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Influence Lines
Consider
C
id th
the b
bridge
id iin Fi
Fig. 1
1. A
As
the car moves across the bridge,
the forces in the truss members
change with the position of the
car and the maximum force in
each member will be at a different
car location. The design of each
member
b mustt be
b b
based
d on th
the
maximum probable load each
member will experience
experience.
Figure 1.
Fi
1 Bridge
B id T
Truss St
Structure
t
Subjected to a Variable
Position Load
Therefore,
Th
f
the
h truss analysis
l i
for each member would
involve determining the load
position that causes the
greatest force or stress in
g
each member.
3
If a structure is to be safely
designed, members must be
proportioned such that the
maximum force produced by dead
and live loads is less than the
p
y
available section capacity.
Structural analysis for variable
loads consists of two steps:
1.Determining the positions of
the loads at which the
response function is
maximum;; and
2.Computing the maximum
value of the response function
function.
4
Influence Line
Definitions
Response Function
F nction support
s pport
reaction, axial force, shear force, or
bending moment.
moment
Influence Line graph of a
response function of a structure as
a function of the position of a
g across
downward unit load moving
the structure.
NOTE: Influence lines for
statically determinate structures
are always piecewise linear.
5
Calculating Response
Functions
(Equilibrium Method)
ILD for Ay
L
1
ILD for Cy
0
1
x
MB
a
0<x<a
VB
Ay
Fy = 0 V B = A y 1
Ma = 0 M B = A y a 1(a x)
MB
Ay
VB
a<x<L
Fy = 0 V B = A y
Ma = 0 M B = A y a
1 a/L
VB
0
a
-a/L
ILD for VB
a (1 a/L)
MB
ILD for MB
9
Beam Example 1
Beam Example 2
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Frame Example
BD: Link
Member
Muller-Breslau
Principle
Muller-Breslau
Muller
Breslau Principle The
influence line for a response
given by
y the deflected
function is g
shape of the released structure
due to a unit displacement (or
rotation)
i ) at the
h llocation
i and
d iin the
h
direction of the response
function.
function
A released structure is obtained
by removing the displacement
constraint corresponding to the
response function of interest from
the original structure.
13
14
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
17
18
19
y = (L x) (a/L)
1 + 2 = 1
20
Qualitative Influence
Lines
In many practical applications, it is
necessary
y to determine onlyy the
general shape of the influence
lines but not the numerical values
off the
th ordinates.
di t
S
Such
h an
influence line diagram is known as
a qualitative influence line diagram.
An influence line diagram with
numerical values of its ordinates is
o
as a qua
quantitative
t tat e influu
known
ence line diagram.
21
NOTE: An advantage
g of
constructing influence lines using
the Muller-Breslau Principle is
that the response function of
interest can be determined
directly It does not require
directly.
determining the influence lines
for other functions,, as was the
case with the equilibrium
method.
22
23
25
26
Calculate
Calc
late and dra
draw the response
functions for Ax, Ay, FCI and FCD.
27
28
P
A
x
yB
D
A
ILD for MB
-y
yD
+
(M B ) max place P at B
(M B ) max place P at D
29
Point Response
p
Due to a
Uniformly Distributed Live
Load
Influence lines can also be
employed
l
d tto d
determine
t
i th
the
values of response functions of
structures due to distributed
loads. This follows directly from
point forces by treating the
uniform load over a differential
segment as a differential point
f
force,
i
i.e.,
dP = w l d
dx. Th
Thus, a
response function R at a point
can be expressed as
31
dR = dP y = w l dx y
where y is the influence line
ordinate at x,
x which is the point of
application of dP.
To determine the total response
function value at a point for a
distrib ted load bet
distributed
between
een x = a to x
= b, simply integrate:
b
R=
wl ydx = wl ydx
a
32
SUMMARY
1. The value of a response
function due to a uniformly
distributed load applied over a
portion of the structure can be
obtained by multiplying the load
intensity by the net area under
the corresponding portion of the
response function influence 33
line.
35
36
Typical Interior
Beam Shear ILD
Typical Interior
Bending Moment ILD
yi = m x i
40
yb
ya
x
a
b
ya y b
=
similar triangles
a
b
yb
yb
a; m=
ya =
b
b
41
xi
For example,
consider the ILD
shown
h
on th
the nextt slide
lid
subjected to the given wheel
loading:
Load Position 1:
VB1 = 8( 1 20) + 10( 1 16) + 15( 1 13) +5( 1 8)
30
30
30
30
= ( 1 )(8(20) + 10(16) + 15(13) + 5(8))
30
= mPi xi = 18.5k
i
42
2/3
10 ft.
20 ft.
-1/3
Wheel Loads
43
Position 1
Position 2
44
Load Position 2:
1
VB2 = (8(6) + 10(20) + 15(17) + 5(12))
30
= 15.6k
Thus, load position 1 results in the
maximum shear at point B
B.
NOTE: If the arrangement of
loads is such that all or most of the
heavier loads are located near one
off the
th ends
d off the
th series,
i
th
then th
the
analysis can be expedited by
selecting a direction of movement
for the series so that the heavier
loads will reach the maximum
45
46
47
xm1
x+
b-
48
x+ = +
b b+
; m+ =
m+
L
b+ b
; m =
m
L
x =
49
50
Place
UDL = 1.0 k/ft;
ULL = 4.0 k/ft;;
CLL = 20 kips
to maximize the tension and
compression axial forces in
members CM and ML.
Calculate the magnitudes of the
tension and compression forces
forces.
51
52
a
+
(V)max = P 1
(V) max = P
a
M max = P a 1
L
Plot is obtained by treating a
as a variable.
i bl
53
wl
2
+
(V)max =
(L a )
2L
wl a
(V) max =
2L
wl a
M max =
(L a)
2
Plot is obtained by treating a
as a variable.
i bl
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