, 534; globe, 207; Indian,
Convolvulus, water, 314

Cool-tankard, 97
Cucumber
Copalchi, 559
Cumin, 223;
Colocynth, 169
Columbine, wild, 59
Coquito habraso, 23
Coral tree, 257
Coral-bead plant,* 17
Corazon, 52
Corchorus, 189
Coriander, 191; Roman, 388
Cork tree, 24
357; serjjent, 5-4; snake, 207; wild, 201

tree,
79
black, 388
Currant, alpine, 494; Australian, 266, 334; black,

494, 496; Buffalo, 495; Calif omian black, 495;
fetid, 497; golden, 495; Hudson bay, 496; Indian,
179; Missouri, 495; mountain, 65; red, 497; wild,
163
Currant
tree,
99
Curry-leaf tree, 372
STURTEVANT'S NOTIDS ON EDIBLE PLANTS

Curua, 534
Eleusine, 252
Cushaw, 211
Custard apple,
Elm, English, 583;
red, 583; slippery, 583
Dahl, 124
Emblic, 431
Emraer, 277
Encenilla, 201
Dahlia, 231
Endive, 166
Daisy, butter, 483; English, 85; ox-eye, 163; white,
Epie, 84
Eryngo, sea, 257
Fan-palm, dwarf, 160
Fat hen, 160
51, 52; prickly, 51
Daffodil, sea, 404
163
Dammer,
591
Damson, 461
Damson plum
677
Fellon-herb, 67
of Jamaica, 164
marsh
Dandelion, 563
Fennel,
Danewort, 521
Dangleberry, 288
387
Fennel flower, 388
Fenugreek, 576
Daphne, 231
271;
hog's,
416;
sea,
200;
wild,
Fern, ladder, 384; maiden-hair, 25; rattlesnake, 99;
Da^heen, 185
Date, Chinese, 621; wild, 430
Dattock, 236
royal, 338; tara, 470; tree, 42
Fever root, 576

Fig, 268; Adam's, 373;
Dead-nettle, 325; red, 325
asses,
270; barberry, 395;
bastard, 395; hottentot, 362, 363; Indian, 395;
Deerberry, 587
Deer's tongue, 576
sacred, 269; tongue, 268
Deu, 192
Devil wood, 400
Dewberry, 506, 511
Dewberry of England, 505
Filbert, 193
Fimble, 132
Finochio, 271
Fir,
plum, 447
Fireweed, 255
Fish poison, 332
4'5
Dillisk, 493
Dill,
Dittander, 331, 332

Dock, bladder, 514; bloody-veined,
Flag, grass-leaved sweet, 23; myrtle, 23; scented,

5'I4;
curled, 513;
patience, 514; sour, 512
582; sweet, 23
Flatter-dock, 389
Dodder-laurel, 152
Flaver, 77
Dogbane, 58
Dogberry, 193
Flax, 337; false, 128

Flemingia, 271
Dog-brier, 503
Fluellen, 591
Dogwood,
Fly's leg, 76
193; cornel, 193; large-leaved, 192
Dolichos, Chinese, 597
Food-of-the-Gods, 267
Domlxjom, 19
Fountain
Dove's dung, 398

Dracaena, 190
Dragon root, 65
Dragon-tree, 247
Drake, 77
Dropwort, 555
Dry whiskey, 352
Foxberry, 588
Fox's brush, 156
Framboise, 507
Frankincense tree, 99
Dulse, 493; pepper, 329
tree,
Friar's-cap, 23
Fritillary, narrow-leaved,
Galangal, 41
Dutch mice, 328
Galingale, 41
Dyer's-broom, 289
Earth nut, 59
Ebony, 244; Coromandel, 243; East Indian, 242;
mountain, 85
Gambir, 583
Gamboge, 286
Egg-yolk, 483
Eglantine, 504
Elder, Australian, 522; box, 381; dwarf, 521; Euro-
pean, 522
Elderberry, 522; Canadian, 521

Elephant's ear, 186
Elephant's foot, 567
284
Fruta de Parao, 526

Fuchsia, 284
Furaewort, 193
Dumb-nettle, 325
Durian, 248
Dun-a, 551
Eggplant, 541
434
Gale, sweet, 378
Gamote, 226
Gandergoose, 396
Garden-hedge, 72
Garget, 434
Garlic, 38; bear's, 40; crow, 40; daffodil, 36; field,
37, 40; fragrant-flowered, 37; great-headed, 30;

hog's, 40; Levant, 30;
mouse, 31; rosy-flowered,
38; round-headed, 40;
Spanish, 39; stag's, 40;
wild, 31
Garlicwort, 536
STURTEVANT
678
Gherkin, 201; West Indian, 201

Ginger, 223, 620; wild, 71, 195, 620
Gingerbread tree, 310
Grass nut, 59
Grass tree, 605
Grass-wrack, 623
Greenheart, 381
Ground nut, 59
Groundnut, 54, 604
Guaparanga, 355
Guava, 467; apple, 467; Chilean, 380;
purple, 467; spice, 468; yellow, 467
Ginko, 290
Ginseng, 60
Guava berry, 261

Gum, black, 390;
Gladiolus, edible, 290; water, 123
Gum
Gum
Gean, 458
Genip, 358
Genipap, 289
Gentian, 289; yellow, 289
Geranium,' Australian, 289
Germander, wood, 568
Goafs
beard, 573
Goat- weed, 134
Gobo, 62, 302
God-tree, 96
Golden club, 398
Golden-rod, sweet, 551
Goldins golds, 125
Gold-of-pleasvire, 128
sour, 390
tree,
American, 123; grass, 605
Gumbo, 302
Gum-lac, 526
Habbel, 320
Hackberry, 155
Hagberry, 462
Haranut, 566
Hare's ear, 122

Haricot, 422
Goober, 59
Good-king-Henry, 160
Gooranut, 184
Gooseberry, 496; Barbadoes, 413; Barbados, 432;
Harlequin flower, 553

Harlock, 62
79;
fragrant-flowered,
495;
hill,
Haver, 77
Haw,
black, 592; summer, 197

Hawthorn, 198; Indian, 488
492;
Hazelnut, 193; beaked, 194
needle-spined, 494; Otaheite, 430; prickly, 495;

round-leaved, 497; slender-branched, 495; smooth
wild, 496;
tree, 453
Heath, 126; otago, 334;
Hedgehog, 394
Helbeh, 576
Goose-foot, 43, 160; white, 160
club,
bitter,
574;
169; bonnet, 341; bottle, 324;

341
goareberry, 201
dish-cloth,
sea,
Helmet-flower, 23
Hemlock, 582; poison, 188
324; viper's, 574, wax, 85; white, 85
Hemp,
Goutweed, 25
Hibiscus, Chinese, 304

Hickory, broom, 150; mountain, 20; shagbark, 149;
shellbark,
599; turkey, 601; wild, 162;

wine, 603; winter, 600
Grapefruit, 173, 175
Hop, 308;
132; geranium,
Hop
50; goose, 285, 451; hundred-leaved, 22; joint,
623;
serpent,
528
449;
shave,
255;
star,
30;
white-heart,
Honesty, 341
Honewort, 201, 535
Honey-berry, 155, 358
Honey-flower, 358, 456
Honeysuckle, fly, 339; narrow-leaved, 339
Grape-pear, 44
Grass, Bengal, 533; Buffalo, 577; canary, 428; crab,
406, 519; dudder, 25; eel, 623; elephant's, 582;
sea,
149;
Hollyhock, 42
Holy Ghost, 50
Grape-hyacinth, 377
viper's,
small-fruited,
Hog-weed, 96
Holly, 312; American, 312; box, 515; dahoon, 312:
mountain, 382, 460; sea, 257
602; summer, 598,
50; lyme, 253; manna, 291; nut,

230; penreed, 5*7; pin, 256; quack, 28; ranchiera,
253; scrub, 255; scurvy, 82, 141, 181, 195, 402;
149;
150
255; lemon,
132; bow-string, 127; deckaner, 302; Indian,
302
Hen's foot, 154
Herb Bennett, 188, 290
Herb Gerard, 25
Herb-of -grace, 515
Gowan, yellow, 483

Grains of paradise, 45
Granadilla, 410
Grandue, 124
Grape, Australian, 598; bear's, 63; blue, 599; bunch,
598; bush, 602; canyon, 599; Caribean, 600;
chicken, 600; European, 603; fox, 601; frost, 600,
602 mountain, 86, 601, 602; Oregon, 86, 88;
pigeon, 598; pine-wood, 601; post-oak, 601; riverbank, 602; rock, 602; sea, 254; seaside, 180;
sand, 602; skunk, 601; southern fox, 602, sugar,
406; float, 291; gallow,
282
Hellebore, white, 591
scarlet-fruited, 180; snake, 574; sour, 24; trumpet,
finger,
Headache
swamp, 496; two-spined, 495
Gorgon, 265
Gourd, 212;
492;
arable tree, 18, 20
Gombo, 302
country,
hill,
wild, 122
470
Hore hound, 355
tree,
Hormium
clary, 520
Hom-of-plenty, 267
Horse grain, 245
Horse-chestnut, 26; California, 26

King nut, 150
Horse-fly weed, 82
Horseradish, 180; Japanese, 265
Horseradish tree, 368
King's spear, 74
Kinnikinnik, 192, 193
Kino, 180
Kippemut, 188
Horsetail, 255
Hottentot bread, 567

Hound's tongue, 229
Huckleberry,
Knot
288;
black,
dwarf,
288;
red,
587;
root,
Knotweed,
556
alpine, 449
Kohl-rabi, 100
squaw, 587
Huisache, 19
Kokum, 285
Hundred-fol<i 285
Hyacinth, Califomian, 120
Kokuwa, 24
Hya-hya, 560
Hyssop, 311 water, 302
Kon, 362
Kolanut, 184
Konse, 415
Ice plant, 363, 568
Kowangee, 133
lUupie-oil plant, 84
Kummel, 144
Kumquat, 175
84
Indian shot, 131
Indian-butter, 84
Indigo, wild, 82
Ilpa,
Kureel, 133
Kussemeth, 577
Kuteera-gum, 19
Lablab, 245
Inkberry, 312
Iris,
crested, 317; Siberian, 317; sword-leaved, 317;
317
wall, 318; yellow,
Ironwood, 263, 363, 393; Morocco, 64; red, 489
Lady's smock, 141

Lambert's nut, 194
Lamb's quarter, 160
Jack, 67, 69
Landra, 483
Larch, European, 326
Lasewort, 327
Jackal's kost, 309
Lattice-leaf, 58
Islay,
679
460
Ivy, ground, 383; Kenil worth, 337
Jack-in-the-pulpit, 65
Laudanum, 169
Jacob's rod, 74
Laurel, 329; Alexandrian, 127; cherry, 461; Chile,
329; mountain, 583;
New
Jambol, 23
Jambolan, 261
Jambool, 261
Jambos, 262
Jambosa, 261
Jambosine, 262
Leek, 37; sand, 39; wild, 30
Jarabu, 261
Lemon,
173, 175; Java, 175; sweet, 176: water, 410;
wild, 447; wild water, 409
Japura, 256
Jasmine, 318; Arabian, 318

Jaundice berry, 88
Jellico,
536
Lentil, 331
Lettuce, 322; lamb's, 589; prickly, 322; tree, 440

Lichi,
383
Jelly plant, 258
Licorice, 292; wild, 17, 292
Jesuit nut, 573
Licorice-root, 298
Job's tears, 184
Lily,
Judas
Zealand, 194; sassafras,
583
Lavender, 329
Laver, 450
Leaf -beet, 89
atamasco, 619; bulb-bearing, 335; day, 300;
giant, 247; golden-banded, 335; herb, 42;
tree, 157
Jujube, 621, 622

Jumrool, 261
336;
ese,
Kamchatka, 283;
prairie,
tiger,
Juniper, 320; California, 320; drooping, 321; Mexi-
336; turban, 336; yellow, 336; yellow pond,
Jumut, 188
389
Lime, 173, 176, 571; Ogeechee, 390
Lime berry, 576
Jute, 189; bastard, 302

Kaffir bread, 253
Ling, 573
can, 321; plum, 320; sweet-fruited, 320
Linden, 571
Liverwort, 28
Roman,
St,
Bernard's, 53; sego, 126; showy, 336; star, 336;
Juneberry, 44
Kaki, 243
Kale, 100;
Kalo, 186
Japan-
361;
89; sea, 195
Lobelia, 338
Kamosh, 128
Locust, 503; African, 408; honey, 291

Logwood, Texas, 188
Kanteen, 288
Kat, 154
Lombardy-nut, 194
Iôngan, 384
Kaya, 571
Keg-fig, 243
Loof, 341
Khair, 18
Lopez
Looy-looy, 270
root, 571
STURTEVANT
68o
Loqtint, ass
Marking-nut
Lords-and-ladies, 70
Marmalade
Lote
tree,
340
Marmottes, 458
Marshmallow, 42
Martynia, 356
Masterwort, 61, 416
Mastic tree, 440
155
I<ote-tree, false,
243
Lotus, 382, 389, 621
Lotus
tree, 388
Lousewort, 412
Lovage, 334; Scotch, 335
Love
tree,
MatcS, 312
May
157
apple, 447;
Lucerne, 358
Luckie's mutch, 23
Meadow
Lucuma, 340
Lung lichen, 559
Lungwort, 471, 559
bright, 127
Medick, black, 357

Medlar, 365, 475
Melilot, 359
Melist, 359
Melloco, 583
Melon, 202; dudaim,
.
field,
341; wild, 342; yellow, 342
Macaw, 23
Macaw-fat, 250
Mace, reed, 582; sweet, 561
Mad-dog weed, 30
Madeira nut, 319
Madia-oil plant, 348
Madrona, 61
Himalayan, 447
Mayflower, 141
Maypops, 410
Mazzard, 458
Love-in-a-mist, 409
Lupine, blue, 342;

Lustwort, 247
tree, S3I
tree,
207;
Mescal, 27
Milfoil, 22
Mahoe, 359
Mahonia, 86, 88
Mahoua, 84
Milkweed, 71
Milkwort, 448
Mesquite, 455; honey, 455; screw-pod, 455

Milk-tree, 121
Maiden-hair
tree, 290
Maize, 608; mountain, 393; water, 597
Makola, 26
Millet, 405; Australian, 405; Italian, 533; Japanese,
533; koda, 409; spiked, 412
Mint, 360
Miraculous berry, 534
Malla, 392
Mallee, 258
Mocker nut, 150
Mallow, 351; curled, 351; high, 351; Jew's, 189;

March, 351 pimple, 126; poppy, 126; white, 42
Maloo creeper, 85
Mammee, 340; wild, 490
Manderin, 175
Mandrake, 447, 563
Mangaba, 298
Mangel, 89
Mangel wurzel, 89
Mango, 223, 352; horse, 352
Mangold, 89
Mangosteen, 242
Mangrove, 492 New Zealand, 79
Manioc, 353
Molka, 506
Molle, 525
Mongosteen, 286; African, 286
Monkey puzzle, 60
plant, 30, 562; Persian,
30
Moonflower, 316
Moorberry, 587
Morocco-gum, 19
Mortinia, 586
Moss, bog, 553; Ceylon, 290; Corsican, 329; cup,

330; Iceland, 159; Irish, 163; pearl, 163; reindeer,
Mossberry, 367, 402

Mother's heart, 134
Mugwort, 67
Man-of-the-earth, 316
Man-root, 316
Manzanita, 63
;
Norway,
21
red, 21
21; silver, 21: soft, 21; sugar, 21;
rock,
swamp,
21;
sycamore, 21; Tartarian, 22; white, 21

Maranta, 179
Marguerite, 163
Marigold, com, 163; marsh, 127; pot, 125
Marjoram, pot, 397; sweet, 397; wild, 397; winter

sweet, 397
Monkeybread, 24
Monkey-nut, 47
Monkshood, 23
Monox, 253
177
Manna, Poland, 291
Maple, ash-leaved, 381
207;
Mercury, 160; annual, 362
Magnolia, 349
Maguey, 27, 606
Manna
pomegranate,
Queen Ann's-pocket, 207; snake, 207

Melon tree, 142
Menow-weed, 512
Mulberry, aino, 369; black, 370; dyers', 368; Indian,

368; paper, 121; red, 370; white, 369
Murmura, 75
Muscadine, 602
Muskmelon, 202
Mustard,
100;
field,
120;
tansy, 536; wild, 483
Mustard
tree, 519
Myall-wood, 19
hedge,
536;
hill,
122;
68 1
Olive-wood, 251
Myrica, 378
Myrrh, 379
Myrtle, 380; candleberry, 378; crape, 324; Jew's,
515
Mam-nam, 230
Nannyberry, 592
Naras, 20
Narcissus, 380
Nardoo, 355
Nardu, 355
Olneya, 393
Onion, 32; gipsy, 40; tree,
31;
two-bladed,
174; sweet, 174
Orchis, bug, 396; salep, 396; spotted, 396
Naseberry, 22, 366

Nasturtium, 332, 580; dwarf, 581; five-leaved, 581;
Peruvian, 581
tall,
Organy, 397
Orpine, 531
evergreen, 530
Overlook, 131
580
400
Natchnee, 252
Navel wort, 195
Oxalis,
Nelumbo, yellow, 382
Oyster plant, 572; black, 528; Spanish, 527

Oyster, vegetable, 572
Ox-tongue, 435
Nepata, 383
Paeony, 404
Pai, 40
Palm, African date, 621; Areng, 64; Assai, 265;
bacaba oil, 391; bacaba wine, 392; bamboo, 488;
Nettle, 584; European, 155; spurge, 318
Nettle tree,
New
New
36;
Welch, 36; wild, 36

Opopanax, 19
Orach, 76; sea, 76
Orange, 173; bigarade, 174; bitter, 174; Jamaica
mandarin, 292; native, 169; Seville, 174; sour,
55
Granada winter bark, 247
Zealand bur, 20
1
broom, 570; cabbage, 338, 396;
Nicker-tree, 296
batava,
Nigella, 388
coast, 245; cohune, 76; coquito, 318; coyoli, 23;
Niggertoe, 89
Nightshade, black, 544; common, 544; malabar,
cucurite, 357; date, 429; doub, 98; gebang, 194;
83; yellow-berried, 551
392;
Gippsland, 338; inaja, 357; iraiba, 183;

ivory,
433;
15T;
jaggery,
jara,
331;
ita,
356;
macuja,
Nipa, 388
23; maraja, 80; needle, 606; nibung, 394; nika,
Nipplewort, 326
493; oil, 182, 250; palmetto, 515; palmyra, 98;

peach, 80; prickly, 80; prickly sago, 363; sago,
Nitre-bush, 388
Nonda, 408
225, 363, 364; spineless sago, 363; tala, 98;

toddy, 151; urucuri, 76; wine, 98, 151, 182, 357,
Nonesuch, 357
Nose-bleed, 22
Nubk
488
Palmetto, 160; saw, 100
623
Nut tree, 348
Nut-gall tree, 494
tree,
Nutmeg, 378;
Panax, 404
Pandang, 404
Brazilian, 201; Ja-naica, 367;
Mada-
gascar clove, 488; Peruvian, 329
Mutmeg
flower, 3S8
Nux-vomica
tree,
Papaya, 142
559
Oak, ballota, 481; basket, 481; bcUoot, 481; belote,

481; black, 482; California
field,
480; California,
camata, 479; caiiatina, 479; chtetnut,

482; cork, 482; cow, 481; evergreen, 179, 481;
holly, 481; kermes, 480; live, 481, 482; manna,
white, 481
481;
Rocky Mountain
Papaw, 71, 142

Papaw-wood, 187
scrub,
482;
silk
bark,
Paprika, 137
Papyrus, 230
Para nut, 89
Parica, black, 440
Parsley, 146; bastard, 154; bud, 154; hedge, 154;

horse, 538;
meadow, 391;
milk, 416; stone, 535;
wild, 391
294;
Parsnip, 416; sea, 249; water, 536; wild, 61
potato, 77; short, 76; Siberian,
Passion flower, 410; blue, 409

Passion flowers, 409
trutHe, 482; Turkish, 480; valonia, 479;

western, 481; white, 480; willow, 482
Oat, 77; bristle-pointed, 78; meagre, 78; naked, 77;
77; Tartarean,
77; wild, 77
Oca, 401 402

Ocra, 302
,
Oil plant,
Partridge-berry, 366
Patience, garden, 514; herb, 514
Pea, 441; Angola, 124; black-eyed, 246; butterfly,
Cape Horn, 327;
179;
458
Oil-nut, 472
Oil-plant, 50
coral,
Oil-seed plant, 128
327;
Okra, 302; wild, 598
24;
earthnut,
clay,
328;
597;
165,
124;
441;
field, 441; grey, 441; heart,

142; heath, 327;
Jerusalem, 597; love, 17; marble, 597; mountain,
no-eye,
124;
pigeon,
124;
Old man, 66
winged, 339; yellow-flowered, 327

Peach, 462; wild, 460
Oleaster, 250; Philippine, 250
Peach
Olive, 392; American, 400; Califomian, 583; Chinese,
Peaches, native, 284
130; fragrant, 400; wild, 250, 297, 390
Congo,
Egyptian,
bells,
129
Peacock flower, 124
seaside,
327;
STURTEVANT
682
.

Pleurisyroot, 71
Peanut, 59; hog, 46

414; anchovy, 295; birchleaved, 473; Chinese, 479; Rarlic, 199; prickly,
395; sage-leaved, 478; sand, 479; sweet, 44;
three-lobed-leaved, 479; wild, 179, 478; willow-
Pear,
473;
alligator,
leaved, 478
Pearl bern', 354
I'lum,
460; alpine, 458; American,
456; apricot,
190; August,
456; batoko, 270;

beach, 461; bear, 466; black, 261; blood, 297;
465; Assyrian,
Brazilian, 555; briancon, 458; cherry, 459; Chickasaw, 459; coco, 163; cocomilla, 459; creek, 465;
date, 243; European, 460; gingerbread, 407;
goose, 456; gray, 243; ground, 74; hog, 456, 556,
Pearly everlasting, 49
Pecan, 149
Peelcom, 77
Peepul, 269
jambolan, 261; Japanese, 255, 461, 466;

Java, 261; Jew, 555; Madagascar, 270; maiden,
187; malabar, 261; Natal, 143; Pacific, 466;
Peg wood, 193
puneala,
Pellitory, 407
seaside,
Penny
605;
556;
flower, 341
Pepino, 544
Pepper, Australian, 525; bird, 136; birds-eye, 136;
bonnet, 137; Cayenne, 136, 137; cherry, 136;
Chili, 136;
guinea,
cubeb, 439; Ethiopian, 605; goat, 136;

605; long, 439, 440; lunan, 137;
136,
melegueta, 46; mountain long, 440; negro, 605;

poor man's, 332; red, 136; spur, 136; staart,
439; sweet, 179; Turkish, 137
Pepper
sugar,
triflora,
Pennyroyal, 361
Pennywort, 337
tree, 247,
439
270;
456;
red,
simon,
605;
351;
sweet,
rough -skinned,
sour,
400;
tamarind,
400;
407;
Spanish,
237;
466; wild, 407; yeUow, 456
Pocan, 434
Pohue, 316
Poke, Indian, 434, 591; Virginian, 434
Polyfxjdy, 449
Pomegranate, 471
Pomelo, 173, 175
Pomme blanche, 469
Pond-weed, cape, 58
Poonay-oil plant, 127
Poor man's weatherglass, 47
Pepperidge, 390
Popinac, 19
Peppermint, 361
Poplar, 338; white, 450
Pepper-root, 141
Poppy,
Peri-root, 288
465;
406; com, 406;
arctic,
field,
406;
opium,
407; oriental, 406
Pot
Persimmon, 244; black, 244; Japanese, 243

Phoolwa-oil plant, 84
tree,
Potato,
330
545;
air,
Madagascar,
Pia, 560
239;
540;
Chinese,
prairie,
goa,
238;
swamp,
518;
240;
469;
swan, 518; telinga, 46; wild, 162, 316
Pieplant, 490, 491, 492; red-veined, 490
Pignut, 144, 150, 188

Pigweed, 44, 160
Prangos, 453
Prickly pole, 81
Pride of Barbados, 124
Pride of India, 358
Pig's face, 362
Pillcom, 77
Primrose, 453; evening, 392
Pimbina, 592
Pimento, 136, 435
Pimpernel, 47
Pinang, 63
Pummelo, 175
Pumpkin, 212; white, 85
Pindar, 59
Purslane, 450; seaside, 532; Siberian, 178; water,
Prince's feather, 43
Pine, bhotan, 437; black, 447; Brazilian, 60; Chilian,

60; digger, 438; emodi, 438; giant, 437; imou,
231; Korean, 437; mahogany, 447; Nepal nut,

437; nut, 437, 438; pinon, 437; red, 231; Scotch,
438; screw, 404, 405; stone, 438; sugar,
Swiss stone, 436; totara, 447; white, 447
437;
413; yellow, 459

Pyrola, one-flowered, 367
Quamash, 128
Quandong
nut, 284
Quassia, 435
Quick, 198
Pineapple, 48
Piprage, 88
Quickbeam, 473
Quince 474; Bengal, 25; Japanese, 475
Piquia-oil plant, 150
Quinoa, 161
Raccoon-berry, 447
Radish, 484; black, 483; Italian, 483; Spanish, 483;
wild, 483
Ragee, 252
Rain tree, 445
Raisin tree, 308
Pishamin, sweet, 144

Pistacia nut, 441
Pitakara, 165
Pitanga, 263, 264

Pitcher plant, 383
Pittombera, 522
Plane, mock, 21
Plantain,
373,
Raisin, wild, 592
445;
buckshom, 445;
parrot's, 300; seaside,
446
false,
300;
Rambutan, 383
Ramoon
tree,
582
STURTEVANT
Rampion, 129; German, 392; spiked, 434

Rampostan, 383
Ramsons, 40
683
Saltwort, 84, 519
Saman, 445
Samphire, 200,
Ramtil, 295
Rape, 100
prickly,
Jamaica,
532;
flowering, 509;
hill,
508; low-bush, 511; Mauritius,
Rocky Mountain,
510; Mysore, 508; red, 511;
Sanguinary, 22
Sapodilla, 22
Red-bead vine, 17
Redbud, 157
vSarsaparilla,
Red-osier, 193
Satinwood, 348
Red-ware, 325
Reed, 430
Rennet, cheese, 285
Rest-harrow, 394
Sauce-alone, 536
Rhododendron, tree, 492

Rhubarb, 490, 4^91 Buchanan, 492; currant-fruited,
491; monk's, 514; mountain, 513; Sikkim, 491;
Scaldberry, 507
Sapota, 22, 340, 356; white, 151
537
Sassafras, 523
Savory, 364; headed, 570; summer, 524; winter,
524
Saxifrage, golden, 165;
meadow, 534; pepper, 534
Scandix, 525
Scarlet
nmner, 42 1
Tartarian, 492; wild, 513

Rice, 398; Indian, 620; mountain, 399; pampas,
Scoke, 434
551; petty, 161; Tennessee, 551; wild, 620

Rimu, 231
Scuppemong, 602
Scorzonera, French, 435
Sea
Rock-lily, 236
254
560
Sea-girdles, 325
Sea-holm, 257
Sea- wand, 325
Sea-ware, 325
Rock-rose, shaggy, 169
Selu, 190
Roebuck
Service maple, 479; wild, 479

Service berry, 44; western, 44
Service tree, 479
Rocambole, 39
297
crambling,
122; yellow, 82
Rose,
82;
536;
sea,
125;
Turkish,
berry, 510
tree, 17
ash-leaved,
cabbage,
504;
504;
briar,
cinnamon,
503;
504;
bumet, 504;
guelder,
592;
monthly, 504; red china, 504; Turkestan, 504

Rose of Sharon, 305
Rose-bay, Lapland, 4.92
Roselle, 304
Rosemary, 505; marsh, 331
Rosin-weed, 535
Rowan
Rubber
tree,
fruit,
Sea-blite,
tripe,
Rosary- pea
473
584
Rue, 515; goat's, 284
Runch, 48^
Rush, Dutch, 255; flowering,
Sesame, 531
Shad, 44
Shaddock, 173, 175
Shallot, 31
Shea
tree,
123
Sheepberry, 592
Shellbark, big, 150
Shepherd's clock, 47
Shepherd's joy, 288
tree, 325,
Sliepherd's purse, 134
Shoemaker's
123;
palmite, 454; scouring, 255
grassy,
123;
tree,
124
Siberian oil-seed, 128

vSiberian
pea
tree,
140
Rutabaga, 100
Rye, 529
Silk-cotton tree, 96
SafHower, 144
Silver-bell tree, 297
Silkweed, 71
Saffron, 200; false, 144
Silverberry,
Sage, 520; Bengal, 362; wood, 568
Silver- weed, 451
Sago cyad, 607
250
St.
John's bread, 156
Silverwood, 370
Sinhara nut, 573
St.
Thomas'
Skirret,
tree,
84
Salad, Indian, 310; Shawnee, 310

Salal,
288
536
Sloe, 456, 465; of the South,
Slokam, 450
Salep, 264, 560
Sloke,
573
Salmonberry, 506, 509, 510, 511
Salsify, 572; black, 528
Smallage, 55
Saligot,
519;
Sandalwood, 522; red, 24

Sandpaper tree, 237
506
Ravensara, ^88
Rocket,
marsh,
Sandal, 522
Raspbeny, black, 509; dwarf, 511; European, 507;
Rock
84;
249
450
Slow-match
tree, 142
Smart weed, 134
466
STURTEVANT
684
Smoke-plant, 493
Stock, 356
Snail-flower, 418
Stonecrop, 530, 531
Snails,
Snakeroot, 71
Snakeweed, 449
Snakewood, alicastrum, 121; Indian,
Storksbill,
256
Strawberry, 273; alpine, 281; garden, 281; green,

281; guava, 130; hautbois, 281; perpetual, 281;
Snowball, wild, 154
pine,
Snowberry, 560; creeping, 162
281
tree,
rosy-flowered, 530
Strainer vine, 341
15.J
Snapdragon, 512
Snowball tree, 59J
Soap-bark
Storax, 560
Stork's bill, 412
358
444
281;
Strawberry
scarlet,
282;
Strychnine, 559
Soapplant, 162
Stump
Soap-pod, 18
Soap-wood, 179
Succory, 167; swine's, 310
296
tree,
Sugarberry, 155
Soldier's-cap, 23
seal,
448
Sorbet, 192
Sorghum, 551
Sorrel, 512; French, 513; garden, 514; Indian, 304;
Sugar-bush, 456
Sumach, dwarf, 493; elm-leaved, 493; fragrant,
493; mountain, 493; scarlet, 493; staghom, 494;
tanner's, 493; Virginian, 494
Sundew, 247
Soursop, 51
Sunflower, 298; giant, 299; Oregon, 81

Suntwood, 18
Southernwood, 66
Sow-thistle, mountain, 321
Sweet, meadow, 555; mountain, 154

Sweet potato, 314; Pondicherry, 241
Spadic, 257
Spelt, 577; lesser, 577
Sweet tea plant, 537

Sweetbriar, 504
Sweetsop, 51, 53
Sycamore, 270; false, 358
Symmium, 416
Syrian bead tree, 358
Tacca, 560
Tala, 264
Sphagnum, 553
Talewort, 97
Spice bush, 337, 583

Spider-flower, 178
Tallow
Spiderwort, blue, 187
Tangerine, 175
Spignel, 75
Tangle, 325; blue, 288

Tanner's tree, 192
mountain, 403; wood, 400
Spanish bayonet, 606

Spanish nut, 318
Spatlum, 335
Spatter-dock, 389
Spearmint, 361
Speedwell, 591; watei-, 591
Spikenard,
282; wood,
tree, 61
Soapberry-, 522
Solomon's
Virginia,
false,
tree, 413
Tamarind, 562; of the Indies, 590; velvet, 237
537
Spinach, 554; Australian, 160, 568; Cuban,

mountain, 76; New Zealand, 567; wild, 160
Spindle tree, Japanese, 264
Sponge tree, 19
Spoon wort, 181
Spotted cat's ear, 311
Spring beauty, 178
Spruce, black, 434; double, 434; Norway, 434
Spurge, balsam, 264, cajjcr, 265
Spurry, com, 553
Square nut, 1 50
Squash, 2l2;'turbar., 211
Squaw-vine, 366
177;
Tansy, 563; goose, 451

Tapa-cloth tree, 121
Tapioca, 353
Taraire tree, 384
Tare, 596; hairy, 59^; smooth, 596
Taro, 41, 185, 186
Tarragon, 66
Tasmanian
Tawa, 384
sassafras tree, 76
Tea, 128; Appalachian, 312; Araljian, 154; tourbon,

51 bush, 235; Ceylon, 251 chaperral, 201 faham,
51; Hottentot, 300; Jamaica, 134; Jesuit, 469-
Labrador, 330; Mexican, 160;
Staff tree, 155

Staff vine, 1 55
Oswego, 366;
Tea berry, 288
Starch-root, 70
Tea
Star-of-Hethlehem, 398
Tea-of -heaven, 309, 446

Tea-oil plant, 128
Star-of-thc-earth,
445
tree,
Starwort, 557
Stio!<levvort, 28
Teff,
Stinking weed, 152

Stitchwort, 557
Thatch,
prairie, 452;
334
447
Terebinth, 441
silver,
570
Thimbleberry, 509
West
New
Jersey, 154;
India, 134
STURTEVANT
Thistle, acanthus-leaved, 143; carline, 143; cotton,
395; golden, 527; holy, 535; milk, 535; sow, 551;
spotted golden, 528; star, 156

Thorn, black, 198; box, 342; Christ's, 623; dwarf,
198; eastern, 197; Jew, 621; orange, 169; pear,
'
thirsty,
Russian box, 343; sallow,
198;
198; quick-set,
305;
20;
white,
198;
yellow-fruited,
Venus comb, 525

Venus' hair, 25
Venus's looking-glass, 553
Vetch, 327; bitter, 327; bush, 596; chickling, 328;
large Russian, 597; narbonne, 596; tufted, 592;
white, 596; wood, 596
Viburnum, 592; naked, 552; sweet, 592
Vigna, 597
Vinegar tree, 493
197
Thomapple, downy, 231

Thorough wsBc, 123
Violet, 598; dog's-tooth, 257

Violet- wood, 19
Thousand-seal, 22
570; lemon, 570; wild, 570
Thyme,
685
Virgin's bower,
78
tree, 18
Ti, 190
Wadalee-gum
Tiger flower, 571

Toadflax, 553
Wake
Tobacco, 384, 385

Tobacco root, 589
Toda specie, 79
Walnut, 319; black, 319; country, 30; English,
robin, 70; Virginian, 412
Wallwort, 521
319;
Japanese,
320;
Otaheite,
Tomato, 343; cherry, 432; currant, 347; husk, 433;

purple strawberry, 432;
strawberry,
431,
432,
Water dragon,
pimpernel, 591; shield,
125;
tree,
519
lily,
597; Australian, 389; Egyptian, 389;
Water-betony, 529
Water-chestnut, 251
Tormentil, 452
Tomilla, 455
Water-cress, 141
Water-filter nut, 559
Trapa nut, 573

Travelers' tree, 488
Waterleaf, hairy, 309
Treacle-berry, 537
Water-lotus, American, 382
Treacle, clown's, 38
Watermelon, 169
Tread-softly, 318
Water-plantain, 30
Tree-fern, black-stemmed, 225; silvery, 224

Tree of heaven, 28
Water-yam, 58
356
Tree-of-life,
Trefoil, 575; bird's-foot, 339;
tree,
Wattle, black,
18;
Sydney
Waxwork, 155
Whample, 177
Wheat, German, 277; one-grained, 577;
Polish,
18;
green,
18;
silver,
golden, 19
marsh, 361; Shanghai,
357; shrubby, 470
154
Tuber-root, 71
Tule, 526
Wattle
tree,
243
577; two-grained, 577
Tulip, butterfly, 126; star, 126
Whinberry, 586
Tulip tree, 338

Turmeric, 224
Whistling-tree, 20
Tuna, 395
Whiteweed, 163
Whitewood, 338, 571
Tupelo, large, 390; upland, 390
Whitloof, 167
Turkey berry, 545
Whitten
Turkish gram, 418

Turk's cap, 23, 336
Whortleberry, 586; Maderia, 586
Turnip, Indian, 65, 469

Turnips, 100
Turpentine, Cyprus, 441
Willow, crack, 519; white, 519

Willow-herb, 255; square-stemmed, 255
Wineberry, 192, 510
Udo, 60
UUuco, 583
Winterberry, 312
Wintergfeen, 288
plant, 356
Unicorn-root, 30
tree,
592
Wild mush, 256
Wistaria, 604
Witch-hazel, 297
Urhur, 124
Withe-rod, 592
Valerian, 267, 589; African, 588; long-spurred, 156;
Woad, 318
Wolf -bean, 341
red, 156
Vanilla, 591
100;
prickly, 265; white, 389; yellow, 389
Tooth-brush
Unicom
Persian,
567
"tree,
Water
433
Toor, 124
Trumpet
30;
319
Carolina, 576
Varnish tree, 28, 531
Vegetable humming-bird, 532
Vegetable marrow, 414
;
Wolfsbane, 23
Woodbine, Spanish, 317

Woodroof, 73
Woodwaxen, 289
STURTEVANT
686
Woolen

Yaupon, 312
breeches, 309
Worm-seed, 67
Yellow-berry, 506
Wormwood,
Yerba de mat<5, 312

Yew, 565; plum-fruited, 156
66; alpine, 67; spiked, 67
Woundwort, 556
Yallah-oil plant, 84
Yam,
240, 241, 242; birch-rind, 238; Chinese, 240;
Yulan, 349
Zachun-oil
tree, 81
doyala, 242; Indian, 242; Malacca, 239; rangoon,
Zamang, 445
239: tivolo, 240; white, 238
Zebra-wood, 260
Zedoary, 224
Zulu nuts, 230
Yams, 238
Yarrow, 22
030330009
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State of

Twenty-seventh Annual Report

NOTES ON EDIBLE PLANTS

Agricultural Experiment Station for the

York Agricultural Experiment Station:

transmit to you for

Notes on Edible Plants."

distinguished, his studies in economic

botany being one

performed, in order that so valuable a collection of knowledge might

such a volume should be issued at this

more and more acute

overshadows the supply. Primitive peoples depended

for food increasingly

come when a comprehensive

utilization of food plants will be essential to

that the information so ably

brought together by Dr. Sturtevant cannot

to study the origin

must have been struck with the paucity and inaccuracy

on the subject. For nearly nineteen hundred years, to be written in Pliny

long odds the best plant historian, says,

four of Linnaeus' indications of the original

of cultivated plants are

in his turn, usually accurate,

down 2897 which may be

used for food, most of which are cultivated.

plants are pointed out.

Though the book contains

made to mention all cultivated

history of the food plants of the Old World,

information on the variations that have been produced in plants

His book adds

It is pertinent to inquire as to the qualifications

may have had to illuminate

so vast a subject as that of edible

the added reason that a book can

be used with greatest profit only when

Sturtevant' s Notes on Edible Plants is

a compilation from four sources,

Notes on Edible Plants, left at this Station

American Naturalist on the history of garden vegetables,

his task has been.

With so great a wealth of material much has had to be discarded.

which they were written,

times that used.

into four well-defined divisions of labor:

some standard of botanical nomenclature had to be adopted that

to conform as far as possible to one standard.

Second, Sturtevant's citations to literature, except in the series of

Since a book such as this

full citations, these,

as far as possible, have been completed

a task requiring borrowed books from a dozen or more

no doubt many mistakes have crept into

given in detail, since to cite

catalog a collection of books.

borrowed material, numerous

mentators and editors bearing the names of original authors,

and make the task

Fourth, the material had to be arranged.

Sturtevant in his discussions

Station, in his card index of edible