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Introduction
Basics
Measurement point
Line impedance from M to the fault location
Grounding impedance from M to the fault location
Arc resistance
Line impedance from the fault location to the end of the line
Grounding impedance from the fault location to the end of the line
Impedances of the preceding network
RL
XL
RL
XL
RL
XL
L .
L3
L2
L1
(Eq. 5)
I L1
U L1E
IF
IE
RE
XE
(Eq. 6)
(Eq. 1)
U I
1 K L
(Eq. 7)
(Eq. 2)
(Eq. 8)
(Eq. 9)
(Eq. 3)
(Eq. 4)
Im{U I }
1 Kx
Re{U I }
1 Kr
X TypeB
RTypeB
(Eq. 10)
X TypeC
XL
RL
Im{RF /(1 K L )}
Re{RF /(1 K L )}
XL
RL RF /(1 Kr )
XL
RL RF
Type A
Rmeas =
Type B
Xmeas =
Type C
Im{U I }
1 Kx
Eq.
(11)
Type A
Rmeas =
U I
Im
1 K L
U I
Re
1 K L
Line angle
RF /(1 K L )
Z
Z meas
L
RL Re{RF /(1 K L )}
Type B
Im{U I }
1 Kx
Re{U I }
1 Kr
Type C
Im{U I }
1 Kx
Re{U / I }
X TypeC tan( L ) K r
RF /(1 Kr )
Table 1: Summary of the distance protection algorithms
Z meas
RL RF /(1 K r )
XL
Line angle
RF
Z
Z meas
RL RF
Type
Type A
"complex KL"
Type B
"RE/RL, XE/XL"
Type C
"arc separated"
Setting
Summary
Type
Type A
"complex KL"
Type B
"RE/RL, XE/XL"
Type C
"arc separated"
Relay
REL 316,
Relay with MHO
characteristic
7SA5**,7SA6**
SEL321, SEL421,
REL4**, Rel5**,
LFZR, EPAC, MICOM
(Valid for polygonal zones
only! For MHO
characteristics applies
type A!)
Literature
[1] SEL2RIO Converter A. Dirks 1999
[2] Gerhard Ziegler: "Numerical Distance Protection"
1999
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