Role of the researcher

In qualitative analysis, the researchers are the main data collectors. We gathered
data from this different fraternities and sororities. According to Fink (2000) performing
qualitative personal or group interviews is one answer to the question of how to collect
data. Another technique for data collection is participant observation, text analysis,
discourse analysis and other techniques applicable from anthropological and
ethnographic research (BURGESS 1984, SANDAY 1979).
In this study we first confirm this said fraternities and sororities in Tagum city if
they really promote anti-violence in the said organization. We purposely selected three
organizations for this study. It took us sometime to draw on these organizations since
this is quite private for their group. These Institutions have sought to prohibit hazing and
have sought to replace unofficial rites of passage with more formal, sanctioned events.
We ask permission to them verbally if it is agreeable to them to share their experiences
in their organization.
As a researcher, it is our task to present fair and reliable information. Since this is
very sensitive issue it is necessary to protect the identity of our respondents. Moreover,
we do not enclose their real names for their protection.

Data Collection
The data for this research study were collected through the use of questionnaire
made by the researchers. The researchers will personally interview 14 members of
sororities and fraternities within Tagum City. They will be interviewed individually and
through a group discussion.
Before the said interview, the researchers shall ask the approval of the proper
authority. A letter to conduct the study will be given to the city government of Tagum and
to the Dean of College of the University of Mindanao to ask permission to conduct the
study at the said city using members of sororities and fraternities as a subject.
After such, will be the construction of the questionnaire. The contents of the
questionnaire will be check by the advisers of the researchers.
To ensure that the questionnaire serve it purpose, the researchers will personally
submit the said questionnaire for the validation to the panel of examinees. There
suggestions, comments, and recommendations will be incorporated in the revision of
the instrument for the refinement before it will finally printed.
After the interview process, the results and findings will be incorporated in the
next chapter of this study including some insights of the researchers. It will be present
clear and fair to different parties.

Trustworthiness and Credibility

When we decided to study this kind of topic we knew that we are accountable for
whatever results. Since it is the role of the researchers to establish facts, we considered
all the details relevant to the topic. We examined carefully all the details and their
transcriptions to ensure that it is not favorable to one party and that none of them would
be favored. The researchers ensure that whatever result in this study is based on the
personal encounter and ideas of the informants, rather than the characteristics and
preferences of the researcher.
According to Shenton (2004) in addressing credibility, investigators attempt to
explain a true picture of the phenomenon. To allow transferability, they provide sufficient
detail of the context of the fieldwork for a reader to be able to decide whether the
prevailing environment is similar to another situation with which he or she is familiar and
whether the findings can justifiably be applied to the other setting. The meeting of the
dependability criterion is difficult in qualitative work, although researchers should at
least strive to enable a future investigator to repeat the study. Finally, to achieve
confirmability, researchers must take steps to demonstrate that findings emerge from
the data and not their own predispositions.
According to Merriam, the qualitative investigators equivalent concept, i.e.
credibility, deals with the question, How congruent are the findings with reality? Lincoln
and Guba argue that ensuring credibility is one of most important factors in establishing
trustworthiness (Shenton 2004).

Transferability Merriam writes that external validity is concerned with the extent
to which the findings of one study can be applied to other situations . In positivist work,
the concern often lies in demonstrating that the results of the work at hand can be
applied to a wider population. Since the findings of a qualitative project are specific to a
small number of particular environments and individuals, it is impossible to demonstrate
that the findings and conclusions are applicable to other situations and populations.
Erlandson et al. note that many naturalistic inquirers believe that, in practice, even
conventional generalisability is never possible as all observations are defined by the
specific contexts in which they occur (Shenton 2004).
Dependability in addressing the issue of reliability, the positivist employs
techniques to show that, if the work were repeated, in the same context, with the same
methods and with the same participants, similar results would be obtained. Lincoln and
Guba stress the close ties between credibility and dependability, arguing that, in
practice, a demonstration of the former goes some distance in ensuring the latter. This
may be achieved through the use of overlapping methods, such as the focus group
and individual interview (Shenton 2004).
Confirmability Patton associates objectivity in science with the use of instruments
that are not dependent on human skill and perception. He recognises, however, the
difficulty of ensuring real objectivity, since, as even tests and questionnaires are
designed by humans, the intrusion of the researchers biases is inevitable (Shenton
2004).