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07/09/2016

RulesofthumbStructuralengineeringothertechnicaltopicsFAQEngTips

BEAMS:
OVERALLDEPTHOFBEAMS:
MEMBERSPAN/OVERALLDEPTHRATIOreinforcedMaxrecommendedspanSPAN/OVERALLDEPTHRATIO
Prestressed/posttensionedMaxrecommendedspan
RectangularBEAMwidth>250mmorspan/15butlessthan5D.10TO14(con't2026)8m(con't12m)132012m(con't
15m)
Flangedbeams1218(con't1821)
cantilever265m
Bandbeams(b?3D)orspan/51820812253014(18mcon't)
FornonbandbeamsConcretebeams:2to1depthtowidthratio
thewidth(b)ofarectangularbeamshouldbebetween1/3and2/3oftheeffectivelength(d).Thelargerfractionisusedfor
relativelylargerdesignmoments.
BandwidthL/4toL/3maxatslabsoffit(Lforaveragetransversespan)Iwouldnormallytaperthesidesofthebandwitha1to
1.5'taperfortheL/25ora2'taperfortheL/33tosaveweightbutthatdependsonformworkcosts)
BanddepthL/25toL/30(Lforlongitudinalspan)

NotesNote:
1.Beamsneedmoredepthtofitsufficientreinforcinginsectionsocheckdetailingearly
2.Themaximumspanslistedherearenotabsolutelimits.Longerspansarepossiblewitheverytype,butmaynotbeeconomical.As
aruleofthumbforestimatesofthicknessabovethespanondeflectionratio'sshouldbemultipliedby"maximumrecommended
span"/"actualspan")
3.Thehighernumberaregivenforlightloadings(about1.5kpa)andthelowernumbersforheavyloadings(about10kpa)
Commonbandbeamwidthsare1200,1800and2400
bForflangedsectionswiththeratiooftheflangetotheribwidthgreaterthan3,
theTablevalueforbeamsshouldbemultipliedby0.8.
cFormembers,otherthanflatslabpanels,whichsupportpartitionsliableto
bedamagedbyexcessivedeflectionofthemember,andwherethespan
exceeds7m,theTablevalueshouldbemultipliedby7/span.
dForflatslabswherethegreaterspanexceeds8.5m,theTablevalueshouldbe
multipliedby8.5/span.
eThevaluesmaynotbeappropriatewhentheformworkisstruckatanearly
ageorwhentheconstructionloadsexceedthedesignload.Inthesecasesthe
deflectionmayneedtobecalculatedusingadviceinspecialistliterature.
Sizing:
Fornoncantilevers:d(mm)=span(mm)/26+300,roundtheresulttonearest25mm.
Forcantilevers:d(mm)=span(mm)/7+300,roundtheresulttonearest25mm.
Fornoncantilevers:
Ifspan<6000mm,b(mm)=300
If6000<span<9000,b=350
If9000<span<12000,b=400
Forcantilevers,b(mm)=300
EarthquakeLoading:
ThetotalearthquakeloadonabuildingiscalledtheBaseShear,V.EstimatethisloadingVas,
V=0.1W,whereWisthetotalweightofthebuilding.
1.Beamsectionsshouldbedesignedfor:
Momentvaluesatthecolumnface&(notthevalueatcentrelineasperanalysis)
Shearvaluesatdistanceofdfromthecolumnface.(notthevalueatcentrelineasperanalysis)
Momentredistributionisallowedforstaticloadsonly.
2.Usehighergradeofconcreteinmostofthebeamsthataredoublyreinforced.
3.WheneverpossibletrytouseTbeamorLbeamconceptsoastoavoidcompressionreinforcement.
4.Useamin.of0.2%forcompressionreinforcementtoaidincontrollingthedeflection,creepandotherlongtermdeflections.
5.Lengthofcurtailmentshallbecheckedwiththerequireddevelopmentlength.
6.KeepthehigherdiameterbarsawayfromtheN.A(i.e.layernearesttothetensionface)sothatmax.Leverarmwillbeavailable.
7.Themaximumareaofeitherthetensionorcompressionreinforcementinahorizontalelementis4%ofthegrosscrosssectional
areaoftheconcrete.
8.Shearwhereshearstress(v)isconsideredtobecritical,itcanbecalculatedasfollows:
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07/09/2016

RulesofthumbStructuralengineeringothertechnicaltopicsFAQEngTips

23.v=V/bdforbeamsideallyitshouldbelessthan2N/mm2toavoidcongestion,butthismaynotbepossiblefortransferbeams
wheresheariscritical.
24.Wheresplicesareprovidedinbars,theyshallbe,asfaraspossible,awayfromthesectionsofmaximumstressesandshallbe
staggered.
25.Werethedepthofbeamsexceeds750mmincaseofbeamswithouttorsionand450mmwithtorsionprovidefacerein.
26.Deflectioninslabs/beamsmaybereducedbyprovidingcompressionreinforcement.
27.Onlyclosedstirrupsshallbeusedfortransverserein.Formemberssubjectedtotorsion/"compatibilitytorsion"andformembers
likelytobesubjectedtoreversalofstressesasinSeismicforces.
28.Toaccommodatebottombars,itisgoodpracticetomakesecondarybeamsshallowerthanmainbeams,atleastby50mm.

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