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4.
Hydrology Cycle
Definition of Hydrology
Hydrology is a subject of great importance for people and
their environment and treats all phases of the earths water
hydrology is the study of water in all its forms and from all its
origins to all its destinations on the earth, which describes and
predicts:
the spatial and temporal variations of water substance in
the terrestrial, oceanic, and atmospheric compartments of
the global water system
the movement of water on and under the earths land
surface, the physical and chemical processes
accompanying that movement, and the biological
processes that conduct or affect that movement
5
Earths Circumfluence
Global hydrologic fluxes (1000 km3/year) and storages (1000 km3) with natural and
anthropogenic cycles
WaterConsumed3.81103 km3/year
Irrigation2.66/3.81=70%
Populationin2005:6.51billion
AnnualWaterConsumptionperpersonin
2005:585m3/year/capita
Application of Hydrology
Practical applications of hydrology are found in such
tasks as
Applied Hydrology
Hydrology Cycle
To assess the total water storage on the
Earth reliably is a complicated problem
because water is so very dynamic
Water is in permanent motion, constantly
changing from
liquid to solid or gaseous phase, and back
again
Area
Volume
(103 km2)
(103 km3)
Atmospheric vapour
510 000
13
World ocean
362 033 1 350 400
Water in land areas:
148 067
Freshwater lakes
825
125
Saline lakes; inland seas
700
105
Soil moisture; vadose water 131 000
150
Groundwater
131 000
7 000
Ice-caps and glaciers
17 000
26000
Total in land areas (rounded)
33 900
Total water, all realms (rounded)
1 384 000
% of total
water
0.0001
97.6
0.0094
0.0076
0.0108
0.5060
0.9250
2.4590
100.0000
Volume
(103 km3)
% of total
water
Annual evaporation
From world ocean
From land areas
Total
445
71
516
0.0320
0.0050
0.0370
412
104
516
0.0291
0.0075
0.0370
Annual precipitation
On world ocean
On land areas
Total
29.5
0.0021
2.5
1.5
33.5
0.0002
0.0001
0.0024
Residence Time
Residence Time: the average duration for a water molecule to pass
through a subsystem of the hydrological cycle
1,350,400 10 3 km 3
3000 years
3
3
445 10 km /year
~ 10,000 years
groundwater:
~ 4700 years
2.34 years
t t t
I
i
t
I
i lim
t 0 t
Q
q
t
S
i q
t
Q
q lim
t 0 t
dS
iq
dt
Watershed (1)
also called Drainage Basin, River Basin, Catchment
Watershed (2)
the surface trace of the boundary that delimits a
watershed is called a divide
the horizontal projection of the area of a watershed is
called the drainage area of the stream at (or above) the
cross section
delineation of watersheds is of fundamental importance
because the characteristics of the drainage basin control
the paths and rates of movement of water to the outlet
and the magnitude and timing of outputs via all modes:
Streamflow
groundwater outflow
evapotranspiration
Watershed (3)
as indicated in the figure below, upstream watersheds
are nested within, and are part of, downstream
watersheds.
P Gin Q ET Gout 0
RO Q Gout
RO P Gin ET
RO Q G out P ET
2. Precipitation
Precipitation types
Rain that evaporates before reaching the surface is termed
virga
Common in Colorados dry climate
Precipitation reaching the surface can take on different forms
depending on the vertical temperature profile
NOAA
GOES
MODIS IR+VIS
ASTER
CERES
Radar
IR
VIS
SOUNDING
Precipitable Water
Gauge
NASA
TRMM
Aqua
Physical modeling:
Surface Temperature
Soil Moisture
Vegetation
Rainfall Hyetograph
10 mm
The graph of
rainfall versus
time at a point is
called the rainfall
hyetograph
0.1 mm
0.2 mm
0.5 mm
HKO operates this network with the help of well-trained voluntary observer;
useful and accurate for measuring daily and monthly rainfall.
tipping-buckets type
AP Ai Pi
For a complex network, such sub division may not be unique.
The method also gives no allowance for orographic influences.
It simply assumes linear variation of precipitation between
stations.
(10mm)
(10mm)
(10mm) (sq km)
(10mm)
1
T
P
this is a fundamental definition in statistical hydrology
Statistical Moments
mean
variance
MEAN
x ( )
x f ( x)dx
xi f ( xi )
i 1
An indicator of
the closeness of
the value of a
sample or
population to
the mean
skewness
A measure of
symmetry
if f ( xi )
1
,
n
x ( )
VARIANCE
S
2
f ( x )dx
1 n
xi
n i 1
( x if is unknown)
xi f ( xi )
2
i 1
S2
1 n
xi 2 asn 2 .....unbiased estimate of 2
n 1 i 1
SKEW
f ( x ) dx
xi f ( xi )
3
i 1
n ( x x )3
n 1n 2S 3
1
e
2
( x )2
2 2
Rainfall
(mm)
Year
Rainfall
(mm)
Year
Rainfall
(mm)
Year
Rainfall
(mm)
Year
Rainfall
(mm)
1960
2,237
1970
2,316
1980
1,711
1990
2,047
2000
2,752
1961
2,232
1971
1,904
1981
1,660
1991
1,639
2001
3,092
1962
1,741
1972
2,807
1982
3,248
1992
2,679
2002
2,490
1963
901
1973
3,100
1983
2,894
1993
2,344
2003
1,942
1964
2,432
1974
2,323
1984
2,017
1994
2,726
2004
1,739
1965
2,353
1975
3,029
1985
2,191
1995
2,754
2005
3,215
1966
2,398
1976
2,197
1986
2,338
1996
2,249
2006
2,628
1967
1,571
1977
1,680
1987
2,319
1997
3,343
2007
1,707
1968
2,288
1978
2,593
1988
1,685
1998
2,565
2008
3,066
1969
1,896
1979
2,615
1989
1,945
1999
2,129
2009
2,182
Rainfall
(mm)
3343
3248
3215
3100
3092
3066
3029
2894
2807
2754
2752
2726
2679
2628
2615
:
No.
P (1)
P (2)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
:
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.3
:
0.020
0.039
0.059
0.078
0.098
0.118
0.137
0.157
0.176
0.196
0.216
0.235
0.255
0.275
0.294
(1799.4,0.1587)
(2867,0.8413)
(1799.4,0.1587)
(2867,0.8413)
Frequency (%)
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Rainfall (mm)
3000
3500
4000
50-100 years
25
years
5-10 years
1-2 years
Intensity
Depth
Incremental
Depth
Design
Storm
Cumulative
Design storm
hr
mm/hr
mm
mm
mm
mm
30.0
30.0
30.0
2.5
2.5
17.5
35.0
5.0
4.0
6.5
13.0
39.0
4.0
30.0
36.5
10.5
42.0
3.0
5.0
41.5
8.9
44.5
2.5
3.0
44.5
7.7
46.2
1.7
1.7
46.2
Intensity
Depth
Incremental
Depth (hourly)
Design
Storm
Cumulative
Design storm
hr
mm/hr
mm
mm
mm/hr
mm
30.0
30.0
30.0
2.5
2.5
17.5
35.0
5.0
4.0
6.5
13.0
39.0
4.0
30.0
36.5
10.5
42.0
3.0
5.0
41.5
8.9
44.5
2.5
3.0
44.5
7.7
46.2
1.7
1.7
46.2
Evaporation
evaporation is a process that allows
water to change from its liquid phase to
a vapor
evaporation from the free water surface
of open water or subsurface water
exposed
precipitation that is intercepted by the
vegetative canopy may also be
evaporated
Evaporation Pan
Transpiration
water passes to the atmosphere by
being "taken up" by plants and
passed on through the plant
surfaces
transpiration varies greatly between
plants or crops, climates, and
seasons
TRANSPIRATION
Transpiration of water from plants
is mostly from the stomata
~99% of water entering a
plant is lost in
Transpiration
only ~1% is used in
photosynthesis
Transpiration
2) moving upward
Evapotranspiration
both evaporation and transpiration result in the same thing
water in the atmosphere
because they result in the same thing, we coined them into
one word:
evapotranspiration (ET)
in many areas of the global land surface and during certain
seasons evapotranspiration is a major component of the
hydrologic budget and a major concern in water supply and
yield estimates
I: the inflow
I
O: the outflow
S
S: the change in
O
storage.
:
:
:
:
ed
evaporation
an empirical function
wind speed
saturation vapor pressure (SVP)
corresponding to the temperature at
the water surface
vapor pressure of the air which is equal to
the SVP at the corresponding dew point
temperature
He
Hv
Hs
RN = He + H
RN = RS (1- ) - RB
RS - the incoming shortwave radiation
RB - the net outgoing longwave radiation
Modeling
Conceptual models
the uncertain transferability of regression
equations and the need for simulating
interception loss in predictive models
considerable effort has been expended to
develop conceptual models of the process
50
VIC
ET /P (% )
45
Pow er (VIC)
y = 160.72x -0.9595
R2 = 0.9648
40
Pow er (SWAT)
35
30
y = 141.71x -0.9453
R2 = 0.9375
25
20
15
10
3
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.5
9.5
4. Infiltration
Infiltration rate
infiltration rate can be defined as the volume flux of
water flowing into the soil per unit area
it has the unit of velocity [L/T]
Infiltration Process
kt
i ic i0 ic e
ic :
io :
k:
By Measurement
Infiltration rates can be measured by
infiltrometers which can be of the flooding type
or the sprinkler type
Flooding type infiltrometers
the flooding type infiltrometer consists of two
concentric cylinders of approximately 300-400 mm in
diameter driven into the ground to a depth of about 600
mm
Infiltration
Textural Class
General
Coarse sand
Sands
Loamy sands
HYDROTREND
VALUES
Ksat Rate
(m/sec)
Ksat Rate
(mm/day)
Rapid
> 141.14
42.34-141.14
> 1219.45
364.95-1219.45
Mod. Rapid
14.11-42.34
121.91-364.95
4.23-14.11
1.41-4.23
36.55-121.91
12.18-36.55
0.42-1.41
3.63-12.18
Ksat Class
V. rapid
Coarse
Sandy loam
Fi.san.loam
Mod. coarse
Medium
clay loam
sa. cl. loam
si. cl. loam
Mod. fine
sandy clay
silty clay
clay
Fine and
very fine
Sandy
Loamy
Moderate
Mod. slow
Clayey
Slow