1.

FLOOR SYSTEM AND SLAB SYSTEM

1.1

Flat slab

Flat slabs are appropriate for most

floor situations and also for
irregular column layouts, curved
floor shapes, ramps etc. The
benefits of choosing flat slabs
include a minimum depth solution,
speed of construction, flexibility in
the plan layout (both in terms of
the shape and column layout), a
flat soffit (clean finishes and
freedom of layout of services) and scope and space for the use of flying
forms.
1.2

Flat plate
A flat plate floor system is a
two-way concrete slab
supported directly on
columns with reinforcement
in two orthogonal directions
(Figure 1). Primarily used in
hotels, multi-family
residential buildings, and
hospitals, this system has
the advantages of simple construction and formwork and a flat
ceiling, the latter of which reduces ceiling finishing costs, since the
architectural finish can be applied directly to the underside of the
slab. Even more significant are the cost savings associated with the
low-story heights made possible by the shallow floor system.
Smaller vertical runs of cladding, partition walls, mechanical
systems, plumbing, and a large number of other items of
construction translate to large cost savings, especially for medium
and high-rise buildings. Moreover, where the total height of a
building is restricted, using a flat plate will result in more stories
accommodated within the set height.

1.3

Ribbed floor slab

Ribbed floors consisting of equally spaced ribs are usually
supported directly by columns. They are either one-way spanning
systems known as ribbed slab or a two-way ribbed system known
as a waffle slab. This form of construction is not very common
because of the formwork costs and the low fire rating.

1.4

Waffle slab
A reinforced concrete
slab with equally spaced
ribs parallel to the sides,
having a waffle
appearance from
below.

1.5

1.6
1.7

Lift slab
Lift-Slab
slab on the

Construction is a precast method of construction of

ground and then lifting it to the structure. A type of
precasting used in building construction
involves casting floor and roof slabs at or
near ground level and lifting them to their
final position, hence the
name lift-slab
construction. It offers many
of the advantages of precasting and
eliminates many of the
storing, handling, and
transporting disadvantages.

Span stress floor system

Slip form method
Slip form construction is a construction method in which concrete is
poured into a
continuously moving form. Slip forming
is used for
tall structures (such as bridges,
towers, buildings, and dams), as well
as horizontal
structures, such as
roadways. Slip forming
enables
continuous, non-interrupted, cast-in-place
"flawless" (i.e. no joints) concrete
structures which have superior
performance characteristics to piecewise
construction using discrete form elements. Slip forming relies on
the quick-setting properties of concrete, and requires a balance
between quick-setting capacity and workability. Concrete needs to
be workable enough to be placed into the form and consolidated

(via vibration), yet quick-setting enough to emerge from the form

with strength. This strength is needed because the freshly set
concrete must not only permit the form to "slip" by the concrete
without disturbing it, but also support the pressure of the new
concrete as well as resist collapse caused by the vibration of the
compaction machinery.
2. WALL PANEL SYSTEM
2.1
Flat type
2.2
Ribbed type
2.3
Window type and wall type
2.4
Tilt-up wall panel system