AMBRIL^Z

FOR SGHOOLS
AisrD

VERGIL
AENEID XII
WlTii

VOCABULARY

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The Cambridge Series

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The AENEID of VERGIL

BOOK

XII

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LL

The AENEID

OF

VERGIL
BOOK

XII

EDITED IVITH NOTES AND VOCABULARY

BY

A.
READER

IN

SIDGWICK

GREEK

IN

M.A.

THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD.

CAMBRIDGE
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
I

[A// Rights reserved]

ambriljge:

PRINTED BY J. & C. F. CLAY,

AT THE UXIVERSITY PRESS.

PREFACE.
^

^HE

notes in

this

Edition

are taken

abridged and revised form) from

prepared for the Cambridge

University

added a complete vocabulary;

(also

revised

to

slightly

Press.

have

the Introduction

appended a note on the metre, explaining

main points

enable them

and

(in

edition of Vergil

and considerably abridged from the same

edition) I have

the

my

to

for

the

benefit of

read with

beginners,

so

as

some understanding of

poetic form.

A.
October, 1898.

S.

to

the

CONTENTS.
PAGE

Introduction

The Aeneid

of Vergil.

Book XII

...

17

NOTES

43

vocabulary

75

Index

115

INTRODUCTION.
The form of

The

Aeneid

long narrative

is

what

poem

the fioem.

called an Epic poem, that

is

of adventure,

vi^ritten in

is, it is

imitation of the two

famous Greek poetic tales, the Iliad and the Odyssey, which
are the oldest European hterature.
But while Homer's story
was told for the love of the story for the interest of the
character of the various persons, and their exploits and adventures Vergil (Hke Milton and other later imitators of

Homer)

vvished to present in

which was the purpose of the

The

The

siibject

and

his

poem a

great central idea,

tale.

pin-pose of the poem.

ostensible subject of the

poem

the story of Aeneas,

is

from the sack of Troy, his wanderings by land and

sea, his settlement in Italy, his conquest of the natives, and his
foundation of the state which was afterwards to be Rome.
It

his escape

is,

in

some

sort,

not only an imitation of Homer, in detail as well

as in general form, but also a continuation of

the current legend did, the foundation of

it,

tracing back, as

Rome

to the exiled

Trojan prince.

But the

real underlying

purpose

is

to bring into relicf ihe

greatness of the history and destinies of

Augustus wished him,

best

Romans

it is

of the time

Rome.

The Emperor
poem. The

said, to write a national

had high hopes

of the

newly founded

INTRODUCTION.

empire; and after the century of

order and peace

made

people

The Georgics had shewn

civil

wars and confusion, the new

feel that

'

a good time was come.'

the genius of the

young poet

and the

task proposed would appeal not only to his p owers, but to his
patriotic feeling.

This double object is conveniently and significantly summed

The poet sings 'Arms and the
in the opening passage.
man' that is, a war-tale Hke the Iliad, and an adventure-tale

up

Hke the Odyssey; but these adventures are endured with an

'till he should found a city, and stablish his gods in
object
Latium, whence rose the Latin race, the Alban fathers, and the
walls of mighty Rome.'

In pursuance of these two motives, which

hand

it is

to unite in a single poetic tale, Vergil

Aeneid

is

the aim of the

able on the one

a Latin dress, the battle pieces, the sea-

to reproduce, in

adventures, the councils of the gods, the royal festivals, the

pictures of

Romans

in

common life, the similes, which charmed the educated

Homer and on the other hand, to weave into his
;

narrative not only

all

manner

of references to places, sanctuaries,

customs, local traditions, and memories, but also in the vision of

the future granted to the hero in Hades, and the pictures which

he describes as carved on the shield of Aeneas, to enshrine in

his national

poem

all

the greatest

names

of

Roman

history

and

legend.
Outli?ie

According

to

phrodite (ideniified with the

the

nephew

in the

of

many

Story.

tlie

Roman

and Aand
he takes no part

of Anchises

Venus, goddess of

Priam king of Troy.

Trojan war

performs

of

Homer, Aeneas was son

At

first

but being attacked by Achilles, afterwards

heroic deeds for the Trojans.

help of the gods

love),

when Troy

is

captured, and

He

escapes by

Homer

clearly

conceives him as reigning at Troy after the departure of the

Greeks.

The
the

fall

tions

wanderings about Europe after

and these Vergil adopts, making many altera-

later stories recount his

of

Troy

and additions of

his

own.

One

great episode, his landing

INTRODUCTION.

at

Carthage, and the love and desertion of Dido, was probably

in

some shape

traditional,

though no doubt freely handled by

the poet.

The
and

book describes how luno, wroth against Aeneas

them long from landing in

first

his exiled comrades, prevented

When

Sicily, luno causes a

which scatters the fleet, and the exiles are
cast ashore at Carthage.
Aeneas and Achates, rendered invisible by a cloud, approach the city.
On a temple to luno
they find carved the tale of Troy.
Dido comes in, and
shipwrecked Trojans appear, begging help, which the queen
promises. Aeneas at last appears all are invited to a banquet
and Dido asks Aeneas to repeat to her the whole story of his
Italy.

storm on the

at length the fleet leave

sea,

adventures.

In the second book he accordingly relates the sack of Troy

and
all

In the third he continues the story, recounting

his escape.

his

wanderings since he

Book

IV.

left

the city,

till

he reached

Africa.

of the love, desertion, despair and suicide of

tells

the Carthaginian queen.

The

an account of games
way from
Carthage to Italy. At last however Aeneas departs, leaving
the weak and half-hearted behind, and reaches the promised
fifth

book

is

an

interlude, giving

held in Sicily, whither a storm drives them, on their

land.

One

of the greatest passages of the

Aeneid

is

the account of

Aeneas' descent to Hades by the lake of Avernus near Naples,

where he meets his dead father, Anchises, who shews him the
souls of the future great

and

the realms below

Reaching

men

at length the

a sign that this

is

coast of Latium, he discovers by

his fated

Latinus to offer peace, which

is

Rome. He then emerges from

(Book VI.).

of

rejoins his fleet

home.
is

at first

He

sends to the king

agreed

betrothed to Lavinia, daughter of the king

to,

and Aeneas

but

difficulties

and Turnus, king of the Rutules,

who is a suitor of Lavinia, induces Latinus to join him in war
against the Trojans (Book VII.).
Aeneas meanwhile sails up the Tiber, and makes alliance
arise, the

gods

interfere,

INTRODUCTION.

lo

with the Arcadian Euander,

who

Rome (Book

site of the future

Euander advises him

to

is

seek aid from the Etruscans of

The war

Caere, which he does.

king of a small tribe on the

VIII.)-

is

begun.

much

After

shed, in which Pallas son of Euander, and the terrible

blood-

Tuscan

king Mezentius, are

slain, it is at last agreed that the issue

be decided by single combat between Aeneas and Turnus
(Books IX. XI.).

shall

King Latinus and Amata

try to stop the duel

but Turnus

declines to retire, and on both sides the preparations begin,

even among the gods. The Rutules, urged by divine prompting

and omens, are discontented, and begin a general fight, in
which Turnus furiously takes part. Aeneas endeavours to stop
it
but is wounded, and has to retire, till he is cured by Venus.
;

He

returns to the field, but, unable to find his foe, attacks the
town; Turnus comes back to defend it; the two heroes at last
meet, and Turnus is slain (Book XII.).

Note on the

The
(0

following

is

Siniiles.

of the similes in this

list

Turnus, bestirring himself at

a

wounded

to

compared

to ivory stained pur-

on a rose-bed.

Turnus, eager for

horns for

compared

lion roused at length to vengeance.

Lavinia's blush,
ple, or lilies

Book

last,

fray, like

a bull whetting his

battle.

Turnus, roused
Thracian plain.
Turnus, driving

to

all

battle,

like

Mars on

the

before him, like North wind

chasing the clouds and breakers.

Aeneas charging, like a sea-storm bursting on
the land.

luturna, flitting about the

field,

like a

swallow

skimming the courts and gardens of a villa.

Aeneas and Turnus rushing about, likc a forestfire

or torrent.

(9)

(10)

Line 587
684

INTRODUCTION.

12

is what we may call the p7'imitive use of the simile,

employed in Homer, and imitated by many poets since.
They are adornments to the narrative and suggestive or
beautiful pictures
and nothing further is aimed at.

This

as

it is

Outline of VergiVs
P. Vergilius

Maro was born

life.

15 Oct., B.c. 70, near

Mantua,

a town on the Mincio in North Italy, then called Cisalpine

Gaul.

He had

not good health, and after being educated at

Cremona and Mediolanum [Milan), and studying Greek and

philosophy elsewhere, he came back to live (probably) on his
about B.C. 42. In that year Octavianus,
emperor Augustus, had defeated at PhiHppi
Brutus and Cassius, the murderers of Juhus Caesar and gave

father's farm, until

afterwards

the

lands to

his

victorious

in

soldiers

various

parts

of

Italy,

amongst other assignments being VergiFs farm. The poefs

for he
first acquaintance with Augustus was due to this event
applied to him at Rome for the restitution of his property, and
was successful. He became the friend of the rich art-patron
Maecenas, the poet Horace, and the brilUant circle of hterary
men who were collected at the court of Augustus. The works
;

of Vergil are not voluminous.

The Eclogues

are Idylls in imi-

Greek poet Theocritus, and were written sometime

The Georgics, an agricultural poem in four
before he was 33.
books, of which the form was more or less suggested by
Hesiod, he wrote in the next few years, finishing them sometation of the

time about his 40th year. The Aeneid, his great work, he
appears to have begun about B.c. 27, when he was 43 years of
A fevv years later, finding his
age, at the wish of Augustus.
and in the spring of 19 he
health failing, he tried traveUing
;

was

at Athens.

The summer he

spent with Augustus abroad,

but died a few days after reaching Brundusium on his return.

The day of his death was Sept. 22, and he was not quite 51.

He was

buried at Naples, where his tomb

the authenticity of

it is

at least doubtful.

is still

shewn, though

INTRODUCTION.

13

His character seems to have been most simple, pure, and

loveable and his poetic fame was well established even before
;

his death.

Note on

Metre.

tJie

The Aeneid is written in the Hexameter verse, which is

known European metre and was probably used by
Greeks as much as a thousand years before Christ. It is

oldest

Homer and

metre of
first

poem on

poet

the
the

and was imitated

who wrote his

Rome, about the year

Ennius,

the History of

more than a century before the birth of Vergil.

is very simple, and can be explained

B.C.,

The

Roman

Latin by the

in

Aiinales^ a

180

the early Greek Epics

the

metrical system

The hne

a few words.

consists of six feet, as the

name

in

implies,

and every foot must be either a dactyl (one long syllable followed by two shorts) or a spondee (two long syllables). The
only exceptions to this rule are the following
(i)

The

fifth foot

instances of what
fifth

and

is

must be a

dactyl.

called a spondaic line,

sixth feet are

spondees

(There are a veiy few

i.e.

a line where both

but out of every thousand

more than one such hne can be found.)

must be either a spondee (two longs) or a
trochee (long followed by short). (The only exception is the

lines in the Aeneid, not

(2)

The

last foot

very rare use of the overhanging syllable, called hypermeter,

which

is

explained below.)

Rule of Elision.

When a word ends with a vowel, or syllable ending in ;;/,

and the next word begins with a vowel, or vowel preceded by //,
the last syllable of the first word is elided or cut off before the
second word. Thus in line 10 of this book we read
:

Tum

sic

adfatur regem, atque ita turbidus

which must be scanned as

Tum

sic

if it

infit,

were written

adfatur reg' atqu' ita turbidus

infit.

INTR OD UCTION.

This rule also has rare exceptions chiefly after a pause, or in

the use of Greek words or names, where it seems natural to
employ a Greek license of metre. Thus, in this book we have
(Une 31) Promissam tri^pm genero : anna impia sumpsi,
;

(and book

i.

hne 617)

Tune

quem

Aeneas,

ille

Dardajiio Anchisae.

should be noticed that ehsion only holds within the hne

It

no ehsion between the end of one hne and the beginning

of the next
thus we have in Une 15

there

is

spectentque Latini

and

commune

hne 16

in

The

only exception

referred to above

is

refellam

et solus ferro,

aut habeat.

:
|

the hypernieter or overhanging syllable

ahvays ends

this syllable

always cut off before a vowel

at the

a vowel, and

in

is

beginning of the next hne

thus,
i,

hominumque

332...ignari

locorum^^z^^?

i6o...turres ac tecta Latino?7/;

vii.

Erramus...

Ardua

cernebant...

Rule of Caesura.

One of the most important points, and necessary to the

understanding of the metre, is the break in the Hne, or Caesura
as

it is

called.

If,

example, we were to write a line like this

for

agmina complent campos, lataque htora ponti

the metre would be quite right according to the rules given

we should have a Hne

above, but

caesura

that

end of a

at the

say, there

is to

foot.

quite impossible, for

is 710

caesura

want of

break between words except

is

a break between words

occurring in the tniddle of a foot, as

ItaUI

-am

fa-

-to profu-

where there are three caesuras,

feet.

The number

as few as two

caesara

is

varies

-gus La-

-vinaque venit,

in the second, third,

there

may be

as

many

and fourth
as six, or

but the most important, and the commonest,

that in the third foot, which

is

found

in

97 out of the

INTRODUCTION.
100 lines in this book.

tirst

fourth feet

is

The caesura

common

also very

none, the other two will always be found.

read

15

second and
and where the third foot has
in the

Thus,

hne 6 we

in

Tum

de-

-mum movet

arma

le-

-o

gau-

-detque

coj

-mantes.

Again

in

hne 63 we have

lumina

:
j

nec gener'

Aene-

-an cap-

Here, however, though strictly there

is

-tiva vi-

no caesura

-debo.

in the third

the effect of its absence is materially altered by the ehsion

which precedes, The same occurs in hnes 85 and 90.
It will be noticed that the metrical effect of a caesura is
quite different according as the break occurs after the first lonosyllable of the foot, or between the two short syllables of the
dactyl.
The former is called the strong and the latter the
Thus, in hne 7, Excutij^wj- ccr\vice tojros,
weak caesura.
foot,

fix|umque la;tronis, the caesura in the second foot

that in the third
is far

the

is

is

strong,

weak.

commonest

In the third foot the strong caesura

thus, in the first hundred hnes there are

84 strong and 13 weak caesuras in the third foot. The weak

caesura forms one of those numerous possibihties of minor
variation, on which in poetry so much depends.
One more
point should be mentioned in regard to the ending of the hne.

The Greek hexameter allowed

foot

Vergil only has

it

the strong caesura in tht /ifth

very rarely, and almost entirely when

he is using Greek names or borrowed words, like Neptuno

Aegeo, or odortferam pa?iacea?n, or alboque orichalco. Ordinarily
he has in the fifth foot either no caesura or the weak one
is, he has endings Hke volnere
pectus or Ma)'te Latinos.
\

that

P.

VERGILl MARONIS

A E N E

D O

LIBER DUODECIMUS.

TuRNUS

ut infractos adverso Marte Latinos

Defecisse videt, sua nunc promissa reposci,

Se signari

oculis, ultro inplacabilis ardet,

Poenorum qualis in aivis
Attollitque animos.
Saucius ille gravi venantum volnere pectus

Tum demum

movet arma

gaudetque comantes
fixumque latronis
leo,

Excutiens cervice toros,

Inpavidus frangit telum, et fremit ore cruento
Haud secus accenso gliscit violentia Turno.
10
Tum sic adfatur regem, atque ita turbidus infit
Nulla mora in Turno; nihil est, quod dicta retractent
*
Ignavi Aeneadae, nec, quae pepigere, recusent.
Fer sacra, pater, et concipe foedus.
Congredior.
Aut hac Dardanium dextra sub Tartara mittam,
Desertorem Asiae, sedeant spectentque Latmi
15
Et solus ferro crimcn commune refellam
'Aut habeat victos, cedat Lavinia coniunx.'
OIH sedato respondit corde Latinus
O praestans animi iuvenis, quantum ipse feroci
20
Virtute exsuperas, tanto me impensius aequum est
'
Consulere, atque omnes metuentem expendere casus.
Sunt tibi regna patris Dauni, sunt oppida capta
*
Multa manu; nec non aurumque animusque Latino est.
'Sunt aliae innuptae Latio et Laurentibus agris,
Nec genus indecores. Sine me ha.ec haud moUia fatu 25
:

'

'

'

'

s.

AEN.

XII.

i8
'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

VERGILI MARONIS

hoc animo hauri

natam nuUi veterum sociare procorum
Fas erat, idque omnes divique hominesque canebant.
Victus amore tui, cognato sanguine victus,
Coniugis et maestae lacrimis, vincla omnia rupi
30
Promissam eripui genero; arma impia sumpsi.
Sublatis aperire dolis; simul

Me

Ex

me

casus, quae, Turne, sequantur

quantos primus patiare labores.
Bis magna victi pugna vix urbe tuemur
Spes Italas; recalent nostro Tiberina fluenta
Sanguine adhuc, campique ingentes ossibus albent.

qui

illo

Bella, vides,

Quo

'Si
'

P,

referor totiens?

Tumo

quae mentem insania mutat

exstincto socios

sum

adscire paratus,

Cur non incolumi potius certamina tollo?

Quid consanguinei Rutuli, quid cetera dicet
Itaha, ad

mortem

si

te

35

40

fors dicta refutet!

Prodiderim, natam et conubia nostra petentem ?

Respice res bello varias miserere parentis
Longaevi, quem nunc maestum patria Ardea longe
;

Haudquaquam dictis \dolentia Turni

45
exsuperat magis, aegrescitque medendo.
Ut primum fari potuit, sic institit ore
Quam pro me curam geris, hanc precor, optume, pro me
Deponas, letumque sinas pro laude pacisci.
Et nos tela, pater, ferrumque haud debile dcxtra
50
'Spargimus; et nostro sequitur de volnere sanguis.
*

Divqdit.'

Flectitur

'

'

'

Longe ilh dea mater erit, quae nube fugacem

Feminea tegat, et vanis sese occulat umbris.'
At regina, nova pugnae conterrita sorte,
Flebat, et ardentem generum moritura tenebat:
Tume, per has ego te lacrimas, per si quis Amatae
Tangit honos animum,
spes tu nunc una, senectae
Tu requies miserae; decus imperiumque Latini
Te penes; in te omnis domus inclmata recumbit
'

'

55

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

Unum

oro: desiste

manum

committere Teucris.

60

Qui te cumque manent isto certamine casus,

Et me, Turne, manent; simul haec invisa reUnquam
Luraina, nec generum Aenean captiva videbo.'

Accepit vocem lacrimis Lavinia matris

Flagrantes perfusa genas, cui plurimus ignem

65

AENEIDOS

LIB. XII

19

Subiecit rubor, et calefacta per ora cucurrit.

Indum sanguineo

veluti violaverit ostro

mixta rubent ubi lilia multa

Alba rosa: tales virgo dabat ore colores.
IUum turbat amor, figitque in virgine voltus.
Ardet in arma magis, paucisque adfatur Amatam:
Ne, quaeso, ne me lacrimis, neve omine tanto
Prosequere in duri certamina Martis euntem,
O mater neque enim Tumo mora libera mortis.
'Nuntius haec, Idmon, Phrygio mea dicta tyranno
Si quis ebur, aut

70

'

'

'

Haud

'

placitura refer:

Cum primum

75

crastina caelo

Puniceis invecta rotis Aurora rubebit,

Non Teucros agat in Rutulos ; Teucrum arma quiescant,
Et RutuU nostro dirimamus sanguine belkim
80
Illo quaeratur coniunx Lavinia campo.'
Haec ubi dicta dedit, rapidusque in tecta recessit;
Poscit equos, gaudetque tuens ante ora frementes,
Pilumno quos ipsa decus dedit Orithyia,
Qui candore nives anteirent, cursibus auras.
Circumstant properi aurigae manibusque lacessunt
85
Pectora plausa cavis et colla comantia pectunt.
Ipse dehinc auro squalentem alboque orichalco
Circumdat loricam humeris; simul aptat habendo
Ehsemque cHpeumque et rubrae comua cristae;
Ensem, quem Dauno ignipotens deus ipse parenti
90
Fecerat et Stygia candentem tinxerat unda.

'

'

'

'

Exin, quae mediis ingenti adnixa columnae

Aedibus adstabat, vaUdam vi corripit hastam.,
Actoris Aurunci spoUum, quassatque trementem,
Vociferans
Nunc, o numquam fmstrata vocatus
95
Hasta meos, nunc tempus adest; te maxumus Actor,
Te Turni nunc dextra gerit; da sternere corpus
Loricamque manu valida lacerare revolsam
'

'

'

'

Semiviri Phrygis, et foedare in pulvere crines

Vibratos caUdo ferro murraque madentes.'
His agitur furiis; totoque ardentis ab ore
Scintillae absistunt; ocuUs micat acribus ignis.
Mugitus veluti cum prima in proeUa taurus
Terrificos ciet atque irasci in cornua temptat,
Arboris obnixus tmnco, ventosque lacessit
'

100

'

105
2

20

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

Ictibus, aut sparsa ad pugnam proludit harena.

Nec minus interea maternis saevus in armis
Aeneas acuit Martem et se suscitat ira,
Oblato gaudens componi foedere bellum.
Tum socios maestique metum solatur luli,
Fata docens, regique iubet responsa Latino
Certa referre viros, et pacis dicere leges.
Postera vix summos spargebat lumine montes
Orta dies, cum primum alto se gurgite tollunt
Solis equi, lucemque elatis naribus effiant:
Campum ad certamen magnae sub moenibus urbis
Dimensi Rutulique viri Teucrique parabant,
In medioque focos et dis communibus aras
Gramineas. Alii fontemque ignemque ferebant,

iio

115

120

Velati limo, et verbena tempora vincti.

Procedit legio Ausonidum, pilataque plenis

Hinc Troius omnis

se fundunt portis.
Tyrrhenusque ruit variis exercitus armis,

Agmina

secus instructi ferro, quam si aspera Martis

Nec non mediis in miHbus ipsi
vocet.
Ductores auro voHtant ostroque superbi,
Et genus Assaraci Mnestheus, et fortis Asilas,
Et Messapus equum domitor, Neptunia proles.
Utque dato signo spatia in sua quisque recessit,
Defigunt telluri hastas et scuta recUnant.
Tum studio effusae matres et volgus inermum

Haud

Pugna

Invahdique senes turres et tecta domorum

Obsedere aHi portis subHrnibus adstant.
At luno e summo, qui nunc Albanus habetur,
Tum neque nomen erat nec honos aut gloria monti
Prospiciens tumulo campum adspectabat et ambas
;

Laurentum Troumque acies urbemque Latini.

Extemplo Turni sic est adfata sororem,
Diva deam, stagnis quae fluminibusque sonoris
Praesidetj hunc iHi rex aetheris altus honorem

125

130

135

140

luppiter erepta pro virginitate sacravit:

Nympha, decus fluviorum, animo gratissima nostro,
*
Scis, ut te cunctis unam, quaecumque Latinae
'

'^lagnanimi Io\is ingratum adscendere cubile,

*
Praetulerim, caeHque Hbens in parte locarim:

145

AENEIDOS
*

'

'

'

'

Disce tuum, ne

me

LIB. XII

21

lutuma, dolorem.
Qua visa est fortuna pati Parcaeque sinebant
Cedere res Latio, Turnum et tua moenia texi
Nunc iuvenem inparibus video concurrere fatis,
Parcarumque dies et vis inimica propinquat.
150
Mon pugnam adspicere hanc oculis, non foedera possum.
incuses,

Tu

pro germano si quid praesentius audes,

Perge; decet.
Forsan miseros meliora sequentur.'
Vix ea: cum lacrimas oculis lutuma profudit,
Terque quaterque manu pectus percussit honestum.
'

Non

Satumia luno
Adcelera, et fratrem, si quis modus, eripe morti;
Aut tu bella cie, conceptumque excute foedus.
Auctor ego audendi.' Sic exhortata reHquit
Incertam et tristi turbatam volnere mentis.
Interea reges, ingenti mole Latinus
Quadriiugo vehitur curru, cui tempora circura
'

lacrimis hoc tempus,' ait

155

'

'

'

160

Aurati bis sex radii fulgentia cingunt,

Solis avi

Bina

specimen; bigis

manu

it

Turnus

in albis,

lato crispans hastiha ferro.

Hinc pater Aeneas, Romanae stirpis origo,

Sidereo flagrans cHpeo et caelestibus amiis,
Et iuxta Ascanius, magnae spes altera Romae,
Procedunt castris, puraque in veste sacerdos
Saetigeri fetum suis intonsamque bidentem
Attuht, admovitque pecus flagrantibus aris.
Illi ad surgentem conversi lumina solem
Dant fruges manibus salsas, et tempora ferro
Summa notant pecudum, paterisque altaria Hbant.
Tum pius Aeneas stricto sic ense precatur:
Esto nunc Sol testis et haec mihi terra vocanti,

165

170

175

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

Quam

propter tantos potui perferre labores,

et tu Saturnia coniunx,
lam melior, iam, diva, precor; tuque inclute Mavors,
180
Cuncta tuo qui bella, pater, sub numine torques;
Fontesque Fluviosque voco, quaeque aetheris ald
Religio, et quae caeruleo sunt numina ponto:

Et Pater omnipotens,

Ausonio si fors victoria Turno,

Convenit Euandri victos discedere ad urbem;
Cedet lulus agris; nec post arma ulla rebelles
Cesserit

1S5

22

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

'Aeneadae referent, ferrove haec regna lacessent.

Sin nostrum adnuerit nobis Victoria Martem.

Ut

'

potius reor, et potius di

numine firment

Non

ego nec Teucris Italos parere iubebo,

Nec mihi regna peto; paribus se legibus ambae
Invictae gentes aetema in foedera mittant
Sacra deosque dabo; socer arma Latinus habeto,
Imperium sollemne socer mihi moenia Teucri
Constituent, urbique dabit Lavinia nomen.'
Sic prior Aeneas; sequitur sic deinde Latinus,
Suspiciens caelurn, tenditque ad sidera dextram:
Haec eadem, Aenea, Terram, Mare, Sidera, iuro.
Latonaeque genus duplex, lanumque bifrontem,
*
Vimque deum infernam et duri sacraria Ditis;
Audiat haec Genitor, qui foedera fuhnine sancit.
'

'

190

'

'

'

'

195

'

'

'

'
*

2co

medios ignes et numina testor:

NuUa dies pacem hanc Itahs nec foedera rumpet,
Quo res cumque cadent; nec me vis ulla volentem

Tango

aras,

si tellurem effundat in undas,

Dihivio miscens, caelumque in Tartara solvat;
205
Ut sceptrum hoc' dextra sceptrum nam forte gerebat
Numquam fronde levi fundet virgulta nec umbras,

Avertet, non,

Cum

'

Matre

imo de stirpe recisum

posuitque comas et bracchia ferro
Ohm arbos; nunc artificis manus aere decoro
Inclusit, patribusque dedit gestare Latinis.'
Tahbus inter se firmabant foedera dictis
Conspectu in medio procerum. Tum rite sacratas
In flammam iugulant pecudes, et viscera vivis
semel

in silvis

caret,

210

'

Eripiunt, cumulantque oneratis lancibus aras.

At vero Rutuhs inpar ea pugna videri

215

lamdudum,

et vario misceri pectora motu;

magis, ut propius cernunt non viribus aequis.
Adiuvat incessu tacito progressus et aram

Tum

Supphciter venerans demisso kunine Turnus,

Tabentesque genae et iuvenah in corpore pallor.
Quem simul ac lutuma soror crebescere vidit

Sermonem,

220

et volgi variare labantia corda,

In medias acies, formam adsimuiata Camerti,

Cui genus a proavis ingens, clarumque paternae

225

AENEIDOS

LTB. XII.

23

Nomen erat virtntis, et ipse acerrimus armis

In medias dat sese acies, haud nescia rerum,
Rumoresciue serit varios, ac talia fatur:
Non pudet, o Rutuli, pro cunctis talibus unam
Obiectare animam? numerone an viribus aequi
230
Non sumus? En, omnes et Troes et Arcades hi suni,
Fatalesque manus, infensa Etruria Turno.
Vix hostem, alterni si congrediamur, habemus.
Ille quidem ad superos, quorum se devovet aris,
Succedet fama, vivusque per ora feretur;
235
Nos, patria amissa, dominis parere superbis
Cogemur, qui nunc lenti consedimus arvis.'
Tahbus incensa est iuvenum sententia dictis
lam magis atque magis, serpitque per agmina murmur;
240
Ipsi Eaurentes mutati ipsique Latini.
Qui sibi iam requiem pugnae rebusque salutem
Sperabant, nunc arma volunt, foedusque precantur
Infectum, et Turni sortem miserantur iniquam.
His ahud maius luturna adiungit, et alto
Dat signum caelo, quo non praesentius ullum
245
Turbavit mentes Italas, monstroque fefelUt.
Namque volans rubra fulvus lovis ales in aethra
Litoreas agitabat aves turbamque sonantem
'

'

'

'

'

'

Agminis ahgeri: subito cum lapsus ad undas

Cycnum excellentem pedibus rapit improbus uncis.
Arrexere animos Itah, cunctaeque volucres
Convertunt clamore fugam, mirabile visu,
Aetheraque obscurant pennis, hostemque per auras
Facta nube prtmunt, donec vi victus et ipso
Pondere defecit, praedamque ex unguibus ales

250

255

Proiecit fluvio, penitusque in nubila fugit.

Tum

vero augurium Rutuh clamore sahuant,

Expediuntque manus; primusque Tolumnius augiir,

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

Hoc erat, hoc, votis,' inquit, quod saepe petivi.

Accipio, adgnoscoque deos; me, me duce ferrum
Corripite, o miseri, quos inprobus advena bello
Territat, invah'das ut aves, et htora vestra
Vi populat. Petet ille fugam, penitusque profundo
Vela dabit. Vos unanimi densate catervas,
Et regem vobis pugna defendite raptum.'
'

260

265

P.

24

VERGILI MARONIS

Dixit, et adversos telum contorsit in hostes

Procurrens; sonitum dat stridula cornus, et auras
Simul hoc, simul ingens clamor, et omnes
Certa secat.
Turbati cunei, calefactaque corda tumultu.
270
Hasta volans, ut forte novern pulcherrima fratrum

Corpora constiterant contra, quos fida crearat

Una tot Arcadio coniunx Tyrrhena GyHppo,
Horum unum ad medium, teritur qua sutihs alvo
Balteus et laterum iuncturas fibula mordet,
et fulgentibus armis,
Transadigit costas, fulvaque effundit arena.

Egregium forma iuvenem

At

fratres,

animosa phalanx accensaque

275

luctu,

Pars gladios stringunt manibus, pars missile ferrum

Quos agmina contra
Corripiunt, caecique ruunt.
Procurrunt Laurentum; hinc densi rursus inundant

280

Troes AgyUinique et pictis Arcades armis.

Sic omnes amor unus habet decernere ferro.
Diripuere aras;

it

toto turbida caelo

ferreus ingruit imber;

Tempestas telorum, ac

Fugit ipse Latinus

Craterasque focosque ferunt.
Pulsatos referens infecto foedere divos.
Infrenant aUi currus, aut corpora saltu
Subiiciunt in equos, et strictis ensibus adsunt.
Messapus regem regisque insigne gerentem,
Tyrrhenum Aulesten, avidus confundere foedus

285

290
Adverso proterret equo; ruit ille recedens,
Et miser oppositis a tergo involvitur aris
In caput inque humeros. At fervidus advolat hasta
Messapus, teloque orantem multa trabah
295
Desuper altus equo graviter ferit, atque ita fatur:
'Hoc habet; haec mehor magnis data victima divis.'
Concurrunt Itah, spohantque calentia membra.
Obvius ambustum torrem Corynaeus ab ara
Corripit, et venienti Ebyso plagamque ferenti
300
Occupat os flammis; olh ingens barba reluxit,
Nidoremque ambusta dedit; super ipse secutus
Caesariem laeva turbati corripit hostis,
Inpressoque genu nitens terrae adphcat ipsum
Podahrius Alsum,
Sic rigido latus ense ferit.
Pastorem, primaque acie per tela ruentem,
305

AENEIDOS

LIB. XII

Ense seqiiens nudo superimminet;

Adversi frontem
Disiicit,

Olli

ille

25

securi

mediam mentumque reducta

et sparso late rigat

dura quies oculos

arma

et ferreus

cruore.

urguet

in aetemam conduntur lumina noctem.

310
At pius Aeneas dextram tendebat inermem
Nudato capite, atque suos clambre vocabat:
Quo ruitis? quaeve ista repens discordia surgit?
O cohibete iras ictum iam foedus, et omnes
Compositae leges; mihi ius concurrere soli;
315
Me sinite, atque auferte metus ego foedera faxo
Firma manu; Tumum debent haec iam mihi sacra.'
Has inter voces, media inter taha verba,

Somnus;

'

'

'

'

'

Ecce, viro stridens ahs adlapsa sagitta est,

Incertum, qua pulsa manu, quo turbine adacta,
Quis tantam Rutuhs laudem, casusne deusne,
Attulerit; pressa est insignis gloria facti,
Nec sese Aeneae iactavit volnere quisquam.
Tumus, ut Aenean cedentem ex agmine vidit
Turbatosque duces, subita spe fervidus ardet;
Poscit equos atque arma simul, saltuque superbus
Emicat in curmm, et manibus mohtur habenas.
Multa virum vohtans dat fortia corpora leto
Semineces volvit multos, aut agmina curru
Proterit, aut raptas fugientibus ingerit hastas.
Quahs apud gehdi cum flumina concitus Hebri
Sanguineus Mavors chpeo increpat, atque furentes
BeUa movens inmittit equos; iUi aequore aperto
Ante Notos Zeph}Tumque volant; gemit uhima pulsu
Thraca pedum; circumque atrae Formidinis ora,
Iraeque, Insidiaeque, dei comitatus, aguntur:

320

325

330

335

Tahs equos

alacer media inter proeha Turnus

Fumantis sudore quatit, miserabile caesis
Hostibus insultans; spargit rapida ungula rores
Sanguineos, mixtaque cruor calcatur arena.
340
lamque neci Sthenelumque dedit Tham}Timque Pholumque
Hunc congressus et hunc, ihum eminus; eminus ambo
Imbrasidas, Glaucum atque Laden, quos Imbrasus ipse

Nutrierat Lycia, paribusque ornaverat armis,

Vel conferre manum, vel equo praevertere ventos.

345

R VERGILI MARONIS

26

Parte alia media

Eumedes

in proelia fertur,

Antiqui proles bello praeclara Dolonis,

Nomine avum

referens, animo manibusque parentein.

Qui quondam, castra ut Danaum speculator adiret,
Ausus Pelidae pretium sibi poscere currus;
350
Illum Tydides alio pro talibus ausis
Adfecit pretio, nec equis adspirat Achillis.

Hunc
Ante

procul ut
levi iaculo

campo Tumus prospexit aperto,

longum per inane secutus,

equos biiuges et curru desilit, atque

Semianimi lapsoque supervenit, et pede collo

Sistit

mucronem

extorquet et alto
haec insuper addit
En, agros, et, quam bello, Troiane, petisti,
Hesperiam metire iacens: haec praemia, qui me
Ferro ausi temptare, ferunt; sic moenia condunt'
Huic comitem Asbyten coniecta cuspide mittit,
Inpresso, dextrae

Fulgentem

355

tinguit iugulo, atque

'

360

Chloreaque Sybarimque Daretaque Thersilochumque

Et stemacis equi lapsum cervice Th^Tnoeten.
Ac velut Edoni Boreae cum spiritus alto
Insonat Aegaeo, sequiturque ad htora fluctus;
Qua venti incubuere, fugam dant nubila caelo:
Sic Tumo, quacumque viam secat, agmina cedunt
Conversaeque munt acies; fert impetus ipsum,
Et cristam adverso curm quatit aura volantem.
Non tuHt instantem Phegeus animisque frementem;
Obiecit sese ad curmm, et spumantia frenis

Ora citatorum dextra

Dum

trahitur

detorsit

pendetque

370

equomm.

iugis,

Lancea consequitur, mmpitque

Loricam, et

365

hunc
infixa

lata retectum

bihcem

375

summum

degustat volnere corpus.

nie tamen chpeo obiecto conversus in hostem
Ibat, et auxiHum ducto mucrone petebat
Cum rota praecipitem et procursu concitus axis
ImpuHt eftunditque solo, Tumusque secutus
Imam inter galeam summi thoracis et oras
AbstuHt ense caput, truncumque reHquit harenae.
Atque ea dum campis victor dat funera Turaus,
Interea Aenean Mnestheus et fidus Achates

380

Ascaniusque comes

385

castris statuere

cmentura,

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

27

Alternos longa nitentem cuspide gressus.

Saevit, et' infracta luctatur

arundine telum

Eripere, auxilioque viam, quae proxuma, poscit:

Ense secent lato volnus, telique latebram

Rescindant penitus, seseque

in bella remittant.

lamque aderat Phoebo ante

alios dilectus lapis

390

quondam cui captus amore

Ipse suas artes, sua munera, laetus Apollo
Augurium citharamque dabat celeresque sagittas.
lasides, acri

llle,

ut depositi proferret fata parentis,

Scire potestates

395

herbarum usumque medendi

Maluit et mutas agitare inglorius artes.

Stabat acerba fremens, ingentem nixus in hastam
Aeneas, m-agno iuvenum et maerentis luh
^'^o
Ille retorto
Concursu, lacrimis inmobihs.
Paeonium in morem senior succinctus amictu,
Multa manu medica Phoebique potentibus herbls
Nequiquam trepidat, nequiquam spicula dextra
Sollicitat prensatque tenaci forcipe ferrum.
Nulla viam Fortuna regit; nihil auctor Apollo
405
Subvenit; et saevus campis magis ac magis horror
lam pulvere caelum
Crebescit, propiusque malum est.
Stare vident, subeuntque equites, et spicula castris
Densa cadunt mediis. It tristis ad aethera clamor

Bellantum iuvenum et duro sub Marte cadentum.

Hic Venus, indigno nati concussa dolore,
Dictamnum genetrix Cretaea carpit ab Ida,
Puberibus caulem foHis et flore comantem
Purpureo; non illa feris incognita capris
Gramina, cum tergo volucres haesere sagittae.
Hoc Venus, obscuro faciem circumdata nimbo,
Detulit; hoc fusum labris splendentibus amnem
Inhcit, occulte medicans, spargitque salubres
Ambrosiae sucos et odoriferam panaceam.
Fovit ea vohius l^^mpha longaevus lapis
Ignorans, subitoque omnis de corpore fugit
Quippe dolor, omnis stetit imo volnere sanguis.

lamque secuta manum,

410

415

420

nullo cogente, sagitta

novae rediere in pristina vires.

properate viro! quid statis?' Tapis

Excidit, atque

'Arma

citi

425

28

P.

VERGILI MARONIS

Conclamat, primusque animos accendit in hostera.

Non haec humanis opibus, non arte magistra
Proveniunt, neque te, Aenea, mea dextera servat;
Maior agit deus atque opera ad maiora remittit.'
IUe a\-idus pugnae suras incluserat auro
430
Hinc atque hinc, oditque moras, hastamque coruscat.
Postquam habilis lateri cHpeus loricaque tergo est,
Ascanium fusis circum conplectitur armis,
Summaque per galeam deiibans oscula fatur:
Disce, puer, \drtutem ex me verumque laborem,
435
*
Fortunam ex ahis. Xunc te mea dextera bello
Defensum dabit, et magna inter praemia ducet
Tu facito, mox cum matura adoleverit aetas,
Sis memor, et te animo repetentem exempla tuorum
Et pater Aeneas et avunculus excitet Hector.'
440
'

'

'

'

'

'

'

Haec ubi dicta dedit, portis sese extulit ingens,

Telum inmane manu quatiens; simul agmine denso
Antheusque ]Mnestheusque ruunt, omnisque relictis
Turba fluit castris. Tum caeco pulvere campus
Miscetur, pulsuque pedum tremit excita tellus.
Vidit ab adverso venientes aggere Tumus,
Videre Ausonii, geUdusque per ima cucurrit
Ossa tremor; prima ante omnes luturna Latinos
Audiit adgnovitque sonum, et tremefacta refugit.

445

Ille volat, campoque atrum rapit agmen aperto.

Quahs ubi ad terras abrupto sidere nimbus
It mare per medium; miseris, heu, praescia longe

450

Horrescunt corda agricoHs; dabit ille ruinas

Arboribus, stragemque satis; ruet omnia late;
Ante volant, sonitumque ferunt ad Htora venti:
455
TaHs in adversos ductor Rhoeteius hostes
Agmen agit; densi cuneis se quisque coactis
Adglomerant.
Ferit ense gravem Thymbraeus Osinm,
.\rchetium Mnestheus, Epulonem obtruncat Achates,
Ufentemque Gyas; cadit ipse Tolumnius augur,
460
Primus in adversos telum qui torserat hostes.
ToHitur in caelum clamor, versique vicissim
Pulverulenta fuga Rutuli dant terga per agros.
Ipse neque aversos dignatur stemere morti,
Nec pede congressos aequo nec tela ferentes
465

AENEIDOS

LIB. XII

29

Insequilur; solum densa in caligine Turnum

Vestigat lustrans, solum in certamina poscit.
Hoc concussa metu mentem luturna virago

Aurigam Turni media inter lora Metiscum

Excutit, et longe lapsum temone reliquit;
470
Ipsa subit, manibusque undantes flectit habenas,
Cuncta gerens, vocemque et corpus et arma Metisci.
Nigra velut magnas domini cum divitis aedes
Pervolat et pennis alta atria lustrat hirundo,

Pabula parva legens nidisque loquacibus escas;

475
Et nunc porticibus vacuis, nunc humida circum
Stagna sonat: similis medios luturna per hostes
Fertur equis, rapidoque volans obit omnia curru;
lamque hic germanum, iamque hic ostentat ovantem;
Nec conferre manum patitur; volat avia longe.
480
Haud minus Aeneas tortos legit obvius orbes,
Vestigatque virum et disiecta per agmina magna
Voce vocat. Quotiens oculos coniecit in hostem,
AUpedumque fugam cursu temptavit equorum,
Aversos totiens currus luturna retorsit.
485
Heu, quid agat? Vario nequiquam fluctuat aestu,
Diversaeque vocant animum in contraria curae.
Huic Messapus, uti laeva duo forte gerebat
Lenta, levis cursu, praefixa hastiha ferro,

Homm
Substitit

unum

certo contorquens dirigit ictu.

Aeneas,

et se collegit in

490

arma,

Pophte subsidens; apicem tamen incita

Hasta tulit, summasque excussit vertice

summum
cristas.

Tum

vero adsurgunt irae; insidiisque subactus,

Diversos ubi sentit equos cumimque referri,

495

Multa lovem et laesi testatus foederis aras,

lam tandem invadit medios, et Marte secundo
Terribilis saevam nullo discrimine caedem
Suscitat, irarumque omnes effundit habenas.
Quis mihi nunc tot acerba deus, quis carmine caedes
Diversas, obitumque ducum, quos aequore toto
Inque vicem nunc Turnus agit, nunc Troius heros,
Expediat? tanton' placuit concurrere motu,
luppiter, aeterna gentes in pace futuras

Aeneas Rutulum Sucronem,

ea

prima ruentes

505

P.

30

VERGILI MARONIS

Pugna

loco statuit Teucros

haud multa morantem,
Excipit in latus, et, qua fata celerrima, crudum
Transadigit costas et crates pectoris ensem.

Turnus equo deiectum Amycum fratremque Diorem,

Congressus pedes, hunc venientem cuspide longa,
510
Hunc mucrone ferit cumique abscisa duorum
Suspendit capita, et rorantia sanguine portat
Ille

Talon Tanaimque neci forteraque Cethegum,

Tres uno congressu, et maestum mittit Oniten,

Nomen Echionium matrisque genus Peridiae;
Hic fratres Lycia missos et Apollinis agris,
Et iuvenem exosum nequiquam bella Menoeten,
Arcada, piscosae cui circum flumina Lernae
Ars fuerat pauperque iiomus, nec nota potentum
Munera, conductaque pater tellure serebat.

515

520

Ac

velut inmissi diversis partibus ignes

Arentem in silvam et virgulta sonantia lauro

Aut ubi decursu rapido de montibus altis

Dant sonitum spumosi amnes, et in aequora currunt
Quisque suum populatus iter: non segnius ambo
525
Aeneas Turnusque ruunt per proeha; nunc, nunc
Fluctuat ira intus: rumpuntur nescia vinci
Pectora; nunc totis in volnera viribus itur.
Murranum hic, atavos et avorum antiqua sonantem
Nomina, per regesque actum genus omne Latinos.
530
Praecipitem scopulo atque ingentis turbine saxi
Excutit, effunditque solo; hunc lora et iuga subter
Provolvere rotae; crebro super ungula pulsu
Incita nec domini memorum proculcat equorum.
Ille ruenti Hyllo animisque immane frementi
Occurrit, telumque aurata ad tempora torquet:
Olh per galeam fixo stetit hasta cerebro.
Dextera nec tua te, Graium fortissime, Cretheu,
Eripuit Turno; nec di texere Cupencum,
veniente, sui; dedit obvia ferro
Pectora, nec misero chpei mora profuit aerei.

Aenea

535

540

Te quoque Laurentes

viderunt, Aeole, campi

terram consternere tergo;
Occidis, Argivae quem non potuere phalanges
Stemere, nec Priami regnorum eversor Achiiles;

Oppetere

et late

545

ABNEIDOS

LTB.

domus

XIL

31

sub Ida,
Lyrnesi domus alta, solo Laurente sepulchrum.
Totae adeo conversae acies, omnesque Latini,
Omnes Dardanidae, Mnestheus, acerque Serestus,
Et Messapus equum domitor, et fortis Asilas,
Tuscorumque phalanx, Euandrique Arcades alae,
Pro se quisque viri summa nituntur opum vi;
Nec mora, nec requies; vasto certamine tendunt.
Hic mentem Aeneae genetrix pulcherrima misit,
Iret ut ad muros, urbique adverteret agmen
Ocius et subita turbaret clade Latinos,

Hic

tibi

mortis

eraliit

metae,

alta

550

555

IUe, ut vestigans divorsa per agmina Turnum

Huc atque huc acies circumtuHt, aspicit urbem

Immunem tanti belH atque inpune quietam.

Continuo pugnae accendit maioris imago;
Mnesthea Sergestumque vocat fortemque Serestum
Ductores, tumulumque capit, quo cetera Teucrum
Concurrit legio, nec scuta aut spicula densi
Deponunt Celso medius stans aggere fatur
Ne qua meis esto dictis mora; luppiter hac stat;
Neu quis ob inceptum subitum mihi segnior ito.
Urbem hodie, caussam beUi, regna ipsa Latini,
Ni frenum accipere et victi parere fatentur,
Eruam, et aequa solo fumantia culmina ponam.
'Scihcet expectem, hbeat dum proeha Turno
Nostra pati, nirsusque veht concurrere \ictus ?
Hoc caput, o cives, haec beUi summa nefandi.
Ferte faces propere, foedusque reposcite flammis.'
Dixerat, atque animis pariter certantibus omnes

560

'

565

'

'

570

'

'

'

Dant cuneum, densaque ad muros mole

feruntur.

575

Scalae inproviso subitusque adparuit ignis.

Discurrunt aUi ad portas primosque trucidant,
Ferrum aUi torquent et obumbrant aethera teUs,
Ipse inter primos dextram sub moenia tendit
Aeneas, magnaque incusat voce Latinum,
580
Testaturque deos iterum se ad proeUa cogi,
Bis iam Italos hostes, haec iam ahera foedera rumpi.
Exoritur trepidos inter discordia cives:
Urbem aUi reserare iubent et pandere portas
Dardanidis, ipsumque trahunt in moenia regem;
5S5

VERGILI MARONIS

P.

32

Arma

ferunt

alii

et

pergunt defendere muros:

Inclusas ut cum latebroso in pumice pastor

Vestigavit apes, fumoque inplevit amaro;
Illae intus trepidae rerum per cerea castra
Discurrunt, magnisque acuunt stridoribus iras;
Volvitur ater odor tectis; tum murmure caeco
Intus saxa sonant; vacuas it fumus ad auras.
Accidit haec fessis etiam fortuna Latinis,
Quae totam luctu concussit funditus urbem.
Regina ut tectis venientem prospicit hostem,
Incessi muros, ignes ad tecta volare,
Nusquam acies contra Rutulas, nulla agmina Turni:
Infelix pugnae iuvenem in certamine credit
Exstinctum, et, subito xnentemi turbata dolore,
Se causam clamat crimenque caputque malorum,
Multaque per maestum demens effata furorem,
Purpureos moritura manu discindit amictus,

Et

590

595

600

nodum

informis leti trabe nectit ab alta.

cladem miserae postquam accepere Latinae,
prima manu floros Lavinia crines

Quam
Filia

605

Et roseas laniata genas, tum cetera circum

Turba furit; resonant late plangoribus aedes.

Hinc totam infelix volgatur fama per urbem.
Demittunt mentes;

it

scissa veste Latinus,

Coniugis attonitus fatis urbisque ruina,

Canitiem inmundo perfusam pulvere turpans
[Multaque se incusat, qui non acceperit ante

Dardanium Aenean, generumque

610

adsciverit ultro].

Interea extremo bellator in aequore Turnus

Palantes sequitur paucos iam segnior, atque
lam minus atque minus successu laetus equorum.
Attuht hunc illi caecis terroribus aura
Commixtum clamorem, arrectasque inpulit aures

Confusae sonus urbis et inlaetabile murmur.

'Hei mihil quid tanto turbantur moenia luctu ?
Quisve ruit tantus diversa clamor ab urbe ?
Sic ait, adductisque amens subsistit habenis.
Atque huic, in faciem soror ut conversa Metisci
Aungae currumque et equos et lora regebat,
TaHbus occurrit dictis: Hac, Tume, sequamur

615

620

625

AENEIDOS

LIB. XIL

33

Troiugenas, qua prima viam victoria pandit;

Sunt alii, qui tecta manu defendere possint.
Ingruit Aeneas Italis et proelia miscet
Et nos saeva manu mittamus funera Teucris.
Nec numero inferior, pugnae nec honore recedes.'
Tumus ad haec:
O soror, et dudum adgnovi, cum prima per artem
Foedera turbasti teque haec in bella dedisti,
*

'

'

630

'

'

'

'

'

'

faUis dea.
Sed quis Olympo
tantos voluit te ferre labores?
635
An fratris miseri letum ut crudele videres?
Nam quid ago? aut quae iam spondet Fortuna salutem ?

Et nunc nequiquam

Demissam

meos me voce vocantem

Murranum, quo non superat mihi carior alter,

Vidi oculos ante ipse

640
Oppetere ingentem atque ingenti volnere vic'um..
Occidit infehx, ne nostrum dedecus Ufens
'Aspiceret; Teucri potiuntur corpore et armis.
Kxscindine domos,
id rebus defuit unum,
Perpetiar ? dextra nec Drancis dicta refellam ?
Terga dabo, et Turnum fugientem haec terra videbit? 645
Usque adeone mori miserum est? Vos o raihi Manes
Este boni, quoniam Superis aversa voluntas.
Sancta ad vos anima, atque istius inscia culpae
'

'

'

'

Dcscendam, magnorum haud umquam indignus avorum.'

Vix ea fatus erat: medios volat, ecce, per hoites
650
Vectus equo spumante Saces, adversa sagitta
Saucius ora, ruitque implorans nomine Turnum
'Turne, in te suprema salus; miserere tuorum.
Fuhninat Aeneas armis, summasque minatur
Deiecturum arces Italum exscidioque daturum;
655
lamque faces ad tecta volant. In te ora Latini,
*

'

In te oculos referunt; mussat rex ipse Latinus,

vocet, aut quae sese ad foedera flectat.
l'raeterea regina, tui fidissima, dextra
Occidit ipsa sua, lucemque exterrita fugit.
660
Soli pro portis Messapus et acer Atinas
Sustentant aciem.
Circum hos utriraque phalanges
Stant densae, strictisque seges raucronibus horret
*Ferrea: tu currum deserto in gramine ver^as.'
Obstipuit varia confusus imagine rerum
665
*

Quos generos

'

'

S.

AEN. XII.

P.

34

VERGILI MARONIS

Turaus, et obtutu tacito stetit; aestuat ingcns

Uno in corde pudor mixtoque insania luctu
Et furiis agitatus amor et conscia virtus.

Ut primum discussae umbrae

et lux reddita menti,

Ardentes oculorum orbes ad moenia torsit

Turbidus, eque rotis magnam respexit ad urbem.
Ecce autem, flammis inter tabulata volutus
Ad caelum undabat vertex turrimque tenebat,
Turrim, compactis trabibus quam eduxerat ipse
Subdideratque rotas pontesque instraverat altos.
lam iam fata, soror superant; absiste morari;
Quo deus et quo dura vocat Fortuna, sequamur.
Stat conferre manum Aeneae, stat, quidquid acerbi
Morte pati neque me indecorem, germana, videbis
Amplius. Hunc, oro, sine me furere ante furorem.'
Dixit, et e curru saltum dedit ocius arvis,
Perque hostes, per tela ruit, maesiamque sororem
Deserit, ac rapido cursu media agmina rumnit.
Ac veluti montis saxum de vertice praeceps
Cum ruit, avolsum vento, seu turbidus imber
Proluit, aut annis solvit sublapsa vetustas;
Fertur in abruptum magno mons inprobus actu,
Exsultatque solo, silvas armenta virosque
Involvens secum: disiecta per agmina Turniis
Sic urbis ruit ad muros, ubi plurima fuso
Sanguine terra madet, striduntque hastilibus aurae ;

670

675

'

'

est,

'

Significatque
'

'

manu,

et

magno

680

6S5

690

simul incipit ore

Parcite iam, Rutuh, et vos tela inhibete, Latini;

Quaecumque est Fortuna, mea est: me verius unum

Pro vobis foedus luere, et decernere ferro.'

695
Discessere omnes medii, spatiumque dedere.
At pater Aeneas, audito nomine Turni,
Deserit et muros, et summas deserit arces,
Praecipitatque moras omnes, opera omnia rumpit,
Laetitia exsultans, horrendumque intonat armis:
700
Quantus Athos, aut quantus Erj^x, aut ipse, coruscis
Cum fremit ilicibus, quantus, gaudetque nivah
Vertice se attohens pater Appennmus ad auras.
laui vero et Rutuh certatim et Troes et omnes
Convertcre oculos Itah, quique alta tenebant
705
*

AENEIDOS

LIB. XII

35

Moenia, quiqui imos pulsabant ariete muros,

Armaque deposucre humeris.

Stupet ipse L.atinus

Ingentes, genitos diversis partibus orbis,
Inter se coiisse viros et cernere ferro.

Atque

illi,
ut vacuo patuerunt aequore campi,
Procursu rapido, coniectis eminus hastis,
Invadunt Martem clipeis atque aere sonoro.
Dat gemitum tellus: tum crebros ensibus ictus
Congeminant; fors et virtus miscenrur in unum.

Ac

velut ingenti Sila

Cum

710

summove Taburno

duo conversis inimica

in

proeha

715

tauri

Frontibus incurrunt; pavidi cessere magistri;

pecus omne metu mutum, mussantque iuvencae.
Quis nemori imperitet, quem tota armenta sequantur;
lUi inter sese multa vi vohiera miscent,
720
Cornuaque obnixi infigunt, et sanguine largo
CoUa armosque lavant; gemitu nemus omne remugit:
Non ahter Tros Aeneas et Daunius heros
Concurrunt chpeis; ingens fragor aethera conplet.
luppiter ipse duas aequato examine lances
725
Sustinet, et fata inponit diversa duorum,
Stat

Quem damnet

labor, et quo vergat pondere letum.

Emicat hic, inpune putans, et corpore toto
Alte sublatum consurgit Turnus in ensem,
Exclamant Troes trepidique Latini,
Et ferit.
730
Arrectaeque amborum acies.
At perfidus ensis
Frangitur, in medioque ardentem deserit ictu,
Ni fuga subsidio subeat. Fugit ocior Euro,
Ut capulum ignotum dextramque aspexit inermem.
Fama est, praecipitem, cum prima in proeha iunctos 735
Conscendebat equos, patrio mucrone rehcto,

Dum

trepidat, ferrum aurigae rapuisse

Metisci;
terga dabant palantia Teucri,
Suffecit; postquam arma dei ad Volcania ventum
Mortahs mucro, glacies ceu futihs, ictu
Dissiluit: fulva resplendent fragmina harena.

Idque

diu,

dum

est,

Ergo amens diversa fuga petit aequora Turnus,

Et nunc huc, inde huc incertos imphcat orbes
Undique enim Teucri densa inchisere corona,
Atque hinc vasta palus, hinc ardua moenia cingunt.

740

745

P.

36

VERGILI MARONIS

Nec minus Aeneas, quamquam tardata sagitta

Interdum genua impediunt cursumque recusant,
Insequitur, trepidique pedem pede fervidus urguet:
Inclusum veluti si quando flumine nactus
Cervum, aut puniceae saeptum formidine pennae,
Venator cursu canis et latratibus instat;
Ille

autem,

750

insidiis et ripa territus alta,

Mille fugit refugitque vias: at vividus Umber

Haeret hians, iam iamque tenet, similisque tenenti
Increpuit malis, morsuque elusus inani est.
755
Tum vero exoritur clamor, ripaeque lacusque
Responsant circa, et caelum tonat omne tumultu.
Ille simul fugiens Rutulos simul increpat omnes,
Nomine quemque vocans, notumque efflagitat ensem.
Aeneas mortem contra praesensque minatur
760
Exitium, si quisquam adeat, terretque trementes,
Excisurum urbem minitans, et saucius instat.
Quinque orbes explent cursu, totidemque retexunt
Huc illuc; neque enim levia aut ludicra petuntur

Praemia, sed Turni de vita et sanguine cerlant.

765
Forte sacer Fauno foliis oleaster amaris
Hic steterat, nautis olim venerabile lignum,
Servati ex undis ubi figere dona solebant
Laurenti divo et votas suspendere vestes:
Sed stirpem Teucri nullo discrimine sacrum
770
Sustulerant, puro ut possent concurrere campo.
Hic hasta Aeneae stabat; huc impetus illam
Detulerat, fixam et lenta in radice tenebat.
Incubuit voluitque manu convellere ferrum
D.irdanides, teloque sequi, quem prendere cursu
775
Non poterat. Tum vero amens formidine Turnus,
Faune, precor, miserere,' inquit, tuque optuma ferrum
Terra tene, colui vestros si semper honores,
Quos contra Aeneadae bello fecere profanos.*
780
Dixit, opemque dei non cassa in vota vocavit.
Namque diu luctans lentoque in stirpe moratus
Viribus haud uUis valuit discludere morsus
Dum nititur acer et instat,
Roboris Aeneas.
Rursus in aurigae faciem mutata Metisci
7S5
Procurrit fratrique ensem dea Daunia reddit.
'

'

'

AENEIDOS
Quod Venus

audaci

telumque

Nymphae

LIB. XIL

37

indignata licere,

ab radice revellit.
Olli sublimes, armis animisque refecti,
Hic gladio fidens, hic acer et arduus hasta,
Adsistunt contra certamine Martis anheli.
790
lunonem interea Rex omnipotentis Olympi
Adloquitur, fulva pugnas de nube tuentem;
Quae iam finis erit, coniunx? quid denique restat }
Indigetem Aenean scis ipsa, et scire fateris,
Deberi caelo, fatisque ad sidera toUi.
795
Quid struis? aut qua spe geHdis in nubibus haeres?
Accessit,

alta

'

'

'

Mortalin' decuit violari volnere divum?

Aut ensem quid enim sine te luturna valeret?
Ereptum reddi Turno, et vim crescere victis?

Desine iam tandem, precibusque

'

Nec

inflectere nostris;

800

tacitam dolor, et mihi curae

Saepe tuo dulci tristes ex ore recursent.
Ventum ad supremum est. Terris agitare vel undis
te tantus edit

potuisti, infandum accendere benum,

Deformare domum, et luctu miscere hymenaeos:

'Troianos
*

805

Sic luppiter orsus;

Ulterius temptare veto.'
Sic dea submisso contra Saturnia voltu:
Ista quidem quia nota mihi tua, magne, voluntas,
*
luppiter, et Turnum et terras invita reHqui;
*
8 o
Nec tu me aeria solam nunc sede videres
* Digna
indigna pati, sed flammis cincta sub ipsa
*
Starem acie traheremque inimica in proeHa Teucros.
*
lutumam misero, fateor, succurrere fratri
Suasi, et pro vita maiora audere probavi;
'
Non ut tela tamen, non ut contenderet arcum;
815
*
Adiuro Stygii caput inplacabile fontis,
*
Una superstitio superis quae reddita divis.
*

'

Et nunc cedo equidem, pugnasque exosa reHnquo.

Illud te, nulla

'

'

'

'

fati

quod

lege tenetur,

Pro Latio obtestor, pro maiestate tuorum:

Cum iam conubiis pacem felicibus. esto,
Conponent, cum iam leges et foedera iungent,
Ne vetus indigenas nomen mutare Latinos,
Neu Troas fieri iubeas Teucrosque vocari,
Aut vocem mutare viros, aut vertere vestem.

820

825

P.

38
'

Sit

Latium,

'

Sit

Romana

VERGILI MARONIS

Albani per saecula reges,

potens Itala virtute propago;

sint

Occidit, occideritque sinas cum nomine Troia.'

OUi subridens hominum rerumque repertor:
Es germana lovis Satumique altera proles:
'

830
Irarum tantos volvis sub pectore fluctus
'Verum age et inceptum frustra submitte furorem:
Do, quod vis, et me victusque volensque remitto.
Sermonem Ausonii patrium moresque tenebunt,
Utque est nomen erit; commixti corpore tantum
835
Subsident Teucri: morem ritusque sacrorum
'Adiiciam: faciamque omnes uno ore Latinos.
Hinc genus Ausonio mixtum quod sanguine surget,
Supra homines, supra ire deos pietate videbis,
Xec gens ulla tuos aeque celebrabit honores.'
840
Adnuit his luno, et mentem laetata retorsit.
'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

Interea excedit caelo,

nubemque

rehnquit.

His actis aHud Genitor secum ipse volutat,

luturnamque parat fratris dimittere ab armis.
Dicuntur geminae pestes cognomine Dirae,
Quas et Tartaream Nox intempesta Megaeram

Uno eodemque
Serpentum

845

tuUt partu, paribusque revinxit

ventosasque addidit alas.

spiris,

Hae lovis ad soHum saevique in Hmine regis

Adparent, acuuntque metum mortaUbus aegris^
Si quando letum horrificum morbosque deum rex
MoHtur, meritas aut bello territat urbes.
Harum unam celerem demisit ab aethere surnmo
luppiter, inque omen lutumae occurrere iussit.
Illa volat, celerique ad terram turbine fertur.
Xon secus, ac nervo per nubem inpulsa sagitta,
Armatam saevi Parthus quam felle veneni,
Parthus, sive Cydon, telum inmedicabile, torsit,

850

855

Stridens et celeres incognita transiHt umbras:

TaHs se sata Nocte tuHt, terrasque petivit.

Postquam acies videt IHacas atque agmina Turni,
AHtis in parvae subitam coUecta figuram,
Quae quondam in bustis aut cuHninibus desertis
Xocte sedens serum canit inportuna per umbras;
Hanc versa in faciem Turni se pestis ob ora

860

865

AENEIDOS

LIB. XII

.g

Fertque refertque sonans, clipeumque everberat alis.

Illi membra novus solvit formidine torpor,
.Irrectaeque horrore comae, et vox faucibus haesit
At, procul ut Dirae stridorem adgnovit et alas,
InfeUx crines scindit luturna solutos,

870

Unguibus ora soror foedans et pectora pugnis:

Quid nunc te tua, Turne, potest germana iuvare?
Aut quid iam durae superat mihi? qua tibi lucem
Arte morer? taHn' possum me opponere monstro?
lam iam linquo acies. Ne me terrete timentem,
Obscenae volucres; alarum verbera nosco
Letalemque sonum nec fallunt iussa superba

'

'

'

875

'

'

'

'

'

'

'

Haec pro virginitate reponit?

vitam dedit aeternam? cur mortis adempta est
Condicio? possem tantos finire dolores
8S0
Nunc certe, et misero fratri comes ire per umbras.
Inmortahs ego? aut quicquam mihi dulce meorurn
Magnanimi

lovis.

Quo

sine, frater, erit?

O quae satis ima dehiscat
Terra mihi, Manesque deam demittat ad imos
Tantum effata, caput glauco contexit amictu,
885
Multa gemens, et se fluvio dea condidit alto.
Aeneas instat contra telumque coruscat,
Ingens, arboreum, et saevo sic pectore fatur:
Quae nunc deinde mora est? aut quid iam, Turne,
'

Te

'

'

retractas?
'

Non

cerLandum

cursu, saevis

Verte omnes tete in

est

comminus

armis.

890

quidquid
Sive anirais sive arte vales; opta ardua pennis
Astra sequi, clausumque cava te condere terra.'
Ille caput quassans
Non me tua fervida terrent

'

facies,

et contrahe,

'

'

'

'

Dicta, ferox

di

me

terrent et luppiter hostis.'

Nec plura effatus^ saxum circumspicit

Saxum antiquum, ingens campo quod

895

ingens,
forte iacebat,

Limes agro positus, Utem ut discerneret arvis;

Vix illud lecti bis sex cervice subirent,
Quaha nunc hominum producit corpora teUus:
Ilie manu raptum trepida torquebat in hostem,

900

Altior insurgens et cursu concitus heros.

Sed neque currentem se nec cognoscit euntem,

ToUentemve manu saxumque inmane moventem

P.

40

Genua

Tum

VERGILI MARONIS

labant, gelJdus concrevit frigore sanguis.

lapis ipse viri,

vacuum per inane

905

volutus,

Xec spatium evasit

Ac velut in somnis,

totum, neque pertulit ictum.

oculos ubi languida pressit
Nocte quies, nequiquam avidos extendere cursus
Velle videmur, et in mediis conatibus aegri
Succidimus; non lingua valet, non corpore notae
Sufficiunt vires, nec vox aut verba sequuntur:
Sic Turno,

quacumque viam

Successum dea

910

virtute petivit,

Tum

pectore sensus
Vertuntur varii: Rutulos adspectat et urbem,
Cunctaturque metu, telumque instare tremescit;
Nec, quo se eripiat, nec, qua \\ tendat in hostem,
dira negat.

915

Nec

currus usquam \idet aurigamque sororem.

Cunctanti telum Aeneas fatale comscat,
Sortitus fortunam oculis, et corpore toto
Eminus intorquet. Murali concita numquam
Tormento sic saxa fremunt, nec fulmine tanti
Volat atri turbinis instar
Dissultant crepitus.
Exitium dirum hasta ferens, orasque recludit
Loricae et clipei extremos septemphcis orbes.
Per medium stridens transit femur. Incidit ictus
Ingens ad terram duplicato popHte Tumus.
Consurgunt gemitu Rutuli, totusque remugit

Mons

circum, et

vocem

late

nemora

920

925

alta remittunt.

humiles supplex oculos dextramque precantem

Protendens,
Equidem memi, nec deprecor, inquit;
Miseri te si qua parentis
Utere sorte tua.

Ille

930

'

'

'

Tangere cura

potest, oro,

fuit et tibi

tahs

Anchises genitor Dauni miserere senectae,

Et me, seu coqjus spoliatum lumine mavis,
Redde meis. Vicisti, et victum tendere palmas
Ausonii videre: tua est Lavinia coniunx:
Ulterius ne tende odiis.'
Stetit acer in armis
Aeneas, volvens oculos, dextramque repressit;
Et iam iamque magis cunctantem flectere sermo
Coeperat, infeHx humero cum adparuit alto
Balteus et notis fulserunt cingula bulHs
PaHantis pueri, \ictum quem volnere Turnus
Straverat atque humeris inimicum insigne gerebat
'

'

935

'

'

940

AENEIDOS

LIB.

XIL

oculis postqiiam saevi monumenta doloris

Exuviasque hausit, furiis accensus, et ira
Terribilis
Tune hinc spoUis indute meorum
Eripiare mihi? Pallas te hoc volnere, Pallas
Immolat, et poenam scelerato ex sanguine sumit.'
Hoc dicens ferrum adverso sub pectore condit
Fervidus.
Ast illi solvuntur frigore membra,
Vitaque cum gemitu fugit indignata sub umbras.
Ille,

.\\

945

'

950

43

NOTES.
[i

17.

rises like a

he

is

quite

1.

The Latins, disheartened, look to Turnus for aid. He

wounded lion and tells Latinus that the Trojans are cowards;
ready for the single combat; let them settle the agreement.]

ut, temporal, *when.'

infractos, 'broken.'
2.

defecisse,

'

were disheartened.'

words of their clauses are emphatic; his

word now was claimed, he was the centre of all eyes.'
promissa. In the last book Turnus had been taunted by Drances,
who complained that their soldiers were being sacrificed to the personal
interests of one man, and had rephed that he was quite ready to fight
Aeneas alone in single combat.
ultro properly means 'beyond' and hence comes to be used,
3.
especially by Vergil, for any feelings or acts not provoked or caused by
For
others, spontaneous, over and above what you might expect.
instance ultro adloqui is
to speak without being spoken to
as
opposed to answering.' Here it might be rendered himself,' i.e. he
needed no prompting.
Poenorum, 'the Carthaginians,' used here for Africa generally.
4.
sua...se... being the first

^-

'

'

'

'

arvis^ not strictly used

he

is

thinking of the wastes or forests.

once draws attention to the lion (which we

should do with an adjective), and enaljles the poet to put leo emphatic
5.

ille.

at the end,

So
6.

This word

at

'That mighty

lion.'

Campoque potitus aut ille in pastus.

tum demum, 'then at length,' 'then indeed,'

XI. 493,

sort of enclitic used with demonstrative words.

deniuin being a

AEN. XIL

VERGIL.

44

movet anna, metaphorical, prepares battle.

comantes excutiens toros, lit. shaking the shaggy
'

'

bold variation for

The huntsman

latronis.

7.

sinews,' a rather

the mighty mane.'

'

called

is

robber

'

'

from his stealthy

attack, probably.

*So waxed the kindling fury of Turnus.'

9.

turbidus,

10.

The

wild.'

'

Compare

'confusion.'

him

Vergil draws

as a

man.

violently passionate

root-idea of turba, turbo, turbare,

meanings

the various

'crowd,'

'

is

whirlpool,'

'storm,' &c.
nlhil est quod,

11.

quid

relatively just as

dicta retractent,

'

'there

no reason why,' quod being used

is

interrogatively.

is

The

they should take back their word.'

indirect dubitative, the dixect form being

subj. is

quid dicta retradent?

The

This line and the next shew Tumus' violence and pride.

'coward sons of Aeneas' had not offered to

congredior, forcible pres. for

13.

sacra,

'

ihe rites

concipe foedus,

'

'

that Laviriia should

shape,'

'

include

go

to face him.'

/a/^r',

the agreement

concipere properly

with

Verg. only uses this license in the

used to be).

means

'

to

long (as in old Latin

it

first

syllable of the foot,

stress is.]

desertorem, 'runaway.'

15.

common

16.

The

17.

cedat Lavinia coniunx,

'

regularly used

stain'

was cowardice and faithlessness, v.

let Lavinia become his bride,'
'

of conquered spoil

or

So

marito'

iii.

53.

12.

cedere

{aurum, praeda,

captives

captivi) passing into the victor's possession.

[18

go

The foedus was

to the winner.

[Notice

'I

fut.

shirk their covenant.'

necessaries for the sacrifice.

dictate the treaty.'

to formulate.'

where the

all

'

'

Andromachen

res,

ccssisse

297.

Latinus replies:

Lavinia should

wed

You have

other realms

it

is

not fated

a countiyman; I proraised her to you, breaking

other pledges, and have suffered ever since

for all sakes forbear the

Turnus wrathfully refuses, scorning the peril.]

animi might be Greek defining gen,, or gen. of relation, so
19.
common with adj. in Aeneid {aevi maturus, integer aeui, dives oprum,
combat.

fessi

rerum, &c.)

but ani^ni occurs so often (in prose as well as poetry)

with verbs and participles, that

like

humi, domi,

it

is

cordi, militiae, &c.

cruciare an. (Plaut.),

fallit

feroci, 'bold,' 'proud.'

probably a locative use,

Thus we

'

in soul,'

find anitni angere (Cic),

an. (Lucr.), pendeo an. (Cic).

NOTES.

45

Gold and good-will have I, Latinus, too': i.e. I can compensate you for your loss of kingdom and princess in other ways.
Laurens, Latin,' from Laiirentum chief town of Latinus.
24.
23.

'

'

This

fatu.

25.

is

commonly

called the supine in u.

It

is

really

the ablative (the supine in utn being the accus.) of a substantival stem

formed from the verb.

Thus haud

fatu means 'hard

niollia

'unwelcome message.'

saying,' 'hard to say,'

{sitie is impei".

in the

of sinere.)

11.

Notice vetermn in the sense of

28.

canebant, 'declared' (used of soothsaying, prophesying, divine

former.'

'

messages of any kind).

co^ato sanguine, because Tumus was nephew

29.

of

Amata

wife

of Latinus.

whom

genero, Aeneas, to

31.

the prophecies, had at

[Notice the hiatus: genero

Trojan war
called

'

poetic

two worlds

referor, 'drifting' [Ut. 'carried back,'

my

'

elsewhere

the

and again Troy

is

change and change

i.e.

purpose].

the Trojans.

38.

socios,

39.

incoliuni, abl. abs. (like

43.

res bello varias, 'war's chances.'

be in

So

exaggeration.

called 'the conflict of

is

he means the fortunes of the

Italy,'

the fortunes of Asia.'

37.

ngain

being

the phrase

See vii. 98.

arma....]

spes Italas, 'the hopes of

35.

Latins,

the vacillating Latinus, following

promised Lavinia.

first

i.e.

Turno

exstincto).

This

bello

would

in prose

bello or belli.

44.

'

46.

'

Whom
It

wins

Ardea, his distant home,

letum...pacisci,

49.

pacisci,

'

lit.

More

so as to get honour.

pro laude

now

parts from us forlorn.'

way more and more, and grows worse with

its

'barter

to agree to death for

honour

':

cure.'

i.e.

to die

naturally expressed in Aen. v. 230 vitam

life

for

Here the poet

honour.'

inverts

the idea.

The

52.

qtiae-tegat clause follows just

were negative, which in sense

it

is.

'

as

if

the previous clause

His goddess mother

will not

be

near him to shelter him, &c.'

illi

[54

he

is

may be

80.

used with abest as with

Amata

their only

be captive.

hope

ctdest.

detains and entreats

:

if

he

is

Cic. has

Tumus

quid

illi abest.'

to avoid the

combat

vanquished, she too will die, sooner than

Lavinia listens with tears and blushes ; but in spite of love

and entreaty Turnus clings to

challenge to Aeneas.]

his

honour and sends Idmon

to

bear his

AEN.

VERGIL.

46

new 'chance'

or 'Lura' of fight.

54.

sorte,

55.

moritura, 'resolved on death,'

genenun,

hoped, and so

governed by oro in

te,

56.

for so she

XTI.

line 60.

before the accusative governed hy per:

he fail, cf. 6-2.

had been agreed.
Sometimes the te

i.e. if

it

'Per te

si

qua

is

put even

fides oro,' 'I

pray

thee by whatever honour thou hast.'

On

'

59.

thee the whole house tottering leans

'

{te

acc).

simul, 'with thee.'

62.
65.

plurimus ignem subiecit rubor, 'the deep blush flamed up.'

67.

violaxe, 'to stain.'

quis violaverit,

si

otiiiences

'

if

one

[Notice ebur with

7i

72.

tanto, 'so

73.

prosequere, 'attend.'

74.

'For Turnus

ask Turnus, for

could delay

if

is

be delayed,

was no use to
was not Turnus' will that

fate,' i.e. it

it

it.

80.

coniunx, predicate.
lit.

perf. subj. in conditional

not free to stay his

his fate could

non Teucros agat

The

evil.'

78.

field'

stains.'

by the English present.

long: zi. pater 13, and see index.]

often best given

is

in Rutulos, for
'

was

it

to

be single combat.

Let Lavinia's hand be sought upon that

'Let Lavinia be sought as a wife.'

Turnus

[81106.

retires,

to his ancestor Pilumnus,

spear of Actor

and

calls for his horses,

takes his sword,

and bidding the spear do

given by Orithyia

made by Vulcan, and

part,

its

the

he arms, raging like

a bull for the fray.]

82.

ante ora, 'in his presence.'

83.

Orithyia was wife of Boreas, the north wind,

Homer was
way

of extolling the speed of the horses,

only Vergil

who

according to

the father of the Trojan royal horses (a picturesque mythical

who

cf.

84),

but of course

it

is

has connected her with Pilumnus, the native Latin

deity.

decus, 'a noble

restilt

gift.'

anteirent, subjunctive consecutive after qui, as

84.

it

describes the

of their qualities.

86.

sounding

plausa,

lit.

'struck with a sound.'

Construe, 'and pat the

chest.'

For the acctumilation of the phrase plausa lacessunt compare the

Vergilian expressions_/?X7^w sedet, conversa tulere, deceptarn fefellit, &c.
87.

orichalco, a Greek

word

opdxixKKo%, with the second syllable

shortened, probably meaning 'brass.'

NOTES.
aptat habendo,

88.

47

the wear,' habendc, dat.

ensemque, with e long. Vergil generally uses this license

imitated from Homer, cf. Xdfnrov re KKvTibv re, &c.) before

89.

(which

'fits for

is

double consonants. as here 'cHpeum.'

cornua were two projecting sockets in which the crest stood.

The god mighty with fire is Vulcan, of course.
90.
'

'

columna.

92.

If the ablative

though possible, of adnixiis:

So

struction.

we

English

'

right,

is

it

a rarer construction,

takes the same double

trust in

and

'

'

con-

trust to.'

Aurunci, an old Italian race belonging to the tribes inhabiting

94.
S.

in

is

cofifidere

Lalium and Campania.

95.

frustrata vocatus, 'failed

99.

semiviri, 'unmanly,'

100.

my

and dripping

Crisped with hot iron

'

temptuous Hne.

bidding.'

cf. 12.

scent,'

most con-

Miirra, the truer Latin spelling of viyrrha.

The Romans

of VergiPs day had a contempt for the feeble luxurious

and effeminate Phrygian

and

this feeling is dramatically transferred to

Turnus.
scintillae absistunt,

102.

paralleled in

many

103.

prima

104.

irasci in

'

the flashes start':

strong phrase, but

languages, in describing strong emotion.

in proelia, 'to begin the combat.'

cornua

(lit.

'to rage

into his horns'), a powerful

phrase translated from Eurip. Bacchae, 743, es /cepas dvfxo^/nevoL, describing the preliminary lowerings and thrustings of the head, so well

known

an angry

in

his horns,' or

105.
106.

[107

bull.

Construe: *and

is

more simply 'and butts with

fain to gather

furious

wrath into

hom.'

lacessit, 'vexes.'

up the sand prepares the battle.'

Aeneas prepares equally for battle, cheers his comrades

sparsa...liarena, 'pawing

133.

Next day, the ground is measured, the altars

armour take their place, the old men and women

and arranges the treaty.

built, the hosts in full

crowd the walls and towers.]

115.

elatis, 'lifted,' as of a horse rising

118.

focos, 'braziers' for the

arbiters of the

fire.

combat naturally have

'

and eager.

The gods

of both' being the

their altars in the midst.

120.
limus is an obscure word, supposed to mean originally 'slant.'
The word was used (as one of the many technical sacrificial terms) to
mean the 'apron' of the priest, from the waist to the feet, with a

'slanting'

band of purple. This traditional derivation seems very

meaning 'apron' may be trusted.

doubtful, though the

AEN. XIL

VERGIL.

48

(the old English

verbena
sacred

name

for the

vervain,'" also

old military word,

pilata,

121.

'

used as a charm) was the

herbs pkicked by the priest as part of the ceremony.

adverb pilatim to express the same.

There

order.'

close

'in

These words,

is

an

in spite of apparent

similarity, are

probably not derived from pilum, 'a javelin,' but come

from the root

pil-

cf.

means

way

mortar,' and

*a

is

'

'

probably from the same stem, so that in this

after all there is a connection,

aspera,

arranged.'

stern.'

124.

instructi,

127.

Assaraci, one of the sons of Tros, of the royal race of Troy.

130.

telluri.

131.

studio effusae,

[134

160.

luturna

'

See note on 256.

of

Tumus

skill to

'

'

eagerly pouring out.'

on, the

luno,

(sister

protected

thy

which contains the idea of 'pressure' or 'solidity';

stone pier.' Pilum, a heavy javelin,' also

pila, *a pillar,' also a

Tumus):

Alban mount, addresses the nymph

without jealousy, and have
allowed. Now I can do no more try

'I love thee,

as far as fate

save thy brother.']

135.

Notice the rhetorical repetition.

139.

There were one or more waters sacred

to

lutuma,

in or near

the city.
sonoris, 'sounding,' 'babbling,' opposed to the silent stagna.
143.

Be

careful to construe ut 'how.'

The

subj. praetnleriyn is

due to the indirect question.

ingratum, 'the fatal couch,' because the honour brought
144.
misery with
145.

(the original

146.

it.

in parte locarim, 'given thee thy share,' 'made thee sharer'

ne

meaning oi pars

me

is

'share').

This makes better

incuses, 'lest thou blame me.'

sense than 'do not blame.'

147.

qua, 'where'

(i.e.

148.

Parcae, 'fates': being terrible

'as far as').

they were called by the propitiatory

cedere, 'to prosper,'

lit.

name
'

to

of the

'

Sparers.'

go forward.'

'

Fates allowed

Latium's cause to prosper.'

149.

150.

inparibus,
'

The

fatal

'

too strong.'
day,

the adverse

power

is

nigh.'

Notice the

impressive sound.
152.

praesens, often used of divine influence; 'powerful.'

155.

honestum,

156.

lacrimis, dat. of fitness, though there

'lovely.'

stmction in prose would be lacritnarum.

is

no

adj.

The

con-

NOTES.
conceptum, v. 13.
auctor ego audendi,

158.

159.

person

who

[161

49

'I bid thee dare

The auctor\%

it.'

the

instigates, advises, is responsible, supports, confirms, &c.

215.

Aeneas and Latinus, each resplendent in his armour,

After sacrifice, Aeneas prays: 'Sun and Earth

advance to the

altar.

and Gods bear witness, if Tumus wins, we will retire to Evander's city,
and make no more war: if I win, the races shall unite on equal terms.'
Latinus then likewise swears by his sceptre, that whatever befalls
nothing shall impair the treaty.]

reges has no verb, but

161.

own

Turnus, each with his

very natural construction.

specinien, 'token.'

164.

avi in the wider sense,

who was
1

subdivided into Latinus and

is

it

verb.

'

The Sun was

ancestor.'

wife of Picus, mother of Faunus:

An omate way

70.

of saying

'

a pig and a sheep

The

commonplace.

thus to digriify the

'

father of Circe,

Latinus, son of Faunus.

unshorn

'

V. often

'
:

sheep

is

tries

fitter for

sacrifice.

The

conversi lumina, 'turning their eyes.'

172.

accusative

is

the

and the participle is practically a middle. Note that there

are two usages which Vergil adopts, no doubt without distinguishing,

object acc.

(i)

like zjiterfusa geftas, traiecitis lora, (2) middle, like crines

passive,

unum

effusa,

exuta pedem, pectus percussa.

This instance

The

173.

the middle use.

is

order was to sprinkle the sacred

a lock from the brow

head; then cut

oti

thrown into the

fire

The

179.

salt

meal on the victim's

[tiotare, 'to graze'],

then to cut the victim's throat and offer

repetition of

ia??i

is

eamest:

'

kinder now,

which was
it,

now

at last,

goddess, I pray.'

182.

fontesque fluviosque, see 89, note.

'The sanctity of high heaven, and Powers of the bk;e main.'

183.

fors, adverb.

184.

Euander, Arcadian hero,

i8i.

Rome)

at

'

If victory perchance attend.'

is

settled

He

a place called Pallanteum.

(on

the site

had formed

of future

alliance with

Aeneas.
cedet,

185.

cedo in 148,

'

192.

retire from.'

'

make

is

predicate:

sacra deosque,

AEN.

'if

victory grant

the

battle

to

our

the day ours.'

'my gods and

and censers and ceremonial

S.

[Observe three different meanings of

185.]

nostrum

187.

hands,

'

183,

XII.

utensils,

rites,'

sacra being the images

as well as the ceremonies.

AEN.

VERGIL.

50

socer, &c., 'his arms, his

193.

XII.

kingdom due,

lei

my

bride's father

Latinus keep.'

Latonaeque genus duplex, 'the twin ofFspring of Latona'

198.
means Apollo and Diana, gods of the Sun and Moon.
'The nether powers and stem Pluto's shrine' Dis or Pluto
199.
is the god of Hades, or the lower world of the dead.
medios ignes et numina, 'the fires and divine powers between
201.
:

us,' Ht. '/ the 7)iidst,'

because the gods were, so to speak, neutral, the

umpires of the combat, and the altar was built in the midst to symbolize
Cf. 118, note.

this.

203.
if it

Nor

shall

my

any force move

M-ill,

whatever

plunge the earth into the waves, confounding

drown

all

not

befall, no,

with deluge, and

the heavens in the deep.'

ferro, abl. of instrument, as postiit

209.

comas

only another way

ii

of sa}ing 'has been stripped.'

210.

'The craftsman's hand has cased

211.

The

inf.

gestare

is

Greek, froni which Vergil borrows

The whole
Homer,

II.

i.

310.

in

seemly bronze.'

of this passage about the sceptre

by

known

in

it.

234, with the difference that

there an oath, 'Yea,

[216

it

the explanatory infinitive, well

is

what here

is

an imitation of
a co7nparison

is

this sceptre.'

The Rutules

object that the fight

is

unfair.

luturna, in

We

form of Camers, urges their discontent: *Are you not cowards?

number: up, and fight.' Thus stirred, they are still

more moved by an omen an eagle, seizing a swan, is beset by a flight
of birds, and dropping his prey escapes.
Tolumnius exhorts them and
shoots at the foe, and the fight begins.
Latinus flies. Messapus slays
are double their

Aulestes, Cor)-naeus Ebysus, and Podalirius Alsus.]

inpar, 'ill-matched.'

216.

This use of

videri.
its

infinitive is well

known

effect is to describe the actio7i simply,

time,

used wherever the time

is

it

action

is

rapid, act following act

here) which have

crowded

sceties

no

definite

is

or

As

as the hisfofic inf.

without marking the order of

not definite; as either

when

when

the

feeli/igs are described (as

end or beginning: or when confused and

are depicted.

217.

misceri implies confusion, 'are troubled.'

218.

non viribus aequis,

abl. is unusual, for the pe^soti

219.

adiuvat {aids the

224.

Camers,

'see
to

feeling),

them

whom

nearer, so ill-matched.'
it

applies

is

The

not expressed.

'moves them yet more.'

king of Amyclae (on the coast of Italy,

N.

of

NOTES.
Naples),

is

called, in

[Amyclae was known

to the legend, because

acc

as the Silent,

been forbidden, owing to

51

'the richest of the Ausonides.'

the Xth book,

false alarms, to

had

it

speak of the enemy's approach.

So the town was taken.]

225.

ingens,

226.

et ipse, after cui,

227.

tiaud nescia rerum, 'knowing

noble.

'

irregular but quite natural.

is

She was a goddess

rumours, she 'knew all.'
pro cunctis talibus,
229.
Latin).

onines, predicate, 'are

232.

fatales

Vergil tells us

how

'

all.'

those hosts of

Etruria rose against

they were withheld by the augur,

lead

them

by the

and

it is

viiith book)

(in

who

cruel king Mezentius,

who announced

to battle {externos optate dtices).

arrival of Aeneas,

For

fate.'

its

Preparing to war against Turnus,

protection of Turnus.

fled to the

idle

'for all these heroes.'

231.

manus,

(quite general, like the

all'

crowd of men: they beUeved

in a

that a foreigner

This prophecy was

to this that luturna

is

must

fulfilled

scornfully

and

ironically alluding.

altemi

233.

congrediamur,

si

meet them

will

240.

ht.

'

if

'

Infectum

is

245.

praesens, 152.

monstro

247.

lovis ales, the eagle.

248.

turbam sonantem agminis aUgeri,

we

of us

lips of

men.'

that the peace be not

fefellit,

'cheated with false portent.'

'the

winged troop

in

rout.'

the 'assault' of his foes.

254.

vi

255.

defecit,

256.

fluvio.

is

'

the river.

gave up.'

Cf.

It is best to

It is

he had accurately said

'

2.
it dat., as though the swan were
more personal and picturesque than

take

little

in Jluvium.'

It is

a veiy

common

dative in

V., educere caelo, pelago praecipito, faciHs descensus Averno, &c.

263.

if

predicate.

246.

screaming

if

'

man

Laurentum, the capital of king Latinus.

rebusque salutem, 'and safety for their cause'; before they

i-atified.'

to

of saying

every other

volito vivos per ora virum.'

wanted only safety, now vengeance.

foedusque precantur infectum, 'pray
242.

given

\\3.y

him...and he shall Uve on the

lift

reminiscence of a line of Ennius

241.

'

in fight.'

'Fame

235.

forcible

should fight them with half our force

'Far o'er the sea will

sail.'

profundo, local abl.

42

AEN.

VERGIL.

52

XII.

Notice the sounding line to suggest the whizzing arrow, like

267.

the famous galloping line viii. 596

quadrupedante put7'em sonitu quatit ungula campum.^
'

ut forte, see note on 488.

270.

lit. 'is rubbed by.'

laterum iimcturas, *the edges of the ribs,' i.e. the lower
edges, ^ust where the belt would buckle.
[Others take it of the belt:
'grips the meeting lappets."]

273.

teritur alvo, 'presses the waist';

274.

The second

acc. costas (after horum unum) is an

however quite natural, and the explanation is, that
the accusative has preceded, and expects (so to speak) an active verb
'stabs,' for which the more detailed expression iransadigit costas is
substituted.
The construction is helped by effundit, which picks up

276.

costas.

irregularity.

It is

the correct

grammar

Compare

again.

Sed Latagu?n...occupat

x. 698

os faciemque.

281.

Agyllini are the rebel Etrurians (note on 232).

later Caere,

was the place (according

Lydian colonists of Etruria

282.
amor, longing.'

Agylla, the

where the

to Vergirs tradition)

settled.

'

Hurtles the iron

284.

'

286.

'His gods insulted and his treaty void.'

291.

adverso equo, 'riding toward him.'

hail.'

Equo\i Messapus'

horse,

of course.

292.

'

Stumbles on the

and

altar in his rear

upon

rolls

his

head and

and clear description.

shoulders,' a \avid

phrase of Ennius.

294.

trabali, 'mighty as a beam.'

295.

altus equo, 'aloft on his horse,' a natural extension of the

telo trabali,

prose use of the ablative of the place where.

296.

habet,

lioc

sion (Uke our

'

'

you'll catch

'

it,'

I']l

and especially used by the people

was hit.
298.

Cf. 43.

vanquished,' 'he has got

ambustimi, 'charred.'

give
in

Amb

it,'

you

it

the circus

is

atnburo, ambitio, ambages,

with ambo, and

300.

literally is

301.
another.']

super,

'

your

at

the

Rome,

gladiator

<S:c.

it is

now

in

a few old

of course co nected

'on both sides.'

occupat os flammis.

(so as to anticipate

common
when

the remnant of an old Latin

preposition aw^/='around,' which only remains

compounds

a vernacular expres-

'),

foe).

close after.'

The

idea of occupare

'Dashed

is

'

sudden seizing'

fire in his face.'

[As we say 'one thing followed upon

NOTES.

53

turbati, accordingtoitsproperuse, 'bewildered.'

302.
303.

adplicat, 'pins.'

304.

sic,

309.

olli,

Cf. 10, note.

as he lay.'

'

(old form) for

z7//,

used in stately or impressive passages,

like this.

[311

382.

Aeneas

tries to stay

from an unknown hand he

the fight, but

wounded by an arrow

Turnus, fiushed with sudden hope,

retreats.

jumps into his chariot and begins the fight. He tears along, like Mars
on the Thracian plain, and slays one after another. Eumedes he spies,
and spears him, and leaps out of his chariot, stabs, and triumphs over
then drives again all before him, as a north wind the
the corpse
waves and clouds. Phegeus, fired with vengeance, makes for his car
but Turnus pierces him, rides him down, and cuts off his head.]
311. liiennein...iiudato...for he does not want a battle.
:

alone

315.

'I

316.

faxo.

may engage:

This

is

give

of the examples which remain

adding
so,

-so to

the stem.

way

to me.'

By

an old form of the future.

seems probable that

it

Thus we

a comparison

this is

formed by

find rap-so, cap-so, oc-cep-so, in-cen-

&c.
318.

Notice the rhetorical repetition:

319.

viro, dat. indirect object after adlapsa.

320.

incertiim...'doubtful,

cf.

135.

by what hand

sped,' &c.

verb

is

easily supplied with hicerttun.

It

322.

attulerit, subj. of indirect question.

327.

manibus molitur, 'handles

is

used of various

biiilding,

330.

e.g. htcrling,

efforts,

m.

implying

fulmina G.

m. classem Aen. iii. 6; planning, m. fugam

raptas adds to the speed and rapidity of the

the hasty spear,'

lit.

II.

effort.

329;

I.

109.

action,

'

hurls

'snatched up.'

Hebrus plaritza)

concitus, 'speeding.'

331.

pressa, 'hidden,' 'dark.'

firmly,' jnolior

is

a principal river

of Thrace.
332.

clipeo increpat, 'sounds on his shield,' to

338.

miserabile, adverbial,

to take

it

cf.

398

it

with insultans^ 'spurning pitiably the slain

stir all to

arms.

balances the sentence best

foe.'

The whirling hoof splashes bloody

339 40- Powerful lines.
dews, trampling the gory sand.'
34-2.

from

'

hunc congressus,

&c., these in close fight, the other (Sthenelus)

'

afar.'

344.

paribus, 'alike,'

i.e.

the

two brothers were armed

[Notice Lycia, abl. of place, which in prose woukl be 'in

Lyria.''^

alike.

AEN. XIL

VERGIL.

5-^

conferre...praevertere, infinitive of purpose, explaining the

345.

object of

tlie

which use

it

training.

'

To

fight,

and

word.

recalling,' a pretty

348.

referens,

350.

pretium...ut adiret, 'the price of going,' the

'

adiret depending on p}-etui?n.

story

from Homer,

is

Cf. 211, of

before the wind.'

fly

an extension.

is

final clause

x. 314.

II.

currus, 'chariot and horses,' as the pUiral generally means.

Diomede

killed

him

Diomede was son

for his audacity.

ante, adv.

356.

semianimi lapsociue supervenit, 'stands over

'first.'

Notice the expressive movement of these

alto iugiQo,

357.

360

is

but

stpained

gleaming blade deep ?n his

This

efifective

Chloreaque,

364.

stemax,

365.

Edoni, a wild Thracian tribe.

cf.

'

steeps

the

emphatic

sic are

89, note.

'restive.'

Q.i.fugax^fo-ax^^z.'^

\sterttere,

It is a

Thrace being N. of Greece, and very cold

sequitur, 'chases,'

366.

phrase for

the reward...'tis thiis they build.'

363.

nom.

his faiHng prolines.

throat.''

haec praemia...sic condunt; haec and

I.

i.e.

of Tydeus.

inane, 'space.'

354.

strate form.'

'

See 475.

'Far other price Tydides paid him, nor does he...&c.'

351.

ut

The

Pelidae, Achilles, son of Peleus.

\i

fluctus

is

Greek epithet of Boreas,

in winter.

But perhaps

acc.

it is

better

sing.

367.

caelo, 'over the sky,' local abl.

370.

adverso curru

is

prob. abl. abs., 'the breeze, meeting his car,

tosses his flying hair.'

371.

non

372.

frenis, the 'place'

tulit, a favourite

into the ablative.

It is like

373.

Notice

374.

retectum, 'exposed.'

this

sounding

375.

consequitur

376.

degustat, 'grazes,'

379.

'

When

[co)i

the wheel

phrase of Vergil,

'

coukl not brook.'

and the 'means' will both help this word

humero gestare^ jnemoria teiiere, &c.
line,

or

the syllable

4 times repeated.

implying completeness], 'reaches.'

lit.

'tastes.

and onward bounding axle drove him head-

long and stretched him on the ground.'

word

edges,' not unusual.

381.

oras, a fanciful

382.

harenae, dat. Vike^uvio, 256.

[383

440.

Aeneas

return.

The

wound

in vain.

is

for

'

See note.

helped from the

leech lapis, taught by Apollo

The

Ixittle

field,

who

sways toward them.

though

eager to

loved him, probes his

At

last

Venus magic-

NOTES.

55

and the wound

ally brings dittany to his aid,

is

Aeneas

cured.

hastily

re-arms, and bidding farewell to Ascanius, retums to the field.]

'Leaning each second step on the long spear,' because he was

386.
lame of one foot from the arrow, 519. The accus. is a kind of extended
use of the cognate.

proxnma

vlain quae

388.

help' [quae

is

poscit,

'

demands the

readiest

means

to

relative, not interrog.).

secent, the jussive or commanding

The direct form would of course be
commoner indirect usage would be with ut.

subjunctive, depending on

389.

poscit.

sccate,

imperative, and the

teli...rescindant, 'dig deep into the arrow"s lair'; notice singular

latebra.

of course the speaker, Aeneas.

390.

sese

391.

la-pis la-sides, the

the root la-

is

means

'

dabat, 'offered';

394.

names

are chosen on purpose.

Servius says that

depositi.

395.

death's door,'

'

rejected.

augury, the lyre, the bow.

a man was very ill, he was

So depositus means 'despaired

when

on the ground before his own door.

of,' *at

was

imperfect, because the gift

Notice the three main distinctions of Apollo

laid

In Greek

to heal.'

sick to death.'

proferret, 'prolong.'
396.

usiun,

397.

mutas,

398.

acerba,

'

practice.'
'silent,'
'

implying study, seclusion, solitude.

This accusative

bitterly.'

and nearly always with verbs of

is

found chiefly in poetry,

bodily action (as dulce ridentem, cernis

acutum, bellicum canere, torviwi clamare, vana tumens, &c.).

Cf. 53-;,

864.

magno

399.

concursu. for

abl. see 43, 295, 344.

unmoved \\\\.\v tears,' not weeping'

'unmoved by their tears'; he is the brave hero, Ascanius
and others weep round him.
40 T. Paeonius was the title of ApoIIo as the healer, and so
Paeonium in morem means leech-fashion.' Probably to be scanned
lacrimis immobilis, either

400.

'

'

or better,

'

Piidni-{tim) in mor\em.

402.

medica,

403.

trepidare expresses the hurrying about, trying this and that,

general bustle.

Multa

is

405.

auctor,

Here we may construe

Many ways

he vainly

tries.'

cognate acc.
'

'

'skilled,' 'healing.'

No

fortune guides his path,'

his master,' for

he had taught

i.e.

his

hini, 396.

attempt

is

a failuie.

AEN.

VERGIL.

56
406.

campis,

408.

stare...pulvere,

phrase

stare

lit.

abl. of place,
'

means 'stands

43, note.

cf.

is stifif

with dust,'

firm,' as

'

a wall of dust,' a forcible

though the dust made the

hanina fiamina,

Similarly, vi. 300 stant

air solid.

XII.

'

light

eyes set in a fiery

stare.

411.

'undeserved';

indigno,

our use of 'unworthy'

slightly

is

different.
it had a
stalk thick-clad A^dth
412. The dittany is a niagic plant
downy leaves and purple blossom,' and could heal a wound. Cicero
and PHny both relate that animals when wounded ate it, and the
weapons fell out of their wounds. Tlie name is connected by the poet,
'

and perhaps
415.

with Dicte in Crete.

really,

gramina,

'

plant,' 'herb.'

fusum labris splendentibus amnem, rather unusual words, as

Vergifs wont is simply water drawn in a bright vessel.'
ambrosia (the immortal' food) and panacea (the 'cure for
419.
air), two mythical herbs, which naturally were later identified with
The names are Greek.
several difFerent existing plants.
In this line Vergil introduces the Greek rhythm with great effect,
417.

'

'

422.

quippe,

dolor, with
stetit,

See Introduction, Rule of Caesura, p.

panaceain.

odoriferam

'

was

working the wonderful

verily,'

'

long,

cf.

stayed,'

'

14.

cure.

13.

was stanched.'
'into their old state'], 'as before.'

424.

in pristina

427.

arte magistra,

429.

maior, emphatic, predicative,

[lit.
'

sovereign

skill.'
'

'tis

the greater

power of the

god that works.'

atque hinc, on left and right.'
armis may be from arjna, with armed embrace he clasps
him': or from armi which (xi. 644) is used of a man. But the
mention of clipeus and lorica just before makes the first meaning more
431.

liinc

'

'

433.

probable.
434.

summa

delibans oscula,

Oscula

the vizor.

is

comes the meaning

435.

here in

This beautiful line

all else like

437.

'

'

touching lightly his Ups

original sense 'Hps,'

'

through

whence

easily

'kiss.'

dying Aias say to his son

but in

its

'

is

imitated from Sophocles,

who makes

the

Boy, be thou more fortunate than thy father,

him.'

Shall keep thee safe, and take thee where are great rewards.'

For defenstim dabit

com-ptire p/acata

dant

III.

70, laxas dare

I.

63.

NOTES.
439.

memor,

facito sis

subjunctive,

cf.

repetentem,

see thou

'

57
mindful,' indirect jussive

art

389.
'

recalling.'

[441499. Aeneas marches out with his troop; the Latins see
him and Turnus flies in fear. Aeneas comes on like a sea-v^^ard storm
Many are slain, the Rutules fly: bul
to land bringing fear and ruin.

Aeneas seeks Turnus alone. luturna, seeing all, takes Turnus' rein,
and skims hither and thither, like a swallow over the field, enticing but
eluding Aeneas. Meanwhile Messapus hurls a speav at him, and grazes
Then Aeneas' wrath rises tempestuous, and he mows dovvn
his crest.
the foe.]
443.

Antheusque, see

445,

miscetur, see 217.

caecus

is

451.

89, note.
'

Tlie plain

one blind cloud of dust';

is

often used for unseeti as well as iinseeing.

'As when a storm

The

shore the tempest.'

bursts,

star is

and

o'er the

See 617.
mid-sea

flies

to the

conceived as determining the weather

and so the special storm.

452.

'Far away the poor rustic hearts foreboding, &c., tremble.'

it coming,
mare per medium.'
Observe the vividness of the future dabit and ille:

longe, because they see

453.

very words of the

'

'

it

gives the

shuddering farmers.'

Rhoeteius, 'Trojan.' Rhoetium was a Mysian promontory

456.
on the Hellespont, near Troy, and poetically the adj. is used for
'Trojan.'
463.

pulverulenta fuga dant terga,

464.

aversos,

'

'

fly

with clouds of dust.'

from behind.

morti, see note on 256.

Nor those who meet him fair and offer battle does he pursue,'
he neither deigns to slay the fugitives nor rout those who turn to

465.
i.e.

resist

'

he seeks only Turnus.

468.

virago, 'brave maiden,' not in

its

modern and degraded

sense.

media inter lora, Svith the reins about him,' not necessarily
469.
wrapped round him, but a general picture of the driver, with the reins
dropping and looping and tanghng about him.
470.

lapsum temone,

the seat and he

Homeric
475.
7iidi,

fell

'fallen

from the shaft': she flung him from

over the shaft.

The

incident

is

from Homer, see

parallels in the appendix.

nidis loquacibus, 'chirping brood.'

the pkual.

'Nest and young and all/

cf.

This

is

common

ciirrus, 350.

use of

AEN. XIL

VERGIL.

58

stagna are the ponds

ifll-

in the villa grounds.

478.

obit omnia, 'scours

481.

tortos leglt obvius orbes, 'threads

the

all

field.'

many

a winding maze to

meet him.'
the poet

especially fond of

482.

Notice the alliteration of

484.

fug-am temptavit, 'strove to match their speed.'

485.

aversos retorsit, 'wheeled and turned aside.

486.

agat?

'What

he

is

z^'s:

to

is

This subjunctive, used in

do?'

questions implying embarrassment (as here) or practical deliberation,

called

is

deliberative,' or 'dubitative.'

'

uti forte gerebat,

488.

use of

it.

iit

iiivencis,

or

'

as

chanced he was carrying,' a special

it

Cf. V. 329 caesis ut forte

509 ut forte scindebat, and above 270 ut forte consti-

titi,

vil.

giving the circumstances.

terant.

se collegit in

491.
best

the

translation,

arma,

crouched behind his

'

ihough the Latin

is

little

shield,' is

probably

vaguer, 'gathered

himself into his armour.'

493.

tulit, 'strack' [as

495.

diversos referri,

multa, cognate,

496.

498

9.

553.

say in vernacular 'took'].

fleeing afar.

402, note on 386.

cf.

A fine description,

awakes, and loosens

[500

we
'

'

Grim carnage

Who

could

the horrors?

tell

after another, dealing destruction

one

indiscriminate he terribly

all his passions' rein.

hke a

Aeneas and Turnus

slay

forest-fire or flooded tor-

Aeneas tramples Murranus under his car Turnus slays Hyllus

and Cretheus, Cupencus and Aeolus fall the fight becomes general.]

rent.

500.

acerba,

=03.

quis expediat, 'who can unfold,' dubitative, 486.

tanton'.

'

horrors.'

For the

compare 797, 874.

?'//,

license of the eUsion of this e before a consonant,

It is

coUoquial.

504.

futuras,

505.

ea prima, practically adverbial, 'these

506.

loco statuit, 'stopped.'

507.

excipit, 'struck' [as

compare

'

fated to be.

inipnlit in latus,

qua fata celerrima,

'

Cf. 55.

'

we
I.

first.'

say 'caught him,'

cf.

//////,

where death

is

[pedgs, peditis.]

515.

'Scion of Echion's house and born of Peridia,'

e,\6.

fratres

are

^or

quickest.'

510.

connected with Echion.'

493]-

82.

lit.

'a

name

Ecliion, mythical founder of Thebes.

said

10

be Clarus and Themon, brothers of

NOTES.
Sarpedon

and he

(x.

59

Lycia was a favourite haunt of Apollo;

Apollinis.

126).

often called Lycius.

is

Lema, a marsh near Argos where the monster called the

hydra dwelt, which Hercules slew, vi. 803.
518.

his craft,' as a fisherman.

519.

ajs,

520.

conduco,

'

to hire';

the correlative of locare {louer)

is

it

'

to

let.''

virgulta sonantia lauro, 'rustling laurel-shrubs,' he means;

522.

manner

but in Vergirs
it

better to say

trilicem, nigro

is

preferred, and he even thinks

Simiiar expressions are auroqiie

glomerari pulvere nubem, pictas abiete puppes.

Notice the tense of populatus, 'leaving ruin

525.

in their track.'

With all their strength they rush

volnera means wounds both given and received.
nunc

528.
fray.'

the unusual form

rustling with laurel.'

'

totis,

&c.

'

iuto the

sonantem, 'bragging,' 'mouthing.

529.
530.

actum,

532.

Notice the expressive tangled rhythm of hufic lora

'traced.'
et

iuga

subter.

super, adv., as so often.

533.
534.
'

swift'

nec is used because

and unmindful.'

it

is

the horses really which are both

'

inmane frementi,

535.

536.

'

cf.

398.

His gilded brows' means of course the plate of

his heh-net.

Cupencus was the title given to

which explains di sui.
Sabine priests of Hercules
mora a fanciful word
The delay of the brazen shield
541.
Servius

539.

us that

tells

tlve

'

'

two syllables.]
Ljnrnesus. famous in Homer
[aerei

'the defence.'
547.

home

the

as

which was sacked by Achilles.

Briseis,

for

is

'

Thy

of the

stately

maiden

palace

is

at

Lyrnesus.'

adeo, probably simply adverbial to the sentence (as in nunc

548.

adeo which

is

common

expression), to be construed simply 'so.'

conversae, 'charging,'
bulls rushing to

turning to fight':

so again

below of the

tendunt, 'strain, struggle.'

553.

[554

'

meet each other, 716.

592.

the town.

He

Venus then suggests

cause of the fray, and bids them

and Aeneas, heading the

city is in

to

Aeneas the idea of attacking

calls his friends together,

fire it.

denounces the town as the

They

bring

fire

and ladders,

onset, charges Latinus with ircachery.

tumuh, Uke a bees' nest when smoked by a

rustic.]

The

AEN.

VERGIL.

6o

XII.

mentem, unusual for a thought.'

immiinem, 'without share in,' prop.
'

554.

559.
disagreeable things

so here

'

of taxes, duties, hard or

untouched by the

fierce fight.

inpune quietam, 'safe and calm.'

imago, 'vision,' i.e. prospect or hope.
560.
densi, gives the reason.

563.

Nor, close-ranged, do they pile

'

their shields or spears.'

medius, a (not uncommon) Vergilian variation for medio, the

564.

adjective being transferred from the agger to the

565.

hac, 'onourside.'

566.

mihi, what

reference to the

called the ethic dative,

is

567.

Turnus,

[Construe here,

might be called caussa

it

expectem, dubitative, see 486.

The

libeat.
\\A\ks.

'

subjunctive after

luna exorta

dum

Dum mth

est.

dum

belongs to the 'final' class.

the subjunctive

is

the subjunctive expresses the expecta-

much commoner.

575.

dant, Vergilian for 'fonn'

presenting

it

fount.'
:

but

it

adds the notion of their

to the foe.

581.

iterum...'bis...altera, the emphatic words.

582.

The

first

treaty

broken by the influence

had been made by the envoy Ilioneus, and

who sent the Fury Allecto to stir up

of luno,

323570.

trahunt,

585.

forcible

pres.

588.

would drag,' we say,

amaro, 'pungent.'

589.

trepidae

'

till it

veiiias.

caput...summa, 'head and

will: VII.

wait

is

572.

offeritig or

I forsooth to

good Latin in the sense of 'till,' but it

the sequence of the two facts: as, Caelum obscurum erat

tioH ox purpose, as expecto

Hence

'Am

to...'

the indicative

simply relates

design

vaguely affected

belli.

570.

be Tumus' pleasure

ill

is

I beg.']

agree,' poetical use of the word.

fatentur,

dum

'

caussam belli. This was not true, but, as the centre of

power and confidence in the war and shelter of wavering

568.

Du7n

the dative of general

i.e.

whole sentence, where the person

by, or interested in the action.

Latinus'

man.

remm,

indic.

cf.

to express their intention or

634.

poetical use of adj. with genitive of object,

like gen. after anxius, certus, ambigiius, dubius.

Construe

'

troubled

for their safety.'

591.

tectis, cf. 43.

[593613.

The queen Amata,

seeing the foe gathering, and not

NOTES.

6i

seeing Turnus anywhere, thinks him dead, and in a frenzy of despair

hangs herself. Lavinia and Latinus are overpowered with grief.]

or

from the towers,'

595.

tectis,

596.

[incessi from

600.

cilnien.

the fault

'

how he
and

'

'

stretches

'

words to produce

guihy cause of

effect.

moritura, 'resolved on death,'

floros...

ht.

reading

her blossom-hair,

13.

'

the guilt

another instance of

cf.

55.

i.e.

'

'lovely,'

is

the right reading

'kixuriant.'

The

usual

word flavos.

demittunt mentes,

a person

That she was the source

This quaint beautiful old word

the ordinary

is

609.

612

'

'

is

all their trouble.'

605.
;

calls

the guilty cause,'

602.

here

prospicit

This phrase, where Vergil

when he means

fount, the

\\'i\.h

i^icessere.']

'

they despond,' usually aiiiimun demitto.

These hnes are wrongly inserted here from book

XI.

acceperit, adsciverit, causal subjunctives (after (/ui causal).

649.

[614

Turnus, flagging in the battle, hears the din of the city

luturna repHes, Leave the city to itself, and fight.

Turnus knows her through her disguise and passionately appeals to her,
whether he can allow, after all who have died for him, their homes to be
Death is not so hard ; he will not be unworthy.]
razed to the ground ?

what

is

616.

successu laetus equorum,

617.

Notice the imaginative expression

terror.'

618.
'

this?

'

exulting in his horses' prowess.'

'

Shouts mingled with dark

See 445.
arrectas

(lit.

'pricked,'

metaphor from horses,

&c.), 'eager,'

listening.'

621.

diversa, 'far,'

cf.

495.

Meets him with these words,' i.e. repHes to him. Either

Vergil forgets, or both Turnus and the charioteer occasionally take the
reins.
In 327 Turnus vianibiis violitiir habenas, and there is no word
625.

'

of a charioteer

Turnus draws

in

rein,

469 the auriga is there, media inter lora ; in 622

though the false aiiriga (luturna) is there, equos et

Probably the idea

lora regebat, 624.

is

the auriga driving, and Turnus

from time to time impulsively seizing the

626.

prlma,

'

earHest,'

'

speediest

'

reins.
:

agreeing with victoria after

VergiPs manner, instead of being an adverb.

627.
628.
629.
630.

mean.

So 632.

possint, consecutive subjunctive, after qui, 84.

miscet, 'stirs up' (217, 445).

mittamus funera, deal death.'

numero inferior, 'less in the number
'

of thy slain' she must

AEN.

VERGIL.

62

nequiqiiain fallis dea,

634.

'

XII.

thou vainly hidest thy

deily,'

lit.

unobserved as a goddess,' a Greek construction, \av6dpet.s oHaa ded.

present expresses the attempt, as frequently

nam

637.

purpose as

quid ago?

in line 13.

'

The death

638.

made

of

Tumus

of Murranus

witnessing

may have

pres. for future

[So we say:

Does youi

'

start to-day?']
is

told 529:

no

is

'

and though no mention

statement

difficulty in the

raging about the

field,'

and

seen anything.

639.

superat, in the intrans. sense

643.

rebus,

Drances

art

see 585.

do?'

there

it,

have forcible

\ve

Both heroes were

here that he did so.

either

What can
'Do you

mother go with you?'

is

Here again

'

The

'my

(in the

'is left.'

troubles.'

xith book) had delivered a violent harangue against

Tumus,

ascribing all their woes to his anibition and selfish disregard of

others;

cf.

note on 2.
Every one will

648.

feel the effectiveness of this

very bold metrical

hcense (the lengthening of d in an/ma, before a hiatus too) in

line,

the climax of a superb passage...' Is death so hard?

be kind, since Heaven has hid

its

face

a stainless soul

[Mr Munro suggests 'Sancta ad vos anima,

to you,' &c.

)'e

this

shall

go down

atque

a!,

grand

gods below

istius,

which with another a on

&c.,' i.e. the insertion of the interjection al,

each side might easily have dropped out.]

[Xotice rare poetic genitive

649.

instead

of

ablative

after

in-

dignus.']

[650

696.

him, the queen

after conflict
master,'"

he

Saces comes, wounded, to call Turnus.

dead, defenders are few, while he

is

is

All look to

away.

with himself, turns and sees the tower in flames.

cries,

'

I will fight

a faUing crag, sweeping

all

653.

Buprema

655.

[Italiun, gen. plur.]

'

die,

but

first

vengeance

!
'

'

Fate

is

Then Hke

before him, he rushes to the city walls, and

with hand and voice stays the

salus,

and

Tumus,

fight.]

our

last

hope of

exscidio daturum, see 256, 382, 464.

safety.'

This easy instance throws

hght on some of the harder ones.

656.

ora...oculos, rhetorical repetition, 135.

657.

mussat,

'

doubts,' properly 'to mutter,'

used of 'uneasiness' of mind.

means

'shrink,' 'fear,'

Cf.

'

to

murmur,' and so

xi. 345, dicere mussant,

where

it

and below 718.

658.

vocet...flectat, dubitative (indirect).

659.

tui fidissima, 'most trustful of thee.'

Fidus prop. has dative.

NOTES.

63
^wxwg fidiis the con-

but Vergil (afier his manner) stretches the usage,

struction, as

it

Amata had

that

is

and died from despair

663.

See note on 589.

approaches the meaning, of cerlus.

The meaning

him

believing

at

The mucrones

trusted

him

as well as all the rest,

lost.

are the 'iron harvest,' and so this exactly com-

pares with virgulta soiiaiitia lauro, 522, q. v.

665.

vaxia imagine rerum,

668.

amor,

669.

ut, temporal,

671.

turbidus,
tabulata,

iustraverat,

678.

stat

680.

ante, adv.

is

'

'

the floors' {tabula,

'

'tis

'

a plank

fixed

'

'tis

'),

my

resolve.'

sinere.)
(It

S:c.

on the whole,

'

might be

leapt nimbly

685.

turbidus imber,

686.

annis (instrum.), 'by time's decay.'

687.

'

689.

involvens,

690.

plurima, again in form

691.

down
'

'

abl.

of place,

down upon

the

cf,

43,

field.')

the whirling storm.'

sublapsa,

'

creeping on.'

the steep with huge rush the relentless crag.'

sweeping.'

'Where most the

Cf. 632.

'].

had shmg.

furorem, the simplest form of the cognate accus.

from

better

Flies

560.

i.

arvis, dat., like 256,

but the dat.

earth

is

in

adj.,

meaning used

for

adv.

drenched with streams of blood.'

Notice stridunt from the older conjugation stridere instead 6f

common

stridere.
So V. has fulgere, fervere.
"Tis mine, whatever fortune is here,' i.e.

694.
all

(Ht.

(sine,

CL

by conflicting thought.'

troubled,' turha describing any sort of confusion.

675.

681.

the

'

672.

Cf. 386.

long, 13.

on a single combat.
695.

foedus luere,

696.

discessere

This

is

'

wipe out the (broken)

omnes medii,

a Vergilian phrase for

alone must risk

verius, 'fairer,' 'better.'

'

'all

treaty.'

in the midst retire,' literally.

all retire

from the midst.'

Aeneas leaves the city, proud and majestic as Athos,

Eryx or Appennine Trojans, Rutules, Italians, Latinus himself, eagerly
watch for the fight. They clash, like two bulls in tangled conflL..
[697

745.

luppiter weighs their fates.

Tumus

smites with

all his

might, but the

sword (borrowed from Metiscus,

and powerless against

armour) snaps, and he has to

threading his

fly,

way with

the divine
difficulty.]

horrendum, 398.
Athos, the mount at the E. extremity of the Chalcidic penin701.
sula (between Thrace and Thessaly).
Erjnc, a soliiary peak in the north-west of Sicily.
700.

AEN.

VERGIL.

64

XII.

pater suggests the reverence for the hojue mountain, opp. to

Athos and Eryx.
703.

706.

ariete, scanned as a dactyl,

709.

cemere, old and poet. sense

'to distinguish,' 'to separate,'

and

being semi-consonantal;

'to try the issue'

and so has two derived

cerno

cf.

821.

means

lit.

senses, 'to see,'

'to decide.'

The pilmn hurled from

711.

quarters

Roman

the regular

invadunt Martem,

712.

'

march

atque aere sonoro, rhetorical

Sila, a large

715.

reaching to the

advance to close

the

to battle.'

(Vergilian, unusual.)

repetition, 135.

wooded range on

straits of

then

afar,

procedure.

Southem extremity

the

of Italy,

Messina.

Tabumo, a mountain on borders

of

Samnium, overhanging the

famous Caudine Pass.

716.

ininiica in proelia, 'fatal conflict,'

719.

quisnemori imperitet, 'who

812.

cf.

be

shall

forest-lord,' dubitative

indirect, cf. 658.

720

Mingle

'

I.

their

mighty blows, and thrust

their

horns and

gore, and bathe with streams of blood.

The idea of luppiter weighing their fates is taken from Homer,

many of the ideas are in this part of the Aeneid, though they are

727.
as so

perfectly freely handled

quem damnet

by Vergil.

labor, &c.

The

construction here

dubitative, just as in 658: the principal verb

luppiter weighs the fates,

sense.

labor

'

(To

whom,

to see

is

the indirect

by the

readily supplied

&c.

by the doom {damnet) of death

Hne may be construed,
the battle shall doom, and which scale shall

the 'toil of battle,' followed

is

to the loser

is

see)

the whole

whom

sink with Death.'

f\Ve naturally expect
will contain the *'

Instead of
7'_>^.

731.

tl.-j,

when two

altematives:

they both

questions are given, as here, they

'which

mean 'which

ni fuga subsidio subeat,

subsidio

is

is

it

The metaphor

'

to win.'

impediniento, &c.,

{c)

the dat.

(cf.

618)

is

did not flight aid him.'

the predicative dative,

'

came as an
:

is

assistance.'

(a) it is

only abstract nouns are so used, like honori,

dono,

which

effective.

chief characteristics of this dative are these

{b)

to lose,

'Rises his whole height to the uphfted sword.'

arrectae acies ('intent gaze').

considerably strained here, though

733.

is

to lose,' expressed variously.]

is

exitio,

a predicate.

The

always singular,

The

odiv,

sahiti,

conditional

NOTES.

65

sentence {ni snbeat) has truly no apodosis, thougli

The

from deserit by the general sense.

fails his

sense

it
'

is

easily supplied

is

the faithless sword

eager stroke (and he would be helpless), did not flight aid him.'
ut, temporal,

734.

ignotiun, because

i.

it

was Metiscus' sword, see below.

735.

prima in

737.

diun trepidat,

proella, 103.
*

in his haste.'

arma Volcania dei = arnia Volcani dei, a Vergilian stretch

Volcanus had made a shield for Aeneas, which is described

739.

phrase.

of
at

length in book viir.

Hither and thither winds in aimless maze.'

'

743.

corona, 'throng,' used (by an obvious metaphor) in the circus,

744.

&c.
[746

790.

stag,

Tumus

who

aids.

Aeneas pursues him,

calling for his

like

an Umbrian dog a penned

own sword, Aeneas

Aeneas' spear had stuck

in

threatening death to any

a wild olive, sacred to Faunus,

which the Trojans had uprooted from the space they were

Turnus prays he may not be able

clearing.

draw out his weapon, and long he

luturna then gives Turnus his sword, and Venus, angry,
pulls vainly.
Once more the heroes rise, and face each other.]
tugs out the spear.
Barred by the scare of the purple plume.'
750.
It was a custom, in order to keep in the game in hunting, to erect
to

'

at the

ture

avenues of the wood bars with fluttering feathers

was appropriately

and

this strac-

calledyi^rwzflJ?, 'a scare.'

vias, acc. cogn. 386.

753.

(As we say, without the

Newfoundland, an Alderney.)
iam iamque tenet, admirably expresses the close race. It is
754.
used to describe suspense of any kind, cf. 940.

Umber, dog of famous breed from Umbria.

substantive, an Arab, a

The

761.
h\xi

apodosis here too, as in 733,

is

practically contained in fninatur exitium.

rally in negative senses;

preventittg oinyont,

it is

grainmatically wanting,

Quisquam

and here, as the general

saucius instat, 'wounded, yet pursues.'

764.

'

light

used gene-

natural.

762.

No

is

drift is the idea of

nor bloodless

prize,' ludicra,

such as are sought in

athletic contests or sport.

nautis olim venerabile,

767.
is

'

revered of old by sailors'; ftautis

of course dat. depending on venerabile, as the dat. of the agent

regularly

used with gerundives and

flebilior

quam

tibi.''

S.

AEN.

XII.

verbals

in

-bilis

-.

like

'

is

Nulli

AEN.

VERGIL.

66

Laurens, extended

769.

(as often) to

XII.

mean

'

Faunus, son of

Latin.'

was a native god. See note on line 164.

770. nullo discrimine, 'with no care' for its sanctity, lit. 'making
no difference.' And notice the apt position of these words just before
Picus, son of Saturn,

sacrum.
771.

puro, 'clear.'

772.

stabat.

773.

It is a license of

itnpetus held

it

The a

long,

13.

cf.

phrase (quite natural in Vergil) to say the

tough root, when he means the impetus brought

in the

and the root held

is

discludere morsus roboris,

782.

and strong phrase.

dea Daunia,
785.

i.e.

'the Latin

'

to part the

oaken

fangs,' a vivid

nymph' lutuma.

indignata licere, the subject of

786.

it

it.

licere is

quod.

'

Wroth

that

such power should be allowed.

788.

sublimes, 'towering' for the

790.

anlieli

may be nom.
[791
is

exaggeration.

Or

it

'Panting with the contest.'

pl.

842.

fight, rhetorical

probably agrees with Martis, 'breathless Mars.'

What dost thou scheme? Aeneas

Jove addresses luno
and cannot be wounded. Thou hast done thy
:

'

fated to be a god,

Now

utmost.
field

knew thy will and left the

may not force their
Trojan name and customs.' Jove answers: 'A true

captives to take

the

name

remain.'

794.

Indigetem.

name was

translated

'

'I

after victory the

goddess thou for wrath:

the

luno replies

forbear.'

beg that

I only

Trojans

grant thy pi-ayer: the races shall mingle, but

luno, appeased, departs.]

Aeneas was called Indiges

after his death,

applied to certain native protecting gods.

the

Hero

and

may be

of the Race.'

796.

struis

797.

mortalin' decuit, for elision see note on 503.

[lit.

It

'build'], 'scheme.'

800.

infiectere, imper. pass.

801.

edit, old

form of subjunctive

edat.

'Let not such grief in silence consume thee, nor from thy sweet

mouth

bitter

805.

'

thoughts vex

me

Cloud a household

bridal with mourning.'

so

oft.'

(Amata's death), 'and trouble (217) a

For rhythm see note on 419.

810.

nec tu, 'nor

811.

digna indigna,

else

of words') to describe 'all

'

wouldst thou.'

terse phrase (like dicenda tacenda, 'all

manner of

evils,'

sub ipsa acie, 'close to the very ranks.'

meet and unmect.

manner

NOTES.
suasi, 'counselled,' probavi,

814.

common

'

67
by a

bade,' are both used here,

Vergilian stretch of construction, with direct acc, and prolaie

ordinary prose dative, and iit with subjunctive.

*The one dread vow that is exchanged among the gods.'
After Vergirs manner he calls the source of .Styx the 'dread,' whereas

infinitive, instead of the

817.

the dread

sworn on the source of Styx

inspired by the oath

is

says the 'dread'

given, whereas

is

it is

the oath that

is

and he

given.

withheld.'

819.

tenetur,

820.

tuorum, because Saturn, father of Jove, was also ancestor of

'is

Latinus.
821.

Probably the word should be scanneJ conubiis

conubiis.

and

similarly in all cases except acc. plur. conubia.

commonest

825.

Notice the alUteration of

826.

The emphatic words here

828.

occiderit, rare tense after another verb, but the necessary and

The mood

right one.

'Troy

is

is

repertor, unusual

829.

830

Sense

I.

in Vergil.

sinas the direct jussive.

fallen too.'

word

for

You are my

'

the

are the names.

the indirect jussive

name be

fallen: let the

z^^s,

'

Creator.'

you have the divine wrath

true sister,

832.

submitte, 'school.'

834.

Ausonii, one of the numerous poetic names for Italian

The Ausones

Hesperii, Oefiotri, Aurunci, Latini, &c.].

tribe

on the

W.

i.e.

seems the best way of taking

*sink down,'

i.e.

The

[cf.

strictly vvere a

coast of Southern Latium.

corpore, 'in body,'

835.

'

836.

'

842.

interea,

'

in race,' as

subsident

it.

opposed
is

to

nomen.

This

probably no more than

take a lower place.'

rites'

which he added were

i.e.

in this state of

clearly the Trojan rites.

mind, while her wrath

is

being

appeased.
[843

886.

Jove sends down a Fury to luturna,

Parthian arrow, and appears like a desert bird

luturna heard and knew, crying

Turnus?
love

forbear, ye

Why

'

What more

Furies, I obey:

did he rob

me

of death,

is

my

who

flitting

flies

like a

about Turnus.

can I do for thee,

this Jove's gratitude for

only solace

'

my

So saying with

a groan she fled to her river.]

845.

Dirae, the Furies.

846.

Nox intempesta: an

(j/^phrase, used

Probably an imaginative epithet

of that dead

'

and blank period which has no

or occupations.

by Ennius and Lucretius.

Timeless night

'

suggesting the horror

definite hours or divisions

AEN.

VERGIL.

68

imo eodemque.

847.

sonantal in this place,

848.

The snaky

co-

one long

is

that

coils

were instead of

'

thie

hair.

wind made by

Windy

'

wings,' a

wings than the

their

them.

fills

saevi, 'stem,' 'fierce,' epithet appropriate to the appearance

849.

of

being semi-con-

syllable, e

821.

cf.

fine phrase, suggesting rather the

wind

XII.

Furies.

852.

molitur,

in omen,

854.

prepares,' molior implying the greatness of the task

'

Notice the effective sound of the

undertaken, 327.

'

for

an omen,'

gall,'

'

as

line.

an omen.'

a natural metaphor.

857.

felle,

858.

Cydon, 'Cretan' (Cydon or Cydonia was an ancient town

'

lit.

in

North of Crete, origin of quinces,' fruit and name).

celeres umbras, '"the swift dark.' This is a daring transference
859.
So we
of swift from the arrow to the darkness which it traverses.
'

'

say,

'

we

'the trees flew by as

common.

In milder forms the

rode.'

artifice is

Cf. 445.

860.

sata Nocte, 'night-born,' Nocte, abl. of origin.

862.

subitam,

cf.

The 'suddenness'

632, 690.

is

really a quality of

the act of change.

collecta,

863.
effective

'

shrunk.'

No
in

one will

fail

to feel that this spondaic line

describing the 'tombs and barren

alliteration too is subtle

and

skilful, as

is

it

is

strangely

mountain-tops.'

markedly

all

through

The
this

Book.
864.

serum. 398.

canit importuna per umbras,

866.

'

Flits

'

screaming to and

wearies the gloom with song.'

fro,

and

flaps his buckler

with her

wings.
871.

soror, 'a

tme

because

sister,'

this despair

not herself.
873.

875.
876.

was

for her brother,

superat, 639.
'

Do

not aftVight

my

obscenae volucres,

fear
'

'

(I fear

enough already).
Notice the

ye birds of evil omen.'

fine

impressive and even mysterious sound of these lines.

'whither?'

what end?'

879.

quo,

880.

condicio, 'the law' or 'necessity' of death.

etfective,

lit.

'

to

because what looked like a favour had tumed out

possem, &c.
882.

i.e.

'

meorum,

Else could
neut. 'will

now

at least

any of

my

be ending

joys be joy?'

all

The word is
awoe toher.

my

grief.

NOTES,
quae

883.

lit.

'

'

to a wish,

Q that earth would yawn deep

what earth could yawndeep enough down for me?'

though grammatically a question.

enough

69

ima dehiscat terra mihi, amounts

satis

ima, instead of

alta, irregular,

but natural in a passionate cry.

glaucus, the 'blue' water colour, always applied to the dress

885.

and appearance of water-gods.

[887

952.

Aeneas bids him defiance

a huge boulder, used as a landmark, hurls

it.

Turnus replies, and lifting

But the Fury baulked him

of his strength and aim, like failing powers in a dream.

His senses

reel

and stagger, and Aeneas hurls amain his spear at him. Falling he
surrenders, and begs only for pity that his body may be returned to his

Aeneas

father.

is

just yielding,

the youth Pallas.

Turnus' breast.

when he

The

sullen spirit groaned

888.

ingens, arboreum,

889.

retractas,

'

'

huge, like a

contrahe, quidquid vales,

893.

sequi, in

895.

hostis, predicate,

I fear,

896.

spoils of

its

and

fled below.]

Cf. trabali, 294.

tree.'

draw back.

891.

words

on Turnus the

spies

Pallas slays thee,' he cries, burying his sword in

'

'summon

VergiHan sense of

thou bold

man

'

'

all

thy resource.'

reach.'

the enmity of Jove.'

The gods

I fear,

circumspicit, 'looking round espies,'

'

'Tis not thy fiery

and the enmity of Jove.'

a curious complex use of

the word.

902.

'Rising his

903.

'

He knew

full height,

and speeding

not his old might

(lit.

his swiftest.'

himself) as he ran or moved,

or raised his hand, &c.'

905.

genua, scanned as a dissyllable, u being semi-consonantal,

cf.

821.

907.

evasit, 'passed,' pertulit, 'drove home,'

e- 3.nd J>er-

giving

completeness.
908.

All through this beautiful simile the sound of the lines

is

most

effective.

911.
'

corpore, abl. of place, 43.

Our tongue

falters,

our wonted strength of limb avails not.'

914.

varii sensus, 'strange fancies.'

916.

telum instare,

acc. inf. after tremescit,

by a natural

stretch of

construction.

917.

eripiat, tendat, indirect dubitative, 658.

920.

sortitus

fortunam

'drawing good fortune with

lucky aim.'

oculis, a terse
his eyes,' i.e.

and vigorous phrase,

lit.

'choosing with a glance the

AEN.

VERGIL.

70
corpore toto,
921.

'

with

all his

murali tomiento,

'

XII.

strength.'

the leaguering engine.'

925.

extremos orbes, 'the outermost wheel.'

932.

utere sorte tua, *enjoy thy fortune.'

935.

'

And me,

he does not care

or

if

thou wilt

my

the whole speecli

lifeless carcase,' for his

is

own

life

a marvel of terse sustained

dignity.

940.
cf.

iam iamque,

'evei-y

moment,' used, as

is

natural, of suspense,

754.

943.

Pallas, son of his host

slain (in the xith

and

ally

Evander,

whom

Turnus had

Book).

drunk with

946.

oculis hausit,

948.

eripiare (dubitative, 486), indignant, 'shalt thou escape

'

his eyes.'

me?'

the voc. indute, attracted to /, instead of nom., adds to the force.

So II. 283 exspectate venis: ix. 485 canibus date praeda Latinis alitibusque iaces and the common niacte esto virtute.
*And down with a sullen groan his spirit passed to the
952.
:

shades.

71

PRINCIPAL HOMERIC PARALLELS.

AeN.
line

HOMER.

XII,

simile of the lion

my weapon

too

sharp

437
141

67

simile of staining ivory

,,

iv.

72

'do not restrain me, nor be a bad omen'

,,

xxiv. 218

84

horses whiter than snow, and swifter than

is

'

cannot bear to see the battle

151

'

176

prayer to Zeus, Sun, Earth, Rivers, &c.

206

331

by the staff
'we outnumber the foe'
simile of the march of Mars

451

simile of the storm

233

,,

x.

,,

iii.

437
306

,,

iii.

276

'

the oath

,,{.234
123

,,

ii.

,,

xiii.

,,

iv.

298

275

luturna thrusts out the driver and takes

the reins

507
521

qua fata celerrima

wood

simile of fire in a

v.

835

,,

xxii.

,,

-^i'

155

iv.

452

325

523

simile of torrents

627

'there are others to defend the houses'...

,,

xiii.

635

'art thou

,,

i.

684

simile of the boulder

,,

xiii.

725

luppiter weighing fates

,,

xxii.

749

simile of

,,

xxii.

189

759'

calHng each

,,

xxii.

415

764

'

no

come

spy out our misery?'...

to

dog chasing a deer

light

man by name

contest, but

one

for life

death'

xx. 164

z<5.

'

-^ 468

//.

,,

50

the wind

,,

312

202
137

209

and
,,

xxii.

incident of the spear stuck in a tree

,,

xxi.

815

oath by Styx

,,

xv. 36

897

the huge stone, set as a boundary

,,

v.

908

simile of the

,,

xxii.

199

932

prayer for quarter

,,

xxii.

338

782

dream

[From Ribbeck.]

159

174

302, xxi. 403

72

SCHEME OF LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE, WITH REFERENCES

TO THIS BOOK.
1.

Optative

(Wish or Command)

or JussiVE

direct

(a)

faciat

'

may he do

it

him do

*let

{Opt.) [41, 188, 200]

'

{Jussive) [15-7,

it.'

78-80,

191, 625,

629,

677, 801, 824, 826-8]

Past jussive

faceret or fecisset

past optative

he ought to have done

'

it,'

utinam adforet

iiidirect

(b)

dic faciat

him dolt

bid

'

interrogative

(c)
1.

'

[389, 439, 828]

[Deliberative]

direct: quid faciam

'

what

am

I to

do

'

[486, 570, 644, 874,

948]
2.

knew

indirect: nesciebat quid faceret 'he

not what to do' [658,

719, 727, 917]

2.

FiNAL
(a)

with

(Purpose)
ut, ne, etc.

vigilo ut

legam

oro ut abeas

'

'

watch that

may

read' [146, 636, 771, 898]

pray you to go away

mixed sequence
send a

(b)

with relatives : mitto qui

(c)

with dum, priusquam (implying purpose)

maneo dum

faciat

'

wait

faciat

till

'

he does

it

'

man

to

do

it'

[53]

[570]

priusquam of purpose
3.

CoNSECUTiVE
(a)

with ut

(b)

with qui

(Result)

tantum
:

non

est ut

is

sum

timeam

'

it is

qui faciam

'

so great that I fear'

I

am

not the

man

to

do

it

[84, 627]
4.

CONDITIONAL
(a)

Pri?icipal verbs (apodosis)

faciam, fecerim

'

would do

facerem, fecissem 'I would have done (been doing)'[8io, 812, 880]
if

no Protasis often called Potential [503, 883, 899]

primary for past

irregular

OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE.

(/SS

Dependent verb

(b)
si

facias (feceris)

si

faceres (fecisses)

if

'

73

(protasis).

you were

'if

do

to

'

[67, 125, 187]

you had done (been doing)'

pluperf. oblique for fut. perf.

irregiilar

primary
si

'

Causal

5.

indicative apodosis [42, 1S2, 204, 233, 733, 761]

for past

to see if

182

'

(a)

cum : cum

(b)

qui: laudo

(c)

atiendant ciraimstances

cum

faceret

'

since he does

te qui facias

'

praise

cum

you

with

for

doing

'

[612]

inipf. plupf.

when he was doing

'

CONCESSIVE

6.

faciat

quamvis

although he does

(a)

conjunctions

(b)

qui: quibus ultimus esset dies 'tho' the day was their

OkATIO OBLIQUA

7.

faciat

'

last

dixit se quod vellent fecisse

he said he
had done what they wanted
virtually irascor quod facias I am angry because (as I say) you
do it

statemmt : actually

(a)

'

'

question {exclamation)

(b)

nescio quid faciat

'

I don't

know what

hedoes' [32-3, 145, 322]

irregular, seu for mun, 218
oblique petition

(c)

oro facias,

oro ut

(b)

facias, 2 (a)

efficio ut eas, 3 (a)

*
fall

These three are conveniently classed as oblique

however

found.

if strictly

petitions

they

analysed under other heads where they will be

VOCABULARY,
ABBREVIATIOXS.
a.

VERGIL.

76

ac6r, acris, acre, adj. keen, sharp.

[acrl6r, acerrimtis.]
acerbils,

-um, adj.

-a,

harsh.

bitter,

and friend

Actiates, -ae [a Trojan

of

[son

Achilles

-is,

Peleus and hero in the Trojan

War].
acles,

-ei,

sight,
line,

a point.

lit.

f.

an eye ;
an army.

(i)

keen

an array, a

(ii)

m.

-iis,

rouse

up

ad, prep. w. acc.

draw

at,for.

to, to

ad-g6, adv. sofar,

ad-36,

-ire, -ii

or

draw

ad-f6r6, -ferre,

-tuli,

irreg. to bring, to

-itum, v. n.

approach.
-latum, v.

carry

a.

ad-gl6m6r6
I

-fatus,

dep.

v.

-avi,

-are,

(ag-gl.),

V. a. to

gather together.

ad-gnosc6 (ad-gn.),

-ere,

-gnovi,

-gnitum, 3v.a. toknow,recognize.

ad-htlc, adv.

ad-lcl6

till

now,

-iectum, 3 v.

a.

to

-ieci,

v. a.

ad-iung6,

-emptum,

3 v.

away.
-ere,

v.

ad-m6v66, -ere, -movi, -motum,

V. a. to move to, lead to.

-nisus or -nixus, 3

-niti,

dep. to leati against.

and

a. lit. to

nod

to; to assent, to

grant.

ad-par66,

grow

iip.

-paritum,

-parui,

-ere,

2 V. n. to appear.

ad-plic6, -are, -plicavi or -plTcui,

ad-rlg6, -ere, -rexi, -rectum, 3 v.

[ada. to raise, to prick tip.
rectils

= eager,

-iunxi,

3 V. a. tojoin, to add.

intent. ]

-scensum,

-ere, -scendi,

3 V. a. to ascend, to mottnt.

ad-scl6,

-ire, -scivi,

no

s.,

v. a.

admit.

ad-scisc6, -ere, -scivi, -scitum, 3 v.

a. to adopt, to accept.

ad-simiil6, -are, -avi, -atum,

to

v. a.

fuake like, to imitate.

ad-spect6, -are,
to look

on or

-avi,

-atum,

i v. a.

upott.

3 V. a. to look at, to see.

n.

to

-avi,

aspire

to,

-atum,

v.

to

reach [w.

no

s., i

dative].

to drive, to thriist.

a. to take

ad-16qu6r, -loqui, -locutus,

dep. to speak to, address.

ad-splr6, -are,

add.

ad-lgo, -ere, -egi, -actum, 3

a.d-Im6, -ere, -emi,

-lapsus, 3 v. dep.

-labi,

to glide tozvards.

ad-splcl6, -ere, -spexi, -spectum,

still.

-icere,

[ad-jaci5],

v. a.

to aid, to assist.

to receive, to

(defect.) to speak to, to address.

-atum,

ad-iiiv6, -are, -iuvi, -iutum,

ad-scend6,

to.

reward.']
-fari,

v. a.

by.

-atum or -itum, i v. a. to fasten

pin [w. acc. and dat.].

i?i.

ad-flcio, -ficSre, -feci, -fectum, 3

[pr6ti6 z.^l.-to
V. a. to affect.

ad-f6r,

swear

to, to

-ivi,

to, to

-atum,

-avi,

to

n. incept. to

so.

come

irreg. to

to,

ad-61esc6, -ere, -evi, adultum, 3 v.

battle. ]

to,

ad-do, -dere, -didi, -ditum, 3 v. a.

to add.
ad-dtlc6, -SrS, -duxi, -ductum, 3
V. a. to

-are,

swear

ad-nil6, -ere, -nui, -nutum, 3 v. n.

rtish, force.

aciitum, 3 v. a. to
shaipen, to whet. [acilSrg Marto

to

V.

3,cii6, -ere, aciii,

tem,

ad-itlr6,

ad-nltor,

Actdr, -oris [an Auruncan].

acttls,

XII.

ad-lab6r,

of Aeneas].
Acliilles,

AEN.

ad-st6, -starS,

-stiti,

stand by.
ad-sum, -esse,

v. n.

to

-iunctum,

irreg. to be at

-fui,

no

s.,

v.

hand, be ready.

n.

VOCABULARY.
ad-surgo
ad-toll6

-sunexi, -sur-

(ass.), -^re,

rectum, 3

n.

v.

(att.),

no

-ere,

and

p.

s.,

ad-t6n6(att.),-are, -t6nul,-t6nitum,

part. pass.

as adj.

-ijs,

aetas,

-atis,

aetemiis,

= a wa06v/, bewildered.l

eternal.

aether,

m. a stranger.

ad-v6nS,, -ae,
ad-verstis,

aesttis,

[adt6nltils, p.

V. a. to stnn.

-um,

-a,

p. part. pnss.

opposite,

(i)

facing;

(ii)

surge;

(i)

-um,

[acc.

aethrS,, -ae,

f.

aggSr,

to

a temple.
aedes, aedium, a hoiise.

Plural

f.

(mare), n. the

iNIinor].

-grum,

-gra,

weak,

adj.

suffering.

aegTesc6,

no

p.

and

beconie

to

s.,

3 v. n.

ill,

groto

Aen6S,des,

m. = a descendant

-ae,

or follower of Aeneas.

Aeneid\.

ag-m6n,

-minis,

n.

to

an army (on

march), a host, a line.

ag6, -ere, egl, actum,
drive,

to

do, to

work.

ag6r = /^

[Si,g^

v.

a.

(ii)

to

agitate ;

to

= come now

actum (genus)

rtish;

-i,

agric61a,

m.

-ae,

m. Aeolus

farmer,

Agylllnl, -orum, m. pl.

of Agylla

Lauren-

[a

(i)

f.

men

[^rd sing. ait, pl.

aT6, v. defect.

ala, -ae,

the

[in Etruria].

aiunt] to speak,

to say.

a rving;

a tving

(ii)

of an army, a troop.

tian].

aeque, adv. equally.

aequ6, -are, -avl, -atum,

alS,c6r,
i

v. a. to

even, to level.

aequ6r,
(i)

a.

rustic.

Aeneas, -ae (voc. Aenea, acc.

Aenean), Aeneas [son of Venus
and Anchises, hero of the

make

v.
(ii)

to drive, agitate;

{\)

= traced. ]

worse.

Ae61ils,

-atum,

-avi,

-are,

practise.

(i)

-ei-e,

incept.

agit6,
freq.

Aegean
[between Greece and Asia

aeg6r,

ag6r, agri, m. afield, land.

-eris, m. a mound.

agglomero, see adglomero.

hasten to-cuards.

sea

lasting,

adj.

= aether.

ad-v616, -are, -avl, -atum, tofly,

-i

(meta-

see adfero.

afi&cio, see adficio.

Aegaeum,

(ii)

m. the upper air,

aethra or aetli6ra.]

ad-vert6, -ere, -vertl, -versum, 3

V. a. to ttirn towards or against.

-is,

v. n. to

age.

f.

-a,

-eris,

sky.

aflFero,

adverse, iinfavonrable.

aedes,

phor.) doubt.

3 V. a. to lift up, to raise.

aestii6, -are, -avi, -atum,

surge, to rage.

up.

to rise

77

-oris,

the sea;

aequils,

-a,

aergiis,

-a,

bronze.
aSriils, -a,

n.
(ii)

a level surface.
a plain.

-um, adj. eqical,fair.

-um, adj. brazen, of

alacris,

adj.

-cre,

Albantis,

-a,

-um,

adj.

of Alba

[Mons Albanus in Latium, on

which Alba Longa was built].
alb66, -ere, no p. and

s., 2 v. n. to

be white.

gen. found aerel.

albiis, -a,

-um, adj. airy, heaven-

al6s,

-iiis

-um, adj. white, pale.

(gen.

plur.

adj. ivinged; as subst.

aes, aeris, n. bronze.

quick,

active.

bird.

allttium),

comm. a

VERGIL.

78

aliggr, -gera, -gerum, adj. zuinged.

-ud

(gen.

alliis),

another, other. [alil

alil

adj.

= some

...others.'^

adlabor.

allal)or, see
Alstls,

-i

alternate,

every other, by ttirns.

-um, adj. high,

-a,
[comp. altior, altiiis.]
alvils, -i, f. a waist.

-um, adj.

-a,

bitter,

deep.

-ae,

Amafa

f.

and

[wife

of

mother of La-

-ae, -6,

amb-ilro, -ere,
a. to

part.

num.

\}2,'a-s,.

-ussi,

= chai'red.

-ntis,

dis-

m. a garment, a

-us,

v.

a. to lose.

m. a stream, water.
S,mdr, -oris, m. love.
amplitis, comp. adv. more, again.
-is,

amplior,

[amplils,

amplissi-

miis.]

an

-i

[a Trojan].

(interrog.), conj. whether, or.

AncMses,
,nlieliis,

-inis,

poetry,

top (of helmet).

bee.

Apollo [god of music,

and

divination].

appareo, see adpareo.

Appennlniis, -i, the Appennine
range [through Italy].

fit, to

-atum,

-avi,

v. a. to

prepare.

apiid, prep. w. acc. at, near.

arbdr

f.

an

altar.

(arbos), -oris,

-ae [father of Aeneas].

-um, adj. breathless,

-a,

panting.
anlmS,, -ae,

like

f.

trce.

tree.

Arc,s,

a-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 3

AmJ-ciis,

aper-

= (?/,?.

arbdrSiis, -a, -um, adj. [pf a tree),

covering.

amni s,

m. a

-icis,

ara, -ae,

mad,

adj.

traught.
amictiis,

part. pass.

apt6, -are,

both.

-ustum, 3 v.
bzirn roiind; ambustiis, p.

amens,

aperui, apertum, 4 v.

-ire,

applico, see adplic6.

vinia].

ambo,

-um, adj. ancient,

-a,

-is, f.

Apoll6,

gent.

Latinus,

apex,
apis,

pun-

s., v. a.

a. to open, disclose, rez'eal.

ttis, p.

altils,

no

old.

ap6ri6,

adj. the other, the second.

alterntis, -a, -um, adj.

-ivi,

[a Trojan].

antlquiis,

-erum (gen. altgrius),

or

-ire, -ii

irreg. to precede, to surpass.

Antbeus

altars.

Amata,

-i,

[pl.

before.

alte, adv. high, deep.

alt6r, -era,

-um, adj. spirited,

-a,

m. mi^td, spirit, cour^.mxiA= courage\.

anniis, -i, m. a year.
ant6, (i) adv.; (ii) prep. w. acc.
age

antS-66,

[a Latin shepherd].

altaria, -ium (altare), n. pl. high

amariis,

S,nim6siis,

animiis,

allt^r, adv. otherivise.

-a,

XII.

brave.

alipes, -pedis, adj. wing-footed.

aiiiis,

AEN.

-adis;

Arcadiiis,
Arcligtiiis,

-ii

arciis, -us,

f.

breath,

life, soul.

Arcad6s, -dum;
-um, Arcadian.

[a Rutulian].

boiv.

Ard6a, -ae [capital of the Rutulians, in Latium].

ard66, -ere, arsi, arsum, 1 v. n.
to be on fire, to burn ; to rage;
to be eager; ard. in, vv. acc, to
be eagerfor.
ardiiiis, -a,

-um, adj.

steep,

high,

tozvering.
,r66, -ere,

f.

-a,

be dry.

no

p.

and

s.,

2 v. n. to

VOCABULARY.
-a, -um, Ar^ive [of Argos
Peloponnesus].

Argivtls,
in

aries, aiietis or anetis,

m. a

rani,

a battering ram.

anna, -orum,

armentum,
ann5,

n.

-i,

-atum,

arvi.

annils,

m. a shoulder.

-i,

axs, artis,

artifex,

arundo

(har.), -inis,

shaft.

anmm,

a ploughed field.
[arva, ^\.=fields, a piaiit.']
arx, arcis, f. a citadel.
Asbytes (acc. -en) [a Trojan].
n.

-i,

Asca nitls,

[or

-li

lulus,

son

of

Aeneas].
Asia,

Asia

-ae,

[i.e.

W.

Asia

Minor].
asp6r, -era, -eium. adj. rough, hard.
aspicio, see adsplcio.

asplro, see adspiro.

Assaractls,

aura,

-ae,

f.

breeze,

ally

wind.

[pL aurae^Md- a/;'.]

aurattls, -a, -um, p. part.

pass.

(auro) as adj. gilded.

aurlga,

a chariotecr, a

m.

-ae,

driver.

auris,

-is,

f.

Aurora,

-ae,

aurum,

-i,

an
f.

ear.

the Daivn.

n. gold.

Aurunctls,

-a,

-um, Auruncan [of

[son of Tros,

-i

and

Ausonla, -ae [S. Italy].

Ausonll. -orum; Ausonidae, -arum,
the Ausonians.
ausum, -i, n. a daring deed, a
zenture (audeo).

autem,

Asylas, -ae [a Trojan].

auxillum,

m. an

ancestor.

atrum,

atra,

or.

a,}xt...a,vit

= either

...or.

adj.

conj. mo)-eover, but.

-ii,

n. help, aid.

a-vello, -ere, -velli or -vulsi, -vulblack,

sum

or -volsum, 3 v.

a.

to tear

away.

dark.
-i, m.
promontory

AthSs,

Atlnas,

Mt

-ii,

n.

Athos [a rocky

in Chalcidice].

-atis [a

atrium,

a-verto, -ere, -verti, -versum, 3 v.

a.

to

turn aivay,

a hall.

avis,

avitis, -a,

m. an adviser, a

counsellor.

-ere, ausiis, 2 v.

-is,

a bird.
-um, adj.

f.

(lit.

avtis,

semi-dep.

to

out of the

way), remote.
-i, m. an uncle.
m. a grandsire, an an-

avunctiltis,

-acis, adj. bold.

dare, to venture.

turn aside.

avidtis, -a, -um, adj. greedy, eager.

attdnltus, see adtdnitus.

-5ris,

io

[averstis = hostile.]

Rutulian].

attollo, see adtollo.

andax,
aud^o,

Tuscan and

[a

-is

asto, see adsto.

auctdr,

take

[ctct off).

m. an angur, a secr.
augilrium, -ii, n. an augury, a^i
omen, prophecy.

aut, conj.

at6r,

to

away

to pict

king of Phrygia].
ast or at, conj. but.

-i,

abstuli,

irreg.

the Aurunci, an old Italian race].

aspecto, see adspecto.

ataviis,

-ferre,

of Aeneas].

a craftsman.
f. lit. a reed ; a

-ficis, rn.

au-f6r6 ( = ab-f.),
ablatum, v. a.

Aulestes,

art, skill, craft.

f.

or -ivt, -itum, 4 v.

-ii

augilr, -uris,

a. to

v.

-ire,

hear.

a. to

away,

arms.
ajlock, a herd.

n. pl.

-are, -avi,

audio.

79

-i,

cestor.

axls,

-is,

m, an axle.

VERGIL.

8o

m. a beli, a girdle.
a beard.
bellat6r, -oris, m. a 7oarrio?', a
balteiis,

barba,

-el,

-ae,

f.

bello, -are, -avl, -atum,

v. n. to

beUum,

no

-ere,

cand6r,

a sheep.

f.

two

with

adj.

-ntis,

and

s.,

2 v. n.

m. whiteness,

-oris,

canities

(no

gen.),

bright-

whiteness,

f.

foretell, declare.

m. a goat.

ca,p6r, caprl,

faces.

blgae, -arum (biga),

f.

a pair

pl.

of horses, a two-horse chariot.

bi-itlgtis, -a, -um, adj. two, yoked,
pair.

capi6, -ere, cepl, captum, 3 v.

captlvils, -a, -um, adj. captive.

-ae,

nura.

distributive

-a,

capiit,

-um, adj. good, kind.

-a,

n.

car66, -ere,

carm6n,

bls, adv. twice.

a handle, a hilt.
a head, a source.

ra.

-I,

-itis,

-ul,

wiihout,

two each, two.

a.

to iake, to seize.

capiilils,

bl-lix, -llcis, adj. two-threaded.

no

s.,

2 v. n. to be

lack [w. abl,].

to

a song.
-um, adj. dear [comp.

-inis, n.

cariis, -a,

carI6r].

[m61I6r, optimils,]

-um, adj. empty ; vain.

castrum, -I, n. afort; pl. castra,
-orum, a camp.
casiis, -us, m.
a chance, faiet

m, ihe North 'vind.

bracMum, -li, n, an arm^ a branch.
bulli, -ae, f. a siiid.
bustum, -I, n, a tomb.

cassils, -a,

cado, -ere, cecidl, ca=um, 3 v. n.

catervS,, -ae,

BdrSas,

p.

shine.

to be white, to

can6, -ere, cecinl, cantum, 3 v. n.

and a. to sing, to sing of to

n. 'war.

-I,

-ntis,

bi-frons,

bdnils,

cand66,

grey hair.

fight.

blnl,

XII.

ness.

fighter.

bldens,

AEN.

-ae,

accident, disaster.

caectls, -a,

caedes,

caedo,
a, to

-um,

-is,

cecldl,

-ere,

cut

adj, blind, hidden.

slaughter^ carnage.

f,

down,

caesum, 3

caesaries,

v,

-a,

-um,

dark.

-el,

f,

hair.

calco, -are, -avl, -atum,

v, a, to

trample on.
calf3,ci6, -ere, -fecl, -factum, 3 v.
a, to

heat ;

io

zuarm.

calldils, -5,

f.

hot,

warm.

darkness.

C,mers, -ertis [king of Amyclae].

camptiB,

-i,

c^viis, -a, -um, adj. hollow.

and a. to go. (i) v. n. (i)

withdraw, retire; yield; (ii)
go forward; to prosper ; (iii)
happen, to come to; (2) v. a.
yield, to grant, w, acc.
c61ebr6, -are, -avl, -atum,

to

to
to
to

v. a.

c616r,

celeris,

celere,

adj.

swift.

[c616ri6r, c61errimiis.]

-um, adj.

callg6, -inis,

-is, m, a stalk.
caussa, -ae, f.a cause, a pretext.

caulls,

to praciise often, to celebrate.

infiame.

ca,166, -ere, calul, no. s,, 2 v. n, to

be hot,

a crowd, a body of

ced6, -ere, cessl, cessum, 3 v. n.

to slay.

caerilliis or caeriilils,
adj. bhie,

f.

men.

tofall, to bcfall.

m. a plain.

celsiis, -a,

-um, adj. high,

c6rebrum,

-1,

n.

lofty.

a brain.

cerSiis, -a, -um, adj. zvaxen.

cem6,

-ere

[crevi,

cretum], 3 v.

VOCABULARY.
a.

to discern^ to see ;

(i)

to

(ii)

certSangn,

-ims,

n.

coutesf,

m. a

cry,

a shout, a

certatim, adv. in rivalry, eagerly.

adv.

doubtless

certainly^

v. a. to

strive, to contend, to vie

with.

-icis,

cervtls,

-I,

f.

m. a

CMoreus

rest,

Chl5rea)

(acc.

m. a

shield,

a buckler.

^<^].hcavcnly, heaven-

-e,

coelum,

n. the sky, the heaven.

-i,

-ire, -ii

or

-Ivi,

-itum,

come together,
coepl, -isse, coeptum, 3

v. n.

to rneet.
v. a.

and

-ere, civi, citum,

v. a.

to

cingo, -ere, cinxl, cinctum, 3

to surroufid, to encircle.

n.

co-gnosc6, -ere, -novi, -nitum, 3

V. a. to

raise, to rouse.

-i,

( = con-n.), -a, -um, adj.

of the same fajuily, kindred.
co-gnomgn, -inis, n. name, title.

co-gnatils

Tro-

[a

jan].

cingtilimi,

coelestis,

n. to begin.

[a Rutulian].

-i

v.

a. to shut, to close.

irreg. to

stag.

-um, adj. the

-a,

claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum, 3

c6-66,

7ieck.

the rest of.

CStliegiis,

re-

sent.

-um, adj. certain, sure.

cervix,

[cetSrils],

-um, adj. famous,

-a,

cllpgtis, -ei,

often ironical.
certo, -are, -avi, -atum,

certtis, -a,

clartis,

iwivned.

struggle.

ci6o,

-5ris,

scream.

decide.

certe,

clamSr,

8i

belt,

v. a.

know,

actum, 3

a girdle.

to recognize.

c6-g6 (=:c6-ag5),

-ere, c6-egi, c6-

V. a. to drive, to force,

to cotnpel.

c6-liib66, -ere, -hibul, -hibitum, 2

circa, adv. around, about.

circum, adv. and prep. w.

around, about.

acc.

V. a. to check, to restrain.

col-lig6

circum-do, -dare, -dedi, -datum, i

v. a. to put round, to surroimd.
circum-fgro, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,

gether.

collum,

-ligere,

(con-1.),

-lectum, 3

V.

[se coll.
-1,

to

a.

/(?

-legi,

gather

to-

crouch.^X

n. a neck.

to

c616, -ere, colui, cultum, 3 v. a. {to

circum-spicio, -ere, -spexl, -spec-

c61umna, -ae, f. a column, a pillar.

c6ma, -ae, f. long hair ; (of trees)

V.

irreg.

a.

bear roimd,

to

turn rotmd.
tum, 3

cidtivate), to practise, to worship.

V. a.

to

look

round

{to

leaves.

espy).

circum-sto, -stare,

no

-steti,

stand aroimd.
f. a harp, a

V. n. to

-avi,

-atum,

lyre.

v. a. to

rouse, to speed.
cittls, -a,

-um, part. as adj. quick.

clvis,

comm. a

-is,

clades,

-is,

f.

citizen.

a disaster, destruc-

tion.

clSmo,

-are, -avi,

-atum,

cry out, to shout.

S.

AEN.

XII.

c6mans, -ntis, adj. (part. fr.

c6m5) with long hair, shaggy.
c6m6s, c6mitis, comm. a companion, a coijirade.
c6mitattis, -us, m. a retinue, company.
,

clthSTa,, -ae,
cito, -are,

s.,

i v. n. to

commlniis, adv. at close quarters,

hand to hand.
com-misc66(con-m.), -ere, -miscui,
-mixtum or -mistum, 2 v. a. to
mingle, to

mix

together.

VERGIL.

82
com-mitto,

-missum,

-misi,

-^rf,

manum,

com.

3 V. a. io join ;

to

join battle with [with dative].

com-mtliiis,

by

-e,

z.(X].co)n7non,shared

com-pingo,

-pegi,

-ere,

-pactum,

com-plect6r, -plecti, -plexus, 3

dep. a. to embrace.

v.

com-p6n6.

-ere,

-positum,

-posiii,

3 V. a. (i) to join, put together

(ii) to arratige, draw up i (iii) to
settle, io

m. an

an

effort,

en-

to stir

up, io

qiiick,

speeding.l

[concitiis

rotise.

conc. foedus

compose, make.

dictate

a treaty.

-are, -avi,

n. to shont,

-atum,

v.

cry aloud.

incept. io

grow

iogether, to

v.

ilep.

-gressiis, 3 v.

meei,

io

a.

to

fighi,

to

con-gresstis,

dat.].

c6n-ici6

m.

[a

rtm^mig

io-

gether), a ihrong.

c^xssiis^ agiiated, si^-icken.]

-ere,

-ieci,

hurl,

to

a.

io

cast.
-iCigis, c.

husba^id, vnfe.

con-nubium, see conubium.

con-sanguin6iis,

-um, adj. of

-a,

con-scend6, -ere, -scendi, -scensum,

3 V. a. tO 77lOU7li.

con-sciHs,

-um, adj. conscious.

-a,

dep.

-secutiis, 3 v,

tofollow up,

a.

to reach.
v.

n. to settle, to retnain.

C0n-sist6, -ere,

-stiti,

con-spectHs,

con-stem6,

-stitum, 3 v.

f.

-us,

m.

sigkt, view.

-ere, -straxi, -stratum,

sirew over,

con-stlttlo, -ere,

to cover.

-stitiii,

-stitutum,

a law,

co7idi-

n.

and

a. io co7isult, take counsel.

con-surg6,

tum, 3

con-d6, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 3

to fon7id, to establish ;

con-stilo, -ere, -sului, -sultum, 3 v.

[w. dat. toco7isuli

iion.
v. a.
(ii)

to

hide, to bury.

con-dtlc6, -^re, -duxi, -ductum, 3

v. a. to hire.

v.

3 V. a. io set up, to biiild.

con-ctitio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, 3

v. a. to shake, to agitate.
[con-

-onis,

m. a 7neeting; a

[con-iacio],

3 V. a. to
-ijs,

-iis,

C07lfliit.

n. io hali, to take 07ie's statid.

con-curr6, -ere, -curri, -cursum, 3

v. n. to 7-11)1 togeiher, tofight \\\.

(i)

con-sId6, -er6, -sedi, -sessum, 3

stiffen, to freeze.

con-dlcl6,

-atum,

a. to redouble, repeat.

con-s6qu6r, -sequi,

con-cresc6, -ere, -crevi, -cretum, 3

con-curstls,

be^inldered.l

-are, -avi,

the sa77ie blood, ki^idred.

con-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 3

v. a. (lit. to take hold of), to

con-clamo,

= r(?/?^o^fl',

ftistis

-fusum, 3 v.
[con-

destroy.

co7ifoii7id,

con-iunx,

deavoiir.

con-ci66, -ere, -civi, -citum, 1 v. a.

make or

engage, iofight.^

-ere, -fudi,

-iectum,

cahn.

conattls, -us,

V. n.

mkn\im = to
to

bring together.

7}gage.

V. a. tofill.

to

[c.

con-fund6,

col-latum,

-tuli,

to

a.

con-gT6di6r, -gredi,

-pletum, 2

-ere, -plevi,

-ferre,

irreg.

V.

con-g6min6,

tofix together, to join.

com-pl66,

XII.

con-f6r6,

a.

all.

3 V. a.

AEN.

07ie^s interests.']

-ere, -surrexi,

V. n. to rise

COn-t6g6,

-surrec-

up.

-ere, -texi, -tectum, 3 v.

a. to cover, to hide.

con-tend6,
3

V.

shoot.

a.

-ere,
io

-tendi,

draw

(a

-tentum,

bow),

to

VOCABULARY.
con-terrSo, -ere,
2

territum,

-terriii,

frighten, terrify.

V. a. to

with.
-ere, -torsi, -tortum,

hurl ; to brandish.
contra, adv. and prep. w. acc. on
1 V. a. to

thc other side, opposite, against.

con-trSJio, -ere,
V.

-tractum,

-traxi,

hring

to

a.

together,

to

collect.

contrariiis, -a, -um, adj. contrary,

conHbium

conubTum),

(or

7narriage,' zoedlock

-il,

nom.

pl.

con-vello, -ere, -velli, -vulsum or

-volsum, 3

a. to tear tip,

V.

to

-veni,

-ire,

-ventum, 4
[^rd

to conie together.

lit.

impersonal

convgnit^//

con-verto, -ere, -verti, -versum, 3

V. a. to tiirn round.

a keart, niind.
lit. a korn; hence
(i) projecting socket of helmet
(2) a wing of an army.
comtls, -i, f. a cornel-tree, a weapon
cor, cordis, n.

-us, n.

of cornel wood.
-ae,

lit.

f.

a crown

to

V. a. to seize, to

no

-are,

brandisk;

cCrusctis,

p.

and

snatck up.
s., i v. a.

-um, adj. waving,

-a,

niorrow.

no

s.,

increase,

to

to

credo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 3 v. a.

to believe, to trust [w. dat. ].
cr66, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. a. to
create, to

give birtk

to.

m. a crask, din.

cresc6, -ere, crevi, cretum, 3 v. n.

to

grow,

to increase.

Cretheus

(voc. Cretheu) [a

Greek,

follower of Aeneas].
-inis, n. a charge, a
proach, fatdt, gnill.

crlnis,

-is,

m.

swing,

crista,, -ae,

p.,

to

f.

crispatum,

f.

-a,

v.

brandish.

crest.

crtldelis, -e, adj. cruel.

crtldtls, -a,

-um, adj. bloodstained,

bloody.

-um, adj. gory, blood-

crtienttls, -a,

staincd.
crti6r, -oris,

m. gore,

blood.

a couch, a bed.
culmen, -inis, n. a kouse-top, a
-is,

n.

cum, conj. wken, since.

cum, prep. w. abl. witk,
witk

[placed

e.g.

or

togetker

enclitically

a side.
-um, adj.

after

relative pronouns,

mecum,vobiscum, quocum].

keap up, to pile tip.

cunctCr, -ari, -atus, i

[a 'rrojanj.

-i

re-

hair.

no

crisp6, -are,

Ctimtil6, -are, -avi, -atum,

Cdrynaetis,
crastlntls,

frequent.

spread.

personal

v. n. to glitter.

gleaming.
costS,, -ae,

incept.

n.

?i(\].

crebriii,

niountain-top.

cor-ripio (con-r.), -ere, -ripui, -rep-

cdmsco,

-ere,

culpa, -ae, i.fault, sin.

corptls, -oris, n. a body.

tum, 3

v.

ctibng,

a ring.

circle,

a, to

agreed. ]

is fitting, it is

cdronS,,

crebSr, -bra, -brum,

crlmgn,

pluck up.
con-vgnlo,
sing.

xvicker-work, a

lit.

Cretaetls, -a, -um, Cretan.

conflbia.

comtl,

rib.

crgpittls, -us,

opposite.

V. n.

f.

crebresco,

cr,ter,,

m. a bowl.

-is,

Joint,

con-torqu6,

n.

cratis,

sing.

[acc.

-eris

-eras]

pl.

contlniio, adv. straightway, forth-

crater,

83

v. a.

to

rib,

of

to-

v.

n.

delay, to kesitate.

cuncttis,

-a,

-um, adj.

all, every.

62

to

VERGIL.

84
cilnSiis,

m.

-!,

lit.

-cvedge;

a troop,

a band.

Sabine priest of

[a

-i

why ? wherefore? interrog.

ctlra, -ae,

rim,

the horses of

a point, a

f.

lance,

spear.

Cydon,

de-flgo, -ere,

m. a s^uati.
m. =ania7iof Cydonid

-i,

-onis,

to

-are, -avi,

doom,

-atum,

v. a.

condemn.

to

i.e.

-a,

v. a.

v. a.

to spoil.

-avi,

-atum,

to graze.

to

no

-ere,

yawn,

to

p.

and

3 v. n.

s.,

open.

tum, 3

to cast,

V. a.

throw

to

down orfrom.
deindS, adv. then, next, secondly.

Greeks.

DardS,nidae,

damts

in.

de-icI6 [de-iacio], -ere, -ieci, -iec-

-um, adj. Danaan,

Greek; Danal, -orum, the

Dan&tis,

-fixum, 3 v. a.

-are, -avi, -atum,

de-gusto, -are,

dS-Msco,

damno,

carry

to

dgtiinc, adv. next, then.

a Cretan.

[in Crete],

de-formo,
to mar,

-fixi,

down, tofix

to fasten

-idis,

-latum, irreg.

-tuli,

bring down,

to

a.

n. to fail, to give up.

course.

cycntls,

V.

de-ficlo, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 3 v.

chariot.

m. running, speed;

-us,

v. a. to defend, to protect.

down.

to speed.

CurrHs, -us, m. a car, a chariot

cuspis,

honoicr, glory.

dedScils, -oris, n. shame, disgrace.

de-fero, -ferre,

care, troiible.

f.

curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum, 3 v.

cursiis,

m. a downrush.

decurstls, -us,

de-fendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum, 3

Hercules].

n. to

XII.

d6cti,s, -oris, n.

CHpenctls,
cdr, adv.

AEN.

-um,

[i.e.

sons of
Trojans].

Dar-

de-Ubo,
to

-a, -um, adj. of Dardanus, Trojan.

-are, -avi,

-atum,

v. a.

touch lightly.

mad, distraught.

Dardanltis,

demens,

Dares,

de-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 3

V. a. to send down, to si^ik, to let

-etis

(acc.

Dareta) [a Tro-

jan].
-a,

-um, adj. of Daunus,

Aptdian.
-i,

de, prep. w. abl. froni, dow7i froni.

da, -ae,

-ere,

-e,

de-cemo,
V.

agoddess.

f.

V. a. to

a.

debiii,

owe
adj.

debitum,

ought.

weak.

-crevi, -cretum, 3
decide (by combat), to

to

beftting, to behove.
-a,

demisstlB, p. part.

= downcast.l

demum,

adv. indeed, at length.

deniqu6, adv. finally, in fine, in

short.

-um, adj. seemly,fair.

v. a. to

thicken, to set close.

denstls,

-a,

de-pono,
3

V.

-um, adj. thick,

-posui,

-ere,

a,

to

close.

-positum,

lay down,

to

put

off.

de-prSc6r,

fight.

dScSt, d^cere, decuit, 2 v. impers.

d3cor(ls,

despond.

denso, -are, -avi, -atum,

-ere,

to

to

pass.

m. [king of Apulia,
father of Tumus].

Dauntis,

debilis,

[anlmum dem. =

fall, to drop.

Daunitis,

deb&d,

-ntis, adj.

-ari, -atus,

to deprecate, to

de-scend6,

^\.

v.

dep.

a.

ask mercy.

-ere, -scendi,

n. to descend.

-scensum,

VOCABULARY.
de-s6r6, -^re,

-sertum, 3 v.

-seriil,

dlrds,

to desert, to leave.

a.

f.

desertOr, -6ris, m. a deserter,

runaway.

leave

V.

-stitum, 3 v. n.

-stitl,

off, to

de-sum, deesse,
to be

wanting

dei

V. a. to

dovcn.

vow,

aside.

or

called.']

-i, m. dittany [a plant

from Mt. Dicte in Crete].
Dicte, -es, f. Mt. Dicte [in Crete].
dies, -ei, m. or f. a day.

v.

dep.

a. to

deem worthy, to deign.

digntis, -a, -um, adj. xvorthy, mect.
dl-lig6, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, 3 v. a.
to

[dnectiis = ^t-ar,

love.

\v.

dat.]

dl-ltlvium,

-ii,

n. aflood,

a deluge.

dl-meti6r, -in, -mensus, 4

a. to measttre off.
dl-mitto, -ere,
a. to seiid

-roisi,

away,

v.

dep.

-missum, 3

v.

to dismiss.

dl-rigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectum, 3 v. a.

aim.

dl-ripi6,

brcak

-ere,

V. a. to iear

-ripul,

cursum,
di8-K;tlti6,

discord, strife.

v.

n.

run

to

(in

-ere,

-cussl,

-cussum, 3

v. a. to scatter.

dis-ici6 [dis-iaci5], -ere, -iecl, -iec-

tum,

3 V. a. to scatter^ to cleave..

dis-silio,

-ire, -silui,

no

s.,

v. n.

tofly apart.
dis-sult6, -are,

no

p.

and

s.,

v. n.

tofly apart, to burst forth.

ditl,

didx.for a long time.

dlva,, -ae,

f.

dlversus,

-a,

verto,

lit.

a goddess.
-um, p. part. pass. dlturned different zvays

dlv$s, divitis or dltis, adj. rich.

dl-vid6, -ere, -visl, -visum, 3 v. a.
to separate, to divide.

m. a god. [gen.
or dlvum.]
dare, dedi, datum, i v.
to
give,
hence
offer,

dlvtis,

-I,

pl.

dlvonim
to

shew,

off.

asunder,

f.

-inis, n. distinction.

different directions).

d6,

dl-rim6, -ere, direml, diremptum,

3 V. a. to

3 v. a. to

s.,

separate, diverse, different.

Di6res [a Trojan].
Dlrae, -arum, f. pl. the Furies.
to direct, to

no

dis-curr6, -ere, -curri or -ciicurri,

dictamniis,

digii6r, -ari, -atus,

-clusum, 3

part.

learn.

dis-crlm6n,

^' ^^'' '''-^'^ ^""'"^-

[dlc6r = I am

tell.

v. a. to open, to

dis-cordia, -ae,

to devote.

dlc6, -er^, dixi, dictum, 3 v. a. to

say, to

di-scind6, -ere, -scidi, -scissum,

3
V. a. to tear asunder.

disc6, -ere, didicl,

-votum,

-v5vi,

to

separate), to settle, to

dis-cl{ld6, -ere, -clusi,

deorum

pl.

'^^'

-cessum, 3

-cessi,

separate ; to depart.
V. a. (lit. to

-ere,

dextra f

of

go different ways,

choos''.

deum), a god.

dertSrS,)

-ere,
to

(w, dat.).

(gen.

de-v6v66,

n.

defiji, v. n. irreg.

-ere, -torsi, -tortum, 2

turn

V. a. to

god

[the

dis-cern6, -ere, -crevi, -cretum,

3

cease [\v. infin.].

de-s\lp6r, 3.dv./rom ahove

de-torquo,

dfiiis,

dis-ced6,

down.

de-sisto, -ere,
to

Pluto

Ditis,

Hades].

de-slll6, -Ire, -silui, -sultum, 4 v. n.

to leap

pl.

DIs,

8S

-um, ^d].fearful ; Dlrae

= M^ Furies.

-a,

to

make;

to allo-iv.

-reptum, 3

0616^68 = /^? sheiu,

to destroy.

lours ;

saltum

lO

to

[dSxS

make

dirS

a.

co-

= salire

VERGIL.

86

darg = defendere ;
darS rillnani = /^ spread ruin,
to ruin;
dicta dar = /^ utter
words ; terga, dar6 = /(7 fiy
veia ^lx^ = to set sail ; do with

defensum

= to

\xv^x\.

doctum,

two

6d6,

XII.

Idonils,

2 v. a.

devour,

edtlco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 3 v.

ef-fgro

foj th, to

ddliis,

tO

m.

-i,

ddminils,

-i,

domltSr,

m. a

lord,

a master.

m. a tamer, a sub-

domo

f.

a house.

or -u, acc. pl.

[abl. sing.

domSs

or

gen. pl. d6m5ruin or d5-

muum.]
donum,

-i,

Drances,

tintil,

n.

-is

dum,

v.

a.

dti6,

adv. long before.

-e, adj.

-orum),

d&plex,

-6

sweet, pleasant.

(duorum,

-arum,

num. two.

and

twin.

-plicatum,

V. a. to doicble, to bend.

dtlrtis, -a,

-um, adj. hard, cruel.

dux, ducis, m. a leader.

that time.]
6btlr, -oris, n. ivory.
-i

[a Rutulian].

ecc6 or en,interj. /0! beholdl

-um, adj. of Echion

[founder of Thebes].

Eclilonlils, -a,

v. a.

v.

dep. defect.

speak, to say.

ef-fund6, -ere,
a. to

-fvidi,

-fusum, 3 v.
(i) to spread

poiir otU, hence

to

(ii)

e-gr6glfis,

let

loose

(eflf.

ha-

/.

-um,

-a,

adj.

distin-

guish ed [exceeding fa ir) .

e-111d6, -ere, -lusi, -lusum, 3
e-mic6,
I

-micui,

-are,

n.

V.

v. a.

-micatum,

dart forward,

to

to

spring.

en = ecc6.
6nim, cow]. for.
ensis,
66,

-is,

ire,

ii

m. a sword.
or ivi, itum

(pr.

part.

iens, euntis), v. n. irreg. to go.

[ittir

e or ex, prep. w. abl. out of from

[ex illo=/m;/
out of, from.

EXi^BiXa,

n. to breatheforth.

e-mlniis, z.A\.from afar.

-plicis, adj. double,

dftplico, -are, -plicavi,

v. a.

to elude, to bajffle.

conj. while, so long as, until.

-ae,

demand.

me], pers. pron.

ductum, 3

draw.
duct6r, -5ris, m. a leader, a captain.
dulcis,

6g6, mei [acc. me, dat. mihi, abl.

gift.

to lead, to

dMum,

ejff.

benas).

while.

[a Laurentian].

dtlco, -ere, duxi,

[se

lift, to raise.

ef-flo, -flare, -flavi, -flatum,

to

carry

to

02lt.]

oui;

d6n6c, conj.

ex-tvili,

-ferre,

irreg.

a.

ef-f 6r, -fari, -fatus,

dtier.

ddmiLs, -us,

-iis,

gO

v.

ef-flagito, -are, -avi, -atum,

to

craft, deceit.

-oris,

up, to build.

= ex-f.),

Ddlo, -5nis [a Trojan spy of the

ddldr, -5ris, m.pain, grief, sorro7o.

to

a.

v.

constime.

-um, Edonian [Ed5ni

-a,

e-latum,

Iliad\

to

a Thracian tribe], Thracian.

accs.), to tell of.

to teach (w.

esum, 3

edi,

-ere,

eat, to

a. to raise

allow, etc]

-ere, docui,

ddc5o,

AEN.

pi!il6,

impers.

-5ms

/i<?,

we, they go.]

[a Rutulian].

-itis, m. a horseman.
gquidem, zdw.for my part.
Squiis, -i (gen. pl. equ5rum, or
equum), m. a horse.

6qu6s,

erg6, adv. accordingly, therefore.

e-ripi6, -ere,
a. to

-ripiii,

snatch away,

-reptum, 3
to

take

v.

away

VOCABULARY.
[with dat.

8 erip.
-ril6,

-ere,

take axvay from.

to

/(?

-riitum,

v.

a.

m.

Mt Eryx

N.W.

[in

and, also,

Euandgr,

N. of Latium].
Arcadian
[an
Italy and king of

-dri

emigrated to
Pallanteum; father of

and ally of Aeneas].

Eumedes, -is [a Trojan

Pallas,

son of

the S.E. ivind.

-i,

v. n.

to get oiit, to pass.

e-verb6r6, -are,

ex-itium,

-ii,

ex-6ri6r,

-iri,

-atum,

v.

ex-6sils, part.

ex-p6di6,

stroyer.
-inis

= ex-agm.),

n.

balance.

a.

hating excecdingly.
-li

or

-ivi,

-ituni,

make

to

set free,

to

(i)

ready ; (ii) to unravel, to unfold.

ex-pendo, -ere, -pendi, -pensum,
a.

to iveigh out, to

pay ;

to

consider.

V. a.

tofill up, to complete.

n. destruction.

-ii,

ex-scind6, -ere,

-scidi,

-scissum, 3

v.

n. to depart.

ex-cell6,

ex-spect6, -are, -avi, -atum,

v. a.

to zvaitfor, to expect.

ex-ced6, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 3

-ere,

and

ex-stingu6, -ere, -stinxi, -stinctum,

3 v. a. to queftch, to destroy.

-celhu,

-celsum,

n. to surpass, to excel.

ex-cld6, -ere, -cidi,

no

s,,

3 v, n. to

ex-cld6, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, 3 v.

to cut off, to cut doiun.
ex-ci6, -ire, -civi or

-cii,

-citum, 4 V. a. to

a.

-citum or

stir

up,

ex-sult6, -are, -avi, -atum,

to

frighten.

n.

and

io

surpass.

a. to rise

v.

above, to prevail,

ex-templ6, a.6.v.forthwith.
ex-tend6, -ere, -tendi, -tensum or
-tentum, 3

v.

to

a.

extend,

to

prolong.
ex-terr66, -ere,

ex-cit6, -are, -avi, -atum,

ex-torqu66,

v,

a.

to rouse.

-are,

-clamavi, -clama-

v. n. to cry out.
-ere,

-cussi,

shake

off, to

shake out,

to

-ere,

-torsi,

-tortum,

tvrench out, to zvrench

froin, w. dat.

extremiis,

-cussum,

-territum,

-terriii,

2 v. a. to affright, to terrify.

2 v. a. to

hurl out.

v. n.

ex-stlpSr6, -are, -avi, -atum,

ex-cipi6, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 3 v.

a. to catch up.

ex-clam6,

to leap forth, to exult.

fall out.

v. a. to

to

v. a. to extirpate, to destroy.

examgn,

ez-Ctltl6,

dep.

-ortus, 4 v.

-ire,

ex-scldium,

a. to strike, to beat.

a.

n. death, destruction.

ex-pl66, -plere, -plevi, -pletum,

-avi,

e-vers6r, -oris, m. a sacker, a dc-

tum,

dep.

v.

exhort.

rise forth, rise up.

3 V.

g-vado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, 3

a.

-ari, -atus,

to advise, to

V.

Dolo].

V.

host.

fortkwith.

ez-en.

EtrHria, [in Italy

Eurtis,

an example.
an army, a

m.

ex-In, or ex-ind, adv. after that,

Sicily].

esci, -ae, t food, a morsel.

6t, conj.

n.

-i,

-us,

ex-hortor,

to icproot, to destroy.

Er^rx, -ycis,

ex-emplum,
exercittis,

escape.'\

-rui,

87

-a,

-um,

extra, extSridr),
exilviae, -arum,

f.

adj.

last,

pl.

(superl.

outermost.
spoils

aiiythijig strippedfrom one).

(lit.

AEN.

VERGIL.

88
facies,

-ei,

face,

f.

fonn.

fetiis,

faclo, -ere, feci, factum, 3 v. a. to

make,

form,

to

to

do

old

(an

future found faxo).

factum,
to

deceive,

falsum, 3 v. a.
cheat, to escape

-ae,

i.

fame,

dep.

v.

fatli,

substantive

(supine in -u) from farl

liaud

to

speak.

moUia faX^ hard

in the

saying=hard
fatum,

-i,

Fauniis,

m.

[rustic

god

of

happy,fortunate.

femingils,

-um,

adj.

of

woman, given by a woman.

4

v. a.

bring, to carry ; feror, to

advance;

go ;

bri7ig forth ;

(ii)

(iii)

also
to

f6ro,

bear,

to

to bear, to en-

dure ; (iv) to hit, 492.

f6rox, -ocis, adj. boid, pj-oud.
ferreCis, -a,

-um, adj.

ferrum,

n.

--i,

iron

ij-on.

a weapon, a

an end,

limit.
n.

irreg.

v.

become.

firm5, -are, -avi, -atum,

v. a. to

-um, adj. strong, sure.

1

v.x\. to

to blaze.

flamma,

-ae, i.flame,fire.

flexum, 3 v.

a.

turn, to guide,

to

-ere, flexi,

bend,

to

a. to

weep,

-um,

-a,

and

to /a/fient.

adj.

blossoming,

m.

fl5s, floris,

aflozver.

to

wave,

-atum,

-um, adj. wild.

fervldtis, -a, -um, hot, eager.

v. n.

to fluctuate, to be tossed.

fluctus, -us,

m. a wave, a

bilLiiv,

surge.

flilentum,

flumen,

-i,

n.

-inis, n.

flil5, -ere, fluxi,

a stream.
a river, a stream.
fluxum, 3

v. n.

to

flozv.

m. a river, a stream.
m. a hearth, a brazier.

fltiviiis, -ii,

fdciis,

-i,

foed5, -are, -avi, -atum,

s-.vord.

fgrtis, -a,

f.

factus,

fluctil5, -are, -avi,

fr5, ferre, tuli, latum, v. a. irreg.

to

m. or

-is,

fl5rCis,

to strike, to hit.

neutr.

-itum,

lovely.

fri5, -ire [percussi, ictum],

to

-ivi,

flg5, flere, flevi, fletum, 2 v. n.

fSmtir, -oris, n. thigh.

to

to

persuade.

poison.

felix, -icis, adj.

-a,

a.

[passive of facio], to be made, to

to

a torch, a brand.

f61, fellis, n. gall,

(ij

or

-ii

fieri,

flect5,

Latium].

rusk,

flnis,

burn,

the throat.

pl.

[superl.

a daughter.

f.

-ire,

flagr5, -are, -avi, -atum,

f.

f.

in

fixum, 3 v.

fixi,

firmtis, -a,

n.Jate, destiny.

fauces, -ium,

fax, facis,

faithful, true;

strengthen, to assure.

to say.

fattir, see fdr.

-i,

flni5,

fI5,

fesstls =: xveury.

of verbal

abl.

z.di].

trusting

gen.,

V. a. tofinish, to end.

fessus, 3 v. dep. a. to

-i,

groiv weary.

w.

fHia, -ae,

a. to

confess, to agree.

fatiscdr,

-um,

fldtis, -a,

fix, to attcuh.

fatalis, -e, adj. fateful, destined.

-eri, fassus, 2

clasp, afastener.

fldo, -ere, fisus, 3 v. semi-depon.

n. to trtist (w. dat. or abl.)

flgo, -ere,

report.

fas, indecl. n. right, lawfiil.

fat66r,

offspring.

f.

fldissimtis].

to be unobsei^ved.

notice,

fama,

to

m.

-iis,

frbtlla, -ae,

fldens, confident.

a deed.

n.

-i,

fallo, -ere, fefelli,

XII.

defile, to

v.

a.

mar.

foedtis, -eris, n. a treaty, a peace.

to

VOCABULARY.
f61Ium,

-li,

fons, -ntis,
(f6r),

a haf.

n.

fnlTTi ftn,

m. a fountain,

xvater.

fatiis,

fari,

fatiir,

v.

m. and

f.

pincers.

fonna, -ae, i. form, shape, beauty.

formido, -inis, i. fear, terror.
fors, forte (abl.), f. chance, used
only in nom. and abl.
[fors-aji,adv. =perchance; fort as
adv.

= by

a. to

v.

io

smoke,

famtls,

-inis, n.

afiagmcnt, a

and

v. n.

s., i

no
to

p.

and

s.,

v. n.

steam, to reek.

m. smoke.

-i,

adv. frotn

fundittls,

the

bottom,

utterly.

fusum, 3

-ere, fudi,

v. a. fo

out, fo scatter, to shed.

n.

-eris,

mitt6r6

deafh.

ftlngra,

[djr6,

deal

to

out

Filriae, -arum,

f.

fhe Furies ; fury,

madness.

piece.

m. a

frag6r,

-oris,

frango,

-ere, fregi,

filr6, -ere, furui,

crash.

fractum, 3 v.

a.

m. a

frSmo,

-ere,

V. n.

(and

fremui, fremitum, 3
a.) to roar, to gro7ul

filtilis,

brother.

-e,

(of a lion), to snort (of a horse),

gal6a,

gaudSo,

-i,

n.

reiti

frena or

pl.

[frena acclpgrg,

freni.

to

sub-

dep.

-ae,

frons, frondis,

f.
f.

leaves, foliage.

a front, a fore-

head.
(frux, frugis), friiges, -um,
;

f.

herbs,

meal.

-ari, -atus, i v.

dep.

a. to

bajfe, to deccive.
ftiga, -ae, {.flight.

[ftigam dar6,

tofly.-\

fiigax, -acis, zd]. fugitive, fyiiig.

fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum, 3 v. n.

a.

to flce,

fulggo, -ere,

to fly.

fulsi,

shine, to gleam.

f.

a helmet.
semi-

to rejoice.

gSlidiis, -a, -um, adj. cold.

-a,

-um,

adj.

twin,

no

m. a groan.
gemui, gemitum, 3
n. to groan, to sound.
g6nae, -arum, f. cheeks.
gSmitiis,

-us,

gSmo,

-ere,

gSner,

-eri,

gn6trix,

frustra, adv. in vain.

frustror,

madness.

adj. briftle; vain, use-

two.

frigils, -oris, n. co/d.

frons, frontis,

3 v. n. to

-ere, gavisus, 2 v. n.

ggminiis,

mit.]

s.,

less.

to rage, to chafe.

frenum,

no

rave, to rage, be rnad.

filr6r, -oris, vsx.fury,

break.

fratgr, -tris,

and

p.

thunder.

slaughter.']

chcrish, to tend.

fruits

thunderbolt,

-um, z.^^.yellow, tawny.

fulviis, -a,

fflnils,

f6v66, -ere, fovi, fotum,

to

no

-are,

fflmo, -are,

pour

fortdna, -ae, {.forttme.

frag-mSn,

fulmino.

fundo,

chance.]

fortis. -^, adj. brave, nohle.

n.

-inis,

lightniug.

to lighten, to

dep. defect. to speak.

forceps, -cipis,

89

s.

2 v. n. to

v.

m. a son in law.

-icis,

f.

a mother.

m. afather.
gens, -ntis, f. a race, afamily.
gSnil, -iis, n. a knee (nom. pl. also
genua, two syllables).
gSntis, -eris, n. a rcue, offspring.
germana, -ae, f. a sister.
germantls, -i, m. a brother.
gSro, -ere, gessi, gestum, 3 v. a.
to bear, to carry on.
ggnitor.

-5ris,

VERGIL.

90

gesto, -ar^, -avi, -atum,

gigno,

v.

genitum, 3

-ere, genui,

a. to

prodtice.

pass.

= born.

glilcles, ei,

adjectives and a few verbs [e.g.

v.

haud moY^% = hard\.

haudquaquam, adv. by no means,

[g6nitils p. part.

a.

glauctis, -a,

m. a sword.
-um, adj. blue, grey.

Glauciis,

[son

gladiils,

-ii,

-i

no

of Imbrasiis, a

to

grow,

gloria, -ae,

p.

and

s.,

3 v. n.

to sT.vell.
f.

glory, honour.

Grail or Grai, -5rum or -um, the

Greeks.

gramfen,

-inis, n.

grass, a plant,

gramindils,

-a,

-um^^ra^j^, covered

-um,

adj.

pleasing,

drink up ;

to

m.

-i,

Hectdr,

-oris

[a river in Thrace].
[Trojan hero, killed

by Achilles].
ahl alasl
herbS,, -ae, f. a plant, a herb.
Hespgria, -ae, the land of the
West [ = Italy].
heros, -5is, m. a hero.
heu, interj. ah! alasl

hei, interj.

h!c,

ho therel holloa!

interj.

haec, hoc (gen.

huius,

dat.

one.
hlc, adv. here.

dear.

gravis,

in, to

huic), pron. demonst. this, this

ivith grass.
-a,

hausi, haustum, 4 v.

draw

Hebrtis,

heus,

a herb.

grattls,

to

all.
-ire,

drain, to exhaust.

Lycian, follower of Aeneas].

glisco, -ere,

not at

haurio,

ice.

f.

XII.

a.

carry (constantly).

to

freq.

AEN.

hinc, adv. hence,from this side (hic)

heavy, strong.

-e, adj.

grivitSr, adv. heavily.

hio, -are, -avi, -atum,

m. a step.
gurggs, -itis, m. a gulf, a sea.
Gyas, -ae (acc. Gyan) [a Trojan].
Gylippils, -i [an Arcadian, foUower

hirundo, -inis, f. a swallow.

hddie = h5c die), adv. to-day.
h6mo, -inis, comm. a human being,

gressils, -us,

f.

rein.

to

have, to hold ; to wear, to

a case of

hold fast,

haesum,
to

v.

cleave,

io

folloiv close, to be stayed.

haxena,

-ae,

hastS,, -ae,

liastng,

f.

-is,

f.

sa^id.

a spear.
n. a spear-shaft, a

spear.

haud, adv.

not,

horriii,

no

s.,

to bristle, to quiver, to

2 v. n.

shudder.

[horrendils =/^ar/ir//, adv. hor-

iiic).

Iiaer66, -ere, haesi,

to

Iffvely,

h6n6r, or h6n6s, -5ris, m. honour,

[h6n6res, ^\.=divine
repute.
horr66, -ere,

Jitting.

2.^].

hac, adv. this ivay^ on this side

n.

adj.

honours, zuorship, sacrifice^

call.

habilis, -e,

(orig.

-um,

-a,

bcaiitiful.

liabSo, -ere, habui, habitum, 2 v.

a.

n. to

gape, to be eager.

h6nesttis,
-ae,

v.

a man.

of Euander].

habena,

with adverbs and

rendum, fearfdly.]
horresco, -ere, horrui, no
n. incept. to shudder.
horrificils,

-a,

-um,

s.,

v.

adj. fearfid,

terrible.

horr6r,

-5ris,

hostis,

-is, ni.

m. a shudder, tcrror.
afoe, an enemy.

htlc, adv. hither (hic).

VOCABULARY.
-um, adj. hiiman.

htlinaiitis, -a,

hilindiiis [umerus],

-i,

m. a shoul-

der.

91

Imbrasides,

-ae,

son of Imbrdsiis

[a Lycian].

im-manis = in-m.), -e, adj. huge,

immense [immanS used as ad(

htlniidils (um.), -a, -um, adj.w^/.

verb].

htlniilis, -e, adj. lcnv.

Hylltls,

im-m6dlcabllis,

[a Trojan].

-i

Hymgnaeils, -i, or Hymen, -enis,

m. the god of rnarriage, xuedding,

im-mitto,

-missum, 3
spur on, to

-ere, -misi,

v. a. to despatch, to

bridals.

incurable,

-e, adj.

dcadly.

drivc' against, to let loose.

iapis,

m. [the physician of

-idis,

im-m616,

Aeneas].

-um, p. part. pass. [Ico

-a,

ida,

m. a blow, an
f.
Mt. Idd

-ae,

aiui.
[(i)

near

Troy; (ii) in Crete].

Idem, eadem, idem (gen. eiusdem,
dat. eidem), pron. the same.

Idmon,

messen-

-onis [a Rutulian,

ger of Turnus].
ig-navtls

-a,

-um, adj.

slothful, cowardly.

igni-p6tens,

(=

fire
ignis,

adj.

-ntis,

rukr of

m.

stibic6r6

fire, flafne;

ignoro, -are, -avi, -atum,

to be

ignorant

-icis, f.

illaetabills

-a,

unknown.
-e,

adj.

om.

dat.

illi),

[ill6

V^o = that

-inis,

-bris,

f.

adj.

-paris,

fear-

adj.

im-p6di6,

-ire,

or

-ii

-ivi,

-itum,

4 V. a. to impede, to hamper.
im-pell6, -ere, -puli, -pulsum, 3
impel, to cast, to strike.

-are,

-atum,

-avi,

govern [w.

dat.].
-ii,

n.

po7cer,

rule,

comfnand.

m.

-iis,

an

rush,

onset.

im-pitis,

-a,

-um, adj.

impious.

wicked.

im-placabiUs,

-e, adj.

implacable,

7-eIentIess.

im-pI66, -plere, -plevi, -pletum, 2

lion.]

adv. thither

imago,
imb6r,
haiL

(in-par),

im-p6tils,
illius,

pron.demonstr. {i)that,thatone,
(lookingforward)
= this, this further; (3) also =

mighty

[w. gen.].

unequal, unfair.
im-pavidtls, -a, -um,

im-p6rium,

he,t\.c.; (2)also

illtic,

from

V. a. freq. to rule, to

in-laet.),

-ud (gen.

that great

im-par

with no share

adj.

-e,

immortal.

-um, adj. unclean,

im-pgrit6,

Joyless, sad.
ilie,

in, free

adj.

-e,

-a,

v. a.

a holm-oak.

(=

v. a.

im-pense, adv. earnestly, greatly

(impendo).

of.

ignottls, -a, -um, adj.

nex,

ign.

kindle.

/"^

fdthy.
im-mtlnis,

V. a. to

VAilcan).

-is,

-atum,

less.

= in-gn.),

im-mortalis,

im-mund\ls,

(defective v.)], striick.

icttis, -us,

adj. untnoved.

-e,

-are, -avi,

to slay.

iasides, -ae, son of lasiis.

icttis,

im-mobllls,

V. a. tofll.

(ill6).

an image, a

vision.

m. a shower, a storm,

im-plic6, -are, -avi, -atum,

to entangle, to

wind.

orbes = wituis in

v,

a.

[implicat

circles.

AEN.

VERGIL.

92
im-ploro, -are,
to

-avl,

-atum,

v. a.

in-clilttls,

-ere,

3 V.
on.

io

a.

-positum,

-posul,

place

in,

in-cognitils, -a, -um, adj.

place

to

im-primo,

-a,

-um,

iinlncky;

lit.

in-cr6p6, -are, -crepui, -crepitum,

-pressum,

-ere, -pressl,

3 V. a. to press in, to press on.

im-probils,

-a,

-um, adj. wicked,

unexpectedly,

to

bottojn (infra, infri6r,

infxmus,

w. acc.

3 V.

to kindle,

a.

in-ceptum,
task,

Indiggs,

in-dign6r,

V.

a.

to attack,

in-cesstls, -us,

no

s.,

no

s.,

3 v. n.

-ceptum, 3
take in hand.

-um,

adj, rapid,swift.

in-clino, -are, -avi, -atum,

and

n.

to

bend,

to

v. a.

inciine,

to

in-cltldo,
a.

encase.

to clothe.

in-ermils.

-e,
-a,

,.

>

-um,J

ad].
'

unarmed.

abie, fearful.

-um (facio), adj. unmade, ujtwrought, unfinished.

in-felix, -icis, adj. unhappy, hapiess.

in-fensiis, -a,

inf6ri6r,

-lus,

-um, adj.
gen.

hostiie.

-5ris,

comp.

adj. inferior, iess (infra,infrl6r,

sink.

V.

to

in-fectfts, -a,

-cepi,

V. a. to begin, to

in-cltils, -a,

put on,

siep,

fail in or upon.
-ere,

v. dep.

in-fandiis, -a, -um, adj. unspeak-

in-cido, -ere, -cidl,

in-clpi6,

Indiis, -a, -um, adj. Indian.

in-ermis,

to assail.

m. a walk, a

an approach.
to

a god].

-arl, -atiis,

in-dti6, -ere, -diil, -dutum, 3 v. a.

to

-cesslvl,

a native.

undeserved.

-um, adj. uncertain,

-ere,

c.

in-digniis, -a, -um, adj. iinworthy,

doubtful.

in-cess6,

shatneful,

adj.

be wroth, to be indignant.

venture (in-cipi5).

in-certils, -a,

up-

a hero of the race [a

-etis,

made

hero,

a beginning, a

n.

-i,

set

-oris,

indi-gna, -ae,

-censum,
on fire.

-cendl,

to

braid.

as subst. n. space, void.

-ere,

a.

v.

reproach,

to

itigiorious.

vain; in.ng,

adj. empty,

rush

ind, adv. thetue, then.

to

o>i

i^ito,

abl. in, on, aynong.

in-cendo,

accuse,

in-d6c6r,

or Imils).
(i)

noise,

a. to

in-cdso, -are, -avl, -atura,

Imtis, -a, -um, adj. superl. loxvest,

-e,

make a

tipon, to attack.

out harm.']

w.

a. to

to cail to, to reproach,

-cursum, 3 v. n. and

unpimished,
[impunS, as ad\L with-

in, prep.

shout ;

in-curr6, -ere, -curri or -ciicurri,

adj.

-e.

unhurt.

V. n.

3 V. n. to lean on, to press.

adv.

suddenly.
im-ptLnis,

and

to

to upbraid ; to snap.
in-cnmbe, -ere, -ciibul, -ciibitum,

relentless.

criiel,

im-provlso,

-is,

unknown,

7inseen.

wearisome.

(ii)

adj. farnous,

in-c6Iiimis, -e, adj. unhurt, safe.

im-portmntls,

Inanis,

-um,

-a,

renowned.

impiore, to beseech.

im-pono,

XII.

to

-ere,

shut

-cliisl,

in,

to

-cliisum,

enclose, to

infimils or Imiis).
in-femiis.
nether.

-a,

-um, adj. infernai,

VOCABULARY.
in-ficid,
V.

-ere,

a.

-feci,

dip

{to

into)

-fectum,

mix,

to

to

to

fix in,

-fixl,

to

V.

-fixum, 3 v. a.

= <5<?^>w

{speakijtg).

v.

and

a.

-flexum,

stand over,

to

-flexi,

bend, to incline.

in-formis,

un-

shapeless,

adj.

-e,

in-fringo,

v. a.

-ere,

-fregl,

-fractum,

adj.

vast,

hitge,

-ere,

-gessl,

-gestum, 3

bear against, to throiu

to

at (w. dat.).
in-gratiis,

ungrateftil.

nish

in,

to

no

pour

3 v. n.

s.,

doiun, to

threaten (w. dat,).

ln-liil)66,
1

v.

-hibui,

-ere,

-hibitum,

hostile.

-um, adj. tinequal,

-a,

-um, adj. un[Only fem.]

virgin.
-a,

?7tarried,

inp-, see

unp.

inquam,

inquit, v. defect.

insaniS,, -ae,

in-s6qu6r,
a.

f.

I say.

int6r,

-seciitus,

v.

follow, to pursue.
f.

an atnbush, a

in-signis,

belivee^i,

inter-dum, adv. ?iow a?id

a-

the?t,

at

i v.

n.

int6ra, adv. mea?iwhile.

in-t6n6, -are,

in-tonstls,

-toniil,

-a,

in-torqu66,

no

s.,

-um, adj. u?tshor?i

and

-tortum,

-torsl,

-ere,

hurl, to cast.

to

a.

adv. withiti.

inttis,

-are, -avl,

a. to

-atum,

v. n.

overflow, to rush in,

in-vad6, -ere, -vasl, -vasum, 3

and

a.
to

in-v6h6,
v.

a.

v.

advance
[invad6r6

e?tter,

to

in-validtis, -a,

to

attack.

to battle.l

-um, adj. weak.

-ere,
to bear,

-vectum,

-vexi,
to

carry in.

in-vidgo, -ere, -vldl, -vlsum, 2 v.

io

-e,

ti??ie-

in-victtls, -a, -um, :\.d].?mco?iquered.

as subst. n. a ?nark,

a badge.
in-s6n6, -are,

acc.

Martem = /tf march

trap, deceit.
-is,

-um, adj.

-a,

w.

prep.

agai?ist,

madness,

in-sidlae, -arum,

in-signS,

additio?i.

less.

n.

-sequl,
to

i?i

3 V. n. to rise tip.

in-xmd6,

unfair.

dep.

in-silp6r, ^.dx.fn-ther,

2 v.

in-nupttls,

v. n.

(tondeo).

in-imictis, -a, -um, adj. unfriendly,

in-Iquils,

leap on, to spurn.

to

a.

to thu?ider.

to check, to stay.

a.

up, to arrange.

tirnes.

in-grCio, -ere, -grui,

to

-structum,

-struxl,

draw

?no?ig.

-um, adj. tinpleasing,

-a,

to

press on, pursue,

-ere,

in-tempestils,

great.

in-g6ro,

to

in-surg6, -ere, -surrexl, -surrectum,

3 V. a. to breaky to weaketi.
-ntis,

-stitum,

lay doiun,

-stiti,

in-sult6, -are, -avl, -atum,

and

haniess (frenum).

to bridle, to

a.

in-stril6,

3 V. a. to

in-freno, -are, -avT, -atum,

V.

-stare,

n.

to th?-eate?i.

sightly.

ingens,

3 v. a. to cover over.
in-sto,

-ere,

to

a.

genitive).

thrust in.

infit, V. defect.

in-flecto,

instar, n. indecl. likeness, like (w.

in-sterno, -ere, -stravl, -stratum,

mingle, to stain.
in-flg6, -6re,

93

zd].famozis, gIo?'ious.
-soniii,

to resou?id, to roar.

no

s.,

v. n.

grudge,

a.

[invlstls, p.

to e?ivy.

part. pass. as adj. hated.^

in-vlttls, -a,

in-volv6,

-um, adj.

-ere,

u?iwilli?ig.

-vohi,

-volutum,

VERGIL.

94
3 V. a.

roll in

/(?

volv6r = /c?

or into

stumble\

[in-

sweep

to

-um

-a,

(gen.

ipsius,

pron. demonstr. veiy ;

ipsi),

XII.
[queen of Heaven, and

Itlno, -onis

wife of Jupiter].

luppitSr, lovis [king of Heaven].

dowti.
ipsS,

AEN.

myself themselves,

oneself,

dat.

itis, iuris, n,

self,

iussum,

itself,

right, law.

command

n.

-i,

[itlbdo].

nymph, and

Itltumtl, -ae [a

sister

of Turnus].

etc.

wrath,

Ira, -ae,

f.

Irascdr,

-i,

angry,

dep. to be

itivenca, -ae,

a heifer.

f.

yonng;

itlvnis, -e, adj.

to rage.

id (gen.

is, ea,

v.

eiiis,

young, youthful.

iilvgnalis, -e, adj.

aiii^er.

iratiis, 3

dat. ei), pron.

demonstr. that, that one, he, she,

itlv6nis,

as subst.

comm. a young

-is,

?nan or wotnan.
iuxta, adv. or prep. w. acc. by the

it, etc.

ist6, -a, -iid (gen. istiiis, dat. isti),

side, next.

pron. demonstr. that, that near

you, that ofwhich you speak.

it3,,

adv.

itall,

totter, to

-orum or -um, the

Itaim,

-ae,

Ital^,

-a,

labo, -are, -avi, -atum,

thus.

so,

Italians.

-um, Italian.

journey.
Itgrum, adv. again.
IlQlis,

-i

toil.

lapsus, 3 v. dep. to glide,

-i,

labrum,

n.

-i,

vessel,

a pot.

lacSro, -are, -avi, -atum,

[Ascaniiis, son of Aeneas].

iac^o, -ere, iacui, iacitum, 2 v. n.

lacesso, -ere, -cessivi or

-are,

-avi,

-atum,

throw

to

(lit.

v.

a.

abottt),

to

-i,

[the

god of Peace].

lantis,

-i

itlbgo,

-ere, iussi,

iussum,

itigtQo, -are, -avi, -atum,

cut the throat,

itlgllliim,
-1,

-i,

n.

n.

iuncttlra,, -ae,

to

v.

a.

v. a. to

tear.

lake.

-ae

(acc.

Laden)

iunctum, 3

laetitia, -ae, i.joy, delight.

Iaet6r, -ari,

-atiis,

dep.

v.

to

be glcui.

laettls, -a,

-um,

laeva. -ae,

f.

Ianc6a, -ae,

2Ld].

f.

-a,

glad, joyftd.

hand.
a latice, a spear.
-um, adj. lattguid,

ihe

left

lanio, -are, -avi, -atum,

ajoinitig, ajoint.

-ere, iunxi,

a.

slow.

a yoke.

join, to harness.

laesum, 3 v.

laesi,

hurt, to break.

languidtis,

to slay.

a throat.

f.

to

rcjoice,

cotfimand, to bid.

iungo,

or -es,

provoke.

[brother of Glaucus, a Lycian,

laedo, -ere,

a dart, a javelin.

n.

iam, adv. 7iou<, already.

iam-dtldum, adv. long since, for a
long time past.

Itlgxim,

Ladas

f.

m. a

-itum,

-ii,

follower of Aeneas].

boast.

iacilluin,

to

lacrimS,, -ae,

lac^s, -us,

to lie.

freq.

v. a. to

tear, to retid.

3 V. a. to vex, to arouse,

iacto,

to

to fall, to sivoof [lapsiis =/a//(?w].

a way, a road, a

itr, itineris, n.

m. labour,

labor, -oris,
labor,

Italy.

f.

n.

v.

give way.

v. a.

tear, to

v. a. to

mar.

lanx, lancis,
ld,pis, -idis,

f.

a plate, a

m. a

sione.

scale.

VOCABULARY
larg^s,

-um,

-a,

adj.

plentiful,

abundant.
2i^v.farandunde.
litlbrS,, -ae, f. a hiding-place, a
late,

latebrostls, -a, -um, adj. full of

ckinks, cranniid.

m.

Latlnl, -onim,

of

Latitim, the Latins.

La,tlniis,

-i

[king of Laurentum,

Apollo

f.

praise, glory.

afterwards wife of Aeneas].

lotum,

V.

a.

to

wash,

to

f.

host,

a legion.

to

collect ;

choose [lectus

to

= r>^w^],

pick,

to

to coz'er,

pass through.
-um, adj. slow, slothful

pliant, tough.

m. a lioti.
marsh near Argos].

-ae [a

letalls, -e, adj. deadly,fatal.

-i,

lawful, to be

to be

intinitive).

a log, a tree.
a lily.
n. a threshold, a door-

n.

-i,

lilium,

-ii,

Ilm6n,

-inis,

n.

m. a boundary.
m. a {priest''^) girdle, an

Ilm6s,

-itis,

llmtls,

-i,

apron.
linguS,, -ae,

a tongue.

f.

linquo, -ere. liqui, no

3 v. a. to

s.,

leave, to quit.
lls, litis,

a quarrel, a suit.
-um, adj. of the shore.

f.

n. death.

adj. light, niynble ; slight,

worthless.

a shore.

-oris, n.

16c6, -are, -avi, -atum,

v. a.

to

16cils,

-i,

m.

(pl.

loci

or loca), a

place, a spot.
-a,

-um,

adj.

aged,

long-Iived.

16go, -ere, legi, lectum, 3 v. a. to

-e,

impers.

long-aevHs,

bathe.
Ifigio, -5nis,

166, -onis,

v. a. {to

place.

lavat^m, laulum

lavo, -are, lavi,

-a,

spnnkle.

Ilc6t, -ere, licuit or licitum est, 2

llttls,

Lavlnla, -ae [daughter of Latinus,

16vls,

llbo, -are, -avi, -atum,

it

pr.

Ilt6r611s, -a,

laus, laudis,

letum,

w. dat. [libens,
=glad, willing. ]

or

7vay.

bay-tree.

lentHs,

impers.

n.

pleases,

lignum,

-um, adj. broad.

Laurens, -ntis, adj. of Laurentufn,
Laurcntine.
Laurentes, -um, m. pl. the people
of Laurentuni.
Lanrentum, -i [in Latium].
laurtis, -us or -i, f. a laurel, a

gather,

libuit

-ere,
v.

allowed (w. dat. followeJ by an

latils, -a,

Lemi,

-herum, adj./;v^.

Itibet),

(or

V. n.

Latlmn, -11 [in Italy].

Latoni, -ae [motlicr of
aud Diana].
latratils, -us, m. a bark.
latro, -onis, m. a robber.
ld,t(ls, -eris, n. a side.

soft,

libgt

taste), to touch, io

father of Lavinia].

to

tertns ofpeace.

llbgr, -bera,

part.

pl. tJie people

pacis leges = M.?

Iau> ;

libilum est, 2

lair.

or

95
a

lex, legis,

longe, adv./ar.
longtis, -a, -um, adj. Iong,far.

16quax,

-z.qSs>,2,^].

chattering, chi>p-

ing (loquor).
lorlcH, -ae,

16rum,

-i,

f.

n.

a corselet.
a thong ; 16r3,, pl.=

reins.

Iuct6r,

-ari,

-atus,

v.

dep.

to

strive, to struggle.

lucttls, -us, m. grief mourning.

Iddicgr or Itldicras, -cra, -crum,
lit.

sportive, trifiing.

VERGIL.

96
lHniSn,

-inis, n. light,

daylight ; an

AEN.

matemiis,

no

Itio, -ere, lui,

3 v. a. to ex-

s.,

piate, to atone for.

go round,
lux, lucis,

f.

of a

md,d3d,

f.

f.

-i,

-ere,

to grieve, to

maestiis,

-a,

-um,

adj.

ripe,

m6dlciis,

-a,

m6diiis,

-a,

2 v. n.

s.,

s.

2 v. n.

-ae,

f.

magn-animtis,

-a,

tnistress [ars

-um, adj. high-

magntls, -a, -um, adj. great,

mighty [major, maximiis].
maiestas, -tatis, f. majesty.

comp.

adj.

v. a. irreg. to

prefer, to choose.

-iis,

membrum,
m6m6r,

gen.

n.

-i,

-oris,

of

the

comp.

adj.

a limb.

adj.

-oris,

M6noetes,

mens,

(\v.

mitidful,

re-

gen.).

-is (acc.

-en) [an

Arca-

a mind.
a chin.
m6r66, -ere, meriii, meritum,
a. ; m6r66r, -eri, meritus,
-ntis,

dep.

-i, n. an evil.
manSo, -ere, mansi, mansum, 2
n. and a. to refnain, to wait,

to

n.

2 v.
1 v.

-i

[king of Messapia,

ally of Turnus].

meta, -ae, f. a goal.

metidr, -iri, mensiis, 4

dep.

v.

-i

[charioteer of Turnus].

m6til6, -ere, metui, metutum, 3

n.

a.

measure.

and

m6ttis,
the

m6tis,

a hand, ari arm ; a

band of men.
m3j:6, maris, n. a sea.
Mars, Martis or Mavors, -ortis

mlc6,

gods below.

f.

to deserve.

a.

M6tisctis,
v.

await.
the shades,

-i,

Messaptis,

to

malum,

v.

a. to fear.

m.fear, dread.
-um, possess. pron. my,

-iis,

-a,

mine.

-iis, f.

god of War], hence

often

-are, miciii,

shake

a mother.

no

s.,

v. n. to

andfro, to sparkle.
mill6, num. adj. a thousand ;
to

milliS,,

-ium,

subst.

n.

pl.

ihou-

sands.

minit6r,

battle.
f.

[one

f.

better,kinder [bontls, optlmtis].

and

greater.

-tris,

-ae,

Furies].

mentum,

manes, -ium, m.

a.

dian].

souled.

mal^, -ae, f ajaw.

malo, malle, malui,

-atum, i v.
healing drugs.

-um, adj. healing.

membering

skill\.

mS,idr, -us, gen. -5ris,

2 v. a.

s.,

m6di,].

m61i6r,

-um, adj. sad, glootny.

= sovereign

and

-um, adj. middle,

midst \the middle of, e.g. frons

M6gaera,

herdstnan {of bulls).

mdi,g.

p.

-are, -avi,

[a tow^n in Troas].

no p. and
mourn.

no

-eri,

water.

magis, adv. niore^ rather.

magistgr, -tri, m. a ?naster ; a
magistra,

-a,

to heal, to ttiix

Asia].

to be wet, to drip^ to reek.

maer66,

mgd66r,
m6dic6,

W.

madui, no

-ere,

mattlriis,

to heal, to ctire (w. dat.).

scan.

light.

Ijnnplia, -ae,

L^nnesstis,

v. a. to

to traverse, to

Lycia, -ae [in S.

[tlie

adj.

tfiature.

lustro, -are, -avi, -atum,

war,
matr,

-um,

-a,

mother.

eye.

m3Jitis,

XII.

freq. to

-ari,

-atus,

menace,

v.

dep. a.

to threateti.

VOCABULARY.
mindr,

-atus,

-ari,

dep.

v.

a.

to

thycaien (w. acc. and dat.).

mindr,
less,

gen.

-lis.

adj.

sniaUer [parviis, minimtis].

mintis, as adv. =less.

mlrabUis, -e, adj. zuonderftil.

misc66, -ere, miscGi, mistuin or
mixtum, 2 v. a. to mix, to tni/igle;
mis6r, -era, -erum, adj. viiserable,
unJiappy.
pitiable

adj.

-e,

[miserabilg, adv. =pitiably\

to

miseritus,

-eri,

pity (w. gen.

to pity

(w.

v.

dep. to

thrown

in = to enter].

maujier.

work,

to

work

at

(m611rl habenas,

to

guide,

to

hold firmly)

prepare,

to

to

to

contrive (m. morb6s).

an

-ere, movi, motum,

move, to rouse.
mox. adv. soon.

2 v. a.

mucr6,

poini.

m. a

-onls.

sioord^^s

a szvord.
multiis,

m. abellowing,aroar.
-um, adj. miich, many.

-us,

-a,

pl. n.

used as adv.

multa m6rans.]

e.g.

mtlralis,

adj.

-e,

lit.

of a wall,

murmtir,

a murmur.

-uris, n.

Murraniis,

[mythic king of the

-i

-ntis,

m. a mountain, a

-i,

musso,

-are, -avi,

to

n.

/nonsier.

montlmentum, -i, n. a memorial.

mdra, -ae, f. delay.
morbils, -i, m. a disease, a plagne.
mord66, -ere, momordi, morsum,
part.

m6ritfirtls, 3 v. dep. to die.

AEN.

XII.

-atum,

mutter,

v.

n.

to be

in

dotibi.

change,

v. a. to

io alter.

-um, adj. dumb, silent.

f. myrrh, scent.

conj.y^r, indeed.

nancisc6r,

-i,

nactus or nanctiis,

3 V. dep. a. to reach, tojind.

(naris, -is), nares, -ium, f. the
nostrils,

nasc6r,

-i,

nose.

natiis,

3 v.

born.

nata,

2 v. a. to bile, io clasp.

fut.

io

hill,

a porteni,

m6ri6r, mori, mortuus,

murmur,

mtlto, -are, -avi, -atum,

nam,
-i,

m. a wall.

milrtis,

mjrrrlia, -ae,

a crag.

S.

m6v66.

miittis, -a,

-e, adj. soft, gentle.

monstrum.

motion,

Latins].

moenia. -ium, n. zoalls, ramparts.

moles. -is, f. a mass, weight.
molior, -iri, -itus, 4 v. dep. n. and

mons,

besieging.

Mnestheus. -ei or -e5s [a Trojan].

m6dus, -i, m. a 7vay, means,

mollis,

m.

-us,

mtintis, -eris. n. a duty, a task, a

[mitto].

lit.

m6rem = ///r].

[in

m6ttis,

[multa, acc.

acc).

mitto. -ere, misi, missum, 3 v. a.

to se7td, to despatch [se mittere

a.

mors, mortis, f. death.

morsils, -ias, m. a bite ; pl. morstis
^fangs.
m6s, moris, m. a custom, a habii

mHglfiis,
i

adj. viissile,

-e,

dep.

2 v.

).

-atus,

-ari,

be^cail,

missllis.

wait.

to

misgrabilis.

mis6r6r.

dep. n. and

-ari, -atus, i v.

emoiion, feeling.

to confuse.

misr66r,

97

a. to delay, to

comp.

-oris,

m6r6r,

-ae,

f.

a daughier.

m. a son.
nauta, -ae, m. a sailor.
nattis,

-i,

dep.

to be

VERGIL.

98
ne,

conj.

w.

prohibitive

(i)

im-

perative and subjunctive, do not,

let iict ;

(ii) lcst,

in order that...

AEN.

XII.

nos, nostrl or nostrum, pers. pron.

we

[plural of ego, /].

nosco, -ere, novi, notum, 3

-n6,

interrog.

enclitic

particle,

and

nostr,

to tie, tofasteii.

N6tTls,

l^.

z..

nS-fandtis,

adj.

unspcak-

wicked.

able,

n3go,

-um,

-a,

v. a. to

to rcfuse.

nfimils, -oris, n. a wood, dfoj-cst.

Nepttlnitls, -a, -um, adj. of

Nep-

ngqu6, see n6c.

or

nequlquam, adv.

in vain, to no purpose.
ra.

-I,

nescitls, -a,

f.

death.

nl or nisi, conj. if not, unless.

m. a smell,
nld6r,
-5ris,

an

odour.
nldils,

v. a.

to

-a, -um, adj. nreu,fresh.

nox, noctis, f. night.
nHbes, -is, f. a cloud.
nHbil^, -orum, n. clouds.
nHdo, -are, -avi, -atum, r v. a.

to

mark,

-I, m. the S.
n6vem, num. nitie.

wiiui.

ntldtls, -a,

-um, adj. bare, naked.

nuUtis,

-um

m. a

nest.

-a,

ntlm6n,

nuUms,

[gen.

710,

dat.

none.

a nod; hence
ntlmina

-inis, n. lit.

{divine) zvill.poiuer; pl.

= deity.
ntlm6riis,

m. a number.

-i,

numquam

(nunq.), adv. nct'er.

nusquam, adv.

noivhere.

ntltrio, -ire,

or

a. to

-I,

brand.

to

nunc, adv. now, at this ti/nc.

nuntitis, -ii, m. a ?nessenger.

(see ne).

[nex], necis,

n6to, -are, -avi, -atum,

nulli\, adj.

a bow-string.
-um, adj. ignorant [w.
gen. or with iniinitive].
neu or nev6, conj. neither, nor.
With imperative and subjunctive

nervHs,

pron.

poss.

our, ours, niy.

lay bare, to strip.

tune [the sea-god].

nequidquam

-trum,

-tra,

n6viis,

-atum,

-are, -avl,

deny,

know, known.

part.

whether? is it so that
n6c or nSqug, adv. and conj.
neither, nor (necnon^rt/j'^').
necto, -ere, nexl or nexui, nexum,

v, a.

learn, recognise ; in pf.

incept.

not.

nldl, ]A.

and young.
nigra, -gmm, adj.

-ii

bring up,

njrmplia, -ae,

f.

-itum, 4

-ivi,

to

v.

nurture.

a nymph.

brood, nest

nig6r,

black,

dark.

nihn

6b,

or nll, n. indecl. fiothing.

nimbils,

m. a

-i,

cloud, a storiii.

nisus or nixiis, 3 v. dep.

-I,

to strive, to press, to lean.

nivalis,

-e, adj. sno-djy.

nlx, nivis,

nodus,

nomSn,

-i,

f.

snow.

m. a knot.

-iiiis,

non, adv.

not.

n.

a najue,

0!

prep.

oh!

w.

in front of

acc.

fcuing.
6b-6o,

-ire, -ii

and

nisi, see nl.

nitor,

6, interj.

or

a. irreg. to

-Ivl,

[mortem 6blr6 = /t?

= to

-itum, v. n.

meet, to traverse.
die; so obire

die.]

6b-ici6, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3 v. a.

to

throw

before

[w.

acc.

and

dat.].

6blt1is, -us,

m. death.

ob-iecto, -are, -avl, -atum,

v. a.

VOCABULARY.
fieq. to throiv before [w. acc.

and

ob-nltdr,

dep.

-nixCis, 3 v.

-i,

to

a.

press against, to striiggle.

[ob-scaenus],

Ob-scentls
adj.

-um,

-a,

obsctlro, -are, -avl, -atum,

v. a.

to ciarken, to obscure.

obscHrils,

ob-sIdSo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum,

s.,

with

n. incept. to be struck

amazemcnt.
ob-test6r,

-ari, -atus,

dep.

v.

a.

-atum,

-avi,

v.

cut down, to slay.

m. a

ob-ttlttis, -us,

v.

to shade, to obscure.

= ob-c.),

sum, 3

-ca-

-ere, -cidi,

V. n. to fall, to perish.

0C-CU16, -ere,

-ciilui,

-cultum, 3

a. to hide, to cover.

to sieze, to

run

v. a.

-cursum, 3

to nieet, to meet.

quicker,

adj.

6citis, as

adv. quicker.

eye.

6dl. -Odisse, v. a. defect. to hate.

6d6r,

-oris,

m. a smell, an odour.

fragrant.

0f-f6r6

6pes,

= ob-p.),

-ere,

or

-petii

v.

[mortem opp. = /^ die.^

oppldum, -i, n. a ioivn.

a.

-ferre,

irreg.

ob-tuli,
to

offer,

to give.

optimtis,

-a,

kindest.

against or opposite,

-um, superl. adj.

best,

[b6ntis, m61I6r.]

wish for,

orbls,

f.

-is,

ordi6r.

io

pray

v. a.

io

for.

a rim, an

m. a

edge,

a short

an

orb, the

4V. dep.

to begin.

circle,

-iri, orsiis,

6rlchalcum,

-i,

6rlg6,

f.

-inis,

n. brass.

an

origin, source

foundcr.

the N. wind].

-atum,

-are, -avi,

v.

m. a

ivild olive.

a.

io

deck out, to equip.

6r6, -are, -avi, -atum,

6s,
6s,

a
-tri,

-positum, 3

-ere, -posiii,

v. a. to place

v. a.

and

pray, io askfor.
ossis, n. a bone.
oris, n. a mouth, a lip, a face,

n. io

= ob-f.),

ob-]atum,
61Sast6r,

op-p6t6

omo,

n. hate, hatred.

6d6rif6r, -fera, -ferum, adj. smelliiig,

help.

6ri6r,

m. an

-ii,

f.

-iri, ortiis, 4 v. dep. to rise.

Orlthjaa, -ae [the wife of Boreas,

[6cissimtls.]

6diuni,

opis,

earth.

comp.

-iis,

swifter.

-i,

descent].

6pem (no nom.),

6ra, -ae,

hold.

oc-cnrro, -ere, -curri,

6ctlltls.

(acc. -en) [a Rutuliau,

-is

Theban

6ptis, -eris, n. xuork.

oc-ctlpo, -are, -avi, -atum,

6ci6r,

of

opto, -are, -avi, -atum,

v.

OC-culte, adv. darkly, unseen.

V. n. to

v. a. to

to oppose.

ob-vitis.-a,-um, z.d.].meeting,facing.
(

-atum,

-avi,

load, to burden.

op-p6n6,

seeing, gaze.

61>-mnbr6, -are, -avi, -atum,

oc-cido

omSn, -inis, n. an omen.

omni-p6tens, -ntis, adj. almighty.
omnls, -e, adj. all, every.

-petivi, -petitum, 3 v. a. io ineet.

ob-trunc6, -are,

a.

abode of the gods],

hence, hcaven.

pl. resources, pozver, strength.

to beseech.

a. to

[Mt. Olympus in Thes-

OnJ^tes,

no

ob-sttipesco, -ere, -stupui,

V.

v.

occupy.

a. to besiege, to

-i

the

Olymptis,

6n6r6, -are,

-um, adj. dark.

-a,

formerly, once.
pron.

= ill6,

saly,

ill-omened.

evil,

61ini, adv.

0ll6

dat.], io expose.

99

voice.

osctilum,

[6ra, pl. ajface.^

-i,

11.

lip

kiss.

72

VERGIL.

lOO
Oslris,

-im) [a Rutulian,

(acc.

-is

ostento, -are, -avi, -atum,

v.

a.

freq. to sheto, to display.

n. pnrple.

-i,

6v6, -are, no p. and

s.,

v.

n. to

trhimph.

exnlt, to

pars, partis,

[pars

or Latin].

ostrum,

AEN. XII.
.

Parthus,

f.

a part, a portion.

.pars = some. .others.]

.

-um, Parthian. [PartM, a Scythian nation of Asia.]

parttis, -us, m. a bringing forth,
a birth (pario).
parvtis,
-a,
-um,
adj.
small,
-a,

little.

pabtllum,

-I, \\.

paciscor,

-i,

pastor,

food,pasture.

pactus,

dep.

3 v.

a.

bargain for.
[letum pro
laudg pac. = to buy death for
to

Paeonitis,

-um,

-a,

Healing

adj.

of Apollo the Healer].

by Turnus].

pallor, -5ris,

palma,

-ae,

pal6r,

-ari,

p5,na,cea, -ae,

dep.

v.

to

f.

a inarsh.
panacca, a healing
niere,

herb [cure for

pando, -ere,
passum, 3

pansum

or

spread out,

to

a.

to ope?i.

-ere, pepigi,

pactum

pegi or panxi,

panctum,

or

fix, to settle, to agree

3 v. a. to

upon.

to cease,

parens,

V.

and

n.

dat.)

a.

(i)

to

to desist,

(ii)

to forbear.

-ntis,

comm.

a parent, a

father, a jnother.

parSo,
n,

-ere,

and

he at

parui,

a. lit. to

hand ;

to

paritum,

v.

she^v otieself, to

obey

(w^. dat.).

paritgr, adv. equally, alike.

paro,

-are,

-avi,

-i,

passus, 3 v. dep. a. to

-um,

-a,

adj.

of one's
f.

one's fatherland.

-um, adj./^,

paucils,

-a,

paupgr,

-eris,

pavidtis,

-a,

2.dc^.

-um,

little.

poor.
2id].

frightened,

pax, pacis,

f.

peace.

pecto, -ere, pexi, pexum, 3 v.

comb.
pecttis, -oris, n.

pctls, -oris, n.
f.

a. io

a breast.
a herd.
a beast, a head of

cattle.

Parcae, -arum, f. pl. the Fates.

parco, -ere, peperci, parsum (parcitum),

pati6r,

pectls, -udis,

par, paris, adj. equal.

spare (w.

a boxul.
-um, adj. of one's

tremblijig.

all].

pandi,
V.

f.

-a,

father, ancestral; patria, -ae,

ivatider, to be scattered.
f.

patemus,

patiitls,

palm, a hand.

the

-atus,

palHs, -udis,

pango,

pat6r, patris, m. afather.

suffer, to endure, to allow.

paleness, pallor.

va..

f.

n. to

open.

father, paternal.

Pallas, -ntis [the son of Euander,

killed

patiii,

pat6ra, -ae,

fame. ]
[title

lie

m. a shepherd.
no s., 2 v.

-oris,

pateo, -ere,

-atum,

frepare, to viake ready.

v. a. to

-itis, adj. on foot ; as

m. a foot-soldier.

pedes,

Pelides,

-ae,

son

subst.

of Feleus

[i.e.

Achilles].
pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, 3 v. a.
to drive, to hurl.

pend66, -ere, pependi, no s., 2

to hang.
p6n6s, prep. w. acc. (found
its subst.) in the po%ver of
pSnittls, adv.

far

v. n.

after

-within.

a zving, a plume.
pSr, prep. w. acc. through ; after

penna,

-ae,

f.

VOCABULARY.
verbs of praying etc.

= /y.

[per

has lacrimas te oro.]

per-ciltio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, 3
V. a. io strike^ to beat.

per-f6r6, -ferre,

-tuli,

-latum,

carry through,

irrei;. to

to

v. a.

endure.

[perferre ictuin = ^ drive hoine

-um,

-a,

adj.

/a/se,

trcachcrous.

per-fundo,

-ere,

-fudl,

over, to

-fusum,
batJic.

3
to

[lacrimas perhcr chccks

steep, to cover.

ggnas - tCiVA

fflsa

= to

ferrg

plangor,

bathed in tears.]
pergo, -ere, per-rexT, per-rectum,
3 V. n. tog^o on, to proceed.

Pgridia, -ae [mother of Onytes].

breast ; a lament, zvail.

plaud6,

tofly through.
pes, pedis, m. a foot, a claw, a
hoof.

aplague.

p6t6, -ere, petil or petlvl, petltum,

iiiost,

-i

[a Trojan].

poena,

f.

a penalty, apunish-

-ae,

inent.

Poeniis, -a,
TiT

Phegeus

-ng!s,

f.

a band, a

host.

[a Trojan].

[Phoebus or Apollu].

-i

Pholtls,

[a Trojan].

Phrygian.
Ptuyx, Phrygis, Phryges, -uni.
Phrygian [Phrygia in Asia
Minor].
-atis,

pnatHs, -a,
word; in
'ci'ith

to

piety, goodness.

-um,

adj.

doubtful

arined

close order, or

javclins.

PHumn&s,
ping6,

f.

-i

pictum, 3

v. a.

paint, to colour.

piscostls, -a, -um,

tecm ino-.

-ere, posui,

positum, 3

v. a.

put

place ; to lay down, to

off.

m. a bridge.
pontiis, -I, m. tJie sea, the deep.
p6pl6s, -itis, m. (lit. the inside of
a knce), a knee.
pons,

-ntis,

p6ptil6r,

v. a.

dep. a.\

colonnade,

-arl, -atCis, i v.

porta, -ae,

a gate.

f.

-iis,

f.

porch.
port6, -are, -avi, -atum,

v. a.

to

3 v.

a.

carry, to bear.

posc6, -ere, poposci, no

to

dcinand,

possum, posse,
to

be

able

s.,

to ask.

potui, v. n. irreg.
pr.

part.

p6tens,

powciful, strong.
post, adv. and prep. w. acc. after.
-ntis as 2id].

[ancestor of Turnus].

-ere, pinxi,

weight, a scale.

-eris, n.

porticiis,

PlirygiCis, -a, -um, adj.

pitas,

Phocm-

Carthaginian

cian ;

to

,.

3-di.
^

r
)

lay ivaste, to ravage.

Phoebiis,
-i

-um)

Poenl, -orum

p6piil6, -are, -avl, -atum,

3 v. a. to seek, to askfor.

phalanx,

full.

-a,

PCdalliiiis,

p6n6,

v. n.

z.^].

v. a.

to beat.

-um, superl. adj.

zery iiiuch [multus, pliis].

pltlrimiis,

per-v616j -are, -avl, -atum,

-is, f.

a sound,

plentls, -a, -um,

pondiis,

-sum, 3

-ere, plausl,

per-p6ti6r, -petl, -pessus, 3 v. dep.

a. to endure.

pestis,

aim a blow.
m. lit. a beating of

-oris,

to strike witJi

pour

pleasing to
(w. dat.).
piacSt. impers.
plaga, -ae, f. a blow ; plagam
n. to please, to be

V.

tJie

dio2C'.]

per-fidtis,

V. a. to

pitls, -a. -um, z.^]. good, pious.

plac66, -ere, placui, placitum,

2^^].

behind.
postSriis,

ftll offlsh,

-a,

-um,

adj.

mxt. [post.]
post-quam, conj. after

coining

after,

that.

AEN. XIL

VERGIL.

102
p6testas,
pdtidr,

-tatis,

power.

f.

-itiis,

-irl,

get possession

dep.

obtain

to

of,

to

'rnore.

[p6ti6r.]
-cipitis, adj. headlofig.

prae-cipito, -are, -avl, -atum, adj.

headlong, to htirl

v. a. th7'ow

forth,

to

-um,

-a.

z.^].

famotis,

-ae,

prey, spoil.

f.

prae-f6r6, -ferre,

to

-latum, v.

-tull,

-ere,

fix

a.

-fixum,

-fixl,

[praefixtis

befo7'e.

fQrrb = tipped with iron.^

praemitim,

-il,

prae-sciils, -a,

prae-sideo,
a.

-ere,

-sedl,

guard,

to

no

s.,

govern

to

(\v.

s.,

v. n.

praestans, pr. part. as

to excel.

adj. p7'e-eminent, distinguished.

prae-sum,

-esse,

-ful,

v. irreg.

praet6r, prep. with acc besides.

praetgrea, adv.

-vertl,

V. a. to outst7'ip, to

(no

nom.),

no

s.,

f.

precede.
(precis)

prayer.
-arl,

prlmtis patior.

comp.

z.^].for7ner,first.

-um, adv. former.

pristina^/^ a fon^ier state,

pristintis,

-a,

as before.\
priils, adv. =foi'i7ie7'Iy.

i7i

07i

behalf of,

retu7'n for.

pr6-avtis,

-I,

m.

a7i ancestor.

-are, -avl,

-atum,

approve, to allow,

pro-cedo, -ere,
V. n. to go, to

(pr6c6r,

-eris),

v. a. to

to bid.

-cessi,

-cessum,

come, forth.
proceres, -um, m.

chiefs, priitces.

pro-culc6, -are, -avl, -atum,

tread dow7i,

v.

dep. n.

V. a. (i) to press, to drive

suppress, to hide.

v.

to

t^-a/nple

pro-curro, -ere, -currl or

-cvicurrl,

a.

to

-cursum, 3 v. n. to rwi fo7V.<a7d,

pro-cursus, -lis, m. ojiset, speed.
-I, m. a suitor (gen.
procorum or procum).

pr6-d6, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 3

to give up, to betray.
pro-dilco,

-atus,

and a. to pray.
prShendo. see prendo.
prSmo, -ere, pressl, pressum,
to

\v.

pr6cus,

besides.

prae-verto, -ere,

(ii)

primum

soo7i as.

-um, superl. 2id!y first

verb = to be the first

-a,

pri6r)

as

071.

to

Z-^^^ifr^w.dat.^ipr.part.praesens.

prScor,

ut

fi7-st.

= whe7i first,

pr6cill, adv. far, afar.

dat.).

prae-sto, -stare, no p. and

prgcem

a p7'ice.

n.

prlmum, adv.

pr6b6,

praesens, -ntis (praesum), part. as

z^]. prescnt; (of gods) powerfid.
[comp. praesenti6r, -tiiis.]

v. a.

[king of Troy].

pro, prep. w. abl./f;-,

a 7-eward.
-um, adj. knowing

n.

beforehand.

V.

-I

[in

prae-fig-o,
a.

-il,

Prlamils,

pri6r,

to prefer.

V.

prtiiim,

to, e.g.

7-eno'ci>ned.

freq. to grasp, to seize.

prlmtls,

hasten.

prae-claras,

praeda,

-ensum,

-endi,

prenso, -are, -avi, -atum,

comp. adv. rather,

prae-ceps,

^ ^

-ere.

3 V. a. to catch, to seize, to take.

(\v.

abl.).

pdtltis,

prendo
^xv,^:
prghendo)
)

v.

back;

-ere, -duxi,

pl.

v. a.

-ductum,

v. a. to p7'odicce, to britig fo7'th.

proelium.

-il,

pr6-anils,

-a,

n, a battle, afight.
-um, adj unhallowed.
.

p7-ofane.

pro-fSro, -ferre,
irreg. to

-tull,

car^y fo7-th,

-latum, v. a.
to

p^vlong.

VOCABULARY.
pro-fundo,
V. a. to

-erc,

pr6-funduni,

-1,

pr6-fundiis,

-a,

-fusum,

-fudi,

pour /orth,

n. the deep, the sea.

-um, adj. deep.

fo

advance, to step fo}'i.vard.

pr6-lci6, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3 v. a.

to

-tritum.

-trivi,

pr6-terrg6, -ere,

to

crush.

-terrilum,

-terriii,

pr6-v6ni6,

-ire,

-veni,

4 V. n. to proceed,
pass.

to

-ventum,
come to

throw forth, to drop.

-is, f. an offspring.

pr6-volv6, -ere, -volvi, -volutum,

-lusum, 3 v. n.
play beforehand^ to practise.

pr^ximtls,

3 V. a. to roll forward.

pr61es,

pro-lHdo, -ere,
to

-erc,

trample down,

3 V. a. to frighten, to drive.

pr6-g:r6dI6r, -gredl, -gressus, 3 v.

dep.

pr6-t6r6,
V. a. to

to s/ied.

[pr.

-lusi,

ad pugnam = to pmctisefor

-um, superl.

-a,

adj.

[pr6p6, pr6pi6r.]

nearest, next.

p11br or ptibes,

adj.

-eris,

ripe,

doivny.

Imttle.]

pudet,

pr6-lii6, -ere, -lui, -lutum, 3 v. a.

(ptld66j,

washforth, to wash away.

pr6-niissum, -i, as subst. n. a

v. n.

puditum est, i v. n. and a. to

make ashamed. I mpers. it causes
shame [\v. acc. and gen. e.g.
piidgt me btliiis crlmims].
piidor, -Oris, m. shaine.
ptigr, -eri, m, a boy, a youth.
pugna, -ae, f. afight, a battle.
pugnus, -i, m. a fist, a hand.

preparc

pulcli6r, -chra, -chrum, adj. fair,

to

profnise.

pr6-niitt6,

-ere,

-misi,

-missum,

3 V. a. to promise.

pr6pag6,

-inis,

f.

offspring, race.

prdpere, adv. quickly.

pr6pSr6, -are, -avi, -atum,

and

hasten,

to

a.

to

quickly.

beautiful

pr6p6rQ.s,

-um, adj. hastening,

-a.

n.

and

a.

-atum,

-are, -avi,
to

draw

v.

near, to ap-

proach
-us,

adj. ncarer.

propt6r, prep.

gen.

-oris,

comp.

[pr6pg, proximiis.]
\v.

acc.

on account

^'(found after its subst.).

pr6-sequ6r. -i, -secutus, 3 v. dep.
a. to foUow on one^s way, to
attend.

n.

and

a. to look

forth,

to

espy.

to

v.

a.

drive

back, to spiirn.

m. a

-iis,

beat.

pulvgriilentiis, -a, -um, adj. dusty.

pulvis,

-eris,

pHmex,

-icis,

piinicSiis,

m. dust.
m, pjimice, a

-a,

-um,

adj.

rock.

purple,

red.

purpiireiis, -a, -um, adj. purple,

ptlriis,

-um, adj. pure, whole.

camptis = a clear plain.l

-a,

[ptlriis

piit6, -are, -avi,

pro-sum, prod-esse,
irreg.

freq. to beat, to batter,

red.

pr6-spici6, -ere, -spexi, -spectum,

3 V.

pulclier-

[pulcliri6r,

iimiis].

pulsiis,

pr6pi6r,

or

piidiiit

puls6, -are, -avi, -alum,

quick, busy.

pr6pinqu6,

-ere,

to

be

of

pro-fui, v. n.

think, to

-atum,

v. a. to

deefji.

use, to help [w.

dat.].

pr6-tend6, -ere, -tendi, -tensum or

-tentum, 3 v. a. to stretch fo7-th.

qua, adv.
in
as.

(abl.

which

fem. of qul), where.

direction;

as

far

VERGIL.

I04

quadri-itlgils, -a, -um,

four yokes,

i.e.

with

adj.

'^'^^' "^"^^^-

'^'^' "i"^^''^ '

situm,

3 V.

seek,

to

a.

ask

to

-etis,

rest, quiet.

qmet;

to rest.

quietus,

-um,

-a,

quiet,

adj.

resting.

for.

quaiis,

adj.

-e,

latively,

stich

or

interrog.

(i)

of what sort?

exclain.

as;

as,

re-

(ii)

talis...

qualis = j-^^r/z..,ai-.

quam,

adv.

ho^u ;

(i)

quam-quam,

as

(ii)

conj. althongh.

quando, adv.

(i)

at

indef.

(ii)

interrog.

any

when?
ever

tim,

num, si, or ne].

quantum, adv. how vmch,

so

quantiis,

-a,

or exclam.

-um, adj. (i) interrog.

how great? (ii) re-

latively, sogreat, as great.

[tan-

.quantils = as great as.^

quass5,

-are,

-atum,

-avi,

quat6r, adv. four

v.

a.

quod-que

quae-que,

-ere,

no

qul, quae,

quod

pron.

quassum,

(gen. cuius, dat.

(i)

interrog.

siius.]

whoever, whatever.
adv.

hence

quod

tijjies.

perf.,

[Often with

quis-quis, quid-quid, pron. indef.

whither,

to

interrog.

(i)

what end?

rela-

(ii)

tive.

3 V. a. to shake, to drive.
-qu6, conj. enclitic, and, also.

cui),

quis-qu,

quo,

freq. to shake, to brandish.

quatid,

any (afler
num, si, nej.
quis-quam,
quae-quam,
quidquam, pron. indef. anyone.
[Used only in negative and
quis, quid, pron. indef

(quid-que), pron. each, each one.

Diiich.

w]io?

(acc. sing. of

and

adv.

why

qul

conj.)

(relative)

wherefore,
that,

(ii)

used as

(i)

(i)

quondam, adv.

at times ; fomierly,

once.

qudniam, conj. since, because.

qu6qu, conj. also.

quia, conj. because.

raditls,

qul-cumqu, quae-cumque, quodcumque, pron. whoever, whatever.

[qul &c. and cumqu6
sometimes separated.]
quid (acc. sing. of quis (i)), used

radix,

as

relative,

adv.

what?

why?

hozv?

quidem, adv. indeed.

dem = ;/^/

qudtiens, adv. as often.

rapidtls,

evcn.\

[ne...qui-

m. a ray.

-ii,

-icis,

f.

-a,

root.

-um,

qtdck,

adj.

rushing, fierce.
rapio, -ere, rapiii, raptum, 3
to seize,

to

v.

a.

snatch.

rg-bellis, -e, adj. rebellious.

r6-cal66, -ere,

iiherefore?

in

that, because.

as adj with nouns)

who, which.
qul, qua, qu5d, pron. indef. ajiy
(after num, si, ne).
[See quis.]

what ? (used
(ii)

cui),

who? what?

interrogative sentences.]

[after

quinque, num. five.

quippe, adv. verily ; for.
quis, quid (gen. ciiius, dat.
pron. inteiTog.

tha7i.

(iii)

tils

quies,

XII.

quiesco, -ere, quTevi, -etum, 3 v. n.

incept. to grow quiet, to keep

foiw-horsed.

quaero)

quaesof

AEN.

no

p.

and

grow warm again,

warm.
to

s., 2

to

v. n.

remain

VOCABULARY.
rfe-cedo,
V,

-ere,

-cessum,

withdraw,

io

-cessi,

n. to retire, to

return.

3 V. a. to act

to

away.
i

v. a.

-cubui,nos., 3 v. n.

-ere,

dow?i, to fall

down, to sink.
and s., i v. n.

r6-curs6. -are, no p.
freq. to return, to recur.

v.

a.

red-d5, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 3 v. a.

to retum, to give back, to restore.
or

-ivi,

-itum, v. n.

irreg. to return.

r-dtlc5,
v.

a.

-duxi,

-ere,

draw

to

r6-fell5, -ere,
to refute, to

rg-f6r5,

-ductum,

no

3 v. a.

s.,

no

-ire,

p.

and

relatum

rettuli,

(imperat. rgfgr), v. a. irreg. to

ttim ;

to

to recall, to

sudden.

-ntis, adj.

r6-pert6r,

m.

-oris,

discoz'erer,

r6p6t5,

-ere,

or

-petii
a. to

-petivi,

seek again,

to rccall.

r6-p5n5, -ere, -posui, -positum, 3

v.

a.

to replace, to repay.

r6-posc6, -ere, no p. and

to ask back, to claini.
-ere,

-pressi,

-pressum,

3 v. a. to check, to repress.

rgquiem),

(acc.

-etis

res, rei,

an

a thing, a matier,

lit.

f.

hence

affair;

(pl.);

troubles;

tures.

back.]

re-scind5,

r-fici5, -ere,

-fectum, 3

-feci,

a. to restore, to

v.

3 v. n.

s.,

tofly back, tofiee.

rSfQ.t5, -are, -avi,

v. a. to

f.

guide, to direct,
religio,

-onis,

f.

to rule.

to unlock,

to

7-eligious

3 V.

awe,

-liqui,

V. a. to leave, to

-lictum,

abandon.

v. a.

v.

n.

to ring.

-ere,

n.

and

-spexi,
a.

-spectum,

to look back.

io

look at, to regard.

re-splend65.

-ere,

no

p.

and

s.,

shine, to gleani.

re-spond66,-ere.-spondi,-sponsum,
2 V. a.

-ere,

-scissum,

to open.

resound,

2 V. n. to

sanciity.

r61inqu5,

-scidi,

3 V. a. to cut open, to tear open.

re-spici5,

a queen.
regnum, -i, n. a kingdom, a reaLn.
rgg5, -ere, rexi, rectum, 3 v. a. to
-ae,

chance, adven-

rg-son6, -are, -avi, -atum,

-atum,

p7-ez'ent, to avet-t.

reglna,

inierest

rg-sgro, -are, -avi, -atum,

nfresh.

rd-fHgio, -ere, -fugi, no

-ere,

occur-

aji

also act.

to drift;

be

f.

rest, repose.

rfifSro used neutr. to go, to coine

to

3 v. a.

s.,

an event,fortune,

r6f6r6r

[pass.

carried back,

v. n.

to dee/n.

rSpens,

rence,

relate.

s.,

bellow back; to resound.

to

rgquies,

disprove.

lit.

r6-prim6,

back.

-felli,

-ferre,

ca7'ry back

to let go, to loosen, io

-petitum, 3 v.

to decline, to refuse.

-ire, -li

retuni];

yield.

creaior.

r6-cils6, -are, -avi, -atum,

r6d-65,

-misi,
-missum,
send back [se rem. =

-ere,

3 V. a. to

r66r, reri, ratus, 2 v. dep. to think,

to open.

a.

rS-cmnbo,
to lie

-clusum,

-clusi,

2 v. n.

s.,

shine out, to blaze.

r6-mtlgi5,

lean back, to lay aside.

rl-cludo, -ere,
V.

io

to

-atum,

-are, -avi,

no

r61tlc65, -ere, -luxi,

r6-niitt5,

rS-cId5, -6re, -cidi, -cisum (caedu),

re-cUno,

i05

io reply, to ans7oer.

re-spons6, -are, no

p.

and

s.,

V. a. freq. to ansi.uer, to re-echo.

AEN.

VERGIL.

ro6
re-sponsam,

riibdr, -oris,

a rfply.

n.

-i.

re-sto, -are,

no

-stiti,

s.,

v. n. io

wind agam,

r6-torqu66,
V.

-ere,

-tortum,

-torsl,

to

wheel
i

v. a.

take again), to take back, to

retract, to reftise, to

r6-vell6,

-ere,

-velli,

draw

-vulsum or
to

r6-viiici6, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctum, 4

bind armind, tofit.

rex, regis, m. a king.
Rhoeteitls, -a, -um, of Rhoetiiim
[a promontory near Troy], i.e.
V. a. to

rtlm6r.

m.

-oris,

rump6,

ruviour,

ruptum, 3

-ere, rupi,

rti6, -ere,

v.

a.

riii,

rutum, 3

v. n.

and

a.

to rush, to hasten, to overwhelvi,

-um,

v. a.

(0

m. a

ritiis, -us,

rdsa, -ae,

f.

f.

-ii,

a sanctuary, a

n.

-atum.

v.

a. to

-i,

n.

= sacred

a holy thing; sacra.

iinages, vessels c^^c.

-i,

n.

an

age.
to

saepg, adv. often.

saepI6,
a.

-ire,

to

saepsi,

fence

ifi,

saeptum,

to bar.

saeti-ggrtis, -a, -um, adj. briitly.

rose.

saevi6,

i-osy.

a wheel ; rotae,

pl.

-ire,

-il,

-itum, 4 v, n. io

rage, to chafc.

saevtis, -a, -um, z.^].fierce, savage.

a chaHot.
rtibgo, -ere, -ui,

no

s.,

2 v. n.

:o

rtibSr, rubra,

rubrum,

rtibesc6, -ere, rubui,

grow

grini

sagitta, -ae,

be red, to bhish.

incept. to

[a Rutulian].

-is

shrine.

V.

rosgiis, -a, -um, adj.

priest,

rites.

to di-ip.

m. dew.

comm. a

a priestess.

saectllum (or saeclum),

-um, adj. Roinan.

-avi, -atum, i v. n.

ros, roris,

rota, -ae,

oak.

-a,

drop dew,

set
(ii)

sacred, holy.

pl.

hard wood,
Rome.

f.

adj.

accursed;

(i)

sacerd6s, -dotis.

sacrum,
rite.

robtir. -oiis, n.
-ae,

sacrum,

.sacra,

apart, hence

inake soLcred, to dedicate.

a bank.

f.

rlt6, adv. duly.

r6r6, -are,

sacer,

sl,cr6, -are, -avi,

wet, to besprinkle.

R6mantis,

-orum or -um, the Rutules

people of Latium (see Ardea,
Turnus)].
RtlttUtls, -a, -um, adj. Riitulian.

Rtittill,

sacrarium,

hard.

adj. stiff.

rigo, -are, -avi, -atum,

rlpa, -ae,

rurstls, adv. bcuk, again.

Saces,

Trojan.
rigidtls, -a,

blush.

bliish.

[a

back.

-volsum, 3 v. a. to pull atuay,

tear off, to tear up.

Roma.

to destroy.

round.
r6-tract6, -are, -avi, -atum,
{to

j-edness,

ruin, fall, destruc-

to break, to burst.

to repeat.

ttirn back,

to

a.

-textum, 3

-texui,

-ere,

V. a. to

m.
f.

i'eport.

uncover, to expose.

r6-tex6,

rtilna, -ae,
tion.

re??ia7}2.

r6-t6go, -ere, -texi, -tectum, 3 v.

a. to

XII.

adj. red.

no

s.,

3 v. n.

red, to redden, to

f.

an

arro7i\

-um, adj. scUt.

-us, m. a leap.

salstis, -a,
salttis,

saltibris, -e, adj. healthy, health-

giving.

VOCABULARY.
saifls, -ulis,

f. 7i>elfa>-e,

s6d, conj.

sajety.

-atum,

saltlto, -are, -avi,

v. a. io

greet, to salute.

sanclo,
to

sanxi, sanctum, 4 v. a.

-ire,

make

sacred,

conjir/n

to

[sancttls, p. part. pass. as adj.

sacred^ holy\.

sanguingiis,

stained, red.

sanguis,

satum,

Saturniiis,

euough.

a plant, a crop.

-um, adj. of Satta-ti;

(luno), daughter of

-a,

Saturnia
Saturn.
Satumtis, -i [early king of the
Gods, father of luppiter and
luno].

n.

-i,

scala, -ae,

f.

sclro, -arc,
to

defie

[sc616rattls,

part.

p.

sceptrum,
scI-Uc6t

-i,

n.

Hcgt), adv.

>r-

cait/i, to

-etis,

segnis,

v,

to

a.

pacify.

a c/vp, harvest.
siow [segnlSr,

f.

adj.

-e,

o/ice.

semi-animis, -e,
semi-n6cis (gen.

haifdead.

adj.

no nom.),

adj.

haif dead.
semi-vir,

-viri, adj. u/i//ianly.

sgnecta, -ae,

sgnex,

f.

old age.

-nis, adj.

old ; oid

comp.

s6ni6r, gen. -oris,

7/ia/i.

adj.c///i?;-,

a.

sclo, scire,

f.

sententia,
sentio,

(sese), sui (dat.

pron.

reflex.

septem-plex,

sSpulcmm,
-i,

sibi,

abl. se),

oneself,

himseif
i

v.

a.

to cleave.
-a,

-um,

?id].

favouiaide

f.

adj.

-plicis,

-i,

n.

to/nb,

pursue,

-i

v. a.

seve/i-

g/-ave.

dep.

a. to

to atte/td,

fo

[a Trojan].
-i

-5nis,

[a Trojan].

m. a

speech, report.

sr6, -ere, sevi, satum, 3 v.

a.

to

sow, to scatter [hence satus, p.

pass.

= bor/i,

e.g.

sata

noctg; satum, -i, x\. = ac/-op\

serpens, -ntis, comm. a se/pe/it.
serp6, -ere, serpsi, serptum, 3
sertis, -a,

a battie-axe.

sectis, adv. othei-cvise

even so\

sensum, 4

v. n.

to creep, to sp/-ead.

(s6qu6r).
is,

opi/iio/i,

/each.

part.

herseif, itseif, themseives.

to cut,

a/t

f.

secutiis, 3 v.

foiioiu, to

serm6,

sc6, -are, secui, sectum,

sgcundtls,

-ae,

-ire, sensi,

Sergestiis,

m. a rock.
n. a shield.

-i,

-i,

m. afeeiing, a fa/icy.

jitdg//ie/it, feeli/ig.

Serestus,

knoiv.
scdptdtis,

n. oid age, decay.

-ii,

senstls, -us,

sequor,

a spark, afash.
scivi, scitum, 4 v. a. to

scintilla, -ae,

sgnlum,

foid.

scindo, -ere, scidi, scissum, 3 v.

to tear, to rend.

s6curis.

abode.

sepio, see saepio.

a sceptre.

= scire

sooth, doubtiess.

se

an

tofeei, io pi/reive.

^:iii.=foiiuted, zuicked].

scdtum,

seat,

eider [s6nex].

wounded, hurt.
a rock, a stone.
a ladder.
no p., -atuni, i v. a.

sauciiis, -a, -um, adj

saxum,

-is, f.

s6m61, adv.

hlood.

(sero), n.

-i

sedes,

sed6, -are, -avi, -atum,

segnisslmlis].

m.

-inis,

satis. adv.

/'///.

sed66, -ere, sedi, sessum, 1 v. n.

to sit, to keep still.

sgggs,

-um, adj. blood-

-a,

107

[haud

s6ctis,

-um, adj.

iate.

serv6, -are, -avi, -atum,

save, to p/'eserve.

v.

a.

io

VERGIL.

loS

seu or slvg, conj. or if, whelher;

seu seu, slv6 slv^, = ivhether
.

num.

slc,

adv.

= if anyone'].

s6nitiis,

-um,

adj.

of the stars,

sldtis, -eris, n.

v. a.

to ??iake sign, to point, to beckon.

signo, -are, -avl, -atum,

signum.

n.

-I,

-ae,

v.

a. to

7nark out.

uiark., to

forest

ac or
but

sln, conj.

if.

sin5, -ere,

blvi,

.situm,

v.

a. to

-um, adj. sounding.

-a,

m. a sound, a

-i,

f.
f.

noise.

a sister.
a lot, chance, for-

tune.
-iri,

-itiis,

4 v. dep.

a. to

draw, to choose.
spargo, -ere, sparsl, sparsum, 3
V. a. to strew, to scatter, to hurl
lot, to

about.

spect5, -are, -avi, -atum,

v. a.

freq. to look at, to watch.

alloiu.

-eie,

stiti,

statum, 3 v.

a.

n. to stop, to check^ to halt.

m. a father in law, a

-erl,

bride^s father.

s6cio, -are, -avl, -atum,

v. a. to

m. a throne.
-e,

annual, usual,

adj.

sollicito, -are, -avl, -atum,

v.

a.

-atus,

v.

dep.

ground,

v. a. to

hope.

a point, a dart, a

n.

s/ear.
f.

coil.

a.

to

to

shifie.

-atum,

v.

a.

deprivc (w.

acc. anil abl.).

sp61ium,
spondg5,

-ii,

n. spoil.

-ere,
to

spOpondl, sponsum,

promise.

sptlm5, -are,

-avl,

-atum,

v. n.

to foatn.

comfort, to calvi.
n.

-i,

2 V. a.

to vioz'e, to shake.

-I,

f.

splcillum,

to despoil, to strip, to

due.

-ari,

spes, spel,

sp61i5, -are, -avi,

to be -coont.

solleninis,

splritils, -us,

s6166, -ere, solitus, 2 v. semi-dep.

-ii,

spy.

m. breath, a blast.
splendg5, -ere, -ul, no s., 2 v. n.

m. an ally, afriend.
m. the sun.

s6ci'Q.s, -11,

sol, solis,

m. a

sper6, -are, -avl, -atum,

spira, -ae,

to join.

taiite,

sp6cillat6r, -oris,

hope, to expect.

slvg or seu, see seu.

s61uni,

v. n.

tokefi.

w. abl. without.

sin, prep.

to screavi,

spatium, -il, n. space, distance.

specimgn, -inis, n. a mark,

as\

s516r,

sontls,

ohtain by

the same time

atqu = (7i- suon

at

adv.

[simTll

sound, to cry,

to sing, to boast.

s6n6rus,

sorti6r,

a wood, aforest.

f.

similis, -e, adj. like.

s61iuni,

a. to

sors, sortis,

"S.W.

in

Italy].

simill,

to dissolve.

m. sleep.
-iis, m. a sound, a din, a
-I,

s6r6r, -oris,

a sign, a signal.
[a

f.

silva, -ae,

s6cr,

solius, dat.

roar.

and

a star.

signi-fico, -are, -avl, -atum,

and

(gen.

s6n6, -are, sonui, sonitum,

starry.

sisto,

-um

-a,

s5li), adj. alone, only.

somntis,

thus.

so,

sldereils, -a,

Sila,

soltls,

to loosen,

six.

conj. ?/[sI (iM\5

sl,

XII.

solvo, -ere, solvl, .solutum, 3 v. a.

...or.

sex,

AEN.

soil.

sptlmostis,

-a,

-um, adj.foaming.

VOCABULARY
squalSo. -ere,

-lii,

nn

s.,

v. n. io

stagnum,

a pool, a viarsh.

n.

-i,

set up,

place;

to

to stop

to

steraax,

adj.

-acis,

throimng

lit.

stratum,

stravi,

spread out,

V. a. to

Stli6n61iis,

stirps.

to

m. or

-pis,

f.

stock,

be fixed

impers. =it
-is

v. n. to

[hence

stat,

f.

overthrow,

and strido,

no

no

s.,

hiss.

-um, adj. hissing.

stringo, -ere, strinxi, strictum, 3

draw

tight, to

draw

(a

sword),
to btiild,

sttldium,

stupeo,

and

-ii,

/<3

(w. acc.

no

and

s.,

be amazed, to

Styx [the

suadeo,

v. n.

wonder

-ere,

a.

lofty,

-a,

-um, adj. submis-

sive.

-missum, 3

-ere, -mi>i.

put under,

v. a. to

to snbdiie, to

submit.

no

-risi,

s.,

2 v. n.

to sniile.
-ii,

n. aid, support.

sub-sldo. -ere, -sedi, -sessum, 3 v.

n. to sink down, to settle.
sub-sisto, -ere,

-stiti,

no

s.,

3 v. n.

(ii)

sub-do, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 3

put

U7ider.

sub-venio,

-ire, -veni,

come

-ventum, 4

to aid., to

help {w.

suc-cedo

(sub-c),

-cessuin.

3 V. n.

-ere,
to

to rise.

suc-cesstis,

to fall

-cessi,

come from

-iis,

m. success, prowess.

under,

s.,

3 v. n.

to succuvib.

suc-cingo, -ere, -cinxi, -cinctum,

be-

of

w.

under, beneath.

to

high,

adj.

-e,

tall.

suc-cido, -ere, -cidi, no

persuade.

(i)

time, to-LvardsjJust before;

a.

of

river of

w. acc. under,
neath (motion to or along)
prep.

abl.

sub-limis,

undcr.

inf.).

Hades].
suasi, suasum, 2 v.

to counsel, to
stlb,

undermine.

sub-lattis, see tollo.

dat.).

n. zeal, eagerness.

Stygiiis. -a, -um, adj. .Stygian,

the

-lapsus, 3 v. dep. to

-i,

V. n. to

to scheine.

-ere, stupui,

a.

sub-labor,

to stop, to halt.

str&o, -ere, struxi, stniclum, 3 v.

a.

suddenly [stibgo].

sub-sidium,

buzzing.
strldiiltis, -a,

V. a. to

-egi, -actum, 3 v.
constrain, to overcouie.

sub-rideo, -ere,

whizz.

m. a din, a

strldor, -oris,

1 v. n.

s.,

-ere, stridi,

V. n. to hiss, to

to

-ere,

sub-mitto,

destriiction, slaughtcr.

strldeo. -ere, stridi,

a.

mount.

to

s.,

s.

up

to kindle, to th?-ow

sub-misstis,

is resolved].

(sterao),

se

3 v.

place under ;

to

crccp under, to

7-ace.

stand, to stand firvi. to stand

to

comc

subitiis, -a, -um, adj. sudden.

statum,

sto, stare, steti,

strages,

throw,

to

siibito, adv.

lay low.

[a Trojan].

-i

trunk, a root ; hence a

still,

a.

siib-igo,

rider (of a horse), resfive.

-ere,

-itum, v. n. irreg./^
to siipport, to

stlb-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum,

ignem,

resolve.

sterao,

-li,

up, to aid, to help (w. dat.).

stattlo, -ere, statui, -utum, 3 v. a.

its

siib-^6, -ire,

come ufuier,

be stiff.

to

109

3 V. a. to

gird

tip.

suc-curro, -ere, -curri, -cursum, 3

V. n. to

run

to help, to aid.

Sticro, -onis [a Rutulian].

v.

stlctis,

-i,

m.Juice, sap.

stlddr, -oris,

m.

s~u>cat.

VERGIL.
suf-ficio (sub-f.), -ere, -feci, -fec-

tum, 3

sum,

V. n. to siiffi.ce, to avail.

esse,

no

ful,

futiirus), V. n. irreg. to be (\v. dat.

imperat.

to belong to) [esto,

it

let

be granted\.

chiefissue of the war\.

stunmtls, -a, -um, superl.
top

adj.

montes,

(s.

the

take

V. a. to take, to

sumptum, 3
up [poenam

exact a penalty\.

-um,

-a,

acc.

aud

-ere,

no

p.

and

s.,

v.

n.

hang over.

a. lit. to be over,

survive, be

-5nis,

= dread vow,

hence

left, (ii) to

stper-stitio,

(i)

to

overcome.

f.

religious

-um, adj. above, upper;

pl. Stipgrl, the gods above [supri6r, sflpremus or summils].

STlper-v6ni6,
V.

-ire,

and

n.

a.

-veni,

-ventum,

to coine over, to

(sub-pl.j, adj. sup-

-icis

supplication.

and

adv.

stipra,

prep.

w.

acc.

higJiest,

-a,

-um, superl. adj.

last

[stlpgrils,

sti-

hang,

to

to

-spexi,

-ere,

f.

an

uphold, to sup-

V. a. freq. to

port.

V. a. to

stltis,

hold up,
-um,

-a,

to support.

ankle, a calf, a

reflex. poss. pron.

her own,

07vn, his,

their

own
-is (acc.

-im) [a Trojan].

tab66, -ere, no p. and

to waste away.

tabtllatum,

-i,
-i,

s.

v. n.

n. afloor.

m.

border

the

mountain on

[a

of

Samnium

in

Italy].

-um, adj.

tacittis, -a,

talis, -e, adj. such,

Talos

(acc.

Tanais,

-is

Talon)

silent.

of this

soi-t.

[a Rutulian].

Jievertheless,

however.

(acc. -im) [a Rutulian].

at lenoth ; in ques-

tions=/ray.?
tang6, -ere, tetigi, tactum, 3

v.

a.

to toiich.

-um,

so

great;

tanto, abl. as adv. by so

mnch;

-a,

tantum,

much ;

p$ri6r].
-ae,

-pendi,

-ere,

(sub-sp.),

tanttis,

aboz'e.

s&premtls,

v. a.

awake.

-spectum, 3 v. a. to look at {from

under), to look up at, to 7'egard.

tandem, adv.

pliant.

supplicitSr, adv. siippliantly with

lee.

suspicio

tamen, adv.

step over.

supplez,

stlra,

sus-pendo (sub-p.),
-pensum, 3 v. a.

Tabumtis,

817.

stlpgrils, -a,

a sow.

sus-cito, -are, -avi, -atum,

Sybaris,

silpgro, -are, -avi, -atum,

fear;

comm. a pig,

stis, suis,

ojte^s

stip6r-immin6o,

and

= sub-

satilis, -e, adj. sewyi together {^^0).

proiid,

adj.

high.

2 V. n. to

rigo].

sus-tin6, -ere, -tinui, -tentum,

and prep. w.

abl. ai)ove, tipoji, close after.

stlperbils,

arise

to

rise,

sus-tento (sub-t.), -are, -avi, -atum,

siip6ri6r].

stlmo, -ere, sutnpsi,

s., /0

to

suspend.

tops of the moiintains) [siipgrlls,

s11pr, adv.

surrectum, 3

-ere, surrexi,

n.

to stir up, to roHse, to

sunama, -ae, f. the height or siim

of anything [summa belll, the

highest,

XII.

surgo,
v.

part.

(fut.

s.

AEN.

acc.

adj.

n. as adv.

(i)

so

only so vnuh, only.

tard6, -are, -avi, -atum, r v. a. to
(ii)

delay, to impedc.

VOCABULARY.
Tartaxtls,

m.

-i,

TaxtarS,, -orum,

n. Taridriis, the

infernal regions

Tartarfetls, -a, -um. adj. Tartarcan,

m. a

-I,

tectum,

(tSgo),

-I

a roof a

n.

tdgo, -ere, texi, tectum, 3

v. a. to

temo,

-i,

earth,

thc

-onis,

tempestas,

a dart, a iveapon.
m. a pole ox shaft of a
-atis,

f.

storvi,

tempest.
-oris, n. time, opporttinity.

templcs of

pl. the

the head.

tetendi,

-ere,

tensum, 3

v. a.

and

tentum

or

n. to stretch

v. a.

to hold, to seize, to keep.

tento, -are, -avi,

num. adv.

-atum,

v.

a.

n.

-i,

Thymbraetls,

m.

-i,

Tbymoetes,

-is

Tibgrlnils,

-a,

[a Trojan].

[a Trojan].

-um,

of the

adj.

Tlbgris (or Tlbrlsl,

river Tiber.

a back

fear,

a. to

[t.

dar =

earth.

a. to frighten, to scare.

adj.

to

tinxi,

dip,

to

sublatum), 3

(sustiili,

V. a. to lift, to raise

T61umniils,

up, to take

m.

-ii,

Rutulian

[a

terrible,

fear-

torpor,

-i,

-oris,

torqu66,

n.

m.

-ere,

v.

n. to

torils,

a Kjar-engi)ie.

torpor,

numbness.

torsi,

tortum,

tiirn; to hurl.

= winding.l

[tortils

(ii)

-um, adj. frightful,

s.,

ihunder.

a firebrand.
a muscle, a sinew;
a couch, a bed.

torris,

ful.
terri-ficils, -a,

-ere,

a.

V. a. to twist, to

terrgo, -ere, terrui, territum, 2 v.

-e,

2 v. n.

s.,

to bathe.

tormentum,

f.

v.

the

be afraid.

tingn6),

(or

tinctum,

plunge,

fo

m.

-is,

no

-ere, timiii,

and

t6n6, -are, tonui, no

thrice.

tofiee\

-is,

-i,

f.

m.

(i)

t6t, adj. indecl. so

many.

t6tidem, adj. indecl.y^j/ so many.

terrifc.

territ6, -are,

no

p.

and

s., i

freq. to frighten.

terrdr, -01 is, m.fear, terror.

-Ts,

= Tliraciai,

soothsayer].

t6r6, -ere, trivi, tritum, 3 v. a. io

rub, to press against.

testis.

f.

aivay, to remove, to destroy.

freq. to try, to attack.

terribilis,

-ae.

Thrace.

toUo, -ere

out, to strain, to strive.

t6nS6, -ere, tenui, tentum, 2

terra, -ae,

-i, m. [a Trojan].
m. a breastplate.

tliorax, -acis,

tingo

tencuioiis.

tergnm,

[a

Trojan].

timSo,

tSnax, -acis (tn66), adj. gripping,

t6r,

m.

-im),

(acc.

-is

Tiber.

tempdra, -um,

tendo,

ihe

pl.

-um, adj. Trojan.

-a,

Tliraca,
n.

chariot.

tempils,

Teucrils,

Tlierslldchiis,

the

f.

grounJ.
teluin,

tete, acc, thyself.

Tli^yris,

cover, to protect.
-uris,

io call

Teucrians, Trojans.

biiU.

hoiise [tecta,, pl.=<2 hoiise^

telltls,

dep.

v.

to witness.

Teucrl, -orum or -um, m.

infernal.
taurtls,

testfir, -ari, -atiis,

c.

a witness.

v. a.

t6tiens,

adv. so

many

times, so

often.
totiis,

-a,

-um

[g^iw.

totius,

toti), adj. ivhole, eniire.

dat.

AEN.

VERGIL.
trabalis,

[trabs],

-e

beam,

adj.

lihe

a beam.

f.

traJio, -ere, traxi, tractum, 3 v. a.

draw,

to

to drag.

trans-ad-igo,

(\v.

two

-ere,

-actum,

-egi,

and

n.

V.

or

-ii

-itum,

-ivl,

irreg.

a.

to cross,

to

tran-silio,

to

-ire,

V.

-silui,

a. to leap over,

-factum,

-feci,

??iake to

tre??ible,

to

trgmesco,
n.

no

-ere,

bcgin

to

and

p.
to

s.,

t?'e??tble,

3
to

-ere, tremui,

to tre??ible, to

trgmor,

-oris,

no

3 v. n.

s.,

quake.

hurry,

ra.fear,

tre)?ibli?ig.
i

v. n.

to hasten.

a?ixioiis

gen.

(\v.

M- ^

-a,

m.

-inis,

whirlwind

fo?'ce.

turb6, -are,
distu?-b,

-atum,

-avl,

v. a.

niake zvild,

to

[foedera turb.

to

to con-

= to

b?'eak

the peace.']

Turntis,

m. [king of Rutulians].

-I,

-atum,

-avi,

v. a. to

befoul, to defile.

turris,

-is,

f.

-a,

a tower, a tu?'?'et.
-um, adj. Tuscan,

Etruscan.
-um.

-a,

pron.

poss.

thy,

thine.
-ae, m. the so?i of Jydeus
Diomede].
tyranntis, -i, m. a kijig, a tyrant.

Tydldes,

= fea?'i?ig

Tyrrtientis,

-a,

-um, adj. Tyrrhe-

nian, Etruscan.

tr6s, tna, gen. trium,

num.

three.

tristis, -e, adj. sad, gloo??iy.

-um, m.

pl,

tibi,

Trojans

the

(acc. Troas).

-um,

Tr6itis, -a,

Troianiis,

-a,

Troiiiggnae,

adv. when, where.

tJfens, -ntis [a Rutulian].

ulltis,

adj.

and

-um, adj. T?-ojan.

-arum

or

-a,

ulll), adj.

Troja?i.

Troia, -ae, Troy.

pl.

??iou?id, a hill.
a crowd, a thro?ig.
-um, adj. wild, con-

f.

[i.e.

trgpidtls. -a, -um, adj. tre?nbli?tg,

Tr66s,

turbo.

ttitis,

trgpido, -are, -avi, -atum,

to

con-

fused.

Tusctis,

fear.

tremo,

m. a crowd,

m. a

-i,

turba, -ae,

turp6, -are,

frighfeii.

V.

ttimtiliis,

fou?id.

-ere,

to

a.

or

-silivi

4 V. n. and
speed across.
s.,

trm6-faci6,
3

-iis,

whirl ;

pierce.

no

the?t.

turbidiis,

accs.).
-ire,

tum, adv.
ttimnlttis,

fusio?i, tu)?itilt.

3 V. a. to drive throiigh, to pierce

trans-do,

tuitus, 2 v. dep. a. to

-eri,

look at, to watch, to gitard.

stont.

trabs, trabis,

tii66r,

XII.

the Troja?is.

(gen. uUius, dat.

(only in negative

interrog. sentences).

ultri6r,

m.

-um,

-um
any

adj.

-us,

gen.

-oris,

bcyond, further.

comp.
[ultra.

ultimtls.]

Tros, Trois, m. [founder of Troy].

Tros, Trois, adj. Troja?i.

ulteritis, acc.

trticldo, -are, -avi, -atum,

ultimtls, -a, -um, superl. adj. last,

to

tnmciis,
ttl,

v. a.

cnt to pieces, to slay.

-I,

m. a

tui (acc. te,

tru?ik,

furthest.

a body.

dat. tibi, abl. te),

pers. pron. tiiou.

n.

used as adv.=

further.

ultr6,

adv.

one''^

own

umbra,

-ae,

[ultra, ultgrI6r.]
{beyo?id,

besides),

of

accord.
f.

a shade. a shadow.

VOCABULARY
Umb6r, -bra, -brum, adj. Cmbrian^
from Utnbria [in Italy]. Umber,
-bri, m. an Untbrian hound.
timSrtls [hum.],

umquam

-1,

m.

-um, adj. of one

-a,

-ae,

undo, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. n.

wave, toflow, to surge.
unguls, -is, m. a nail, a claw.
ungtUa, -ae, f. a claw, a hoof.

-um

-a,

imlus,

(gen.

to

dat.

urbs,

-bis,

f.

city,

-ere, ursi,

s.,

2 v. a. to

adv. anywhere.

m.

-us,

flstls,

tit, litl,

(i)

as,

(fl)

Htdr,

ijsus,

-i,

en/oy

(ii)

conj.

when, as soon

as,

3 V. dep. to use, to

(\v. abl.).

-um, adj. empty.

vSlfio, -ere, valui, valitum, 2 v. n.

to be strong, to be able.

vdlldtis,

-a,

-um,

adj.

strong,

-a,

-um,

adj.

various,

changing.
vasttis, -a, -um, adj. wasie, vast.
-v6,

enclitic conj.

n. poisoji, veno?n.

-i,

adj. reverai, vener-

-e,

able.

v6nr6r,

-ari, -atus,

worship,
venio,
to

veni,

-ire,

= he,

part.

a. to

to.

veutum, 4

v. n.

[ventum

est,

we,you, they came\.

-atus,

-ari,

hunt ;

dep.

v.

do reve7'ence

to

come, approach

dep.

v.

venantes,

-tum,

to

pr.

= hunters.
wind-Hke,

adj.

-a, -ura,

m.

venttis,

-i,

Ventis,

-eris

7^'ind.

[goddess

Love.

of

mother of Aeneas] =love.

verbena,
verbSr,

-ae,

f.

a sacred herb (usu-

-eris, n.

a beat.

stroke,

verbero, -are,

-avi,

and n.
verbum,

a word, a saying.

-atum,

v. a.

to beat.
-i,

n.

s.,

v.

n.

to incline, to sink.

veho, -ere, vexi, vectum, 3

bear, to carry.

v6h6r =

XII.

verso, -are, -avi, -atum,

turn about,
vertex,

-icis,

m.

(i)

an

eddy,

v. a. to

(ii)

verto, -ere, verti, versum, 3 v.

to ttirn, to change.

-a,

veritis,

to ride.

v. a. to

to drive.

top.

vertis,

-v6...-v6, either...or.

AEN.

m. a hunter.

-oris,

verum, adv. truly ; but yet

^'''

v61, conj.

S.

set sail.\

vero, adv. itideed; however[\exXx.'&\.

-um, adj. vain, empty.

vario, -are, -avi, -atum, i v. a. and
n. to change, to waver.
-a,

viritis,

= to

vergo, -ere, no p. and

mighty.
vantls,

vela, pl.

sail.

ally in plural).

fttrimquS, Sidv.from both sides.

vactitis, -a,

swift.

that, in order that, (d) so that.

{c)

venatSr,

ventostis,

use, practice.

adv. how, as ;
{b)

to

adv. JHst as.

vendr,

a town.

no

press, to oppressy topresson, to urge.

usquam,

impers.

uni), adj. one, alone.

urg3o,

vfeltlt

veil,

^7

[vela dard

vgngrabilis,

undlqtie, ia.dw.from all sides.

tlntls,

n.

-i,

vgnenum.

a wave, water.

f.

v. a.

wj-ap, to cover.

vfeltitl)"

fnind, together.
imctls, -a, -um, adj. hooked, bent.

und^,

velo, -are, -avi, -atum,

= sails.

(unq.), adv. ever.

tln-Jiimtis,

v61, see -v6.

velum,

shoiilder.

113

vest6r,

-um, adj.

comp.

-tra,

your, yours.

a.

[vertis].

true,

real.

=fairer, better.
-trum, poss. pron.
n.

AEN.

VERGIL.

114

are, -avi, -alum,

vestlgo,

v.

a.

a gaj-ment.

-is, f.

to

v. a.

adj.

ancient,

old,

vla, -ae,

-tatis,

f.

vicem

v. a. to

nom.),

[in

c/iange

vicein = z tnrn\

victdr,

a victim.
m. a victor ;

(used

vidSo, -ere,vidi, visum,

supine in -u = in the seeing,

to

-ire, vinxi,

to see.

vinctum, 4

v. a.

bind, io encircle.

conquer, to overcofne.
-i,

n.

Vi616, -are, -avi, -atum,

v.

a. to

(gen.

viri

pl.

virorum

or

virum), m. a ffian.

virag6,

-inis,

virginitas,

virg6,

-inis,

f.

a brave

-tatis,
f.

dat.),

virginity.

f.

pl. tu'igs,shrubs.

virtue, valour.

vim, abl. vi (no gen. or

vIb, acc.

i.

force, fuight; pl. vlres,

-um, n. ^A.fesh, entrails.

vlta, -ae,

f.

vIvidtiB, -a,

the conifnofi

n.

v.

7voufid.

v616, -are, -avi, -atum,

n.

v.

to

fyv616, velle, volui, no

to

tvish,

be

to

s., v. a.

'cvillijtg,

m. a

volttis, -us,

irreg.

to ivish

face, a cofinten-

[volttls,

plural,

also

=a

fau.\
-e, adj.

voluntas,
freq.

flying; as subst.

bird.

-tatis (v615),

-avi,

to rrvolve,

f.

ivish^ivill.

-atum,

v.

a.

ponder.

to

a.

to roll.

v6s, vestri or vestrum, pers. pron.

ye, you (plural of tu).
v6tum, -i, n. a vo7v, a prayer

(v6v66).

v6v66,
to

vox, vocis,

votum, 2 v.
pray. [vottis,

vovi,

-erS,

vow,

to

part. pass.

-ium, strength.
viac6rfi,,

v. a. to

V0lv6, -ere, volvi, voliitum, 3 v.

fnaidefi.

a virgin.

virgaltS,,-orum, n.
virttls, -tutis,

f.

-atum,

-avi,

volilto, -are,

injure, to stain.
vir,

a crowd,

n.

v61it6, -are,

comm. a

violence, fury.

f.

-i,

v6iacris,

a bond.

chaifi,

vi61entia, -ae,

volg6, -are, -avi, -atum,

afice.

vinclum,

or

fire-

for.

viiic6, -ere, vici, victum, 3 v. a. to

vincMum

Vfilcan [the

volntis, -eris, n.

2 v. a. to see.

Pass.vid66r = /cii-^^w. [visCl,ab].

vinci6,

-um, adj. of Vtd-

a,

made by

freq. to fly, to hasteti.

victory.

f.

to

a.

people.

as adj.) victorious.
victoriS,, -ae,

cafi,

volgils,

f.

-5ris,

v.

publish, to noise abroad.

vicissim, adv. by'titrns, in turn.

victima, -ae,

dep. to

god].

ctirl.

(no

-atum,

-avi,

Volcanitls,

vlbro, -are, -avi, -atum,

skake, to

v.

call, to suffinion.

age.

n 7vay.

f.

-ari, -atiis,

shout aloud.

v6c6, -are,

forf/ier.

vetustas,

ifivocation,

call.

v6ci-fgr6r,

forbid.
veteris,

livifig, alive.

m. an

vocattls, -us,

v6t6, -are, vetui, vetitum,

vtti.s,

-um, adj.

-a,

vix, adv. scarcely.

to track, to seek.

vestis,

vlv&s,

XII.

f.

= zw'<?^,
a

voice,

a.

p.

votive.]

a saying.

life.

-um,

adj. quick, alert.

Zgphynis,

-i,

m. ihe

IVest

wind.

115

INDEX.
GRAMMATICAL.

(i)

Adjective, proleptic, 242

equal in force to

Dative,

and poetic, 130,

632, 690, 862

ambi-, 298

CASES Nominative,

after fallo,

634

Accusative, double (irregular),

276

direct object,
pas172
extent, bodily action,
398. 535. 700, 864
338
cognate,
386, 403,
after

sive,

496, 680, 753

with

inf. after tremisco.,

916
Ablative, quality, 218

place

860
where (VergiTs
extended use), 43, 295,
origin,

344' 399. 406,591, 688,

256, 382,
655, 681
after

464,

(agent),

-hilis

767
fitness, 88,

156

predicative
(complement), 733
Locative, 19
elision of ^ before consonants, 503.
797. 874
imitations,

Greek

211, 419, 634,

739
hiatus, 31

iam

ia7)ique, 754,

ille,

940

in with acc. 103, 104, 424, 854

846

i?ttempestus,

irregularity, natural, 156, 226, 276,

320, 773, S83

120

911

ln7ius,

(supine in ti), 25
place and means combined, 372

tnedius, 564.

-
adnitor, 92
Genitive, definition,
objective, 589

more personal

as

adverb,

696

misceo, ii-j, 445, 628, 720, 805

molior, 327, 852

after

19
,

Dative, indirect object, 52,

319 537
general (ethic),

566

MOODS AND TENSES

Indicative,

indignus 649
Jidus,6c^^
agreeing with noun
contained in adj., 739
z.i\.tx

pose,

pres.,

forcible,

of

pur-

13,

585,

637
634.imperf.,
394

future exact, 316

Infinitive, historic, its use,

216

explanatory, 2
final,

345

INDEX.

ii6
Subjunctive,
II,

solve, 55,

67

apodosis
conclitional,
understood, 733, 761
jussive, 389, 439,

828

828

dum, 570
dubiiative,
486,
503> 570, 874, 948

658, 719,
causal,727, 917qui, 612
consecutive,
qui,
627
indirect question
perfect,

final, after

direct,

indirect,

after

after

84,

(or

exclamation), 145, 3^2

(2)

alliteration, 482, 825,

pathos, 435, 646

8, 880, 935
imaginativeness, 498, 617, 848
solemnity, 150, 863, 876, 895
vividness, 65, 292, 330, 453,

908

of destiny, 504
mussare, 657
pilatUy 121
plural, use of, 350, 475
praesens, 152, 245
quisquafn, 761
semi-consonantal vowels, 706, 821,
847 905
sounding lines, 267, 373, 648, 825,
852, 863, 908
tu7-bidus, &c., 10

ultro, 3
ut,

temporal,

'

how

terseness, 811, 920,

scorn, 100

fortef 270,

^(f /tj,

143

488

repetition, 135, 318, 656, 712

sound imitation:
(arrow), 267
(melee), 356

532

408

935

stretch of construction:
abest...quae tegaf, 52

625

columna adnixus, 92

exaggeration, 35

words

557, 623, 734

i,

after

'

(tangle),

force, 102, 235, 284, 339,

re-

422
animd, 648
avior, 668
eodem, 847

effective passages, sound, 373, 852,

Graecism

of

602

dolor,

863

anachronism, 100
archaism, 309

908

future,

STVLE.

accumulation, 86, 24S

error, 164,

Participle,

conditional,

orichalco, 87

ambrosia, panacea, 419

construction, 634
rhythm, 419, 87

viribus aegris cernunf, 218

unum costas transadigity 276
altus equo, 295
nitenfem gressus, 386
tui fidissima, 659
ari7ia Volcania dei, "j^g

suadeo,

c.

inf.,

814

metre: hiatus, 31
pater, 13
ebur, 67
que, 89, 181, 363, 443

stretch of
/atro,

meaning:
'huntsman', 7

sors, 'chance',

54

INDEX.
stretcli

of meaning

oras^ 'edges', 38
atirata tempora, 'helmet', 536
viens, 'thought', 554

tcnuit impetiis, 773

variation of phrase
comantes excutiens toros, 6
res bello varias, 43
lctum pro laude, 49
virgulta sotuintia laitro, 522
medius aggere, 564
crimen, 600
seges mucronibiis, 663
discessere medii, 696
surgcre in etisein, 729

fateor, 'agree', 56S

musso, 'doubt', 657

repertor^ 'creator',

829

transferred epithet, 445, 859

unusual expressions
irasci in cornua, 104
niedios ignes, 201

aito iugulo,

357

(3)

Achilles, 350

Agylla, 281

Amata, 29
Amyclae, 224
ApoUo, 198
Ardea, 44
Assaracus, 27
Athos, 701
Aurunci, 94
Ausonii, 834
1

Boreas, 83

117
fiisutn labris amnefn, 417
se collegit in arma, 491

NAMES.

Diomedes, 351
Dirae, 845

Mezentius, 232
Murranus, di^i

Dis, 199

Orithyia, 83

Echion, 515
Edoni, 365
Eryx, 701
Euander, 184
lapis,

392
lasides, 392
Indiges, 794

Paeonius, 40
Pallanteum, 184

Pallas,
j

943

Parcae, 147
Pluto, 199
Poeni, 4

Rhoeteius, 456

Caere, 281
Camers, 224

Cupencus, 539
Cydon, 858

Daunus, 785
Diana, 198

Latinus, 29

Latona, 198
Laurens, 24

Silas,

Lavinia, 31

Lema, 518

Taburnus, 715
Tydeus, 351

Lycia, 516
Lyrnesus, 547

Umber, 753

715

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