CHAPTER 19

Abbe Sieyes
Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate" Argued that lower classes were more important than
the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people.
Bastille
Paris political prison and armory; stormed on July 14, 1789 by Partisian city workers alarmed by the
king's concentration of troops at Versailles
Cahiers de Doleances
(lists of grievances)
statements of local grievances drafted throughout France during the elections to the EstatesGeneral, advocating a regular constitutional government abolishing fiscal privileges of the church
and nobility
Catherine the Great
German-born Russian tsarina who reigned from 1762-1796 century; ruled after assassination of her
husband; gave appearance of enlightened rule; accepted Western cultural influence; maintained
nobility as service aristocracy by granting them new power over peasantry
citizen capet
Name under which Louis XVI was tried by the revolution. Louis convicted in front of national
convention of treason, voted guilty. Stripped of all titles and honorifics by the egalitarian, republican
government, Citizen Louis Capet was guillotined in front of a cheering crowd
Civil constitution of the clergy
A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church
and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional
bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics
against the revolutionaries.
Committe of Public Safety
formed to deal with threats to France,headed by robespierre and danton, this 12-member group had
almost absolute power during the revolution
Constitution of 1791
Constitution created by the French Revolution that had a limited monarchy
Constitution of the year III
it provided for a bicameral legislature, a five member Directory, and rejected both the monarchy
and democracy and went into affect at the end of 1795
Convention
a meeting of delegates of a political party to form policies and select candidates
Cult of the Supreme Being
a religion based on deism devised by Maximilien Robespierre, intended to become the state religion
after the French Revolution
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

This was the new constitution that the National Assembly wrote that gave all citizens free
expression of thoughts and opinions and guaranteed equality before the law
Directory
A group of 5 men who were given control of France following the Reign of Terror
Emigres
nobles and others who had fled France during the French Revolution, hoped to undo the Revolution
and restore the Old Regime
estates general
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in
French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led
to the French Revolution.
Frederick william II
King of Prussia, reigning from 1786-1797; issues Declaration of Pillnitz with King Leopold II of
Austria promising to intervene to preserve the monarchy and protect royal family in France during
the French Revolution
Girondists
a group of moderates. Felt that the revolution had gone far enough and wanted to protect the
wealthy middle class from radical attacks. Organized support to resist strength against the
mountain
Great Fear
The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants in the summer of 1789 and led to their
widespread destruction of manor houses and archives.
Jacobins
Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from
1793 to 1794.
Levee en Masse
A national draft in France in 1794, created under the Jacobins.
Louis XVI
- King of France (1774-1792). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the
reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were
executed in 1793
Marie Antoinette
queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to
reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband
(1755-1793)
Maximilien Robespierre
"The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build
a republic of virtue.
National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates
came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in
1789.
National Constituent Assembly
At the meeting of the Estates General in the summer of 1789, the Third Estate, joined by elements
of the two other estates, declared itself to be the National Constituent Assembly, a group elected to
write a constitution for France
Old Regime
The political and social system of France before the French Revolution
Olympe de gouges
A proponent of democracy, she demanded the same rights for French women that French men were
demanding for themselves. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen
(1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She
lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.
Reflections on the Revolution
Written by Edmund Burke; condemned the reconstruction of the French administration with use of
blind rationalism, predicts the deaths of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette and further turmoil because
of inexperienced rulers
Reign of Terror
the period, from mid-1793 to mid-1794, when Robespierre ruled France nearly as a dictator and
thousands of political figures and ordinary citizens were executed`
Republic of Virtue
Robespierre's perfect government that consisted of a democratic republic made up of good citizens.
To achieve such a society many were murdered, and it went out of hand
Sans-Culottes
A reference to Parisian workers who wore loose-fitting trousers rather than the tight-fitting breeches
worn by aristocratic men.
Tennis Court Oath
Declaration mainly by members of the Third Estate not to disband until they had drafted a
constitution for France (June 20, 1789).
Thermidorian Reaction
Reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution associated with the end of the Reign of
Terror establishment of the Directory
Third Republic
French Republic started after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, which led to the demise of
Napoleon III, and survived until the invasion of the German Third Reich. It was the longest regime
from after the French Revolution.
Three estates
1. First Estate Clergy 1% of pop, 10% of land, 0% of taxes
2. Second estate Nobility 2% of pop, 20% of land, little taxes
3. Third estate Everyone else. All taxed, heavily.
Women's March on Versailles

Thousands of women stormed Versailles and demanded the king and his family go back to Paris,
and an action of the ridiculous price raise in bread. In Paris, they remained prisoners for the next
couple of years
Assignats
government bonds that were valued by church land, and produced a new population of landowners
that circulated them as currency; they began to fall when the Assembly printed more to liquidate
the national debt, and inflation increased, putting new stress on the urban poor
Count of Artois
the leader of the group of individuals who restore the ancient regime and their feudal privileges.
also Louis XVI younger brother who encouraged King Louis XVI to flee France. King got caught as he
was escaping and sent back to Paris. National assembly wanted to keep him in power so they lied
and told public he was abducted. But it still ended in the collapse of the constitutional monarchy.
Declaration of Pillnitz
the pact signed between Leopold II and Frederick William II that said they would protect the
monarchy through intervention if needed if everyone agreed, although Britain wouldn't have
agreed, but France still took it seriously
departments
the replacement of provinces that still stand today in France, divided into districts, cantons, and
communes, in order to simplify French administration
Flight to Varennes
King Louis XVI and his families attempt to escape paris; made it only to Varennes where they were
arrested and put on house arrest. End of French Monarchy
Gabelle
Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France-included in the Estate's list of grievances. These taxes
remained the Crown's chief courses of income until the Revolution of 1789.
(Jacques) Danton
the republican that provided heroic national leadership during the dark days of 1792 and was
executed by Robespierre for not being militant enough on the war, profiting monetarily from the
revolution, and rejecting the link between politics and moral virtue
Jacques) Necker
the Swiss banker and French finance minister who published a public report stating that France's
financial crisis wasn't really that bad, which made it hard for the monarchy to raise taxes; the
finance minister who Louis XVI abruptly dismissed, causing the start of the revolution
Legislative Assembly
the assembly that was comprised of entirely new members from the one before it and was
immediately faced with challenges flowing from the Civil Constitution, the king's flight, and the
Declaration of Pillnitz
Louis XV
the weak, sexually scandalous French monarch that died of smallpox
(Marquis de) Lafayette
the young liberal aristocrat who was given command of the National Guard
(the) Mountain

the Jacobins that worked with the sans-culottes to overthrow the monarchy, win the war, and carry
forward the revolution through cooperation with the popular revolution; the group responsible for
the execution of Louis XVI
Parlement
Law court staffed by nobles that could register or refuse to register a king's edict.
(Paris) Commune
a committee that took over the leadership of Paris, which made the city an independent political
force that would influence many future directions of the revolutionary government
Society of Revolutionary Republican Women
the society founded by Pauline Leon and Claire Lacombe that fought the internal enemies of the
revolution, but was banned as the demanded stricter price controls and wanted to wear the
cockade, which showed how Rousseau's image of two separate spheres was still used in France
William Pitt (the Younger)
the prime minister of Britain that opposed reform and popular movements, tried to curb the
freedom of the press, and associated all groups who dared oppose the government with sedition

CHAPTER 20
Abbe Sieyes
Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate" Argued that lower classes were more important than
the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people.
Alexander I
"Liberal" tsar of Russia (1801-25) who had played a major role in downfall of Napoleon. Feared by
representatives of other powers as dreamer, self-chosen world saviour(Holy Alliance) who wanted to
bring Christianity into politics. Some even thought of him as a crowned liberal.
Berlin Decrees
1806 and 1807- Berlin decree- Napoleon declared his own paper blockade of the British Isle and
barred British ships from ports under French control. The Milan decree ruled that neutral ships that
complied with the British orders in council were subject to seizure when they reached continental
ports. This was Napoleon's "Continental system." This helped lead to the War of 1812. IT was
harassment of US neutrality. Put the US in an awkward spot, either orders/decrees they followed
they would be in trouble with the other.
Ludwig van Beethoven
constrasting themes and tones to produce dramatic conflict and inspiring resolutions
extended and broke open classical forms of music
Bourbons
Another powerful family in the south and west of France. In league with the Montmorency-Chatillon,
the Bourbons supported the Huguenot protesters to battle the Guises for political reasons.
Concordat of 1801
reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored some of its
civil status. signed by Napoleon and Pope Pius VII, who gained for French Catholics the precious
right to practice their religion freely, but Napolean gained political power: his gov't now nominated
bishops, paid the clergy, and exerted great influence over the church in France.
Confederation of the Rhine
A federation of German states organized under Napoleon I in July 1806. Formerly under the rule of
the Holy Roman Empire, which was dissolved the same year, the new federation placed itself under
the "protection" of Napoleon and was governed by one of his close allies. It quickly fell apart after
Napoleon's defeat outside Leipzig in 1813 as member states abandonded the French and joined the
German natinalist "war of liberation."
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the
defeat of Napoleon I., was a conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian
statesman Klemens Wenzel von Metternich, and held in Vienna from November, 1814 to June, 1815.
Its objective was to settle the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the
Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.
Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to
destroy Great Britain's economy.

Directory
Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by
Napoleon.
Emigres
French nobles who fled from France during the peasant uprisings. They were very conservative and
hoped to restore the king to power.
Grand Duchy of Warsaw
Napoleon set up this in 1808. He was making moves to recreate the Polish state that had been
disassembled during the three partitions. This upset Alexander I who had his own designs for
Poland and was disappointed that Napoleon was not supporting Russian plans for expansion into
the Balkans.
Holy Alliance
Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed
at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.
The Hundered Days
The period of Napoleon's return to France on March 1, 1815 after his loss and exile by the Fourth
Coalition. He came back from the island of Elba promising peace and security to the people of
France. He was exiled again by the allies to an island off the coast of Africa.
Invasion of Russia
Russia did not follow the Continental System, somewhere between 500,000 and 600,000 troops
(mostly French but also a combination of troops from other countries) invaded Russia, Russians
retreated and the French followed them to Moscow, the French were poorly supplied and the
Russians used scorched earth tactics, winter came and Napoleon tried to go home, he returned to
France with less than 100,000 troops, leaving about 5/6 of his troops dead, his enemies rise up and
make him surrender
Junkers
Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and
militarism.
Liberalism
a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of
government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure
unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of
individual rights and civil liberties.
Metternich
Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote
peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.
Milan Decree 1807

Napoleon replied to the continuous British opposition, with the Milan Decree, which was to tighten
his so-called Continental System. The decree proclaimed that any vessel that submitted to British
regulations or allowed itself to be searched by the Royal Navy, was subject to seizure by France.

Napolean Bonaparte
1769-1821. French military and political leader. General during French Revolution, Ruler of France as
First Consul of French Republic, King of Italy, Mediator of Swiss Confederation, and Protector of the
Confederation of the Rhine.
Napoleonic Code
This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law
and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by
creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial
oligarchy
Nationalism
a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Quadruple Alliance
G.B., Austria, Prussia, and Russia united to defeat France and their Bonapartism, and also to ensure
peace after war. After Napoleon, they resotred the Bourbon monarchy to France.
Romanticism
An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and
characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of
emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion
against established social rules and conventions.
Sturm and Drang
Germanic, literally meaning "Storm and Stress" Movement in German Romantic literature that
emphasized feeling and emotion.
Tallyrand
A traitor and a turncoat, but also a survivor in many ways. This successful politician had power
under the Old Regime, was an important advisor to Napoleon, and was able to rejoin the oldfashioned monarchs of Europe in the council of Vienna. He contributed to Napoleon's downfall by
encouraging Russia to violate the Continental System, which led to Napoleon's invasion of Russia.
As a result of his efforts, France was also included in the Congress of Vienna.
Treaty of Tilsit
(1807) Agreement between Napoleon and Czar Alexander I in which Russia became an ally of
France and Napoleon took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces.
Wars of Liberation
Wars of national liberation are conflicts fought by indigenous military groups against an imperial
power in the name of self-determination, thus attempting to remove that power's influence, in
particular during the decolonization period. They are often founded in guerrilla warfare or
asymmetric warfare, sometimes with intervention from other states. The opponents of the "freedom
fighters" often consider them terrorists

Waterloo
the battle on 18 June 1815 in which Napoleon met his final defeat, Located in Belgium, the place
where the british army and the prussian army forces attacked the french. Napoleon's final defeat
against the British and Prussians

CHAPTER 21
Carlsbad Decrees
Issued by Metternich, required 39 independent German states, including Prussia and Austria, to root
out subversive ideas. (censorship) Also established permanent comittee with spies to punish any
liberal or radical organization.
Charles X
set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of the ultraroyalists. Tried to repay nobles for
lands lost during the revolution, but the liberals in teh legislative assemly opposed him. Eventually,
he issued the July Ordinances.
Concert of Europe
The idea of a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Metternich
to prevent the outbreak of revolutions
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the
defeat of Napoleon I
Czar Alexander I
the czar of Russia whose plans to liberalize the government of Russia were unrealized because of
the wars with Napoleon (1777-1825)
Decembrist Revolt
place in Russia on December 14 1825, Russian army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a protest
against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder brother Constantine removed himself
from the line of succession.
After the death of Czar Alexander I, his brother Constantine was supposed to take the throne.
Constantine, however, abdicated and gave the throne to his brother Nicholas, but this abdication
was not made public. The people, confused, revolted against Nicholas' accession. Forces loyal to
Nicholas soon came to crush the revolt and executed its leaders. Nicholas then became a
reactionary leader to prevent any other revolts.
Liberal Revolt of Russian Officers in Moscow against the newly crowned Nicholas I.
They demanded a liberal constitution and the abolition of serfdom. Brutally put down by Nicholas.
These Martyrs became symbols for squished liberals in Russia for decades.
Good example of one way to stop social change: violent reaction and refusal to budge.
Duke of Wellington
(1769-1852) Leader of the German, Dutch, and British troops that met with Prussian army in
Belgium to defeat Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo.
Four Ordinances

Charles X last act after his failed election. He censored the press, changed the electoral law to favor
his own candidates, dissolved the newly elected Chamber of deputies, and ordered new elections
German Confederation
consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by
Austria and Prussia (b/c of their size); the confederation had little power and needed the consent of
all 38 states to take action.
Liberalism
a political orientation that favors progress and reform
Great Reform Bill of 1832
An extension of the right to vote in England to men of the middle class that resulted in a 50 percent
increase in those eligible to vote.
Greek Revolution
Attracted many writers in hope of a revival of the ancient democracy. Britain, France, and Russia
assisted the Greeks by sending them troops to drive the Ottomans out of Greece and gain Greek
independence in 1829 and 1830. Otto I was the the first king of the new Greek kingdom.
July Revolution
overthrow of King Charles X (sought to impose absolutism by rolling back the constitutional
monarchy)-radical revolt in Paris forced Charles to abdicate
Junkers
Members of the Prussian landed aristocracy, a class formerly associated with political reaction and
militarism.
Louis Philippe
Succeeded Charles X as "king of the French." Although more liberal than the restoration
government, his regime did little for the lower and working classes. As a result, he was forced to
abdicate.
Louis XVIII
(r. 1814-1824) Brother of Louis XVI. Restored to the French throne by the allied enemies of
Napoleon after the French Revolution. However, he lacked a solid base of support from the
beginning due to the clashing of returning nobles and supporters of the Revolution or Napoleon.
(1814-1824) Constitutional monach- Restored Bourbon throne after the Revoltion. He accepted
Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those
who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of
the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).
Metternich
Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote
peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.
Nicholas I
(1825-1855) Russian czar that succeeced Alexander; he strengthened the secret police and the
bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he greatly feared
them.
Peterloo Massacre

This protest led to the government issuing the Six Acts. An orderly protest that was savagely broken
up by armed cavalry. The reason for protest was for the repeal of the Corn Laws which brought
widespread unemployment and postwar economic stress. The protest was held by mostly urban
laborers, who were supported by radical intellectuals.
1819, Calvary attacked a crowd of protesters (working-classmen protesting about the rising prices
of bread) at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. 11 people were killed. This led Parliament to become
more repressive and begin to restrict such meetings.
Robert Peel
leader of the Tories, convinced the party to support free trade principles and abandon the corn laws
in 1846
rotten boroughs
Depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to Parliament.
Whigs
English Political Party. supported Constititional Monarchy. Decidedly liberal
British party more responsive to commercial and manufacturing interests.
Act of Union
1701 act of Parliament uniting England and Scotland into one kingdom: Great Britain. Intended to
strengthen England against France. Abolished the Scottish Parliament.
Burschenschaften
Politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic
principles.
Castlereagh
British foreign secretary who provided for the restoration of the French monarchy and the
contraction of France to its 1792 borders
Chamber of Deputies
lower house of French legislature. They were elected by universal male suffrage
Frederick William III
Prussian King during Napoleonic Era, instituted political and institutional reforms in response to
Prussia's defeat by Napoleon. (reforms included abolition of serfdom, created self-government
though town councils, expansion of schools, and establishment of a national army). However,
Prussia remained an absolutist state with little intrest in unity.
Holy Alliance
a league of European nations formed by the leaders of Russia, Austria, and Prussia after the
congress of Vienna. Britain opted not to participate.
Haitian Revolution
Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French
colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the
Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was
reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.
Leopold I

the head of Habsburg elected in 1657 and in return keeping two promises: give no help to his
cousins, the rulers of Spain, and the empire would be a state of princes, in which each ruler would
be free from imperial interference
Monroe Doctrine
issued by the United States in 1823 warning against European intervention in the western
hemisphere an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from
outside powers
Organic Statute
Issued by Nicholas, this declared that Poland was part of the Russian Empire. It did guarantee some
Polish liberties. Unfortunately, the delegated liberties were ignored.
Otto I
(reign 1832-1862) Son of the king of Bavaria. First king of the new Greek kingdom.
Quadruple Alliance
England, Austria, Prussia, Russia
Balance of Power in Europe
France joined later
Serbia
The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. After
World War II the central province of Yugoslavia. Serb leaders struggled to maintain dominance as
the Yugoslav federation dissolved in the 1990s. (p. 676)
the Eastern Question
In Western Europe this was the name given to the problem of what to do with the whole PolishTurkish tract of land which stretched though Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine into Egypt - particularly
as the Powers of Poland and Turkey decayed.
the Sickman of Europe
a nickname that has been used to describe a European country experiencing a time of economic
difficulty and/or impoverishment. The term was first used in the mid-19th century to describe the
Ottoman Empire.
Talleyrand
French representative at the Congress of Vienna who limited the demands of other countries upon
the French.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
was an important leader of the Hatian Revolution and the first leader of a free Haiti. In a long
struggle again the institution of slavery, he led the blacks to victory over the whites and free
coloreds and secured native control over the colony in 1797, calling himself a dictator.
a former domestic slave, who created a disciplined military force.He overcame his rivals in Saint
Domingue, defeated a British expeditionary force in 1798, and then led an invasion of the
neighboring Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, freeing the slaves there. Toussaint continued to
assert his loyalty to France but gave the French government no effective role in local affairs.
Toussaint was captured and sent to France, where he died in prison
Two Sicilies

regions of sicily and naples controlled by the Bourbon forces- taken by Garibaldi by September
1860
United Netherlands
formed in 1581 -Dutch Republic-received aid from Elizabeth I -major blow to Philip's goal of
maintaining Catholicism throughout his empire
William IV
Succeeded George IV as king of England. His ascension initiated Parliamentary election and reform.
CHAPTER 22
Adam Smith
(5 June 1723 - 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy.
He is known today as the ''father of modern economics.'' The author of "The Wealth of Nations" and is often
considered the father of capitalism. Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of
Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should
not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez Faire and founder of "invisible hand"
Anarchists
hese people rejected both industry and the dominance of government.
Anti-Corn Law League
Organized by manufactures, this sought the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. It also wanted to
abolish tariffs protecting the domestic price of grain.
capitalism
economic system based on free market, open competition, profit motive and private ownership of
the means of production. encourages private investment and businesses. It is the development of
Adam Smith's laissez-faire ideas outlined in his definition of capitalism, 'An Inquiry into the Nature
and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'.
Chartism
the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and
economic conditions for working people
Classical Economist
an economist that believes that the economy should be left alone to "right itself" into stability
during times of peak or trough.
David Ricardo
A classical economist and author of "Principles of Political Economy."
English Factory Act of 1833
Forbade the employment of children under age nine, limited the workday of children aged nine to
thirteen to nine hours, and required that these children be given two hours of education a day, paid
for by the factory owner. The effect was further divide work/home life
English Corn Laws of 1815
English law prohibits the importation of foreign grain. This makes domestic grain more expesive and
in turn makes the aristocracy richer, while the poor who have to pay for higher grain now, get
poorer. This law sparks mass protests among lower classes

Frederick William IV
This Prussian leader announced certain limited reforms. He appointed a cabinet headed by David
Hansemann. He also called for a Prussian constituent assembly to write a Constitution.
Friedrich Engles
He worked with Marx to publish "The Communist Manifesto." Also wrote "The Conditions of the
Working Class in England."

Giuseppe Garibaldi
he organized an army of "red shirts" and conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern
Italy; then gave the lands over to Victor Emmanuel II, an action which unified the Italian peninsula.
Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (18071882) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned
to liberate the Two Kingdoms of Sicily.
Giuseppe Mazzini
a radical idealistic patriot who wanted a centralized democratic republic based on universal male
suffrage and will of the people in Italy. An Italian Republican nationalist who fled to Rome with
Garibaldi. Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal
suffrage and the will of the people.
Hegelianrism
George Hegel - theory of historical evolution, where each age is characterized by a dominating set
of ideas(a thesis, which develops opposing idea(antithesis), which eventually produces a whole new
different idea(synthesis)
industrial revolution
18th century transition from simple hand and water powered tools used in a home setting to
complex steam powered factories, employing wage laborers in an urban setting
Iron Law of Wages
Introduced by David Ricardo's "Principles of Political Economy," this theorized that if wages were
raised, more children would be produced. The children would then enter the labor market, thus
expanding it and lower wages. When wages fell, fewer children would be produced. Wages would
then rise, and the process would start all over again.
Jeremy Bentham
A utilitarian who wrote "Fragment on Government" and "The Principles of Morals and Legislation."
(1748-1832) British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that
governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.
Karl Marx
The father of communism, he worked with Friedrich Engles and wrote "The Communist Manifesto."
He also wrote Das Kapital" among other works. This man came up with the idea of
communism/dialectic socialism that said that two classes have always battled against each other to
form another class that will battle against its antithesis until the synthesis is one equal class
working with each other for each other
laissez-faire

The ideas of Adam Smith are associated with this phrase, which means "leave to do." Unrestricted
private enterprise, with no government intervention, (opponent of commericalism/proponent of
capitalism) "free economy"
Louis Napoleon
Was not only the first president of the French Republic (for two terms), but was also the last
emperor. As emperor, he was called Napoleon III and he was the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.
Louis Philippe
King of France following Charles X. Abdicated the throne against threat of republican revolution (his
popularity was diminishing) became known as the "citizen king" because he dressed and acted like
a member of the middle class. He secretly favored the wealthy. He refused to allow working class
citizens more voting rights. He was overthrown in the Revolution of 1848
Magyar Revolt
Hungarians in the Austrian Empire demand semi-autonomy in 1848. They are initially granted a
degree of independence but are eventually crushed (in '49) by a combination so Austrian and
Russian troops.
proletarianization
the term used to indicate the entry of workers into a wage economy and their gradual loss of
significant ownership of the means of production such as tools and equipment, and the control over
the conduct of their own trade
Revolutions of 1848
These revolutions occurred in 1)France, because of the depression and rising unemployment rates
caused starvation in France in which they then overthrew the bourgeois monarchy 2)Austria,
because the Hungarians rebelled against the Austrian Empire and were joined by the urban poor
looking for employment, and 3) Prussia, because the artisans and factory workers joined with the
middle-class liberals to rebel against the monarchy and eventually, Prussia became a constitutional
monarchy
Robert Owen
a British cotton manufacturer and utopian socialist; believed that humans would show their natural
goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment
Socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of
production.
The Communist Manifesto
The book written by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that outlined how every society in the world
would eventually reach communism. A pamphlet by Karl Marx with help from Friedrich Engels that
examines the power struggle between classes. It takes the side of the "working men" and explains
the goals of the Communists, which are to unite common people and abolish private property. The
reason it gives for getting rid of property is that "in your existing society, private property is already
done away with for nine-tenths of the population." In general, it supports revolution and changes in
the status quo.
Condition of the Working Class in England
The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 is one of the best-known works of Friedrich
Engels. it was originally addressed to a German audience. The eldest son of a successful German
textile industrialist, Engels became involved in radical journalism as a teenager. Sent to England,
what he saw made him even more radical. About this time he formed an intellectual partnership
with Karl Marx

Thomas Malthus
A classical economist and the author of "Essay on the Principle of Population."
Utilitarianism
The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful
only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. idea that the goal of
society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people
Utopian Socialism
The ideas of this philosophy were often visionary and its followers frequently advocated the
creation of ideal communities. They also questioned the structures and values of the existing
capitalistic framework.
vienna uprising
March 3, 1848 Louis Kossuth, a Magyar nationalist and member of the Hungarian diet, attacked the
controlling Austrians and fought for the independence of Hungary. This inspired students to revolt in
Vienna. Emperor Ferdinand tried to compromise, but the revolt continued and eventually the
emperor and the imperial court fled.
Wealth of Nations
Written by Smith, this advocated that a free market economy would be more beneficial to society.
Smith's theories went hand-in-hand with individualism.
What is Property?
Written by Proudhon, this attacked the banking system, which rarely extended credit to small
property owners or the poor.
Zollverein
In 1834 all the major German states, with the exception of Austria, formed this, a free trading
union. allowed movement of German goods without tariffs, but imports from other countries had
tariffs
Charles Fourier
The French intellectual counterpart of Owen. He believed that the industrial order ignored the
passionate side of human nature.
Count Claude Henri de Saint-Simon
France- Management Of Industry- Modern Society Needs Rational Management- Ideal Gov. With
Board Of Directors Organizing Activitiy To Achieve Social Harmony Of Owners- Societies Are Centers
of Discussion For Social Ideals- Karl Marx
Czech Nationalism
Czech's opposed the Compromise 1867, wanted a triple monarchy in which the Czechs would have
a position similar to that of the Hungarians, 1871 Francis Joseph was willing to accept this, 1897
gave Czechs and Germans equality of language in various localities
Essay on the Principle of Population
Essay in which Malthus states that the food supply can not grow to support the growing population.
The only solution he gives is to stop having so many children. Thomas Malthus's essay. He
theorized that population would eventually outstrip the food supply.
Frankfurt Assembly

May 1848 to Trying to bring about a unified Germany with liberal constitution, civil rights, free
elections. This was the essential dualism of Germany, i.e. the Berlin - Vienna tug of influence and
power. It really wasn't an issue of radical versus middle class elements. The goal was liberal, selfgoverning and federally unified Germany that would be democratic but NOT equalitarian/socialist.
German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a
constitution for a united Germany. Failed because it did not resolve the contradictions between
liberalism and nationalism in the building of a German state.
Irish Famine
the event from 1845 to 1847 where potatoes blighted with disease starved half a million peasants.
This catastrophic event was caused by a disease that spread among potato plants in Ireland in the
mid-nineteenth century. Because there was very little biodiversity among Irish potatoes, the
devastating mold spread quickly and affected potato farms across the Irish countryside. Because
Ireland was a very agricultural country, and very dependent on the potato (the main staple of a
common person's diet), there was mass starvation and emigration. The flood of poor immigrants to
the US and Great Britain meant an excess of cheap labor.
July Monarchy
Period in France (1830-1848) where the bourgeoisie class was dominant and King Louis-Philippe
was at the head of a cons this saw the construction of major capital-intensive projects, such as
roads, canals, and railways. this saw the construction of major capital-intensive projects, such as
roads, canals, and railways
Louis Blanc
This man urged people to agitate for universal voting rights and to take control of the state
peacefully. published "The Organization of Labor."
Louis Kossuth
This Magyar nationalist and a member of the Hungarian Diet, attacked Austrian domination of
Hungary, called for the independence of Hungary, and demanded a responsible ministry under the
Habsburg dynasty.
Luddites
followers of King Ned Lud, critics of the Industrial Revolution who refused to believe in and use
technology, they destroyed "looms" and factories
March laws
Passed by the Hungarian Diet, this was a series of laws that ensured equality of religion, jury trials,
the election of a lower chamber, a relatively free press, and payment of taxes by the nobility.
New Harmony
After selling his New Lanark factory, Robert Owen went to the United States and established a
community here in Indiana. Quarrels among the members led to the community's failure.
New Lenark
The site of one of the largest cotton factories in Britain. It was run by Robert Owen. New Lenark was
notorious for having healthy employees who were in good spirits.
Pan-Slavic Congress
Led by Francis Placky, this body issued a manifesto calling for the national equality of Slavs within
the Habsburg Empire.
Phalanxes

Fourier advocated the construction of communities in which liberated living would replace the
boredom and dullness of industrial existence. Such communities were called this.
Pierre Joseph Proudhon
He represented a different kind of anarchism than Blanqui. He published "What is Property?"
The Principles of Morals and Legislation
The second major work of Bentham's.
Principles of Political Economy
Written by David Ricardo, this introduced the Iron Law of Wages.
Voix des femmes
Parisian women organized this, a daily newspaper that addressed issues of concern to women.