Question Answer

A mammography service examined 327 patients

during the third calendar quarter of 1996. 719 films
were exposed during this period, eight of which were
repeats. What is the repeat rate?
1.1%

A type of luminescence where the visible light is

emitted only during the stimulation of the phosphor.
Fluorescence
If a heart measures 12.5 cm from side to side at its
widest point, and its image on chest radiograph
measures 14.7 cm, what is the magnification factor?
1.18

Radiation doses in the range of approximately200 to

1000 rad produce the
Hematologic syndrome
Ratio of incident to transmitted radiation through a
grid ratio of patient dose with and without grid
Bucky factor
A radiographic single-phase unit installed in a private
office has a maximum capacity of 100 milliseconds of
120kVp and 500mA. What is the power rating?
42 kW

Who completes the development of first computed

tomographic (CT) scanner (EMI, Ltd.) in 1973?
Hounsfield
It is the study of the response of an image receptor to
x-rays
Sensitometry
Ratio of radiographic contrast with a grid to that
without a grid.
contrast improvement factor
Analysis of persons irradiated therapeutically with
superficial x-rays has shown that the skin erythema
dose required to affect 50% of persons so irradiated is
about
600 rad
ECG recording requires a bandwidth of 0.05 to ____
Hz
100

Find the potential generated if blood flowing in a

vessel with radius 0.9 cm cuts a magnetic field of 250
G. Assume a volume flow rate of 175 cubic cm per
second.
309 uV

Period during which heart contracts. Systole

Apparatus for measuring blood pressure Sphygmomanometer
Given the energy level of 6.624x10^-18 J imparted to
an electron stream by an X-ray device, calculate the
frequency in MHz.
10^10 MHz

10^10 MHz
It was first noted by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and won
Albert Einstein the Nobel Prize in 1905. It refers to the
emission of electrons from a clean metallic surface
(phototube) when electromagnetic radiation (light
waves or X-rays) falls onto that surface.
Photoelectric effect
Unit of radiation exposure or amount of X-ray
radiation that will produce 2.08x10^9 ion pairs per
cubic centimetre of air at standard temperature and
pressure (STP).
Roentgen
An optical electronic device that measures the color
concentration of a substance in solution.
colorimeter
Recording of heart sounds phonocardiography
Recorder for measuring galvanic skin resistance
electrodermograph
It consists of 36 unique codes representing the 10
digits and 26 uppercase letters.
code 39
The first fixed- length character code developed for
machines rather than for people
Baudot Code
The early pioneer in the development of errordetection and correction procedures
Richard W. Hamming
The most reliable convolutional coding scheme for
error detection
CRC
For the given parameters, determine the energy per
bit-to noise power density ratio
C = 10e-12 W
fb = 60 kbps
N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W
B = 120 kHz
22.2 dB

;
A signal at the input to a mu-law compressor is
positive with its voltage one-half the maximum value.
What proportion of the maximum output voltage is
produced?
0.876Vmax

Inaccuracies caused by the representation of a

continuously varying quantity as one of a number of
discrete values.

quantizing errors
Circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate by using
knowledge of the way in which voice sounds are
produced
vocoder
A coding scheme that records the change in signal
level since the precious sample
delta modulation
Distortion created by using too low a sampling rate
when coding an analog signal for digital transmission
either a or b
a. aliasing
b. foldover distortion
A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only
an average of 12000 frames per minute with each
frame carrying an average of 10000 bits. What is the
throughput of this network?
2 Mbps
= 2 Mbps
A telephone subscriber line must have an SNR
dB
above 40. What is the minimum number of bits?
6.35
SNR
dB
= 6.02n
b
+ 1.76 = 40
n = 6.35
The thick coaxial cable implementation of standard
Ethernet
10 Base 5
A bit pattern or a character added to the beginning
and the end of a frame to separate the frames
Flag

An IPv4 has an address space of how many? 4294967296

2
32
= 4294967296
What is the bit rate of STS 1? 51.84 Mbps
A block coding technique in which four bits are
encoded into a five bit code
4B/5B Encoding
A national standards organization that defines
standards in the United States
ANSI
In asynchronous transmission, one or more bits to
indicate the end of transmission
stop bit
What is the overhead (number of extra bits) in the DS3 service?
1.368 Mbps
The minimum sampling rate according to Nyquist
Theorem
twice the highest frequency of a signal
It is used in wireless applications in which stations
must be able to share the medium without interception
by an eavesdropper and without being subject to
jamming from a malicious intruder
spread spectrum
An error detection method which uses ones
complement arithmetic
Checksum
It is a connecting device between two internetworks
that use different models
Gateway
It is an undesired shift or width change in digital bits of
data due to circuitry action which causes bits to arrive
at different times
Jitter
In PCM system, it is the ratio of the maximum input
voltage level to the smallest voltage level that can be
quantized
Dynamic range
A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps channels using
a time slot of 2 bits, determine the frame duration.
20s
The link carries 50,000 frames /sec
The frame duration = 1/50,000 = 20s
Determine the Hamming distance for the codewords
(10101, 11001)
Two
10101 XOR 11001 = 01100 ( presence of two 1)
An address space is the total number of addresses
used by the protocol, such
as IPv4 and IPv6. What
is the address space of IPv6?
2
128

It is a standard designed by ITU to allow telephones in

the public telephone
network to talk to computers/terminals connected to
the internet
H.323
A computer monitor has a resolution of 1200 by 1000
pixels. If each pixel uses 1024 colors, how many bits
are needed to send the complete contents of a
screen?
12 Megabits
1,200 times 1000 pixels x 10 bits = 12 Mb
1024 colors requires 10 bits , 2
10
= 1024
Combination of compression at the transmitter and
expansion at the receiver of communications system.
Companding
A device launches or receives a wave in a
transmission line or waveguide in one direction only.
directional coupler
A type of linear-beam microwave tube that uses
velocity modulation of the electron beam
Klystron
A series of pulses in which the amplitude of each
pulse represents the amplitude of the information
signal at a given time.
PAM
_______________ is used to position samples of the
different message signals in non-overlapping time
slots.
TDM
A ___________ is similar to a phasor diagram except
that the entire phasor is not drawn.
constellation diagram
It was the first fixed length character code. Baudot Code
It involves transmitting each character twice. Redundancy
The __________ provides the mathematical
justification for using a Gaussian Process as a model
for a large number of different physical phenomena in
which the random variable, at a particular instant of
time, is the result of a large number of individual
random events.
Central Limit Theorem
A set of communication facilities allowing direct
access to 64kpbs data streams (or multiples of) for
drop and insert. A form of cell relay, supports B-ISDN.
Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
A series of pulses, in which the timing of each pulse
represents the ampltitude of the information signal at
a given time.
Pulse Position Modulation
A line of sight radio link operating at a frequency of
6GHz has a separation of 40km between antennas.
An obstacle in the path is located 10km form the
transmitting antenna. By how much must the beam
clear the obstacle?

11.6m

R = 11.6m
Variation in received field strength over time due to
changes in propagation conditions.
Fading
The atomic weight of an element is approximately
determined by
the number of protons
Of the following substances the worst conductor is Air
The volt is the standard unit of electromotive force
Which of the following antenna types is not designed
for transmitting at 10 Ghz
Zepp antenna
The type of radio wave responsible for long distance
communications by multiple skips is the:
Direct Wave
Line of sight communications is not a factor in which
frequency range?
HF
It refers to the rate of change of a signal on the
transmission medium after encoding and modulation
have occurred.
Baud
It was the first fixed-length character code developed
for machines rather than people.
Baudot Code
A receiver-transmitter station used to increase the
communications range of VHF, UHF and microwave
signals is called a(n):
Repeater
It represents the simplest whole number ratio of the
various types of atoms in a compound.
empirical formula
It is a term that is often misunderstood and commonly
confused with bit rate (bps)
Baud
Defined as the optimum level of a test tone on a
channel at same point in a communication system.
transmission level point
Duplicating each data unit for the purpose of detecting
errors is a form of error detection called ______.
Redundancy
Determine the wavelength of a 4 Ghz signal. 0.075m
What is the device that converts energy from one form
to another?
Transducer
It may be defined as any undesired voltages or
currents that ultimately end up appearing in the
receiver output.
Electrical noise
The channel capacity of a 5 kHz bandwidth binary
system is ____ bits/s. Assuming no noise.
10,000
Microwaves are frequencies above _____ GHz. 1
The government agencies that regulates radio

communications in the US is the ________.

FCC
A wave guide acts a/an _______ filter High-pass
Coax is not used beyond frequencies of about ______
GHz.
6
Data Communications refers to the transmission of
_______.
all of the above
a. voice
b. video
c. Computer data
Determine the peak frequency deviation for a binary
FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 kHz, space
frequency of 51kHz and an input bit rate of 2kbps.
1 kHz

It is often used to compare the performance of one

digital modulation technique to another.
bandwidth efficiency
It is the process of converting an infinite number of
possibilities to a finite number of conditions.
Quantization
For a PCM system with a maximum analog frequency
of 4kHz, determine the minimum sample rate.
8 kHz

It is another relatively simple form of redundancy error

checking where each character has a numerical value
assigned to it.
Checksum
It is a modulation and multiplexing technique that
distributes the signal and its sidebands over a very
wide bandwidth.
Spread spectrum
The computers that hold shared files, programs and
the network operating system. They also provide
access to network resources to all the users of the
network.
Servers
It is defined by the ITU-T as a service that provides
transmission channels capable of supporting
transmission rates greater than the primary data rate.
Broadband ISDN
It is the only error-correction scheme that actually
detects and corrects transmission errors when they
are received without requiring a transmission..
Forward Error Correction
This OSI Layer is responsible for network availability,
data storage and processor capacity. It also
determines the type of dialogue available.
Session layer

It is often defined as the loss incurred by an

electromagnetic wave as it propagates in a straight
line through a vacuum with no absorption or reflection
of energy from nearby objects.
free space path loss
What do you call the accumulation of additional
sounds such as wind, street noise, other voices that
contribute to what the listener hear?
Ambience
It is a single transmission path from transmitter to
receiver with line of sight range.
Hop
It is defined by the average rate at which energy is
carried out per unit area.
Intensity
What happens to the frequency of the wave and to its
wavelength when a sound wave produced in one
medium enters another medium with a different
speed?
the frequency of the wave stays the same while
the wavelength changes.
The process of combining multiple audio signals into
one track is called?
audio mixing
The speed of sequence of musical notes is called? Tempo
If the frequency of a sound is increased, what will
happen to its pitch?
Increases
A type of microwave protection system where each
working channel has a dedicated back up or spare
channel.
Hot Standby
Also known as Pin 21 of the RS-232 interface on D
connector, this connection allows signals to be
transmitted from the DCE to the attached DTE
whenever there is a high probability of an error in the
received data due to the quality of the circuit falling
below a predefined level.
signal quality detector
______ which means that 2 or more bits in the data
unit have changed.?
burst error
It is a four-wire Gigabit Ethernet implementation. 1000 Base-T
It is a digital process that allows several connections
to share the high bandwidth of a link.
TDM
EEE 802.11 is define in which MAC sublayer? (b) and (c)
B. PCF
C. DCF
It is the oldest microwave tube design which is
commonly used in radar transmitters where they can
generate peak power levels in the megawatt range.
Magnetron
A modulation process wherein both frequence and
phase remains constant while the amplitude changes.
ASK
It is the most powerful redundancy checking
technique which is based on binary division.
cyclic redundancy check

What do you call the element with electrical properties

between those of an insulator and a conductor?
Semiconductor
In pulse-code modulation, it translates the quantized
samples into digital code words.
Encoder
It is an error detection technique in which a redundant
bit is appended to every data unit so that the total
number of 1s in the unit (including the parity bit)
becomes even.
vertical redundancy check
A local area network topology in which the individual
terminal, microcomputers or workstations are
connected directly to a central computer.
Star
The only way to achieve high data rates with a
narrowband channel is to increase the number of bits
per symbol, the most reliable way to do this is to use a
combination of amplitude and phase modulation
known as
quadrature amplitude modulation
Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM
system using 16-bit quantizing.
98.08 dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m; dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(16)
DR = 98.08 dB
Compute the baud rate for a 72000 bps 64-QAM
signal.
12000 baud
A 64-QAM signal means that there are 6 bits per
signal element since 2
6
= 64.
Therefore, baud rate
= 72000/6
baud rate
= 12000 baud
A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination.
Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable
amount of echo.
0.8 dB
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4dB
VNL = 0.2 (2ms) + 0.4 dB
VNL = 0.8 dB
Telephone switch that connects only to other
switches, and not to individual customers.
tandem office

It is a form of digital modulation similar to PSK except

the digital information is contained in both amplitude
and the phase of the transmitted carrier.
QAM
The most common circuit used for demodulating
binary FSK signals.
PLL
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of
4KHz.What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate
the signal using AM? Ignore FCC regulations for now.
8 KHz
BW = 2 x 4 KHz
= 8 KHz
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4 MHz.
what is the bandwidth if we modulate the signal using
FM? Ignore FCC regulations.
40
BW=10x4
= 40 MHz
For PCM system with the following parameters
determine the minimum number of bits used.
Maximum analog frequency= 4 khz,
maximum decoded voltage= 2.55,
Minimum dynamic range= 199.5
8
= 7.63
= 8
A network topology in which data circulates from one
computer to the next in sequence.
Ring
Find the maximum dynamic range for linear PCM
system using 8-bit quantizing
49.92 dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(m)
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8)
What frequencies would be generated by a telephone
using DTMF signalling, when the number 8 is
pressed?
852 Hz and 1336 Hz
It is a means of transmitting data by shifting the phase
angle of the transmitted signal.
PSK
The name given for a set of standards for
communicating among computers in which the
primary purpose is to serve as a structural guideline
for exchanging information between computers,
workstations and networks.
OSI

Any transmission system which conveys more than

one signal simultaneously can experience this type of
interference due to the reception of portions of a
signal from one channel in another channel.
Crosstalk
What type of digital modulation scheme uses two or
more different output frequencies?
FSK
It is an error-correcting code used for correcting
transmission errors in synchronous data streams.
Hamming Code
A suite of protocols that allows a wide variety of
computers to share the same network.
TCP/IP
Noise that is primarily caused by lightning. Often
called as Static Noise.
atmospheric noise
A modulation technique in which the frequency of the
modulated signal varies with the amplitude of the
modulating signal
AM
Is a form of constant amplitude angle modulation
similar to standard frequency modulation except the
modulating signal is a binary signal that varies
between two discrete voltage levels rather than a
continuously changing analog waveform.
FSK
The highest layer in the hierarchy and is analogous to
the general manager of the network by providing
access to the OSI environment.
Application layer
What is the equation for Hartleys Law? I=ktB
Network topology wherein individual terminals,
microcomputers and workstations are connected
directly to a central computer.
Star
The loss of data that occurs when two stations
transmit at the same time on a network
Collision
A term used to describe a telephone instrument
whose handset is on its cradle, ready to receive a ring
signal.
On hook
The most commonly used digital modulation scheme. PCM
Simple form of redundancy error checking where each
character has a numerical value assigned to it. The
characters within a message are combined together
to produce an error checking character.
Checksum
Is an eight-bit fixed length character set developed in
1962 by the International Business Machines
Corporation.
EBCDIC code
An attempt is made to transmit base band frequency
of 30khz using a digital audio system with a sampling
rate of 44.1khz. What audible frequency would result.
14.1KHz

fa = fs fm
= 44.1KHz 30KHz
= 14.1 KHz
Calculate the capacity of a telephone channel that has
a S/N of 1023?
30,000 b/s
The telephone channel has a bandwidth of about
3KHz
C= BW log
2
(1+ S/N)
= 3 x 10
3
log
2
(1+ 1023)
=30000 b/s

Designed to send characters of the message with the

specified bit rate but without any fixed timing
relationship from one character to the next.
asynchronous
Token Ring Standard 802.5
It is the process of extracting a phase-coherent
reference carrier from a receiver signal.
Carrier Recovery
It is a potential problem whenever two metallic
conductors carrying different signals are located in
close proximity to each other.
Crosstalk
What is the termed refer as the rapid degradation of
output signal quality with channel induced errors?
threshold effect
What was the first fixed-length character code
developed for machines rather than for people?
Baudot code
A source whose output satisfies the condition of
statistical independence among letters in the
sequence is said to be_____.
Memoryless
Calculate the minimum data rate needed to transmit
audio with sampling rate of 30 Khz and 14 bits per
sample.
420 Kb/s
Handles error recovery, flow control (synchronization),
and sequencing (which terminals are sending and
which are receiving). It is considered the media
access control layer.
Data Link Layer
A MAC protocol for LANs, with stations connected
topologically or logically in a ring. Or the IEEE 802.5
LAN standard.
Token Ring
A network topology where each device is connected

to a centre point and all data is routed through that

point.
Star network
A lasers use organic dyes enclosed in a glass tube for
an active medium, dye is circulated into the tube with
a pump. A powerful pulse of light excites the organic
dye
Liquid Lasers
Codes that have a restriction on the number of
consecutive 1s or 0s in a sequence.
Run length limited code
Contains seven bytes (56 bits) of alternating 0s and
1s that alert the receiving system to the coming frame
and enable it to synchronize its input timing
Preamble
Every letter was encoded into fixed length of binary
code words of length 5.
Baudot Code
The composite signal that modulates the FM carrier. Baseband
It is a simple means of error detection. It involves the
addition of one extra bit to the bits that encode a
character.
Parity
A data compression scheme that uses fewer bits to
represent more frequently occurring characters or bit
patterns and more bits to represent those occur less
frequently.
Huffman coding
Speed at which symbols are transmitted in a digital
communication systems.
Baud rate
It is the process of converting an infinite number of
possibilities to a finite number of conditions.
Quantization
It is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the
smallest possible magnitude that can easily be
decoded by the digital to analog converter in the
receiver.
Dynamic Range
It is the institution that developed the ASCII (American
Standard Code for Information Intertchange).
ANSI
In early 1900s, he showed that any composite signal
is a sum of a set of sine waves of different
frequencies, phases and amplitudes.
Jean-Baptiste Fourier
Find the binary equivalent of x
8
+x
3
+x+1. 100001011
x
8
+x
7
+x
6
+x
5

+x
4
+x
3
+x
2
+x+k
1

Given a bandwidth of 6000 Hz for an ASK signal,

what is the baud rate?
6000 Hz
baud rate = bandwidth
6000 Hz = 6000 Hz
Compute the bit rate for a 2000 baud 16-QAM signal. 8000 bps
bit rate = baud * 4
2000 * 4 = 8000 bps
It is an electronic device that is used
communications through telephone lines.
Modem
A telephone line has a bandwidth of 4.5
signal-to-noise ratio of 40dB. A signal
down this line using a four level code.
maximum theoretical data rate
18 kbps

for computer
kHz and a
is transmitted
What is the

C = 2Blog
2
M = 2(4.5x10
3
)log
2
(4) = 18 kbps
Showed mathematically that it is posssible to
reconstruct a band-limited analog signal from periodic
samples, as long as the sampling rate is at least twice
the frequency of the highest frequency component of
the signal.
Harry Nyquist
Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM
system using 8-bit quantizing.
49.92 dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m dB
= 1.76 + 6.02(8) dB
= 49.92 dB
In operation, many modern codecs achieved
compresion by first encoding the signals using a 12bit linear PCM code, then converting the 12-bit linear
code into an 8-bit compressed code by discarding
some of the bits. This is a simple example of:
Digital Signal Processing
Sampling of an analog signal using a sample-andhold circuit such that the sample has the same
amplitude for its whole duration.

Flat-topped Sampling
The basic building block of the FDM hierarchy. Message Channel
The GSM radio system uses GMSK in a
200kHzchannel, with a channel data rate of 270.883
kbps. Calculate the frequency shift between mark and
space.
135.4165kHz
fm-fs=0.5fb=0.5*270.833kHz=135.4165kHz
For Ethernet system with a length of 2.5km on coaxial
cable with a velocity factor of 0.66. What is the
propagation delay?
12.6s
T=d/(VfC)=2.5km/(0.66*300000000m/s)=12.6 s
A signal at the input to a -Law compressor is
positive, with its volatage one-half the maximum
value. What proportion of the maximum output voltage
is produced?
0.876 Vo
Vo=Vo(ln(1+(255*0.5)))/ln(1+255)=0.876 Vo
A telephone signal take 2ms to reach its destination.
Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable
amount of echo.
0.8 dB
VNL=0.2t+0.4=(0.2*2)+0.4=0.8
Who invented the telegraph? Samuel F.B Morse
The simplest modulation technique, where a binary
information signal modulates the amplitude of an
analog carrier.
Amplitude-Shift Keying
Is the lowest Open System Interconnection hierarchy
and is responsible for the actual propagation of
unstructured data bits (1s and 0s) through a
transmission medium.
Physical Layer
Error-correction scheme that actually detect and
corrects transmission errors when they are received
without requiring a retransmission.
Forward Error Correction
It allows the overall complexity of the system to be
broken down into individual function layers- that
operate essentially by themselves.
Transparency
This are very useful pictorial representations that
clearly show the protocol operations such as words or
convetional drawings.
State Transition Diagram
Pair of wires that connects the central office to the
users phone
Local loop
How long does it take to dial the number 784-3745
using pulse dialing with .5s inter digit time?

6.8s
0.7 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.4 + 0.5 (6x0.5) = 6.8s
Network that connects users who are in the same
general location
LAN
In operation, many modern codecs achieved
compresion by first encoding the signals using a 12bit linear PCM code, then converting the 12-bit linear
code into an 8-bit compressed code by discarding
some of the bits. This is a simple example of:
Digital Signal Processing
A balanced modulator that will used in conjuction with
a microwave generator, power amplifier, and bandpass filter, up-converts the IF carrier to an RF carrier
and amplifies the RF to the desired output power.
Transmit Modulator
What is the equation for Hartleys Law? I=ktB
The loss of data that occurs when two stations
transmit at the same time on a network
Collision
We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5 HHz.
What is the bandwidth modulate the signal using FM?
Ignore FCC regulation.
50 MHz
BW= 10 x 5MHz
=50MHZ
Used to established a point to point connection across
a network.
TCP
An attempt is made to transmit a baseband frequency
of 25kHz using digital audio system with a sampling
rate of 44.1 kHz. What audible frequency would
result?
19.1kHz
f
a
=
f
s
- f
m
= 44.1kHz 25kHz
= 19.1kHz
Defines the rules of the conversation the message
passing among the network users
network protocol
Responsible for providing signals to the loop sensing
activity and sending phone signals at the end of the
loop
SLIC

The typical amount of voltage in dc use in the battery

of the central office with respect to ground
-48
A network that is composed of a smaller lan that are
closely link. It is needed for areas spread out
geographically
WAN
How many central office allotted for each exchange? 1
It is a method of switching that provides a separate
physical path for each symbol
space switching
The central office detects a request for service from a
telephone by:
a flow of loop current
The OSI Layer responsible for data tracking as it
moves through a network. It controls and ensures the
end to end integrity of the data message
propagated through the network between two devices.
Transport
It is used on long distance circuits, in an effort to
overcome echoes caused by circuit imbalances.
Echo Suppresors
The sensitivity of a radio receiver is given in terms of
dBm. If the receiver is receiving 200 mW, what is the
corresponding dBm of this signal?
23 dBm
dBm for 200 mW = 10 log (200mW/1mW) = 23 dBm
An antenna with a noise temperature of 75 Kelvin is
connected to a receiver input with a noise
temperature of 300 K. Given the reference
temperature T0 = 290 K, find the noise figure of the
system.
3.6 dB
modulation index of an AM radio station is 0.75. If the
carrier power is 500W, what is the total transmitted
power?
641 W
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
1
2
m
Pc Pt
An FM transmitter system is using a 1MHz crystal
oscillator to generate a very stable 108MHz final
carrier frequency. The output of the crystal oscillator

is fed to a x36 multiplier circuit then mixed with a 34.5

MHz signal. The sum output of the mixer is filtered
out, while the difference is fed to another multiplier in
order to generate the final carrier frequency. What is
the multiplier value?
72
A/an _______ is a range of frequency in which the
upper frequency is double the lower frequency.
Octave
Determine the worst-case output S/N for a
narrowband FM receiver with deviation maximum of
10 kHz and a maximum intelligence frequency of 3
kHz. The S/N input is 3:1.
10
= sin
-1
(1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad
= x f
i
= 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz
The S/N will be
10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10
A small variable capacitance in parallel with each
section of gange
capacitor is calle
_______.
Trimmer
How many wavelengths long are require
for a pair of
con
uctors to be consi
ere
as a transmission line?
1/10
Determine the time taken for a signa to trave down a
10 m transmission ine, if its veocity factor is 0.7.
47.6 ns
T= L/ (Vf x Vc)
T= 10 m/ (0.7)(3x10
8
m/s)
T= 47.6 ns

The maximum votage standing wave of an RG-11/U

foam coaxia cabe is 52 V and its minimum votage is
17 V. How many percent of the incident power is the
refected power?
26%
At exacty one-quarter waveength, the short-circuited
transmission ine behaves as a(an) ________ circuit.
parae-resonant
Determine the phase-shift represented by a 75 ns
deay of a 4 MHz signa to a 75-ft cabe with a
dieectric constant of 2.3.
108 degrees
= 360 td / T
T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns
= 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees

Which of the foowing is a fat conductor separated by

an insuating dieectric from a arge ground pane that
is usuay one-quarter or one-haf waveength ong?
Microstrip
One compete revoution around a Smith Chart
represents _________ waveengths.

A mismatched transmission ine is aso referred to as
a ___________ ine.
Resonant
It is the ratio of the speed of propagation on a ine to
that of ight in free-space.
veocity factor
Which of the foowing is the most widey used UTP
cabe that can carry baseband data at rates up to 100
Mbps at a range up to 100m?
CAT 5
The moduated peak vaue of a signa is 125V and the
unmoduated carrier vaue is 85V. What is the
moduation index?
0.47
m = Em/ Ec
Emax = Ec + Em ; Em = Emax Ec = 125 85 = 40 V
m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47
The tota transmitted power of an AM broadcast
transmitter with a carrier power of 50kW when
moduated 80 percent is:
66kW
Pt = Pc ( 1 + m
2
/2)
Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.8
2
/2)
Pt = 66,000 W
Pt = 66kW
One of the advantages of DSB is the savings of great
dea of power. Which of the foowing is the reason
why it is not widey used?
the signa is difficut to demoduate
If the input in a transmitter is coector-moduated, the
system is caed a _______________________.
high-eve moduator
The input to an M receiver has a S/N of 2.8. What is
the frequency deviation caused by the noise if the
moduating frequency is 1.5KHz and the permitted
deviation is 4KHz?
547.8 Hz
o = | fm
| = sin
-1
N/S = sin
-1
1/2.8 = 0.3652
o = (0.3652)(1.5KHz) = 547.8 Hz

What circuit is used to return the frequency response

of a signa to its norma, fat eve?
de-emphasis
It is the most common means of overcoming the
probems of quantizing error and noise.
Companding
____ means that the characteristics and performance
of an antenna are the same whether the antenna is
radiating or intercepting an eectromagnetic signa.
antenna reciprocity
Which of the foowing methods is used to ower the
resonant frequency of a shortened vertica antenna?
top hat oading
Cacuate the gain (isotropic) of a paraboic antenna
that has a diameter of 3 m, an efficiency of 60% and
operates at a frequency of 4 GHz.
39.8 dBi
G = q t
2
D
2
/
2
= 3x10
8
/ 4MHz = 0.075 m
G = 0.6t
2
(3)
2
0.075
2
G= 9474.8
G = 10 og 9474.8
G = 39.8 dBi
It is a phenomenon caused by any support insuators
used at the ends of the wire antenna.
end effect
Which of the foowing is not a reason why most hafwave antennas are mounted horizontay at ow
frequencies?
more cost-effective
The shape of the eectromagnetic energy radiated
from or received by an antenna is caed the
radiation pattern
Antennas that transmit an equa amount of energy in
the horizonta direction are caed
Omnidirectiona
The abiity of an antenna to send or receive signas
over a narrow horizonta directiona range is referred
to as
Directivity
A basic antenna connected to a transmission ine pus
one or more additiona conductors that are not
connected to the transmission ine form a

parasitic array
An antenna made up of a driven eement and one or
more parasitic eements is generay referred to as a
Yagi antenna
Which antennas usuay consist of two or more hafwave dipoes mounted end to end?
Coinear
A stacked coinear antenna consisting of haf-wave
dipoes spaced from one another by one-haf
waveengths is the
broadside array
When the characteristic impedance of the
transmission ine matches the output impedance of
the transmitter and the impedance of the antenna
itsef,
maximum power transfer wi take pace
A one-quarter waveength of coaxia or baanced
transmission ine of a specific impedance connected
between a oad and a source in order to match
impedances is
a  section
By how much shoud two antennas be separated for
space diversity in the 11 GHz band?
5.5 m
m
s
x
s
m
x
f
c
d 5 . 5
10 11
10 3 200
200
200
9
8
=
|
.
|
\
|
= = =

What is the phase veocity of a rectanguar waveguide

with a wa separation of 3 cm and a desired
frequency of operation of 6 GHz?
5.43 x 10
8

m/s

A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km apart. Suppose

that there is an obstace midway between the
transmitter and receiver. By how much must the path
between the towers cear the obstace in order to
avoid diffraction at a frequency of 11 GHz?
10.51 m

How far from the transmitter coud a signa be

received if the transmitting and receiving antennas
where 40 m and 20 m, respectivey, above eve
terrain?
44.5 km

A signa propagated in a waveguide has a fu wave of

eectric intensity change between two further was,
and no component of the eectric fied in the direction
of propagation. The mode is
TE
20
An isoator has a forward oss of 0.7 dB and a return
oss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W to the isoator,
and the oad is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much
power is dissipated in the oad?
638 mW
( ) mW P P
SWR
SWR
mW
anti
W
P
out LOAD
out
35 . 638 1
5 . 0
1
1
14 . 851
10
7 . 0
og
1
2
= I =
=

= I
= =
An isoator has a forward oss of 0.7 dB and a return
oss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W to the isoator,
and the oad is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much
power returns to the source?
5.43 x 10
8
m/s
( )
W
anti
mW
P
mW P P
mW P P
SWR
SWR
mW
anti
W
P
re turne d
out re f e cte d
out LOAD
out
= =
= I =
= I =
=
+

= I
= =
49 . 534
10
26
og
78 . 212
78 . 212
35 . 638 1
5 . 0
1
1
14 . 851
10
7 . 0
og
1
2
2

It is a microwave device that aows R energy to

pass through in one direction with very itte oss, but

absorbs R power in the opposite direction.
isoator
A meta wrapped around the paraboic antenna
aperture to eiminate sideobes interfering nearby
stations is caed
Shroud
The waveength of a wave in a waveguide
_________.
is greater than in free space
Geostationary sateites are ocated at ____ with
respect to the equator.
0
0
atitude
The quaity of a space-ink is measured in terms of the
______ ratio.
G/T
Why does the downink frequency appear to vary by
severa kHz during a ow earth orbit sateite pass?
The distance between the sateite and ground
station is changing, causing the Dopper effect
The most ambitious LEO consteation to date is
______.
Teedesic
A sateite-dish owner has a 3 meter dish designed for
C-band (4 GHz) operation. The owner wants to use
the same dish with a new feedhorn, for Ku-band (12
GHz) sateites. What effect wi the change in
frequency have on the gain and beamwidth of the
antenna?
Gain increases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth decreases
to 1/3 of its former vaue.
The moon orbits the earth with a period of
approximatey 28 days. How far away is it? Assume
circuar orbit.
384 Mm

What is the ength of the path to a geostationary

sateite from an Earth station if the ange of eevation
is 30
0
?
39000 km
What is the nomina upink frequency for the Ku band? 14 GHz
To cover a inhabited regions of the earth, the number
of poar-orbit sateites required is
1
A dipoe antenna has a radiation resistance of 67
ohms and a oss resistance of 5 ohms, measured at
the feedpoint. Cacuate the efficiency.
93%
Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) = 93%

Two antennas have gains of 5.3 dBi and 4.5 dBd,

respectivey. Which has a greater gain?
The second antenna has a higher gain.
A haf-wave dipoe is sometimes caed: Hertz antenna
An antenna's beamwidth is measured between haf-power points
"Ground Effects" refers to the effects on an antenna's
radiation pattern caused by
radio signas refecting off the ground
An antenna can be matched to a feed ine using a of the choices
a. a shorted stub
b. an LC network
c. a oading coi
As the ength of a "ong-wire" antenna is increased the number of obes increas
es
LPDA stands for Log-Periodic Dipoe Array
ied strength at a distance from an antenna is
measured with
a fied-strength meter
A receiving antenna with a buit-in preampifier active antenna
The height above mean sea eve of a sateite in a
geosynchronous orbit around Earth is:
35,786 km
The ocation of a sateite is generay specified in
terms of
atitude & ongitude
A point in the orbit of an object orbiting the earth that
is ocated cosest to Earth.
Perigee
ind the veocity of a sateite in a circuar orbit 500 km
above the earths surface.
7.6 km/s

ormula :
v =
4x10
11

+ 6400
( )
Where :

v =

velocity in meters per secon

=
istance above earths surface in km

v =
4x10
11
(500+ 6400)
= 7.6 km/s

in
the orbital perio
of a satellite in a circular orbit

36,000 km above the earths surface if the earths
ra
ius is 6400 km.
1440 mins
ormula :
T =
C

v
Where :
C

T = orbital perio

C = circumference
v = orbital velocity
= 2Hr
= 2H ( 6400 + 36,000 ) =

266.4 x 10

6
m
v =
4x10
11
(36,000+ 6400)
= 3.07km/s
T =
C
v
=
266.4x10
6
m
3.07x10
3
m/ s
= 24hrs or 1440 mins
The outline of a communications satellite antenna
pattern on the earth is known as:
ootprint
Calculate the length of the path to a geostationary
satellite from an earth station where the angle of
elevation is 30.(earths ra
ius = 6400 km, height of
satellite above earth is 36 X 10
3
km)
39,000 km

= (r + h)
2
(rcosu)
2
rsinu
A satellite access technique where each earth station
transmits a short burst of information
uring a specific
time slot.
TDMA ( Time Division Multiple Access)
An earth station antenna look angle is
etermine
by :
azimuth & elevation
An ITU ra
iocommunication stan
ar
s for satellite
services which provi
es information on the range of
frequencies that can be use
by fixe
satellite service
systems for emergency an

isaster relief operations.
ITU-R S.1001-2

As per Philippine stan
ar
, frequency allocation of AM

Ra
io Broa
casting is from
526.5 to 1705 kHz
Part of broa
casting in a
ay that refers to that perio

of time between 1000 UTC to 2200 UTC. UTC stan
s
for Universal Time Coor
inates.
nighttime perio

An AM broa
cast service area in which groun
wave
fiel
of 1mV/m (60
Bu) is not subject to objectionable
interference or objectionable fa
ing.
primary service area
In antenna mast or tower construction, the require

obstruction painting an
/or lighting must be impose

on mast or tower more than from the groun
level.
150 ft
Regar
ing the
esign of AM antenna, what shoul
be
the polarization of the ra
iator?
Vertical
As per Phillipine stan
ar
, what is the minimum
frequency separation in any service area for a
jacent
AM ra
io stations?
36 kHz
What is the maximum power allowable for remote
pick-up stations use
as broa
cast auxillary services
for AM an
M broa
cast stations?
35 W
What is the classification of an M station having an
ERP not excee
ing 30kW?
Class B
What is the mo
ulation use
for the stereophonic
subcarrier of M composite baseban
signal?
AM DSB SC
What is the pilot subcarrier frequency use
in M
stereophonic transmission?
19 kHz
The output power of an M transmitter is 5 kW. If the
power loss in transmission line is aroun
10 W an

the antenna has a power gain of 6
B, what is the
ERP of the station in kW?
19.96 kW
G
ANT
= 6
B = 4
ERP = (5000 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4 = 19,960 W or
19.96 kW
requency allocation of M broa
cast in the
Philippines
88 108 MHz
What is the color TV system a
opte
by the
Philippines?
NTSC
Exact value of color subcarrier frequency (MHz) is 3.579545 Mhz
Determine the visual carrier frequency of TV channel
9.
187.25 MHz
186 MHz, low ban
frequency of channel 9

186 + 1.25 = 187.25 Mhz

What is the maximum allowable ERPs for channels 7
13 in Metro Manila an
Metro Cebu?
1 MW
At NTSC stan
ar
, the number of lines per frame =
________ lines/frame
525
At NTSC stan
ar
, line frequency = 15734.264 Hz.
What is the equivalent line perio
?
63.556 usec
f
H
= 15734.264 Hz
H = 1 / f
H
= 1 / 15734.264
H = 63.556 x 10
-6
= 63.556 usec
Nominal R ban
wi
th of NTSC TV channel 6 MHz
A lan
mobile station use
for the transmission of TV
program materials an
relate
communications from
the scenes of events occuring at remote points from
TV broa
cast station stu
ios to TV broa
cast station.
TV Pick-up station
or a total capacity of 36 Mbps an
64-QAM of
igital
mo
ulation, what is the i
eal R ban
wi
th?
6 MHz
What is the mo
e of ra
io wave propagation that
utilize
ionosphere as a me
ium of transmission an
/
or reception of ra
io signals?
sky wave
What is the wavelength of a ra
io signal travelling at a
frequency of 220 MHz in a coaxial line having Teflon
foam as its
ielectric,
r
= 2?
0.96 m
V
p
= V
f
C
v
f
= 1 / sqrt (
r
)
= v
P
/ f = 0.96m
What is th ang of rfraction in a Tfon (
r2
= 2)
mdium of a radio wav from air (
r1
= 1.0) if its ang
of incidnc is 45?

30
Using Sns Law
Sqrt (
r1
) sin
i
= Srt (
r2
) sin
r
Srt (1) sin 45 = Srt (2) sin
r

r
= sin
-1
[(Srt (1) sin 45) / Srt (2)] = sin
-1
(0.5) = 30
An ionosphr layr also trmd as absorption layr
bcaus it absorbs most of th fruncis abov 100
kHz is known as th layr.
D
As pr ITU-R Rcc. V.431-6 Tabls 1 & 2 Wavlngth
Classifications, what is th classification of Supr
High Fruncy?
Cntimtric
What is a divrsity schm that uss two (2) sparat
antnnas and rcivrs for ach singl transmittr?
spac divrsity
What is a divrsity schm that uss two (2) diffrnt
fruncis in a simplx path?
fruncy divrsity
What is th critical fruncy of a layr if th
maximum valu of lctron dnsity is 2 x 10
6
pr cm
3
?
13 MHz
Nmax = 2 x 10
6
pr cm
3
= 2 x 10
6
x 10
6
pr m
3
= 2 x 10
12
pr m
3
f

= 9 x srt (N
max
) = 9 x srt (2 x 10
12
)
f
c
= 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx.
A radio communication link is to b stablishd via th
ionosphr. Th maximum virtual hight of th layr is
110 km. at th midpoint of th path and th critical
fruncy is 4 MHz. If th distanc btwn th radio
stations is 500 km, what is th suitabl valu for th
optimum working fruncy? Us flat trrain analysis.
8.4 MHz
For flat trrain analysis, tan i = d/2h
v
i = tan
-1
[d/2h
v
] = tan
-1
[500/2(110)] = tan
-1
[2.273] =
66.25 angl of incidnc
MUF = f
c
x sc i = fc / cos i = 4 / cos 66.25 = 4 /
0.40275 = 9.932 MHz via Scant Law
OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 (9.932) = 8.4422 MHz or
8.4 MHz approx.
Th powr dnsity is invrsly proportional to th
suar of th distanc from th sourc. This law is
known as
Invrs Suar law
Th lowst portion of th ionosphr that is usful for
long-distanc communication by amaturs; about 100
to 115 km abov th arth is known as th layr.
This is oftn trmd as th Knnly-Havysid layr.
E
A graph which shows th radiation in actual fild
strngth of lctromagntic filds at all points which
ar at ual distanc from th antnna is known as

Radiation Pattrn
Th fficincy of an antnna is 82 %. Its radiation
rsistanc is 30 . hat is the value of its loss
resistance?
6.58
= R
d
/(R

d
+ R
loss
)
0.82 = 30/(30 + R
loss
)
0.82 (30 + R
loss
) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82 R
loss
R
loss
= (30 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854 or 6.58 approx.
A penomenon on te surface of te sun wit
appearance and disappearance of dark irregularly
saped areas.
11-year sunspot
at sould be done to increase te transmission
distance at frequencies iger tan HF bands?
increase antenna eigt
ic of te following factors must be considered in
te transmission of a surface wave to reduce
attenuation?
All of te coices
a. electrical properties of te terrain
b. frequency
c. antenna polarization
A radio station operates at 11 meter wavelengt.
at is te designated band of stations frequency?
HF
c = 3 x 10
8
m/sec
= 11 m = c / f
f = 3 x 10
8
/ 11 = 27 MHz approx., which is within
3 30 MHz rang dsignatd as HF band
What is th tota radio horizon distanc btwn an
80 ft transmitting station and a 20 ft rciving station?
18.97 mi
d
RH (TOT)
= sqrt (2 x h
T
) + sqrt (2 x h
R
)
d
RH (TOT)
= sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt (2 x 20)
d
RH (TOT)
= 18.97 mi
A powr dnsity of 1.57 x 10
-4

W/m
2

is masurd 50
mtrs from a tst antnna whos dirctiv gain is
2.15 dB. How much powr was fd into th tst
antnna?
3 W
P
R
= P
D
x 4d
2
= 1.57 x 10
-4
x 4(50)
2
= 4.93 
a rox. is the radiated ower
G
ANT
= log
-1
[2.15 dB/10] = 1.64
P
R
= P
FED
x G
ANT
P
FED
= P
R
/ G
ANT
= 4.93 / 1.64 = 3.007  or

3  a rox.

Identical tele hone numbers in different arts of a

country are distinguished by their ___.
area codes
Tele hone traffic is measured ____.
in erlangs
In a cellular tele hone system, each cell site contains
a ____.
Re eater
hen the signal from a mobile cellular unit dro s
below a certain level, what action occurs?
the unit is handed off to a closer cell
In a cellular tele hone system, grou of cells is called
___.
Cluster
In Celluar Tele hone Systems, these are

transmissions from base stations to mobile units

(Downlink)
forward links
A CDMA mobile measures the signal strength from
the base as -100 dBm. hat should the mobile
transmitter ower be set to as a first a roximation,
considering - 76 dB at mobile ower contol?
250 m
P
T
= -76 dB - P
R
here:
P
T
= transmitted ower in dBm
P
R
= received ower in dBm
P
T
= -76 dB - P
R
= -76 dB (-100dBm)
= 24 dBm
= 250 m
A tele hone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination.
Calculate the via net loss required for an acce table
amount of echo.
0.8 dB
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
= 0.2 X 2 + 0.4
= 0.8 dB
The ty ical voltage across a tele hone when on-hook
is:
48 volts DC
Central offices are connected by:
trunk lines
In tele hony, call blocking is: occurs when the central office ca acity is
exceeded
The cable used for local loo s in tele hone system is
mainly:
twisted- air co er wire
In DTMF, the four vertical frequencies are ____.
697Hz,770Hz,852Hz,941Hz
In DTMF, the Horizontal frequencies are
1209Hz, 1336Hz,1477Hz,1633Hz
In Celluar Tele hone Systems, these are
transmissions from mobile units to base stations
(U link)
reverse links
In DTMF, the horizontal frequencies is also known as

high grou frequencies

In DTMF, the Vertical frequencies is also known as
low grou frequencies
The bandwidth of voice-grade signals on a tele hone
system is restricted in order to:
allow signals to be multi lexed
This is the highest-ranking office in the DDD network
in tele hony in terms of the size of the geogra hical
area served and the trunking o tions available.
regional center
In Cellular Radio, AMPS stand for:
Advanced Mobile Phone Service
In Cellular Radio, BSC stands for:
Base Station Controller
In Cellular Radio, MSC stands for:
Mobile Switching Center
In GSM, voice channels are called:
traffic channels
In Mobile Communications, GSM uses:
frequency ho ing
In Mobile Communications, IMSI stands for:
International Mobile Subscriber Identification
An acoustical henomenon wherein the sound
continues to ersist after the cause of sound has
sto ed resulting in re eated reflections is called
Reverberation
A grou of filters has 1/3 octave of s acing. If the
initial frequency is 25 Hz, what is the next frequency
available for the filter?
31.5 Hz
f
2
= 2
x
f
1
where x = 1/3, fraction of an octave
f
2
= 2
1/3
x 25 = 31.5 Hz
+ 26 dBu is how many volts? 15.5 V
V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 Volts ]
26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ]
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ] = 1.3
Voltage = log
-1
(1.3) x 0.775 V
Voltage = 15.5 V

A ty e of micro hone that uses the rinci le of a

ca acitor as a means of transduction. It uses a
olarizing voltage of between 9 and 48 V of DC
su ly a lied to its dia hragm by an external ower
su ly
Condenser
Determine the sound ower in atts roduced by the
banks alarm if a by-stander heard the alarm at a
sound ressure level of 100 dB-SPL. The by-stander
is 100 ft away from the bank.
58.65 
PL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8
PL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) + 8 = 137.68 dB-PL
137.68 = 10 log  + 120
 = log-1 [(137.68 120)/10]
 = 58.65 atts
A louds eaker roduces an SPL of 85dB-SPL at 1
meter distance and in ut electrical ower of 1 . How
loud is the SPL at distance of 20 meters if this
s eaker is driven to 10  of electrical ower?
69 dB-SPL
SPL@1m/1 = 85 dB-SPL (given)
SPL@20m/1 = 85 - 20 log (20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPL
SPL@20m/10 = 59 + 10 log (10/1) = 69 dBSPL
A number from 0 to 1 re resenting the ability of a
surface material to absorb sound energy is known
as
Absor tion Coefficient
The difference in dB between the loudest level of
sound and the softest assage of sound is known as
_
dynamic range
The highest frequency that can be used for skywave
ro agation between two s ecific oints on earths
surface.
Critical Frequency
Variation in signal loss caused by natural weather
disturbances.
Fading
Determine the radio horizon for a transmit antenna
that is 200 m high and a receiving antenna that is 100
m high
99.5 km
D = 17ht + 17hr
= 17(200) + 17(100)
= 99.5 km
The height above the earths surface from which a
refracted wave a ears to have been reflected
virtual height
Electromagnetic waves that are directed above the
horizon level.
sky waves
The most common light used in fiber-o tic links is Infrared
In the telecommunications industry, the most
commonly used fiber(s) are
50 and 62.5 micron

The abru t change in refractive index from core to

cladding of fiber-o tic cable is called the
Ste index
A technique that is used to minimize the ulse
dis ersion effect is to
Minimize the core diameter
hich is not an im ortant characteristic of a light
detector?
Power consum tion
The dis ersion of light in fiber-o tic cable caused by a
ortion of the light energy traveling in the cladding is
called
aveguide dis ersion
Recent laser develo ments for fiber-o tic
communication include
Distributed feedback (DFB) and vertical cavity
surface emitting (VCSEL)
hich of the following considerations is im ortant
when deciding between using a diode laser or an
LED?
Res onse time
In 1815, the correct ex lanation of diffraction was
given by
Fresnel
It is the central art of the o tical communication
system
O tical Fiber
The light energy that is always emitted or absorbed in
discrete units
Quanta
hich of the following Ethernet fiber o tic standard
uses synchronous, Centralized Clock?
10 Base-FB (Backbone)
It is a mixed, multi le-service standard to allow the
transmission of voice and video over an FDDJ
network.
FDDI II
It is a layer of lastic that surrounds a fiber or grou of
fibers
Buffer Tube
The angular se aration between the two half- ower
oints on the ower density radiation attern.
Beamwidth
Refers to the direction in s ace of electric vector of
the electromagnetic wave radiated from an antenna
and is arallel to the antenna itself.
Polarization
Placing a metallic array on the antenna effects to
increase the current at the base of the antenna, and
also to make the current distribution more uniform.
hat is this called?
To loading
hat rinci le that states that the ro erties of an
antenna are inde endent of whether it is used for
transmission or rece tion.
Princi le of reci rocity
Calculate the beam width between nulls of a 2-m
araboloid reflector used at 6GHz. Note: such
reflectors are often used at that frequency as
antennas outside broadcast television microwave

links.
3.5
0

0
=

0
=3.5
0
This is often use
to cure the problem of great
thickness require
of lenses use
at lower microwave
frequencies or for strong curve
wavefronts.
Zoning
A structure-generally metallic an
sometimes very
complex-
esigne
to provi
e an efficient coupling
between space an
the output of a transmitter or input
to a receiver.
Antenna
The ratio comparing the power
ensity generate
by a
practical antenna in some
irection, with that
ue to
an isotopic antenna ra
iating the same total power.
Directive gain
Any array that is
irectional at right angles to the
plane of the array is sai
, by inference, to have ____.
Broa
si
e action
The ratio of the focal length to the mouth
iameter is
calle
__________ of the parabola, just as in camera
lenses.
Aperture
Correspon
s to a resonant transmission line, an
the

ipole antennas
escribe so far have been resonant.
Resonant antenna
An optic fiber is ma
e of glass with a refractive in
ex
of 1.55 an
is cla
with another glass with a refractive
in
ex of 1.51. Launching takes place from air. What
numerical aperture
oes the fiber have?
0.352
=(n
1
-n
2
)/n
1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
NA=n
1
(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
An optic fiber is ma
e of glass with a refractive in
ex
of 1.55 an
is cla
with another glass with a refractive
in
ex of 1.51. Launching takes place from air. What is
the acceptance angle?

20.6

=(n
1
-n
2
)/n
1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
NA=n
1
(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352

0
(max)=sin
-1
NA= sin
-1
0.352=20.6

or a single-mo
e optical cable with 0.25-
B/km loss,

etermine the optical power 100km from a 0.1-mW
light source.
-35
Bm
P =0.1mW x 10
-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}
=1 x 10
-4
x 10
{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)]
=(1 x 10
-4
)(1 x 10
-25
)
=0.316W
P(
Bm)= 10log
= -35
Bm
or an optical fiber 10km long with a pulse-sprea
ing
constant of 5ns/km,
etermine the maximum
igital
transmission rates for return-to-zero.
20Mbps


b
= =20Mbps
In fiber optics, it is a measure of the conversion
efficiency of a photo
etector. It is the ratio of the
output current of a photo
io
e to the input optical
power an
has the unit of amperes per watt
Responsivity
A phenomenon also calle
stress corrosion resulting if

the glass fiber is expose
to long perio
s of high

humi
ity?
Static fatigue
The theory which states that when visible light or highfrequency electromagnetic ra
iation illuminates a
metallic surface, electrons are emitte
.
Plancks law
The science of measuring only light waves that are
visible to the human eye
Photometry
The process of constructing an ILD that is similar to
LED except that the en
s are highly polishe
.
Lasing
A phenomenon in optical fibers communication
system that is cause
by the
ifference in the
propagation times of light rays that take
ifferent
paths
own the fiber.
Pulse sprea
ing
or an electronic
evice operating at a temperature of
17C with a ban
wi
th of 10 kHz,
etermine the
thermal noise power in
Bm .
-134
Bm
N = KTB
N
(
Bm)
= 10log (4 x 10
-17
) = -134
Bm

0.001
A 300 resistor is connected across te 300
antenna input of a television receiver. Te bandwidt
of te receiver is 6MHz, and te resistor is at room
temperature .Find te noise voltage applied to te
receiver input.
5.4 V
VN =
= 4(1.38 x
-23
J/K)(293 K)(6 x 10
6
Hz)(300 )
= 5.4 x 10
-6
V
= 5.4 V
Te signal power at
and te noise power
power is 1 and te
te amplifier noise
3

10

te input to an amplifier is 100

is 1 . At te output, te signal
noise power is 30m. at is
figure, as a ratio?

(S/N)
p

= 100

= 100
(S/N)

o
=

1

= 33.3

1

0.03
NF (ratio) = 100

= 3
33.5
It is desired to operate a receiver wit NF = 8dB at
S/N = 15 dB over a 200-KHz bandwidt at ambient
temperature. Calculate te receivers sensitivity.
-98dBm
S = Sensitivity = -74dBm + NF + 10logf +
esire

S/N
S = -174 + 8 + 10log(200,000) + 15
S = -98
Bm
A Satellite receiving system inclu
es a
ish antenna (
T
eq
= 35 K) connecte
via a coupling network (T
eq
= 40
K) to a microwave receiver (T
eq
=52 K referre
to its
input). What is the noise power to the receivers input
over a 1-MHz frequency range?
1.75 x 10
-15
P
N
= KTf
= 1.38 x 10
-23
J/K (35 + 40 + 52)K (1MHz)
= 1.75 x 10
-15
W
Equivalent temperature of a passive system having
the same noise power output of a given system.
noise temperature
The noise voltage pro
uce
across a 50 is input
resistance at a temperature of 302C wit a
bandwidt of 6 MHz is ______.
2.24V
VN =
= 4(1.38 x 10
-23
)(302)(6 x 10
6
)(50)
= 2.24V
Determine te worst-case output S/N for a broadcast
FM program tat as a maximum intelligence
frequency of 5 kHz. Te input S/N is 2
30
i

= x

= 0.5 x 5 kHz = 2.5 kHz

75 kHz
= 30
2.5 kHz
The technique that uses the BPSK vector relationship
to generate an output with logical 0s and 1s
determined by comparing the phase o
two
successive data bits is
DPSK
A special digital modulation technique that achieves
high data rates in limited-bandwidth channels is called
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
FSK systems are much superior to two-tone
amplitude-modulation systems with respect to
Ionospheric
ading characteristics
Using an oscilloscope to display overlayed received
data bits that provide in
ormation on noise, jitter, and
linearity is called a(n)
Eye pattern
The type o
radio transmission that uses
pseudorandomly switched transmissions is known as
Spread spectrum
The acronym CDMA re
ers to ________. Code-division multiple-access systems
The acronym OFDM re
ers to ________. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Using radio to transmit gathered data on some
particular phenomenon without human monitors is
known as
Radio telemetry
The acronym
or the
orm o
data transmission in
which the modulating wave shi
ts the output between
two predetermined
requencies is _____.
FSK
Pseudorandom implies a sequence that can be _____
but has the properties o
randomness.
re-created
______ implies that both analog and digital signals
share the same channel bandwidth.
Hybrid
Telemetry may be de
ined as _____ metering. Remote
Which is not a type o
pulse modulation? Pulse-
requency modulation (PFM)
PPM and PWM are superior to PAM systems in Noise characteristics
A procedure that decides which device has
permission to transmit at a given time is called
Line control
The major di

iculty
aced by delta modulators is Slope overload
The AT&T T1 lines Use 8-bit PCM code and include 24 voice channels
The ground wire in a USB cable is ______. Brown
A(n) ________ is used to allow a digital signal to be
transmitted on an analog channel.
Modem
The bit ________ is the amount o
power in a digital

bit
or a given amount o
time.
Energy
The relationship
or bit rate to ________ bandwidth is
de
ined by the Shannon-Hartley theorem.
Channel
In an S/H circuit, the time that it must hold the
sampled voltage is
Aperture time
Error signals associated with the sampling process
are called
Foldover distortion and aliasing
A(n) ________ is a single LSI chip containing both the
ADC and DAC circuitry.
Codec
The NRZ digital signal-encoding
ormat has a
________ component in the wave
orm.
Dc
ReedSolomon codes utilize a technique called
________ to rearrange the data into a nonlinear
ordering scheme to improve the chance o
data
correction.
Interleaving
The electric
ield intensity is measured in: V/m
It is a result o
an increase in the charge density in
dielectric materials.
Polarization
It re
ers to the maximum antenna gain. Directivity
The maximum horizontal distance between the
transmitter and the receiver
or line o
sight
propagation is known as:
radio horizon
Typical mode o
radiation o
helical antenna is: end
ire
The electric
ield is perpendicular to the earths
sur
ace, the polarization is:
Vertical
In what major RF band is ground wave basically
applied?
MF (Medium Frequency)
A measure o
mismatch in a transmission line standing wave ratio
The highest
requency that can be set back to earth
by the ionosphere, i
wave is sent vertically upward.
critical
requency
Travel in a straight line
rom the transmitting antenna
to the receiving antenna.
space wave
VLF waves are
or some types o
services because they are very reliable
It is the distance between two wave
ronts having the
same phase at any given instant.
Wavelength
It is a piece o
transmission line which is normally
short-circuited at the
ar end.
Stub
A 50 ohms transmission line is connected to a 30 ohm
resistive load. Calculate the re
lection coe

icient.
0.25

Re
Coe

= (30 50)/(30 + 50) = 0.25

The characteristic impedance o
a transmission line
does not depend upon its
Length
Characteristic impedance o
a transmission line is the
impedance measured at the _______ when its length
is in
inite.
Input
Which region o
the ionosphere is mainly responsible

or long-distance night time communications?

F layer
Which is properly terminated antenna? Rhombic
Occurs when the radio beam is at point o
grazing
over an obstacle.
di

raction
A microwave communications system, space loss
calculation
ormula is
92.4 + 20log F + 20 log D
Is an OSI Layer which is responsible
or providing
error-
ree communications across the physical link
connecting primary and secondary stations (nodes)
Data Link layer
Is the ratio o
the largest possible magnitude to the
smallest possible magnitude that can be decoded by
the digital-to-analog converter.
Dynamic range
Is a PCM system which uses a single bit PCM code to
achieve digital transmission o
analog signals.
Delta modulation
Is a redundancy error detection scheme that uses
parity to determine i
a transmission error has
occurred within a message and is sometimes called
message parity.
Longitudinal redundancy check
Is an n-bit data register inside the UART that keeps
track o
the UARTs transmit and receive bu

er
registers.
Status Word register
Is an access method used primarily with LANs
con
igured in a bus topology.
CSMA/CD
IP version 4 address length is 32 bits
Is a multiport bridge that provides bridging
unction. Switch
Is a device which operates in the Network layer and it
makes
orwarding decisions on the basis o
network
addresses.
Router
OC-1 (STS-1) line rate is 51.84 Mbps
Is one in which all computers share their resources
with all the other computers on the network.
Peer-to-peer client/server network
Is used to inter
ace DTEs to digital transmission
channels

Channel service unit

Modulation which combines encoding and modulation
to reduce the probability o
error.
TCM
Is an empirical record o
a systems actual bit error
per
ormance
BER
Is an error-correcting code used
or correcting
transmission errors in synchronous data streams.
Hamming code