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In many schematics of transistor circuits (especially when there exist a large number of transistors in the circuit), the circle in the symbol of a transistor is
omitted. The figures below show the cross section of two NPN transistors. Note that although both the collector and emitter of a transistor are made of N-type
semiconductor material, they have totally different geometry and therefore can not be interchanged.
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All previously considered components (resistor, capacitor, inductor, and diode) have two terminals (leads) and can therefore be characterized by the single
relationship between the current going through and the voltage across the two leads. Differently, a transistor is a three-terminal component, which could be
considered as a two-port network with an input-port and an output-port, each formed by two of the three terminals, and characterized by the relationships of
both input and output currents and voltages.
Depending on which of the three terminals is used as common terminal, there can be three possible configurations for the two-port network formed by a
transistor:
Common emitter (CE),
Common base (CB),
Common collector (CC).
and
and collector
, so that the BE
The percentage of those electrons that arrive at the collector out of the electrons from the emitter is defined as
(e.g.,
is therefore:
The current gain or current transfer ratio is defined as the ratio between the emitter (input) current
is:
The CB configuration can be considered as a 2-port circuit. The input port is formed by the emitter and base, the output port is formed by the collector
and base. The relationships between the current and voltage of both the input and output ports are described by the following input and output
characteristics.
Input characteristics:
The input current
is a function of
where
and
and
Output characteristics:
The output current
As
depends totally on
. When
is the current
caused by the minority carriers crossing the PN-junction. This is similar to the diode current-voltage characteristics seen before, except both axes
are reversed (as both
and
are defined in the opposite directions). When
is increased,
is
increased correspondingly. Higher
As
is held constant,
and therefore
will also be held constant, i.e., CB transistor circuit can be used as a current source.
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and
and collector
. As typically
, the BE junction is forward biased but the CB junction is reverse biased, same as the CB configuration. The voltages of CB and CE
configurations are related by:
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where we have defined the CE current gain, the ratio of the output current
and
For example, if
and
, then
The CE configuration can be considered as a 2-port circuit. The input port is formed by the base and emitter, the output port is formed by the collector
and emitter. The relationships between the current and voltage of both the input and output ports are described by the following input and output
characteristics.
Input characteristics:
Same as in the case of common-base configuration, the EB junction of the common-emitter configuration can also be considered as a forward
biased diode, the current-voltage characteristics is similar to that of a diode:
Output characteristics:
Higher
, the current caused by the minority carriers crossing the PN-junctions. When
. When
is correspondingly increased
fold.
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The relationship between the input and output currents of both CB and CE configurations is summarized below:
CB
CE
The collector characteristics of the common-base (CB) and common-emitter (CE) configurations have the following differences:
In CB circuit
In CB circuit,
Increased
when
will slightly increase
and
when
(as
).
in CE is a function of two
and
; while in CE circuit
, while in CE circuit
. When
due to saturation (all available charge carriers travel at the saturation velocity to arrive at collector C),
.
and
. When
is small (
is mostly determined by
. But
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Next: DC operating point Up: ch4 Previous: Diodes
Ruye Wang 2016-07-25
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