THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENDER INEQUALITY AND POVERTY

AMONG RURAL WOMEN. A CASE OF KABWANGASI SUB COUNTY,

PALLISA DISTRICT

BY

ADONG BETTY
13/2/308/E/013

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD
OF A BACHELOR IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF
NDEJJE UNIVERSITY

JULY, 2016

DECLARATION
I ADONG BETTY (13/2/308/E/013) of Ndejje University declare that this report is my
original work and has never been submitted to any university or any institution of higher
learning for any academic award.
SIGNATURE ..
DATE ...

APPROVAL

This research proposal is ADONG BETTYs work and has been done under my supervision.
Signature ..
Date ..
DR. SAIDA MBOOGE NAJJUMA
(University Supervisor)

DEDICATION
This research report is dedicated to my beloved parents; father Mr. Okiria Louis and mother
Ms. Amolo Immaculate, may the Almighty Lord bless you abundantly.
2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost I would like to acknowledge the Almighty God for the support and
guidance He has provided me up to this level I have reached now.

I wish to express my sincere heart gratitude and appreciation to my father Mr. Okiria Louis
and mother Ms. Amolo Immaculate, Afai Sylvano and Adong Goretti for their guidance and
support financially, emotionally and spiritually. May God grant them all their hearts desire.
I am greatly indebted to my supervisor Dr. Saida Mbooge Najjuma for the guidance and
reviewing my report during the process of my proposal writing.
I would also like to acknowledge my other family members and relatives; Atenu Isaac and
Akurut Petwa.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL...............................................................................................................................ii
4

DEDICATION..........................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................viii
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................ix
CHAPTER ONE........................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background of the Study......................................................................................................1
1.3 Statement of the Problem.....................................................................................................3
1.4 General Objective.................................................................................................................4
1.5 Specific Objectives...............................................................................................................4
1.6 Research Questions..............................................................................................................4
1.7 Scope of the Study...............................................................................................................4
1.8 Significance of the Study.....................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO........................................................................................................................6
LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................................6
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................6
2.2 The causes of gender inequalities among rural women.......................................................6
2.3 The effects of gender inequality on rural women.................................................................7
2.4 The strategies put in place to address gender inequalities among rural women................10
CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................13
METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................13
3.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................13
3.2 Study Design......................................................................................................................13
3.3 Area of the Study................................................................................................................13
3.4 Study Population................................................................................................................13
5

3.5 Sample Size........................................................................................................................14

3.6 Sampling Procedure...........................................................................................................14
3.7 Data Collection Methods....................................................................................................14
3.7.1 Questionnaire..................................................................................................................14
3.7.2 Interviews........................................................................................................................14
3.8 Procedure to be Followed...................................................................................................15
3.9 Ethical Consideration.........................................................................................................15
3.10 Data Processing, Analysis and Presentation.....................................................................15
3.10.1 Data Processing.............................................................................................................15
3.10.2

Data Analysis.........................................................................................................16

3.11 Anticipated Limitations....................................................................................................16

CHAPTER FOUR....................................................................................................................18
PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA........................................................18
4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................18
4.2 Biographical data...............................................................................................................18
4.2.1 Gender of the respondents...............................................................................................18
4.2.2 Age group of the respondents..........................................................................................19
4.2.3 Marital status of the respondents.....................................................................................19
4.2.4 Religious affiliation of the respondents..........................................................................20
4.2.5 Education level................................................................................................................21
4.3 The causes of gender inequalities among rural women of Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa
district.......................................................................................................................................22
4.3.1 Respondents understanding of gender inequality among rural women.........................22
4.3.2 The causes of gender inequalities among rural women of Kabwangasi Sub County,....23
4.4 The effects of gender inequality on rural women in Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa
district.......................................................................................................................................24
4.5 The strategies put in place to address gender inequalities among rural women of
Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa district.................................................................................24
6

4.5.1 The strategies put in place to address gender inequalities among women in Kabwangasi
Sub County in Pallisa District..................................................................................................24
4.5.2 Who is implementing these strategies in Kabwangasi Sub County................................25
CHAPTER FIVE......................................................................................................................27
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................27
5.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................27
5.2 Discussion of Findings.......................................................................................................27
5.3 Conclusions........................................................................................................................28
5.4 Recommendations..............................................................................................................29
5.5 Area of further study..........................................................................................................30
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................31
APPENDICES..........................................................................................................................33
APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE.........................................................................................33

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The causes of gender inequalities among rural women of Kabwangasi Sub County,
Pallisa district...........................................................................................................................23
Table 2: The effects of gender inequality on rural women in Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa
district.......................................................................................................................................24
Table 3: The solutions to gender inequalities in Kabwangasi Sub County in Pallisa district. .25
7

Table 4: Who is implementing these strategies in Kabwangasi Sub County...........................25

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Showing the gender of the respondents....................................................................18
Figure 2: Showing age groups of respondents.........................................................................19
Figure 3: Showing marital status of the respondents...............................................................20
Figure 4: Showing religious affiliation of the respondents......................................................21
Figure 5: Showing education level of the respondents............................................................22

ABSTRACT
The study focused on the relationship between gender inequality and poverty among rural
women in Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa district. The main objectives were; To examine
the causes of gender inequalities among rural women, the effects of gender inequality on rural
women and the strategies put in place to address gender inequalities among rural women of
Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa District.

The researcher employed various data-gathering strategies, depending upon the thrust or
approach of her research such as use of in-depth interviews, structured and non-structured
interviews, focus groups, narratives, content or documentary analysis, participant observation
and archival research. The study targeted population of respondents included administrators,
local council leaders, community members, NGO leaders. The sample size was selected from
study population with the help of stratified random. Sampling, the sample size was 50 which
included 20 youths, 10 men, 10 women, 5 local leaders, and 5 elderly.
While carrying out the study, the study employed a variety of methods among which included
questionnaires, interviews and observation. Data collected was edited for accuracy and
completeness which was mostly done manually. This was done by translating the answer in
questionnaire into a form that can be manipulated to produce statistical data and this involved
editing, tabulation among others.

According to the findings responses given were; Gender inequality refers to unequal
treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in
socially constructed gender roles as well as biologically through chromosomes, brain
structure, and hormonal differences, it refers to male dominance over women, Violence by
men against women, and many others. It was indicated that majority of the respondents
selected community members as the bodies in charge of implementing the strategies for
solving gender inequalities in Kabwangasi Sub County. This therefore indicated that the
respondents were aware of the that solution to gender inequalities starts with them the
community members then other bodies can come in such as NGOs, government to
supplement.

10

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The aim of this chapter was to outline the context within which the study was conducted. The
chapter explained the background to the study including aims and objectives of the study.
This study was interested in the relationship between gender inequalities and poverty among
rural women in Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa district.
1.2 Background of the Study
Throughout the developing world, rural women engage in multiple economic activities that
are critical to the survival of poor households. Rural poor women play an essential role in
crop production and livestock care, and they provide the food, water and fuel their families
need. This is particularly the case in some of the poorest and most marginal areas
characterized by extensive and increasing male migration. In these areas, agriculture has
become increasingly feminized. In 1997, in fact, almost 70 per cent of the women of working
age in low-income, food-deficit countries were engaged in agricultural work. At the same
time, the proportion of woman-headed households continues to grow, reaching almost one
third in some developing countries (Pearson et al, 2007).
In the Middle East and North Africa, higher female labor force participation rates in the
1990s are estimated to have increased per capita gross domestic product growth rates by 0.7
percent (Klasen and Lamanna 2003). Analysis in India (Esteve-Volart 2004; Besley, Burgess,
and Esteve-Volart 2005) indicates that a 10 percent increase in the female-to-male ratio of
managers would increase real output per capita by 2 percent, and a 10 percent increase in the
female-to-male ratio of total workers would increase real output per capita by 8 percent. The
study by Besley, Burgess, and Esteve-Volart concludes that gender inequality in the access to
labor markets acts as a brake on development. Moreover, the efficiency costs of such
inequality are large.
Despite the essential economic and care giving roles they perform, women have significantly
less access to financial, physical and social assets than men do; fewer opportunities to
improve their knowledge and skills; and less voice in public decision-making. Women own
less than 2 per cent of all land, and receive only 5 per cent of extension services worldwide. It
is estimated that women in Africa receive less than 10 per cent of all credit going to small
1

farmers and a mere 1 per cent of the total credit going to the agricultural sector. The most
extreme manifestation of gender inequality and the disregard of womens human rights is the
fact that at least 60 million girls are missing, mostly in Asia, due to female infanticide or
sex-selective abortions. Added to these are an estimated 5,000 women murdered each year in
honour killings. IFAD (2003)
Most studies of poverty in less developed countries focus on household poverty. If gender is
introduced at all it is usually to distinguish between male- and female-headed households.
This has led to a heated debate on whether female-headed households are poorer and whether
there is a tendency toward the feminization of poverty (Costa 2008). But is headship an
adequate indicator for the study of gender inequality and poverty? Many researchers find the
concept of headship and household-level measures of poverty unsatisfactory since it reduces
gender to the sex of the household head and does not allow for analysis of the relative
position of men and women within households where adults of both sexes are present.
The economic vulnerability of poor African women flows mostly from their weakly defined
property rights to major productive assets, such as land or cattle, in the many countries where
a combination of custom and laws restrict their ability to own and manage land. Perversely,
restrictions on women's rights to land coexist with the reality that women are the main
cultivators--undertaking about 80 percent of the work in food storage and transportation, 90
percent of the work of hoeing and weeding, and 60 percent of the work in harvesting and
marketing. (IFPRI, 2000.) In Kenya, for instance, women are five percent of registered
landowners but 80 percent of the agricultural labor force.
Not only does the idea persist, that money in womens hands will directly facilitate women
into productive economic activity (Pearson 2007), but also, this activity is seen as an
infallible means to convert power hierarchies within households and families. The need to
account for intra-household relations, structural positions of men and women and gendered
consequences of individual actions has been articulated by feminist economists for a long
time. This includes conceiving the market as a gender-neutral momentum (Elson 1993). The
lack of accounting for intra-household gender relations in assessments of income-generating
activities and empowerment is one of the major criticisms raised by feminist theorists
(Pearson 2007). Drawing on Amartya Sens concept of cooperative conflict, Pearson
criticises individualistic approaches to womens empowerment and pleads for a
2

comprehensive perspective in which she is seen within her affective and economic
relationships with other family and household members. According to (Pearson, 2007), Sens
study highlights the ways in which earning money may extend womens options, but may
also intensify their workload and responsibilities without necessarily increasing their
autonomy (Pearson 2007).
1.3 Statement of the Problem
Women of Kabwangasi Sub County face a wide range of challenges including discrimination,
low social status, lack of economic self sufficiency, and greater risk of HIV/AIDS infection.
In Uganda, as in many African countries, gender discrimination means that women must
submit to an overall lower social status than men. For many women, this reduces their power
to act independently, become educated, avoid poverty, and/or escape reliance upon abusive
men.
The Government of Uganda has come up with gender polices to ensure gender equality. The
first National Gender Policy (NGP) was approved in 1997. The policy provided a legitimate
point of reference for addressing gender inequalities at all levels of government and by all
stakeholders. The major achievements of this policy include among others, increased
awareness on gender as a development concern among policy makers and implementers at all
levels; influencing national, sectoral and local government programmes to address gender
issues; strengthened partnerships for the advancement of gender equality and women's
empowerment and increased impetus in gender activism (Uganda gender Policy, 2007). The
Ugandan Constitution also guarantees both men and women equality before the law
The 2005 Gender and Growth Assessment carried out by the World Bank states that: Women
are marginalized in business ownership, skills development, access to financial resources,
nonagricultural employment, and inheritance rights. There is a marked gender gap in access
to and control over productive resources, women comprise a significant share of the work
force in agriculture but have unequal access to and control over productive resources, such as
land, limiting their ability to move beyond subsistence agriculture, women have lower access
to health and education services. So this study looked to find out the relationship between
gender inequality and poverty among rural women in Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa
District.

1.4 General Objective

The main objective was to assess relationship between gender inequality and poverty among
rural women in Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa district.
1.5 Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of this study are:
i.

To examine the causes of gender inequalities among rural women of Kabwangasi Sub
County, Pallisa District.

ii.

To identify the effects of gender inequality on rural women in Kabwangasi Sub

County, Pallisa District.

iii.

To identify the strategies put in place to address gender inequalities among rural
women of Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa District.

1.6 Research Questions

The following are the Research Questions:
i.

What are the causes of gender inequalities among rural women of Kabwangasi Sub
County, Pallisa District?

ii.

What are the effects of gender inequality on rural women in Kabwangasi Sub County,
Pallisa District?

iii.

What are the strategies put in place to address gender inequalities among rural women
of Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa District?

1.7 Scope of the Study

Content scope; The study focused on the relationship between gender inequality and poverty
among rural women in Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa district.
Geographical scope; The study was carried out in Kabwangasi district in Pallisa district.
Pallisa District is bordered to the north by (from west to east): Serere District, Ngora District,
Kumi District and Bukedea District. Mbale District lies to the east. Budaka District lies to the
southeast, Kibuku District to the southwest and Kaliro District to the west. Pallisa, the 'chief
town' of the district, is located approximately 65 kilometres (40 mi), by road, west of Mbale,
the largest city in the sub-region. The coordinates of the district are: 01 01N, 33 43E.

Time Scope; the researcher carried out the research study from June to August of 2016. The
study focused on the implementation of the National Gender Policy as regards women
participation towards development efforts since 2010 to 2014 covering a period nine (5)
years. This period was preferred because it is long enough to analyze formulated policies and
their implementation and the eventual impact.
1.8 Significance of the Study
The study improved on strategy and guidelines which assisted others for example researchers
to establish gender inequalities and poverty among rural women in Kangwangasi Sub County,
Pallisa District.
The study was added information to existing literature and knowledge about the relationship
between gender inequalities and poverty among rural women in Kabwangasi Sub County
Pallisa District.
The study improved on the state of gender inequality practice and lead to empowerment of
women in Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa District.
The study led to the formulation of proper policies that assisted the Ministry of Labour,
Gender and social development and other stakeholders of Uganda in the process of designing
programs concerning the gender inequalities.
The study benefited the researcher to acquire a degree in development studies which
developed her career in the same field.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter presented the principles and concepts that have been explored and brought up by
various scholars in the existing literature on the effect of gender inequality on the welfare of
women, how gender inequality reduces poverty among women and the effectiveness
strategies put in place to address poverty and gender inequalities.
2.2 The causes of gender inequalities among rural women
Many cultures practice patrilocality whereby a married couple lives near or with the
husband's parents. When a woman gets married, she essentially ceases to be a member of her
birth family and joins her husband's family. Under this system, parents potentially reap more
of the returns to investments in a son's health and education because he will remain a part of
their family, whereas a daughter will physically and nancially leave the household upon
marriage. Co-residence of adult sons and elderly parents is much more common in Asia, the
Middle East, and North Africa than in Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Americas
(Ebenstein, 2014).
Within India, the northern region has a much stronger patrilocal (and patrilineal) system than
the south, which is one explanation for why gender inequality is more pronounced in the
north (Dyson and Moore, 1983). For example, Chakraborty and Kim (2010) examine the
1901 Indian Census and that the sex ratio was less male-skewed in the south, a pattern that
continues to hold today. More generally, Ebenstein (2014) shows that the male-to-female sex
ratio is positively correlated with the rate of co-residence between adult sons and their parents
both across and within countries.
Dowry is a payment that a bride's parents make to the couple at the time of marriage.
According to Boserup (1970), dowry systems emerged mainly in societies where women
played a lesser role in agriculture. Dowry has disappeared in many societies, notably in
Europe, but it has persisted in, for example, South Asia. In fact, over the past several decades,
the prevalence of dowry has increased in Bangladesh, and the real value of dowry payments
has risen considerably in India (Anderson, 2007). In addition, the property rights to dowry as
practiced today di er from those seen historically in Europe. In ancient Rome and medieval
6

western Europe, the bride held the rights to the dowry; it was her pre-mortem inheritance
from her parents (Anderson, 2007). In this formulation, the dowry system was intended to
improve the financial well-being of females. However, in societies where dowry is used
today, the groom typically controls the money/dowry is the price of a groom. Dowry is thus a
financial cost to parents of having daughters.
Evidence on the impacts of the dowry system on women's welfare is mostly anecdotal. This
anecdotal evidence points to the dowry system causing pro-male bias. The prospect of paying
dowry is often cited as a key factor in parents' desire to have sons rather than daughters in
India, for example (Das Gupta et al., 2003). The financial burden of dowry indeed seems to
loom large in prospective parents' minds.
Concern for women's and girls' safety and \purity" constrains their physical mobility in
many developing countries. It is difficult to say how much of the limited mobility is out of
genuine concern for women's welfare, aimed at protecting them from harassment and sexual
violence, and how much is simply a way to sti e female autonomy. In a cross-country study of
mate preferences, men put more weight on their spouse's sexual inexperience at marriage than
on physical appearance in India, China, Indonesia, Taiwan, and Iran, while the opposite
prioritization was seen in each of the 24 European, North American, South American, and
sub-Saharan African countries studied (Buss, 1989). Restrictions on female mobility often
seem largely aimed at keeping unmarried women chaste and married women faithful. In any
case, they are a proximate cause of reduced female schooling and career opportunities.
2.3 The effects of gender inequality on rural women
Visualization is recognizing and being recognized due to certain activities and rewarded
materially and also by privilege. Power is the ability to make decisions and force others to do
what the power holder prescribes. The deeply-rooted patriarchal culture prevalent in most
societies attributes power to men both at home and community level. Such persistent
attribution of roles to either sex is referred to as gender stereotyping. Gender stereotyping,
and thereby gender inequality the inequality of opportunity, right, responsibility, role, and
access to and control over resources is the result of socialization; gender roles are not
necessarily determined by sex status. Socialization is defined as the process by which
individuals acquire knowledge, skills and dispositions that enable them to participate as more
or less effective members of a group and the society (Almaz, 1991:2). Thus, differential
socialization induces differences in components of gender roles as mentioned above. The
7

socially constructed division of labour results in different rewards, statuses, opportunities and
roles (Hirut, 2004).
The process of correcting gender disparity in a society leads us to improving the condition
and status of women in all spheres (household as well as community level) which is also
termed as womens empowerment. By way of defining this concept, Kishor (2005), cited the
works of Dixon (1978) and Mason (1986) who defined womens status operationally as the
degree of womens access to and control over material resources (including food, income,
land and other forms of wealth) and social resources (including knowledge, power and
prestige) within the family, in the community, and in the society at large. It is a
multidimensional concept, which purports to measure a womans ability to control resources,
her ability to choose and control different outcomes, and above all to enhanceher self-esteem.
It can be examined based on different indicators.
Womens limited access to education, employment opportunity, and media, coupled with
cultural factors, reduces their decision making power in the society in general and in a
household in particular. Regarding their participation in decision making at national level,
though the number of women in national parliaments has been increasing, no country in the
world has yet achieved gender parity. According to the millennium indicators data base of the
United Nations, cited in the UNFPA (2005), the percentage of parliamentary seats held by
women in 2005 was 16% at world level, 21% in developed countries, and 14% in developing
countries. This low representation of women in national parliaments could be due, among
others, to type of electoral systems in different countries, womens social and economic
status, socio-cultural traditions and beliefs about womens place in the family and society,
and womens double burden of work and family responsibilities (UNFPA,2005).
The socialization process, which determines gender roles, is partly responsible for the
subjugation of women in the country. Ethiopian society is socialized in such a way that girls
are held inferior to boys. In the process of upbringing, boys are expected to learn and become
self-reliant, major bread winners, and responsible in different activities, while girls are
brought up to conform, be obedient and dependent, and specialize in indoor activities like
cooking, washing clothes, fetching water, caring for children, etc. (Haregewo in and Emebet,
2003; Hirut, 2004).

Saito (2011) and Byamugisha (2011), the evidence suggests that the improvement in access in
enrolment has not been mirrored in an improvement in gender equality in performance.
Concerns about gender differences in education have focused primarily on the disadvantage
and underachievement of girls, but recently the underachievement of boys in reading
has become the focus of some policy attention. In the PISA 2009 reading assessment, girls
outperform boys in every participating country by an average of 39 PISA score points
roughly the equivalent of an average school years progress (Borgonovi and Jakubowski,
2011).
These barriers work especially strongly for education above the primary level. The
gender gap in primary education has been narrowed significantly in almost all countries, butal
though the secondary education gap has been closed for most countries with a high
or medium Human Development Index (HDI), there is a significant gap still in the net
secondary enrolment ratio for many countries with a low HDI (HDR, 2006). Tertiary
education in many high HDI countries appears to be tilted towards more women than men in
terms of gross enrolment. This probably reflects a combination of lower returns to secondary
education for girls in the job market (requiring them to stay longer in school), as well as
higher drop-out rates for boys after high school.
According to Rosenthal (1995), women constitute the greater part of most societies;
therefore, if half of the majority does not have full political rights, the society is not
democratic(Inglehart, Norris and Welzel, 2004). Inglehart and Norris (2004) are of the
opinion that equal representation in decision-making is an important necessity in democracy.
There presentation of women is viewed as a fundamental human right by national, regional
and global instruments (Inglehart and Norris, 2004). Thus, one could argue that the
representation of women is an issue of fundamental human rights and justice (Norris and
Inglehart, 2001).
Gendered norms in health manifest in households and communities on the basis of values and
attitudes about the relative worth or importance of girls versus boys and men versus women;
about who has responsibility for different household / community needs and roles; about
masculinity and femininity; who has the right to make different decisions; who ensures that
household /community order is maintained and deviance is appropriately sanctioned or

punished; and who has final authority in relation to the inner world of the family /community
and its outer relations with society (Quisumbing and Maluccio, 1999).
2.4 The strategies put in place to address gender inequalities among rural women
The key commitments of governments and other development partners set in the MDGs
include gender equality and womens empowerment. The commitments include ensuring
universal primary education for both boys and girls by 2015; elimination of gender disparity
at all levels of education by 2015; and reducing maternal mortality ratio by three quarters
between 1990 and 2015. Ethiopia adopted these agreements to promote gender equality and
improve the lives of women. As a means to implement these global agreements, different
policies and legislations have also been enacted. These are the National Policy on Women,
National Population Policy, Education Policy, Cultural Policy, and other legal documents.
The National Policy on Women, introduced in 1993, was the first policy that is specifically
related to the affairs of women (Jelaludin et al., 2001). The objectives of the policy include
facilitating conditions conducive to the speeding up of equality between men and women so
that women can participate in the political, economic and social life of their country on equal
terms with men; ensuring that their right to own property as well as their other human rights
are respected and that they are not excluded from both the enjoyment of the fruits of their
labour or performing public functions and participating in decision making.
Cognizant of the adverse impact of low status of women on the overall economic
development in general and on reproductive health issues in particular, the National
Population Policy of the country, which was also endorsed in 1993, included in its objectives
womens status and health issues such as reduction of incidence of maternal mortality,
improvement of females participation at all levels of education and enhancement of the
contraceptive prevalence rate (TGE, 1993).Our task is to consider men and boys not just as
beneficiaries of womens work or holders of privilege or perpetrators of violence against
women, but also explicitly as agents of change, participants in reform, and potential allies in
search of gender justice. (Connell, 2002, cited in Ruxton, 2004:8). Many men continue to
hold power and privilege over women, and seek to safeguard that power. But there are other
men who reject fixed gender divisions and harmful versions of masculinity, and who are
more open to alternative, gender-equitable masculinities. Seeing the effects of gender
discrimination on women they care deeply about, or becoming more aware of the benefits of
involved fatherhood, for example, may motivate some men to change (Ruxton, 2004). In
10

various settings, small numbers of men and boys are changing their attitudes and behaviour
towards women supporting opportunities for women to earn an income outside the home, or
speaking out against gender-based violence.
For every young man who recreates traditional and sometimes violent versions of manhood,
there is another young man who lives in fear of this violence. For every young man who hits
his female partner, there is a brother or son who cringes at the violence he witnesses men
using against his sister or mother. (Barker, 2005:6).
Gender-based violence can be defined as any form of violence used to establish, enforce or
perpetuate gender inequalities and keep gender hierarchies in place (Lang, 2003). It mostly
takes the form of mens violence towards women and girls, but also includes violence
towards men and boys, such as male rape or the abuse of men who have sex with men or
transgendered people. A useful strategy for challenging GBV is to help men (the main
perpetrators) to see the benefits of rejecting violence such as having more intimate
relationships with their partners. Gender-based violence may also be targeted at boys and
men, especially those who have sexual relations with other men. This violence is both
institutional and interpersonal, and acts as a warning to all men about the penalties of not
obeying the gender rules of how a man is supposed to behave (Greig in Cornwall and Jolly,
2006). Despite this violence, development interventions to prevent gender-based violence
against men are currently few and far between. Focused anti-discrimination activities and
awareness raising sessions with the police are an important place to start.
Across the world, most acts of violence are carried out by men. Young men are on the
frontlines of civil unrest, riots and gang warfare, and account for the overwhelming majority
of firearm-related injuries and deaths (Widmer et al., 2006). Largely urban-based, this
violence is clearly related to social exclusion, unemployment, and limited educational
opportunities, as well as to the dominant ideas about male identity in these contexts (Barker,
2005). For example, one of the most widely held ideas of masculinity is that men are strong
and emotionally robust boys dont cry, they fight (Lang, forthcoming). Like other
characteristics of dominant masculinity, no individual can fully live up to the ideals of being
strong, decisive and in control at all times. But men and boys are taught to try, and at the
same time they are indoctrinated into violence as a means of protecting themselves and

11

others, to solve problems and conflicts, and assert their perceived positions over women and
weaker men. (Lang, forthcoming: 18).
In the changing social and economic context of growing male unemployment and
underemployment, coupled with rising numbers of women entering the workforce in many
countries, some men are feeling increasingly powerless, while at the same time feeling
entitled to power (in the form of status, money, a job, women). In such contexts, violence
may be about men seeking the power they believe is rightfully theirs (Widmer et al., 2006).
For others, participating in conflicts or insurgency may be the only viable economic activity
in the context of rural poverty (Barker and Ricardo, 2005). Improving mens access to
alternative livelihoods can therefore be an effective way of helping men to re-build a sense of
self-worth, reducing the likelihood that they will channel their frustrations and anxieties into
violence. The answer to the youth challenge is not to further marginalise or paint male youth
as fearsome security threats. It is, in fact, quite the opposite: Unemployed, undereducated
young men require positive engagement and appropriate empowerment, and participatory
financial and programme support. (Sommers, 2006).

12

CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter aimed at highlighting the methods the study employed in conducting the study.
It included the research design, sample procedures and design study population methods of
data collection, analysis among others.
3.2 Study Design
The study design was cross sectional research design. Cross sectional is a research design
where data was gathered once perhaps over period of days, weeks and months. The
qualitative research was used where the researcher serves as the primary data gathering
instrument. The researcher employed various data-gathering strategies, depending upon the
thrust or approach of her research such as use of in-depth interviews, structured and nonstructured interviews, focus groups, narratives, content or documentary analysis, participant
observation and archival research. Quantitative research was also used, this made use of tools
such as questionnaires, surveys, measurements and other equipment to collect numerical or
measurable data.
3.3 Area of the Study
The study was carried out in Kabwangasi Sub County in Pallisa district. Pallisa District is
bordered to the north by (from west to east): Serere District, Ngora District, Kumi District
and Bukedea District. Mbale District lies to the east. Budaka District lies to the southeast,
Kibuku District to the southwest and Kaliro District to the west. Pallisa, the 'chief town' of
the district, is located approximately 65 kilometres (40 mi), by road, west of Mbale, the
largest city in the sub-region. The coordinates of the district are: 01 01N, 33 43E.
3.4 Study Population
The study targeted population of respondents included administrators, local council leaders,
community members, NGO leaders. This is so because it helped the researcher to generate
the required information with the selected respondents.
3.5 Sample Size
The sample size was selected from study population with the help of stratified random.
Sampling, the sample size was 50 which included 20 youths, 10 men, 10 women, 5 local
13

leaders, and 5 elderly. This sample size was determined by using Krejcie & Morgan table of
determining sample size for a finite population that was used in the study.
3.6 Sampling Procedure
The study used a stratified random sampling procedure during the study. Stratified random
sampling is a process of sample selection which involves dividing the population into none
overlapping groups called strata or selecting the sample from each stratum using a simple
random technique. The choice was made in order to enable the researcher get adequate
representation of the whole population. With a stratified random sampling, the sample can be
kept small without losing its accuracy. Besides this, the characteristics of each stratum can be
estimated and hence a comparison between the two variables is easily made. This was
because it was not possible to survey the entire population due to financial and time
constraint. The strata to be used comprised of employees, employees, and the
customers/clients.
3.7 Data Collection Methods
While carrying out the study, the study employed a variety of methods among which included
questionnaires, interviews and observation.
3.7.1 Questionnaire
The researcher used questionnaires because they collected information from different
respondents in a projected timeframe. All respondents were asked the same questions except
in technical circumstances. 50 questionnaires were used to collect data from respondents.
Close ended questions were preferred because they were easy to answer and score, while,
Open-ended questions intended to give respondents a chance to support their opinions in a
free atmosphere in addition to predetermined choices.
3.7.2 Interviews
The study conducted formal interviews which mainly were for local leaders such as local
councils, religious leaders, traditional leaders, etc. Guiding questions were used for the
interviews but during the course, other questions were asked depending on the responses by
respondents. Results from interview helped in complimenting information that were obtained
from questionnaire.

14

3.8 Procedure to be Followed

The researcher got an introductory letter from the University introducing her to the
authorities and respondents before proceeding to the subject of this study. Data was edited,
coded and tabulated for completeness, accuracy, easy interpretation and understanding. The
researcher transformed the available information into a more presentable form through
presentation of data in either tables or charts in order to number and identify the data for easy
interpretation.
3.9 Ethical Consideration
The researcher obtained consent from all the respondents. Given the nature of the project
anonymity was observed as some people may not want their names and age to be recorded.
The researcher observed extreme confidentiality while handling the responses. Information
that was availed to the respondents that the researcher would not cause any danger directly or
indirectly and that participation was voluntary.

3.10 Data Processing, Analysis and Presentation

3.10.1 Data Processing
Data collected was edited for accuracy and completeness which was mostly done manually.
This was done by translating the answer in questionnaire into a form that can be manipulated
to produce statistical data and this involved editing, tabulation among others.
Editing this was done to make sure that the information that was given was accurate and
consistent. This checked the inconsistencies in responses. Selected responses on the
questionnaires after editing were coded. In case where it was impossible to predetermine the
certain response to particular questions the researcher used the code among others.
Tabulation was carried out as the rest sub process in the whole task of data processing after
editing and coding, where by the data process involved counting and adding up all responses.
The whole process of tabulation was done manually by relating all the questions on each
schedule with the already formulated coding frame for every question. The tally system was
applied to avoid memory loss.
Data was edited, coded, tailed and rented. Computation was done to determine the
percentage.

15

Frequency of each response was determined at the end of it all, tables were compiled from
the coded answers by setting the number of respondents for each response category and the
corresponding percentage in order to compare various responses.

3.10.2 Data Analysis

Data was analyzed by use of numbers and percentages using Microsoft excel charts and
tables at the end of the research study. The researcher proceeded to interpret the findings and
the responses were critically analyzed for accuracy and relatedness.
3.11 Anticipated Limitations
Problems that the researcher anticipates include the following;Financial constraints. A lot of money in terms of transport, stationary, eats and drinks were
needed in conducting of the research. However the researcher carried out the research/study
in phases and with in an area of proximity.
A lot of time was wasted in movement due to poor appointments with people of high
authority. The researcher however tried to make appointments with the high authority on
particular days and time frame.
Some people, staff members were not willing to release information due to suspicion and
however much they release it, some of the information were lies. With the informants and
also build trust in them so that they could avail the needed information. The research also
asked other people to compare and contrast their responses.
The researcher was threatened by the fluctuating weather conditions and anticipates that these
affected his field study. The researcher purchased a portable umbrella, raincoat to enable her
do the research amidst all weather conditions.
The researcher was affected by time constraints since the research was carried out at the same
time attending lectures yet a limited time frame is given to submission of the reports.

16

CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
4.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the findings arising from the study that analyzed the relationship
between gender inequality and poverty among rural women. A case of Kabwangasi Sub
County, Pallisa District. The findings are presented in line with the specific objectives
outlined in chapter are of this report.

17

4.2 Biographical data

This section presents the biographic data of the study and it specifically highlights the gender,
age group, marital status, religious affiliation, and education level of the respondents.
4.2.1 Gender of the respondents.
The researcher sought of find out the gender of the respondents in Kabwangasi Sub County in
Pallisa District to know the percentage of male and female respondents, and below are the
findings.
Figure 1: Showing the gender of the respondents

GENDER

Female; 48%

Male; 52%

Source: Primary Data

The results in the figure 1 above show that most of the respondents (52%) were male and
(48%) of the respondents were female. This therefore, implied that majority of the
respondents in the study were male with a very small difference from the percentage of the
female. This therefore indicated that there was gender balance in the selection of the
respondents.

4.2.2 Age group of the respondents

The researcher was interested in finding out the different age groups of the respondents in
Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa District, and below are the findings.
Figure 2: Showing age groups of respondents
18

Age group
36 and above years

32%

26-35 years

28%

18-25 Years

40%

Source: Primary Data

According to the findings in figure 2 above, 40% of the respondents were between 18-25
years, 28% of the respondents were between 26-35 years, 28% of respondents were between
36 years and above. Therefore, this therefore implied that the majority of the respondents
were between 18-25 years. This meant that the respondents were of adult age, therefore the
information they provided was of relevance to the study.

4.2.3 Marital status of the respondents

The investigator also sought of findings out the marital status of the respondents in
Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa district. The findings are represented in figure 2 below;

Figure 3: Showing marital status of the respondents

19

MARITAL STATUS
MARITAL STATUS

Divorced

14%

Married

Single

56%

30%

Source: Primary Data

The results in the figure 3 above show that most of the respondents 56% were married,
followed by 30% who were single and 14% who were divorced. This therefore, implied that
majority of the respondents in the study were married with a 56% response.

4.2.4 Religious affiliation of the respondents

Under here, the researcher also sought of identifying the religious affiliation of the
respondents in Katanga suburb, and below were the findings.

Figure 4: Showing religious affiliation of the respondents

20

Religious affiliation
46%
30%
24%

Catholic

Protestant

Moslem

Source: Primary Data

From the study findings in figure 4 above, it is indicated that (30%) of the respondents in the
Kabwangasi Sub County in Pallisa District were Catholics, (46%) respondents were
Protestants, and (24%) were Moslems. This implied that majority 46% of the respondents
were Protestants. Therefore the findings indicate that most of the religions in the area were
represented in the study selection hence eliminating bias.

4.2.5 Education level

Below here, the researcher investigated the education level of the respondents, and the
findings are in figure 5.

Figure 5: Showing education level of the respondents

21

EDUCATION LEVEL
Never went to school
Univeristy
EDUCATION LEVEL
Tertiary Level
Secondary Level
Primary Level
0%

10% 20% 30% 40%

Source: primary data

According to the study findings in figure 5 indicate that 8% of the respondents had never
gone to any schools at all, 38% had gone up to university level, 24% had reached up to
tertiary level, 26% had reached up to secondary school and 4% had reached primary level.
This therefore implied that majority of the respondents had gone up to university level hence
showing that they were educated enough.

4.3 The causes of gender inequalities among rural women of Kabwangasi Sub County,
Pallisa district
The study findings on the causes of gender inequalities among rural women of Kabwangasi
Sub County, Pallisa district.
4.3.1 Respondents understanding of gender inequality among rural women
Below the researcher looked at finding out what the respondents understood by gender
inequality among rural women of Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa district.
According to the findings responses given were; Gender inequality refers to unequal
treatment of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in socially
constructed gender roles as well as biologically through chromosomes, brain structure, and
hormonal differences, it refers to male dominance over women, Violence by men against
women, and many others.
22

4.3.2 The causes of gender inequalities among rural women of Kabwangasi Sub County,
Pallisa District
The study findings on the causes of gender inequalities among rural women of Kabwangasi
Sub County in Pallisa district. The results are shown in the table 1 below;
Table 1: The causes of gender inequalities among rural women of Kabwangasi Sub
County, Pallisa district
Causes of gender inequality
Cultural beliefs
Poverty
Domestic violence
Religious beliefs
Others
Total
Source: primary data

Frequency
20
17
07
04
02
50

Percentage
40%
34%
14%
08%
04%
100%

According to the study findings in table 1 above, it is indicated that 17(34%) of the
respondents indicated poverty to be the cause of gender inequalities among rural women in
Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa District, 20(40%) chose cultural beliefs which are in favor
of men being superior to women, 4(8%) chose religious beliefs which show that man was
created first and women form a mans rib thereby showing their superiority, 7(14%) chose
domestic violence where in most places men dominate and 2(04%) chose other causes such
as partners attitudes, upbringing which affects a partners behavior. This therefore implied
that majority of the respondents (40%) chose cultural beliefs. This indicated that the greatest
cause of gender inequality in Kabwangasi is cultural beliefs due to the fact that it is a rural
setting with diverse cultures such as Bagwere and Iteso.
One of the key respondents said;
women are supposed to be under men. A man is the head of a home therefore women are
supposed to follow whatever a man tells her at whatever time.
4.4 The effects of gender inequality on rural women in Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa
district
The study finding on the effects of gender inequality on rural women in Kabwangasi Sub
County, Pallisa district.
23

Table 2: The effects of gender inequality on rural women in Kabwangasi Sub County,
Pallisa district
Effects of gender inequality
Domestic violence
Poverty
Poor development
Other(s)
Poor education
Total
Source: primary data

Frequency
21
15
09
03
02
50

Percentage
42%
30%
18%
06%
04%
100%

According to the study findings in table 2 above, it is indicated that 21(42%) of the
respondents that domestic violence is the effect of gender inequality, 9(18%) chose poor
development, 2(04%) stated poor education, 15(30%) stated poverty and 3(06%) stated that
there are other effects. This therefore implied that majority of the respondents were aware of
the effects of gender inequality in Kabwangasi Sub County in Pallisa district.

4.5 The strategies put in place to address gender inequalities among rural women of
Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa district
The study finding on the strategies put in place to address gender inequalities among rural
women in Kabwangasi Sub County and below is the findings.
4.5.1 The strategies put in place to address gender inequalities among women in
Kabwangasi Sub County in Pallisa District
The study finding on the strategies to gender inequalities among women in Kabwangasi Sub
County. Table 3 below shows the findings.

Table 3: The strategies put in place to address gender inequalities among women in
Kabwangasi Sub County in Pallisa district
Solutions to gender inequality
Sensitization
Implementation of the law
Advocating for equal rights
Other(s)
Total

Frequency
30
12
05
03
50
24

Percentage
60%
24%
10%
06%
100%

Source: primary data

According to the study findings in table 3 above, it is indicated that 30(60%) sensitization as
a solution to gender inequality, 5(10%) stated advocating for equal rights, 12(24%) stated
implementation of the law and 3(06%) stated that there are other solutions. This therefore
implied that majority (60%) of the respondents selected sensitization of the masses about
gender equality. This therefore indicated that the respondents were aware of the solutions of
gender inequality in Kabwangasi Sub County in Pallisa.

4.5.2 Who is implementing these strategies in Kabwangasi Sub County

The research findings on who is implementing the strategies in Kabwangasi Sub County,
Pallisa district.
Table 4: Who is implementing these strategies in Kabwangasi Sub County
Who is implementing the strategies
Government
NGOs
Community members
Cultural leaders
Other(s)
Total
Source: primary data

Frequency
15
05
17
10
03
50

Percentage
30%
10%
34%
20%
06%
100%

According to the study findings in table 4 above, it is indicated that 15(30%) selected
government, 5(10%) selected NGOs which provide a platform for sensitization of victims on
their rights and who to report to, 17(34%) selected community members who can influence
and implement gender equality among themselves, 10(20%) selected cultural leaders who can
sensitize people of Kabwangasi Sub County about gender equality during cultural meetings
and act as examples to the rest of the community people and 3(06%) selected others. This
therefore implied that majority (30%) of the respondents selected community members as the
bodies in charge of implementing the strategies for solving gender inequalities in Kabwangasi
Sub County in Pallisa district. This therefore indicated that the respondents were aware of the
that solution to gender inequalities starts with them the community members then other
bodies can come in such as NGOs, government to supplement.

25

CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
This summarizes the findings that were presented, discussed, analyzed and interpreted in the
presentation and discussion of findings. It also presented the conclusion and recommendation
below.
5.2 Discussion of Findings
The discussions were based on the objectives of the study.

26

According to the findings responses given were that gender inequality refers to unequal
treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It arises from differences in
socially constructed gender roles as well as biologically through chromosomes, brain
structure, and hormonal differences, it refers to male dominance over women, Violence by
men against women, and many others. This therefore indicated that the respondents were
aware of the meaning of gender inequality.
According to the study findings in table 1, it was indicated that majority of the respondents
(40%) chose cultural beliefs. This indicated that the greatest cause of gender inequality in
Kabwangasi is cultural beliefs due to the fact that it is a rural setting with diverse cultures
such as Bagwere and Iteso. The choice of cultural beliefs was an indication that due to the
fact that this is rural setting, culture is mostly followed by the community members. This is
further emphasized by Ebenstein, (2014) who said that many cultures practice patrilocality
whereby a married couple lives near or with the husband's parents. When a woman gets
married, she essentially ceases to be a member of her birth family and joins her husband's
family.
According to the study findings in table 2, it was indicated that majority (42%) of the stated
that domestic violence is the effect of gender inequality. Therefore, this therefore implied that
majority of the respondents were aware of the effects of gender inequality in Kabwangasi Sub
County in Pallisa. Domestic violence in the area is due to the fact that men take alcohol and
tend to order around their wives and this encourages male chauvinism. Inglehart and Norris
(2004) are of the opinion that equal representation in decision-making is an important
necessity in democracy. There presentation of women is viewed as a fundamental human
right by national, regional and global instruments
According to the study findings in table 3, it was indicated that majority (60%) of the
respondents stated sensitization as a strategy put in place to stop gender inequality. This
therefore indicated that the respondents were aware of the strategies to put in place to solve
gender inequality in Kabwangasi Sub County in Pallisa district. Different respondents were
aware that majority of the community members were not aware of the laws against gender
inequality, they therefore stated that sensitization of the masses is the best strategy to solve
gender inequality in the area.

27

According to the study findings in table 4, it was indicated that majority (34%) of the
respondents selected community members as the bodies in charge of implementing the
strategies for solving gender inequalities in Kabwangasi Sub County. This therefore indicated
that the respondents were aware of the that solution to gender inequalities starts with them the
community members then other bodies can come in such as NGOs which are in position to
bring in these victims and sensitize them, treat the injured and follow up on the law breakers,
government to supplement, government is in charge of creating, implementation of the laws
against gender inequality.

5.3 Conclusions
Gender inequality refers to unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their
gender. It arises from differences in socially constructed gender roles as well as biologically
through chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences, it refers to male dominance
over women, Violence by men against women, and many others.
It was concluded that cultural beliefs are the major causes of gender inequality in
Kabwangasi due to the fact that the area is in a rural setting with diverse cultures such as
Bagwere and Iteso, these different cultures have different beliefs which all are against gender
equality. This has favoured gender inequality.
The research study found out that domestic violence is the effect of gender inequality.
Therefore, this therefore implied that majority of the respondents were aware of the effects of
gender inequality in Kabwangasi Sub County in Pallisa. It was concluded that with gender
inequality comes with domestic violence which affects the partners and the children in many
ways.
The respondents also stated that sensitization is a strategy to be put in place so as to solve
gender inequality. This therefore indicated that the respondents were aware of the solutions of
gender inequality in Kabwangasi Sub County in Pallisa. When the masses know their rights
and how to get justice in case of any violation, then gender inequality can be solved in the
area.
It was stated that community members are the best at implementing the strategies for solving
gender inequalities in Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa district. This therefore indicated that
the respondents were aware of the that solution to gender inequalities starts with them the
28

community members then other bodies can come in such as NGOs, government to
supplement.

5.4 Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made;
On the fact that cultural beliefs are the major causes of gender inequality in Kabwangasi due
to the fact that the area is in a rural setting with diverse cultures such as Bagwere and Iteso.
The study recommends that the cultural leaders should be trained on how to train the rest of
their subordinates on the importance of gender equality in the area.
The research study found out that domestic violence is the effect of gender inequality.
Therefore, the study recommends that domestic violence should be curbed by the government
and all those found involved in it should face the law.
On the fact that sensitization is a strategy to be put in place so as to solve gender inequality.
This study recommends that more sensitization programmes should be drafted and
implemented by the stakeholders such as NGOs, government bodies and all other wellwishers.
It was stated that community members are the best at implementing the strategies for solving
gender inequalities in Kabwangasi Sub County. The study recommends that the government
and cultural bodies should be given the mandate to influence the community members on
their power to stop gender inequality in the area.
5.5 Area of further study
Further research should be done on;

The role of local government in the development of communities. A case study of

Kampala Capital City Authority.

The impact of national education curriculum on development of skills in government

schools. A case study of Komuge Primary School.

29

REFERENCES
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Situation. In: Tsehai Berhane Selassie (ed.) Gender Issues in Ethiopia. Institute of Ethiopian
Studies. Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa.Ahikire.
J. 2003. Gender equity and local democracy in contemporary Uganda: addressing the
challenge of womens political effectiveness in local government, in Goetz, M. And
Hassim, S. (eds).
No Shortcuts to Power: African Women in Politics and Policy Making.

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London: Zed Books Almaz E (1991). Perspectives on Gender and Development. In: Tsehai
Berhane Selassie (Ed.) Gender Issues in Ethiopia. Institute of Ethiopian Studies. Addis Ababa
University, Addis Ababa. ABC Of Women Worker's Rights And Gender Equality, ILO,
Geneva, 2000, p.48.
Amadiume I (1987) Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Gender and Sex in an
AfricanSociety, Zed Books Ltd London.
Balk D (1994). Individual and community aspects of womens status and fertility in rural
Bangladesh. Population Studies, 48 (1): 21-45.
Balk D (1997). Defying gender norms in rural Bangladesh: A social demographic analysis.
Population Studies, 51:153-172.
Berdahl, J. L. 1996. Gender and leadership in work groups: six alternative models, in
Leadership Quarterly,7(1):21-40.Berg,
J. 2006. Gender attitudes and modernization processes, in International Journal of Public
Opinion Research, 19(1):5-23.
CSA (2004). Urban Bi-Annual Employment Unemployment Survey, Addis Ababa.
Dixon M (1993). Population Policy and Womens Rights: Transforming Reproductive
Choice. Connecticut: Praeger.
Federal Civil Service Commission (2005). Survey on the Status of Men and Women
Employees and Strategies for Gender Equality. Main Report. Addis Ababa.
Hanssen, K. N. 2005. Towards multiparty system in Uganda: The effect on female
representation in Politics. The legal and institutional Context of 2006 elections in Uganda.
Norway : CMI Michelsen Institute.
Haregewoin C, Emebet M (2003). Towards Gender equality in Ethiopia. A Profile of Gender
Relations. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency.

31

Hassim, S. 2006. Paradoxes of Representation: the impact of quotas for women on

democratisation. Rough first draft. Paper presented at Yale conference on representation and
popular rule, in New Haven, Connecticut.

APPENDICES
APPENDIX I: QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Respondent,
The questionnaire below has been designed by Adong Betty a student of Ndejje University,
Kampala Campus on the topic The relationship between gender inequality and poverty
among rural women. A case of Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa district. The information
you are going to give is purely for academic purpose and will be treated and regarded as
confidential. Therefore you are kindly requested to give appropriate responses to the

32

questions asked below so as to assist the researcher accomplish her task. Your cooperation
will be highly appreciated.
SECTION ONE: BIOGRAPHICAL DATA (please tick the most appropriate answer)
A. Gender
a) Male

b) Female

B. Age group
a) 18-25years

b) 25 - 35years

c) 35 40

d) 40 and above

C. Marital Status?
a). Single

b) Divorced

c) Married
D. Religious affiliation
a) Catholic

b) Moslem

c) Protestant

E. Education level
a) Primary school

b) Secondary

c) Tertiary institution

d) University

e) Never went to school

SECTION TWO: The causes of gender inequalities among rural women of

Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa District
1. In your own words, explain what you understand by gender inequality among rural women?
.................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
2. What are the causes of gender inequalities among rural women of Kabwangasi Sub County,
Pallisa district
33

a) Poverty

b) Cultural beliefs

d) Domestic violence

c) Religious beliefs

e) Any other(s) specify .

..
SECTION THREE: The effects of gender inequality on rural women in Kabwangasi Sub
County, Pallisa district
3. What are some of the effects of gender inequality on women in Kabwangasi Sub County,
Pallisa Ditritc
a) Domestic Violence
d) Poverty

b) Poor Development

c) Poor Education

g) Other(s) Please specify

SECTION FOUR: The strategies put in place to address gender inequalities among rural
women of Kabwangasi Sub County, Pallisa District
4. What are some of the solutions to gender inequality in your community?
a) Sensitization

b) Advocating for equal rights

c) Implementation of the law

d) Other(s) specify ..
.
5. Who is implementing these strategies in your area?
a) Government

b) NGOs

c) Community members

d) Cultural leaders

e) Other (s) specify

THANKS FOR YOUR COOPERATION

34