Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CAUSATIVE
ORGANISM
PRINCIPAL ANIMALS
INVOLVED
KNOWN
DISTRIBUTION
PROBABLE MEANS OF
SPREAD TO MAN
BACTERIAL DISEASES
Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
Worldwide;
common in Africa,
Asia, South
America, eastern
Europe
Occupational
exposure; food-borne
in Africa, Russia, and
Asia; occasionally
wounds or insect
bites; rarely airborne
Borreliosis
Borrelia spp
Rodents
Worldwide
Soft ticks
(Ornithodoros spp)
Lyme disease
B. burgdorferi
Worldwide
Relapsing fever
B. recurrentis
Louseborne or
epidemic
No animal reservoir
for the transmitting
lice
Epidemic
Tick-borne or
endemic
Wild rodents
Epidemic
Tick bites
Brucella abortus
Worldwide, except
North America
Occupational and
recreational exposure
B. melitensis
Goats, sheep
Worldwide
B. suis
Swine, caribou
Northern
hemisphere
Rarely airborne
B. canis
Dogs, coyotes
Rare
Capnocytophaga
infection
Capnocytophaga
canimorsus,
C. cynodegmi
Dogs, cats
USA
Bites or scratches
Campylobacter
enteritis
Worldwide
Mainly food-borne,
milk, waterborne;
occupational;
exposure to infected
dogs and cats
C. coli
Common
Brucellosis
Nonhuman primates,
laboratory animals,
domestic pigs
Bartonella
Cats
(Rochalimaea)
henselae, B. quintana
Worldwide
Scratches, bites,
licks
Clostridial diseases
(See also tetanus,
below.)
Clostridium
perfringens, type A
Worldwide
Food-borne;
occasionally wound
contaminant
Worldwide
Wound infection
Escherichia coli
0157:H7; also
implicated are types
026:H11, 0111:H8,
0104:H21, and
048:H21
Ingestion of
undercooked ground
beef, or foods or
water contaminated
with bovine feces
Coliform diseases
Enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
infections
(Enterotoxigenic,
enteroinvasive,
enteropathogenic, and
enteroaggressive
strains are not
considered zoonotic.)
Domestic animals
Cattle, man
Erysipeloid
Erysipelothrix
rhusiopathiae
Swine, turkeys,
pigeons, sea
mammals, fish
Worldwide
Occupational and
recreational exposure
Glanders
Pseudomonas mallei
Equids
Occupational
exposure
Leptospirosis
Leptospira
interrogans (200
serovars) in 23
serogroups
Worldwide
Occupational and
recreational
exposure; water- and
food-borne
Leprosy
Southern Texas
and Louisiana
Transmission of
animal leprosy to
man suspected
Listeriosis
Listeria
Numerous animals,
monocytogenes types birds
1/2a, 1/2b, 4b
Worldwide
Food-borne among
domestic animals by
ensilage and hay; raw
contaminated milk,
cheese, mud, water,
and vegetables are
infectious;
nosocomial infection
in hospitals and
institutions
Melioidosis
(Pseudoglanders)
Pseudomonas
pseudomallei
Rodents, sheep,
Asia, Africa,
goats, horses, swine, Australia, South
nonhuman primates, America, USA; rare
kangaroos, zoo
animals
Mycobacteriosis
Mycobacterium
avium-intracellulare
complex
Many species of
animals, some birds
Worldwide
Rare; reported in
AIDS patients
Mycobacteria other
than tuberculosis
Cattle, other
ruminants
Worldwide
Mycobacterium
paratuberculosis
Cattle, occasionally
sheep and other
ruminants
Worldwide
Being investigated as
cause of Crohn's
disease; ingestion
exposure
Pasteurellosis
Worldwide
Wounds, scratches,
bites
Plague
Yersinia pestis
Rodents, cats,
rabbits, squirrels,
related animals
Foci in Western
USA, South
America, Asia,
Africa; rare
Fleas, aerosols,
handling infected
animals
Psittacosis and
Ornithosis
Chlamydia psittaci
Parakeets, pigeons,
Worldwide;
parrots, turkeys,
common
ducks, geese, etc;
other isolates in
cattle, sheep, goats,
opossums, etc, rarely
cause disease in man
Exposure to aerosols
Streptobacillus
moniliformis
Rodents
Bites of rodents;
water- or food-borne
Spirillum minus
Salmonellosis
Worldwide; rare
Asia
Salmonella spp
Poultry, swine, cattle, Worldwide;
(2000 serotypes, 200 horses, dogs, cats,
common
Food-borne infection,
especially in the
elderly, infants, or
immunosuppressed;
occupational and
recreational exposure
Streptococcal
infections
Streptococcus
pyogenes, other
group A streptococci,
uncommonly groups
B-G
Ingestion especially
of raw milk; direct
contact
Tetanus
Clostridium tetani
Ingestion, inhalation,
occupational
exposure
Worldwide; rare in
USA, Canada,
Europe
M tuberculosis
Monkeys, other
Worldwide
nonhuman primates,
rarely dogs, cats, and
other domestic
animals
Exposure to animals
infected with human
type tuberculosis
Tularemia
Francisella tularensis
Type A virulent, type
B less virulent
Occupational and
recreational
exposure; insect
bites; ingestion;
inhalation
Vibrio
parahaemolyticus
(Kanagawa
phenomenon)
Marine shellfish
V. vulnificus, other
noncholera vibrios
Yersiniosis
Australia, North
America
Ingestion; wound
infection
V. cholerae nonagglutinating
types
Crabs, shrimp,
mussels
Worldwide except
Ingestion
Europe; epidemic
in some developing
countries
Yersinia
pseudotuberculosis
(6 serotypes)
Temperate zones
Y. enterocolitica
(50 serotypes)
Domestic animals
especially pigs, dogs,
cats
Ingestion;
recreational exposure
RICKETTSIAL DISEASES
Boutonneuse fever
Rickettsia conorii,
Rickettsia spp
Ehrlichiosis
Sennetsu fever
Ehrlichia chaffeensis,
E. sennetsu
Deer
Rodents
USA Japan
Murine typhus
Wild rodents
Q fever
Coxiella burnetii
Siberia, Mongolia,
China
Ticks
Mainly airborne;
exposure to placenta;
occasionally ticks and
milk
Queensland tick
typhus
Rickettsia australis
Bandicoots, rodents
Australia
Bite of infected
Ixodes tick
Rickettsial pox
Rickettsia akari
Mice
Eastern USA,
Bite of infected
Africa, Russia; rare rodent mites,
Liponyssoides spp
Rocky Mountain
spotted fever
Rickettsia rickettsii
Western
hemisphere
Scrub typhus
Rickettsia
tsutsugamushi and
related species
Rodents
Typhus
Rickettsia prowazekii
Flying squirrels
Eastern USA
FUNGAL DISEASES
Aspergillosis
Allergic
bronchopulmonary
aspergillosis
Aspergillus spp
Worldwide;
sporadic
Environmental
exposure
Blastomycosis
Blastomyces
dermatitidis
Worldwide
Environmental
exposure; also
reported by animal
exposure
Principally human
reservoirs,
occasionally by birds
and mammals
Worldwide
Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioides immitis
Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcus
neoformans
Pigeons, mammals;
principally
environmental
Worldwide
Environmental
exposure, especially
pigeon nests
Dermatophilosis
Dermatophilus
congolensis
Worldwide
Contact; arthropod
vectors
Histoplasmosis
Histoplasma
capsulatum
Dogs; principally
Worldwide
environmental in river
valleys
Environmental
exposure
Nocardiosis
Nocardia asteroides,
N. brasiliensis, N.
caviae
Environmental
exposure
Rhinosporidiosis
Rhinosporidium
seeberi
Worldwide
Environmental
exposure
unidentified
environmental
reservoirs
Asia
Ringworm
(Dermatophytosis)
Microsporum,
Trichophyton, and
Epidermophyton spp
Worldwide
Sporotrichosis
Sporothrix schenckii
Horses, other
domestic and
laboratory animals,
birds; primarily
environmental in
vegetation (moss)
and wood
Worldwide
Occupational contact,
including with animals
Babesia microti, B.
bovis
Worldwide; rare
B. divergens
Cattle, other
mammals
Europe
Balantidiasis
Balantidium coli
Swine, rats,
nonhuman primates
Worldwide; low
incidence
Ingestion, especially
of water
Chagas disease
(American
trypanosomiasis)
Trypanosoma cruzi
Western
hemisphere, Texas,
Mexico, Central and
South America
Fecal material of
triatoma bug,
including Reduviidae
(also called conenosed, kissing, or
assassin bug);
contaminates bite
wounds, abrasions, or
mucous membranes
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidium
parvum
Worldwide
Occupational contact;
ingestion; waterborne
Giardiasis
Giardia lamblia
Beavers, porcupines,
dogs, other animals
Worldwide;
common
Leishmaniasis
Visceral (Kala-azar)
Leishmania donovani
and other species
Southern Asia,
South America,
Africa
Bite of infected
phlebotomine
sandflies
Cutaneous and
mucosal
L. tropica, L.
braziliensis complex
Canids, marsupials,
sloths, wild
mammals, rodents
Malaria of nonhuman
primates
Tropical Americas,
Asia, Africa
Anopheline
mosquitoes
Pneumocystis
pneumonia
Pneumocystis carinii
(human strain)
Environmental
exposure
Sarcocystosis
(Sarcosporidiosis)
Sarcocystis
suihominis
Swine
S. hominis
Cattle
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii
Mammals, especially
cats, food animals,
birds
Worldwide;
common
Ingestion of oocysts
shed in feces of
infected cats or found
in meat or raw milk
Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma brucei,
Africa; common
Worldwide
Bites of infected
Ixodes ticks
(African sleeping
sickness)
fly
(Glossina spp)
Clonorchis sinensis
(Chinese liver fluke)
Asia
Ingestion of raw or
partially cooked
infected freshwater
fish
Dicrocoeliasis
Dicrocoelium
dendriticum
Ruminants
Worldwide
Ingestion of infected
ants
D. hospes
Ruminants
Africa
Echinostomiasis
Echinostoma
ilocanum and other
Echinostoma spp
Asia
Fascioliasis
Fasciola hepatica
F. gigantica
Ingestion of uncooked
fish or shellfish
Ingestion of
contaminated greens,
e.g., watercress
Fasciolopsiasis
Fasciolopsis buski
Swine, dogs
Asian pig-raising
regions
Ingestion of raw
tubers and nuts of
aquatic plants
Gastrodiscoidiasis
Gastrodiscoides
hominis
Swine, rats
Asia
Snails (metacercariae
encyst on plants)
Heterophyiasis
Heterophyes and
other heterophids
Ingestion of
undercooked fish
Metagonimiasis
Metagonimus
yokogawai
Ingestion of
undercooked fish
Nanophyetiasis
Troglotrema
salmincola
Dogs, fish-eating
mammals, fish
North America,
Siberia
Ingestion of
undercooked fish
Opisthorchiasis
Opisthorchis felineus
(Cat liver fluke)
Eastern Europe,
Asia, Siberia
Ingestion of uncooked
fish containing
encysted larva
O. viverrini
(Small liver fluke)
Thailand, Laos
Ingestion of
undercooked fish
containing encysted
larva
Amphimerus
pseudofelineus
Undetermined
Paragonimiasis
(Lung fluke disease)
Paragonimus
westermani,
P. africanus, P.
mexicanus and other
species
China, India,
Burma, Africa,
tropical America
Ingestion of raw or
partially cooked,
infected freshwater
crustaceans
Schistosomiasis
(Bilharziasis)
Schistosoma
japonicum
S. hematobium
S. mansoni
Baboons, rodents,
cattle, dogs
Africa, Arabia,
tropical America
Penetration of
unbroken skin by
cercariae larva from
infected snails in
water
Swimmer's itch
S. mattbeei
Cattle
Southern Africa
S. mekongi
Dogs, monkeys
Southeast Asia
Schistosome
cercariae
Birds, mammals
Worldwide
Penetration of
unbroken skin by
cercariae from
infected snails in
fresh and salt water
Bertiella studeri,
B. mucronata
Primates, oribatid
mites
Asia, South
America, Africa
Ingestion of infected
arthropods
Coenuriasis
Taenia multiceps
Worldwide in
scattered foci
Ingestion of
tapeworm eggs in
canine feces
T. serialis
Lagomorphs
Africa, Europe,
USA; rare
T. brauni
Wild rodents
Africa
Diphyllobothriasis
(Fish tapeworm
infection)
Diphyllobothrium
latum
(Dibothriocephalus
latus),
Diphyllobothrium
pacificum
Worldwide
Ingestion of raw or
partially cooked
infected fish
Dipylidiasis
(Dog tapeworm
infection)
Dipylidium caninum
Worldwide
Ingestion of dog or
cat fleas
Echinococcosis
Echinococcus
granulosus
Worldwide
Ingestion of
tapeworm eggs
E. multilocularis
Foxes, microtine
rodents, coyotes,
dogs, wolves, cats,
voles, lemmings,
shrews
Alaska, Canada,
Asia, Europe
Ingestion of
tapeworm eggs
E. vogeli
Ingestion of
tapeworm eggs
Hymenolepiasis
(Dwarf tapeworm
infection)
Hymenolepis nana
Man, rodents
Worldwide
Ingestion of
tapeworm eggs or
infected insects
Inermicapsifer
infection
Inermicapsifer
madagascariensis
Rodents
Africa, southeast
Asia, tropical
America
Ingestion of infected
arthropods
Mouse or rat
tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana,
H. diminuta
Rats, mice
Worldwide
Ingestion of
cysticercoids in fleas,
mealworms, etc, in
food
Swine, man
Worldwide where
swine are reared
(rare in USA,
Canada, UK,
Scandinavia)
Ingestion of
undercooked pork
containing
Cysticercus
cellulosae; direct or
autogenous
transmission of T
solium ova in man
may lead to
cysticercosis
Asian taeniasis
Taenia saginata
taiwanensis
Raillietina infection
Raillietina spp
Birds, mammals
Tropical America,
east Asia,
Australia, Africa
Ingestion of infected
arthropods
Sparganosis
Spirometra spp
(pseudophyllidean
tapeworms, second
larval stage)
Worldwide;
common
Ingestion of infected
cyclops or raw
infected animal flesh
Taeniasis (Beef
tapeworm disease)
and Cysticercosis
Taenia saginata
Worldwide
Ingestion of
undercooked meat
containing
Cysticercus bovis
Angiostrongylus
costaricensis
A. cantonensis
Larvae of Anisakis
Marine invertebrates, Japan,
and Pseudoterranova fish, mammals
Scandinavia,
spp
western South
America, western
Europe, USA
Ingestion of
undercooked marine
fish, squid, octopus
Hepatic capillariasis
Capillaria hepatica
Ingestion of
embryonated eggs in
soil
Intestinal capillariasis
C. philippinensis
Aquatic birds,
freshwater fish
Northern
Ingestion of infected
Philippines,
fish
Thailand, east Asia,
and Egypt
Worldwide
Dioctophymosis
(Giant kidney worm
infection)
Dioctophyma renale
Dracunculiasis
(Guinea worm
infection)
Dracunculus
medinensis
Man
D. insignis
Dirofilariasis
Dirofilaria immitis
Bites of infected
mosquitoes
Malayan filariasis
Brugia malayi
Cats, other
Asia; common
carnivores, monkeys,
mosquitoes
Bites of infected
mosquitoes
Tropical eosinophilia
Brugia pahangi
Gnathostomiasis
Gnathostoma
spinigerum
Ingestion of infected
fish or poultry
Capillariasis
Ingestion of infective
eggs in soil or
contaminated food
Ingestion of infected
cyclops in water
Gongylonemiasis
Gongylonema
pulchrum
Ingestion of infected
arthropods
Larva migrans,
cutaneous (See also
gnathostomiasis,
above.)
Ancylostoma
braziliense,
A. caninum
Worldwide in
tropics and
subtropics;
common
Strongyloides
stercoralis
Worldwide in
tropics and
subtropics; rare to
common
Worldwide
Ingestion of
embryonated eggs
shed in feces of dogs
and cats
Raccoons
North America,
Europe
Ingestion of
embryonated eggs in
soil
Oesophagostomiasis
Ternidensiasis
Oesophagostomum
spp
Ternidens diminutus
Primates
Ingestion of infective
larvae in soil
Strongyloidiasis
Strongyloides
stercoralis,
S. fuelleborni
Worldwide; rare to
common
Thelaziasis
Thelazia spp
Infected insects
Trichinosis
(Trichinellosis)
Trichinella spiralis
and subspecies
Swine, rodents,
bears, wild
carnivores, marine
mammals
Worldwide,
Ingestion of either
especially subarctic pork or flesh of wild
region
animals that contains
viable cysts
Trichostrongyliasis
Trichostrongylus spp
Worldwide
Ingestion of infective
larvae on plant foods
or in soil
Trichuriasis
(Whipworm infection)
Worldwide;
common
Ingestion of
embryonated eggs on
plant foods or in soil
ACANTHOCEPHALIASIS
Macracanthorhynchosis Macracanthorhynchus Domestic and wild
hirudinaceus and
pigs, squirrels,
other spp
muskrats, arctic
foxes, dogs, sea
otters, crustaceans,
fish
Worldwide;
uncommon
Ingestion of infected
beetles
Cattle, buffalo,
horses, sheep, dogs,
pigs
Africa, Asia,
Europe, Chile
ARTHROPOD DISEASES
Acariasis (Mange)
Mites of Sarcoptes,
Cheyletiella,
Dermanyssus, and
Ornithonyssus spp
Domestic animals
Worldwide
Myiasis
Cochliomyia
hominivorax
(Screwworm)
Mammals
America
Chrysomyia bezziana
Asia, Africa
Cordylobia
anthropophaga
(Tumbu fly)
Africa
Cuterebra spp
North America
Dermatobia hominis
(human botfly)
South America,
Mexico
Gasterophilus spp
(equine botfly)
Worldwide
Hypoderma lineatum
North America,
Europe
Hypoderma bovis
(warbles)
Oestrus ovis,
Rhinoestrus
purpurensis
Worldwide
Wohlfahrtia spp
North America,
Europe, north
Africa, Asia
Invasion of living
tissues by larvae
Northern
hemisphere
Worldwide
Ingestion of infected
animal tissues
Tick paralysis
Envenomization of
ticks Dermacentor
andersoni,
D. variabilis and
sometimes Ixodes,
Haemaphysalis,
Rhinocephalus, and
Argas spp
Various animals
North America,
Australia, South
Africa, Ethiopia
Direct contact
(attachment) with
tick
Tunga infections
Tunga penetrans
(Sand fleas, jiggers)
Subtropical Africa,
Americas, south
Asia
Contact with
contaminated soil
Central and
southern Africa
VIRAL DISEASES
African hemorrhagic
fever
African green
monkeys
Filovirus infections
Ebola-related
Filoviruses
Person to person
Argentinean
hemorrhagic fever
Junin virus
(arenavirus)
Rodents
Argentina
Rodent excretions
and secretions
Bolivian hemorrhagic
fever
Machupo virus
(arenavirus)
Rodents
Bolivia
Rodent excretions
Brazilian hemorrhagic
fever
Sabi virus
(arenavirus)
Rodents are
suspected
Brazil
Rodent excretions
suspected; other
aerosols
California group
infections
LaCross encephalitis
California group of
bunyaviruses
Ground squirrels,
other rodents
USA, Canada
Bites of mosquitoes
(Aedes spp)
Tahyna fever
Rodents, hedgehogs,
birds, goats, sheep
Europe
Ground squirrels,
chipmunks,
porcupines, small
rodents
Western USA;
common
Bites of ticks
(Dermacentor
andersoni)
Contagious ecthyma
(Orf)
Worldwide;
common
Occupational
exposure
Cowpox
Cowpox virus
Worldwide; rare,
no recent cases
Contact exposure
Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever
Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever
virus (bunyavirus)
Cattle, rodents,
sheep, goats, hares,
birds
Southern Russia,
eastern Europe,
Africa, the Middle
East, Asia
Bites of ticks
(Hyalomma and
Boophilus spp)
Eastern equine
encephalomyelitis
Western
hemisphere
Mosquitoes (Culiseta
melanura and Aedes
spp)
Encephalomyocarditis
Environmental
contamination
Foot-and-mouth
disease
Foot-and-mouth
Cattle, swine, related Europe, Asia,
disease virus
cloven-hoofed
Africa, South
(aphthovirus types A, animals
America
O, C, SAT, and Asia)
Contact exposure;
people quite resistant
but can be carriers
Hantaviral diseases
Hantaviruses
(bunyavirus)
Rodents
Worldwide
Hantaviral pulmonary
syndrome
Peromyscus spp,
Sigmodon hispidus
Hemorrhagic fever
with renal syndrome
(Korean hemorrhagic
fever)
Hemorrhagic fever
Apodemus spp
with renal syndrome
virus (Hantaan virus)
China, Siberia,
Korea, Manchuria,
Japan
Other hantaviral
diseases
Dobrava virus
Pnumala virus
Seoul virus
Apodemus spp,
Clethrionomys spp,
Rattus spp
Balkan countries
Europe
Worldwide
Simian B virus
Worldwide; rare
Bites of monkeys;
occupational
exposure
Influenza including
type A
(swine and equine)
Influenza virus
(myxovirus)
Swine, ducks
Worldwide;
common
Contact exposure;
animals rarely a
source
Japanese B
encephalitis
Kyasanur forest
disease
India
Birds, small
mammals, sheep
Bites of ticks
(Haemaphysalis
spinigera)
Lassa fever
Lassa virus
(arenavirus)
Wild rodents
Louping ill
Lymphocytic
choriomeningitis
Lymphocytic
House mice, dogs,
choriomeningitis virus monkeys, guinea
(arenavirus)
pigs, hamsters
Worldwide
Milker's nodules
(Pseudocowpox)
Pseudocowpox virus
(parapoxvirus)
Cattle
Worldwide;
common
Occupational
exposure
Monkeypox
Monkeypox virus
Nonhuman primates
Contact; aerosols
Murray Valley
encephalitis
Murray Valley
encephalitis virus
(flavivirus)
Wild birds
Australia, New
Guinea; rare
Bites of mosquitoes
(Culex annulirostris)
Newcastle disease
Newcastle disease
Fowl, wild birds
virus (Paramyxovirus)
Worldwide;
common
Occupational
exposure
Omsk hemorrhagic
fever
Omsk hemorrhagic
Rodents, muskrats
fever virus (flavivirus)
Lyssaviruses
Rabies virus
Duvenhage virus
Mokola virus
Ibadan shrew virus
Obodhiang virus
Worldwide except
Australia, New
Zealand, UK,
Ireland,
Scandinavia,
Japan, Taiwan;
many smaller
islands are also
free, including
Hawaii
Bites of diseased
animals; aerosols in
closed environments
Africa; common to
rare
Bites of mosquitoes
(Aedes spp); contact
on necropsy or
handling fresh meat
Western
hemisphere
Bites of mosquitoes
(Culex tarsalis, C.
pipiensquinquefasciatus
complex,
C. nigripalpus)
Sindbis virus
(alphavirus)
Birds
Eastern
hemisphere; rare
Bites of mosquitoes
(Culex spp)
Undetermined
Australia, South
Pacific Islands
Bites of mosquitoes
(Culex annulirostris
and Aedes spp)
Tanapox
Tanapox virus
Venezuelan
hemorrhagic fever
Gnanarito virus
(arenavirus)
Rodents
Venezuela
Rodent excretions
Venezuelan equine
encephalomyelitis
Western
hemisphere;
common
Bites of mosquitoes
(Monsonia, Aedes,
Culex spp)
Vesicular stomatitis
Vesicular stomatitis
Africa
Rodent excretions
and secretions;
contact in hospitals
and laboratories
Bites of ticks (Ixodes
ricinus)
America
Wesselsbron fever
Wesselsbron virus
(flavivirus)
Sheep
Southern Africa,
southeast Asia
Bites of mosquitoes
(Aedes , Mansonia ,
Culex spp)
Eastern
hemisphere;
common
Bites of mosquitoes
(Culex univittatus, C.
pipiens,
C. modestus)
Western equine
encephalomyelitis
WEE virus
(alphavirus)
Western and
central USA,
Canada, South
America
Mosquitoes (Culex
tarsalis in USA, other
Culex and Aedes spp
outside USA)
Yabapox
Yabapox virus
African monkeys
Africa; rare
Contact; aerosols
Yellow fever
Monkeys, baboons
Tropical America,
Africa; sporadic
Bites of mosquitoes
(Aedes aegypti in
urban cycles,
Haemagogus spp in
jungle cycles in South
America, Aedes spp in
jungle cycles in
Africa)