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Greek philosopher
"The weeping philosopher" and "Dark philosopher"
He claimed that man is part of a Universal fire.
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The ever-living, self-igniting, and self-extinguishing fire negated the idea that there was no creator
of the world
EMPEDOCLES
Man and all things in the universe are composed of the four elements of nature earth, air, fire and
water.
Man differs from other animals and things because he has the power of thought and reason.
EUCLID
Geometrician
Elements
He developed geometry into a system by showing how statements of truths (theorem) developed
logically from one another.
ARISTARCHUS
SOCRATES
Was born in circa 470 BC in athens, greece.
We know of his life throught the writings of his students, including plato and xenophon.
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PLATO
Platos birth was around 428BCE but more modern scholars, tracing later events in his life believe he was
born between 424 and 423 BCE.
According to him only the unchanging ang unchangeable things of the world have true reality. two kinds of
reality: reality of physical objects known by senses the true reality of realm of abstract of physical true, pure
ideas and concepts knowable by reason.
Plato claimed that the human psyche has three distinct elements:
1. man's element of reason
2. his spirited element (soul)
3. bodily appetites and human desire
ARISTOTLE
Aristotle phiosophy is distinguished from Socrates and Plato by his use of Empirical or Deductive reasoning.
Memoranda
3.
Treatises
Aristotle through that a particular substance, in animal or man is a unity is not something that exists.
Apart from its own essence.
He viewed morality as a state in which reason controls a persons irrational desires and appetites is
that he or she expresses acceptable behavior.
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Aristotle believed that all the things of the universe; all the changes that occur in nature as well as
the motion of plants were caused by a great power.
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle , however, defined morality in connection with a persons control of the
elements of his psyche not in relation to code of ethics sanctioned by God, as these three
philosophers didnt believe in a personified God with human characteristics.
THE SOPHISTS
The sophists were professional teachers in Greece.
Who traveled from city to city in Greece.
They became respected as teachers of rhetoric, grammar, mathematics and the art of making persuasive
public speeches.
PROTAGORAS a famous sophist.
For them, the Morals of athens,its laws, and democracy, were not based upon unchanging absolute truths.
The Sophists, thus belived that Moral concepts vary with the culture of a society and with the individuals.
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an ancient or modern philosopher who denies the possibility of knowledge, or even rational belief, in
some sphere.
-a person inclined to question or doubt all accepted opinions.
-Pyrrho of Elis (365275 BC) is usually credited with founding the "school" of skepticism
EPICUREANS
A person devoted to sensual enjoyment, especially that derived from fine food and drink.
-Devotion to a life of pleasure and luxury (Epicureanism)
-Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus,
founded around 307 BC.
STOICISM
an ancient Greek school of philosophy founded at Athens by Zeno of Citium. The school taught that virtue,
the highest good, is based on knowledge, and that the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason ,that
governs nature, and are indifferent to the vicissitudes of fortune and to pleasure and pain.
ELECTICISM
is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead
draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies
different theories in particular cases.
-From Greek eklektikos selective
ROMAN PERIOD
Early Rome was governed by kings, but after only seven of them had ruled, the Romans took power over their
own city and ruled themselves,They then instead had a council known as the 'senate' which ruled over them.
From this point on one speaks of the 'Roman Republic'.
The greatest challenge the Roman Republic faced was that of the Carthaginians.
After Caesar followed the many emperors of Rome - and there were truly very many of them.
So, here are some of the most famous ones.
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Augustus -Rome's first emperor. He also added many territories to the empire.
Nero-He was insane. He murdered his mother and his wife and threw thousands of Christians to the lions.
Titus- Before he was emperor he destroyed the great Jewish temple of Solomon in Jerusalem.
Trajan- He was a great conqueror. Under his rule the empire reached its greatest extent.
Hadrian- He built 'Hadrian's Wall' in the north of Britain to shield the province from the northern barbarians.
Diocletian- He split the empire into two pieces - a western and an eastern empire.
Constantine- He was the first Christian emperor. He united the empire again chose his capital to be the small
town Byzantium, which he renamed Constantinople.
Romulus Augustus -He was the last emperor of Rome, nicknamed Augustulus which means 'little Augustus'.
Justinian- He was the last 'great' emperor. He conquered many territories, created the 'Justinian Code' and
built the fantastic church Santa Sophia
.Constantine XI- The last emperor of Constantinople. He died defending his great city against the Turks.
ROMAN PHILOSOPHERS
Roman men didn't begin studying philosophy until about 200 BC. At that time, the Romans were conquering
Greece, and so a lot of Roman soldiers and generals spent a lot of time in Greece, and got a chance to talk
to Greek philosophers.
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