1.

The diagram below shows apparatus that can be used to measure the rate of anaerobic respiration
in yeast cells. The tube contains a yeast suspension in 1% glucose solution and a redox
indicator. The pyrogallol solution absorbs oxygen.

(a)

(i)

Name one suitable redox indicator which could be used in this experiment.
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Give one change you would expect to observe during the experiment as the yeast
respires and give a reason for your answer.
Change..............................................................................................................
Reason..............................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Describe how you could use the apparatus to investigate the effect of temperature on
anaerobic respiration of glucose by yeast.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com

2.

The diagram below shows some of the stages in anaerobic respiration in a muscle.

Hexose
Stage A
Hexose biphosphate
Stage B
Glycerate 3phosphate
Stage C
Pyruvate
Stage D
Lactic acid
(a)

(i)

Name the process shown by stages A to C.

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

State where in a cell this process occurs.

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

Give two uses of ATP in cells.

1 ......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
2 ......................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

At which of the stages shown in the diagram is ATP used?

..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

NADH + H+ is a reduced coenzyme which is involved in anaerobic respiration.

At which of the stages shown is NADH + H+ oxidised?
....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com

3.

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of three carbohydrates (glucose, sucrose
and lactose) on the rate of respiration of yeast cells. Methylene blue is an artificial hydrogen
acceptor which is blue in the oxidised form and colourless when reduced. A colorimeter is an
instrument which can be used to measure the intensity of light passing through a liquid.
In this experiment, 100% transmission of blue light means that the methylene blue remains fully
oxidised.
A tube was set up containing 10 cm of a suspension of yeast cells in 0.5% glucose solution.
1 cm of 0.1% methylene blue solution was added to the tube. The tube was covered and placed
in a water bath at 30 C for 20 minutes. During this time, at two minute intervals, the
percentage of blue light transmitted through the tube was measured in a colorimeter.
The experiment was repeated, first using the same volume of yeast in 0.5% sucrose solution and
then in 0.5% lactose solution.
The results of the experiment are given in the graph below.

100
90
80
70
Percentage of 60
blue light
50
transmitted
40
30
20
10
0
0

10

12

14

16

18

20

Time / min
Key
Sucrose
Glucose
Lactose
(a)

What causes the methylene blue to lose its blue colour during this experiment?
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com

(b)

(i)

Calculate the rate of respiration for the yeast in glucose solution during the first 4
minutes. Give your answer as % transmission min1. Show your working.

Answer .............................................
(3)

(ii)

Comment on the rate of respiration of yeast in glucose during the 20 minutes of the
experiment.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(3)

(iii)

State one way in which the rate of respiration of yeast in sucrose solution differs
from the rate in glucose solution.
................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Suggest one reason for the shape of the lactose curve.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(1)

(d)

Explain why the tubes were kept covered during the experiment.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com

4.

The diagram below shows an outline of anaerobic respiration in muscle.

Glucose

Stage 1

Pyruvate
(a)

(i)

Compound X

State what happens to the hydrogen, removed during stage 1.

.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Identify compound X.
.................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

Explain why it is necessary to convert pyruvate to compound X.

..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com

5.

The diagram below shows an outline of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

Glucose
Stage 1

Glucose phosphate
Stage 2
Glycerate 3phosphate
Stage 3
Pyruvate
Stage 4
Acetyl coenzyme A

4carbon
compound

(a)

Kerbs
cycle

6carbon
compound

Name substance X, used in stage 1.

..
(1)

(b)

State where stage 4 occurs in a eukaryotic cell.

..
(1)

(c)

Name two products of the Krebs cycle.

1 ..
2 ..
(2)

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com

(d)

Describe what happens to pyruvate under anaerobic conditions in a yeast cell.

..
..
..
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

6.

The diagram below shows apparatus used to investigate anaerobic respiration in yeast.

Plunger in fixed position

Syringe
Yeast suspension mixed
with glucose
0

Meniscus
Capillary tubing

5
A yeast suspension containing glucose solution was drawn up into the syringe. The syringe was
attached to a length of capillary tubing and supported in an upright position. Pressure was
applied to the plunger until the meniscus was level with the top of the scale. The initial position
of the meniscus was recorded.
(a)

Explain why the meniscus moved further down the scale during the investigation.
.
.
.
.
(2)

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com

(b)

Describe how you would use this apparatus to compare the rate of anaerobic respiration
using glucose with that using sucrose.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

7.

The diagram below summarises the stages of respiration in muscle tissue.

Glucose
2 ATP
2 ADP
Fructose 1,6bisphosphate
2 ADP

Glycolysis

2 ATP
Glycerate 3phosphate
2 ADP
2 ATP
Substance A
Anaerobic
respiration

Lactic acid
+
No additional ATP

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

Anaerobic
respiration
Carbon dioxide
+
Water
+
34 molecules of ATP

www.edexcel-cie.com

(a)

Name Substance A
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

What is the net yield of ATP produced by the breakdown of one molecule of glucose
under anaerobic conditions?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

Using the information in the diagram, calculate the yield of ATP produced by anaerobic
respiration as a percentage of that produced by aerobic respiration.
Show your working.

Answer............................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

8.

The diagram below shows some of the stages in anaerobic respiration in a muscle.

Hexose
Stage A
Hexose bisphosphate
Stage B
Glycerate 3-phosphate
Stage C
Pyruvate
Stage D
Lactic acid
(a)

Name the process shown by stages A to C.

..
(1)

(b)

State where in a cell this process occurs

..
(1)

(c)

Give ONE use of ATP in cells.

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com

..
(1)

(d)

At which of the stages in the diagram is ATP used?

..
(1)

(e)

NADH + H+ is a reduced coenzyme which is involved in anaerobic respiration. At which

stage is NADH + H+ oxidised?
..
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

9.

The diagram below shows a summary of glycolysis and two alternative pathways that may
follow this process in anaerobic conditions.

Glucose

Glycolysis
Pathway A
Takes place in
exercising muscles
Lactic acid
(a)

Pathway B
Takes place in
yeast cells
Waste products

Substance X is the final product of glycolysis. Name this substance.

.
(1)

(b)

In glycolysis, NAD is converted to its reduced form (NADH + H+). Describe how NAD is
regenerated in pathway A.
.
.
.
.
(2)

(c)

Name the waste products of pathway B.

.
(1)

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com

(d)

Describe the role of reduced NAD (NADH + H+) when respiration takes place in aerobic
conditions.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

10.

The flow chart below illustrates some of the stages that occur in glycolysis.

Glucose
2 ATP
2 ADP + 2 P i
6 carbon phosphorylated intermediate
2 oxidised NAD
2 reduced NAD
Glycerate 3-phosphate

Glycerate 3-phosphate

ADP + Pi
ATP

ADP + Pi
ATP

Pyruvate
(a)

2 ADP + 2 Pi
2 ATP

Pyruvate

State the net gain in ATP from one molecule of glucose in glycolysis.
............................................................................................................................................
(1)

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com

(b)

Explain why the yield of ATP from the respiration of one molecule of glucose when
oxygen is present is more than the yield of ATP from the respiration of one molecule of
glucose under anaerobic conditions.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 6 marks)

11.

Explain what is meant by each of the following terms.

(a)

Cardiac output
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Muscle spindle
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2)

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com

(c)

Anaerobic conditioning
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com

12.

The flow diagram below shows some of the steps involved in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
Some ATP is made directly. Hydrogen is also released and this can result in the production of
more ATP.

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com

(a)

Describe how the hydrogen released during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle results in the
production of ATP.
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(4)

(b)

Using the information in the diagram, state the number of ATP molecules produced from
one triose phosphate molecule.
.......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

As well as carbohydrates, triglycerides can be respired. The first step is to break down
each triglyceride molecule into glycerol and three fatty acids.
Each fatty acid is broken down into acetyl CoA molecules. The acetyl CoA molecules
then enter the Krebs cycle.
(i)

Using the information in the diagram, state the number of ATP molecules produced
from one acetyl CoA molecule.
................................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Suggest why fatty acids can only be respired under aerobic conditions.
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

Khalid Mazhar Qureshi

www.edexcel-cie.com