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THEORY

PRONOUNS

a) Circle the right pronoun. Tick if you think both are possible.
0. They hurt one another/themselves quite badly when they fell off their
motorbike.
1. One/You can often tell where people are from by the way they dress.
2. Can you put my case on the rack above yourself/you?
3. Marga and her sister look incredibly like each other/one another. Are they
twins?
4. Anna is very unselfish she never puts her/herself first.
5. Either Suzie or Mark has left her/their bag behind, because theres only one
in the back of the car.
6. When a person goes to live abroad, it may take them/him a while to pick up
the language.
7. They/One say that eating tomatoes can help protect the body against certain
diseases.

b) Complete the sentence with a pronoun where necessary.


0. In most circumstances____________________should address people by their
title and surname.
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1.
If
anyone
has
not
yet
paid____________________course
____________________should go to registration immediately.
2. Isabel is very quick-tempered.
control____________________

She

finds

it

very

fees,

hard

to

3. I wouldnt stay in that hotel. ____________________say the rooms are tiny and
the service is awful.
4.
There
is
a
total
lack
understand____________________at all.

of

communication.

5.
Mila
gets
distracted
too
concentrate____________________very well.

easily.

They
She

dont
doesnt

6. Are you going to have the flat repainted or will you do it____________________?
7. There are loads of bookshelves in
as____________________can never have to many?

the

flat,

which

is

great

c) Complete the sentences with it or there.


0. ____________________was a very interesting article about modern lifestyle in
The Times yesterday.
1. Nowadays____________________s illegal to text from your mobile while youre
driving. ____________________have been a lot of accidents caused by this.
2. Look. ____________________s a
____________________should be j, not g.

spelling

mistake

in

this

word.

3. How many miles is____________________to Manchester from here?


4. ____________________s scorching today. ____________________must be at least
35 degrees.
5. ____________________s no need to hurry. The train doesnt leave for ages.
6.
____________________s
not
worth
buying
the
____________________s absolutely nothing interesting in it.

paper

today.

FREQUENCY ADVERBS

Frequency

Adverb
Frequency

of

100%

always

I always go to bed before 11pm.

90%

usually

I usually have cereal for breakfast.

80%

normally / generally

I normally go to the gym.

70%

often / frequently

I often surf the internet.

50%

sometimes

I sometimes forget my wife's birthday.

30%

occasionally

I occasionally eat junk food.

10%

seldom

I seldom read the newspaper.

5%

hardly ever / rarely

I hardly ever drink alcohol.

0%

never

I never swim in the sea.

Example Sentence

The Position of the Adverb in a Sentence


An adverb of frequency goes before a main verb (except with TO BE).
Subject + adverb + main verb
I always remember to do my homework.
He normally gets good marks in exams.
An adverb of frequency goes after the verb TO BE.
Subject + to be + adverb
They are never pleased to see me.
She isn't usually bad tempered.
When we use an auxiliary verb (have, will, must, might, could, would, can,
etc.), the adverb is placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This is
also true for to be.
Subject + auxiliary + adverb + main verb
She can sometimes beat me in a race.
I would hardly ever be unkind to someone.
They might never see each other again.
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They could occasionally be heard laughing.


We can also use the following adverbs at the start of a sentence:
Usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally

Occasionally, I like to eat Thai food.

BUT we cannot use the following at the beginning of a sentence:


Always, seldom, rarely, hardly, ever, never.

We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:

She hardly ever comes to my parties.

They never say 'thank you'.

We use ever in questions and negative statements:

Have you ever been to New Zealand?

I haven't ever been to Switzerland. (The same as 'I have never been
Switzerland').

We can also use the following expressions when we want to be more specific
about the frequency:
- every day - once a month - twice a year - four times a day - every
other week -

VERBAL TENSES
PRESENT SIMPLE

(+)

Subject + verb in present + complements.


e.g.: You play football.
e.g.: He plays football.

NOTAS:
- Recuerda que la tercera persona del singular aade -s al final del verbo.

(-) Subject + dont/doesnt + verb in present + complements.


e.g.: You dont play football.
e.g.: He doesnt play football.
NOTAS:
- Recuerda que al poner doesnt ya ests diciendo que es tercera persona del
singular y por tanto, no tienes que poner -s al final del verbo.
e.g.: He doesnt plays football. -> He doesnt play football.
- Recuerda que si hablas de ser/estar (verbo TO BE), NUNCA debes escribir el
auxiliar DO/DOES/DONT/DOESNT. Niegas con el propio verbo.
e.g.: I dont am ugly. -> I am NOT ugly.

(?)

Do/Does/Dont/Doesnt

subject

+verb

in

present

complements.
e.g.: Do you play football? / Dont you play football?
e.g.: Does he play football? / Doesnt he play football?
NOTAS:
- Recuerda que si quieres hacer una pregunta con el verbo TO BE como verbo
PRINCIPAL de la frase, la construccin sera as:
Verb TO BE + subject + complements (como puedes ver, no hay otro verbo
despus del sujeto, ya que el verbo TO BE es el nico verbo de la frase).
e.g.: Are you ugly? / Arent you ugly?
e.g.: Is he handsome? / Isnt he handsome?
e.g.: Am I pretty? / Am I not pretty?
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PAST SIMPLE

(+)

Subject + verb in past + complements.


e.g.: You played football.
e.g.: He played football.

(-) Subject + didnt + verb in present + complements.


e.g.: You didnt play football.
e.g.: He didnt play football.

(?) Did/Didnt + subject +verb in present + complements.


e.g.: Did you play football? / Didnt you play football?
e.g.: Did he play football? / Didnt he play football?
NOTAS:
- El auxiliar DID/DIDNT ya marca que es pasado, por lo que el verbo que se
escribe a continuacin debe ser infinitivo SIN TO (presente).

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

(+)

Subject + verb TO BE conjugated + 2nd verb ending in -ing +


complements.
e.g.: I am playing football.
e.g.: He is playing football.

(-)Subject + verb TO BE conjugated NEGATIVE + 2

nd

verb ending in -ing +

complements.
e.g.: I am not playing football.
e.g.: He isnt playing football

(?) Verb TO BE conjugated (AFFIRMATIVE/NEGATIVE) + subject + 2


ending in -ing + complements.
e.g.: Am I playing football? / Am I not playing football?
e.g.: Is he playing football? / Isnt he playing football?

nd

verb

PAST CONTINUOUS

(+)

Subject + verb TO BE conjugated in PAST + 2nd verb ending in -ing +


complements.
e.g.: I was playing football.
e.g.: You were playing football.

(-)Subject + verb TO BE conjugated in PAST NEGATIVE + 2

nd

verb ending in -

ing + complements.
e.g.: I was not playing football.
e.g.: You werent playing football.

(?) Verb TO BE conjugated in PAST (AFFIRMATIVE/NEGATIVE) + subject +


2nd verb ending in -ing + complements.
e.g.: Was I playing football? / Was I not playing football?
e.g.: Were you playing football? / Werent you playing football?

NOTAS: DIFERENCIAS ENTRE EL PRESENTE SIMPLE Y EL PRESENTE


CONTINUO.
- El presente simple se usa:
>Cuando queremos decir algo que hacemos habitualmente.
>Para expresar verdades generales o hechos.
>Para planes futuros, especialmente para referirnos a horarios o
programas. En la oracin debemos poner alguna expresin temporal indicando
tiempo futuro.
>Para contar chistes, historias, cuentos, acontecimientos deportivos...
>Tambin podemos utilizar el presente simple para indicar una accin
indeterminada en el tiempo.
- El presente continuo se usa:
>Para acciones incompletas que estn ocurriendo en el momento de
hablar. En estos casos suele ir acompaado por expresiones con now (ahora),
at the moment (en estos momentos), right now (ahora mismo).
>Para acciones incompletas que
necesariamente en el momento de hablar.

estn

ocurriendo,

aunque

no

>Para preparativos o planes en un futuro prximo. En este caso suele ir


acompaado por expresiones de tiempo futuro.
>Para acciones que se repiten regularmente y que suelen llevar un
sentido de queja, de monotona.
>Cuando se modifica la rutina o se rompe un hbito.

PRESENT PERFECT

(+)

Sujeto +
complementos.

HAVE/HAS

verbo

en

participio

(3

columna)

e.g.: I have swum in the pool.


e.g.: S/he has swum in the pool.

(-)

Sujeto + HAVENT/HASNT + verbo en participio (3 columna) +


complementos.
e.g.: I havent swum in the pool.
e.g.: S/he hasnt swum in the pool.

(?)

HAVE/HAVENT/HAS/HASNT + sujeto + verbo en participio (3 columna)


+ complementos.
e.g.: Have I swum in the pool?
e.g.: Has s/he swum in the pool?
NOTA: HAS/HASNT se coloca en la 3 persona del SINGULAR.

PAST PERFECT

(+)

Sujeto + HAD + verbo en participio (3 columna) + complementos.


e.g.: I had swum in the pool.
e.g.: S/he had swum in the pool.

(-)

Sujeto + HADNT + verbo en participio (3 columna) + complementos.


e.g.: I hadnt swum in the pool.
e.g.: S/he hadnt swum in the pool.

(?)

HAD/HADNT + sujeto + verbo en participio (3 columna) +


complementos.
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e.g.: Had I swum in the pool?


e.g.: Had s/he swum in the pool?

NOTA: HAD se utiliza en TODAS las personas, sin necesidad de cambiar la 3


persona del singular.
PRESENTE SIMPLE VS. PRESENTE CONTINUO
- What is that noise? Somebody

- We

- We

(play) the piano.

(go) to the cinema this Friday.

(go) on holiday every Winter.

- The days

(be) longer in summer.

- She often

(talk) to herself.

- She

(have) a shower at the moment.

- Right now, she

- Oak trees

- My dog

(run) down the hill.

(grow) very slowly.

(not eat) vegetables.

- My brother

(not like) animals.

- Most people

(not like) to visit a doctor.

- In his job he usually

(stand).

- Im looking at the woman, she

(wear) a nice hat.

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- I never

(go) out in the evening.

- He usually

(work) with paints and brushes.

- Do you know anyone who

- At work, he usually

(sit) all day.

- Where is Kate? She

(speak) Italian?

(watch) TV in the living room.

(you/go) to the party next Saturday?


you ever

- Why

(you / ever / work) at the weekend?

you

(you drive) so fast today?

- The water

- The duck

(boil) now. Shall I switch it off?

(smell) delicious. Shall I take it out of the oven?

- Sometimes, Tom

(do) his homework after lunch.

PASADO SIMPLE VS. PASADO CONTINUO


- She

(sit)on a chair and watching TV.

- We waved at him, but he

- When I was Young I

(not look).

(want) to be a pilot.

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- What

(happen) after that?

(you / see) Jane last night?

- She

-I

(wear) her new jacket when I saw her.

(see) you walking in the park this morning.

- I got up at seven and then I

(have) a big breakfast.

(you/go) to the restaurant yesterday?

- I left the cinema before the film ended. I

- When

(not enjoy) it.

(she / start) learning English? Five years ago.

- How much

(it/cost) to fly to Paris?

- Mr. Brown

(have) a shower when I knocked his door.

- I turn the radio off. Nobody

(listen) to it.

- She was a beautiful woman. She always

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(attract) a lot of men.

ADJECTIVES (COMPARATIVES, SUPERLATIVES, THE DOUBLE


COMPARATIVE).
POSITION OF THE ADJECTIVES.
Los adjetivos describen cualidades de sustantivos. Algunas de estas cualidades
pueden variar en el grado o intensidad. Al igual que en espaol, cuando
queremos hacer comparaciones contrastamos cualidades o atributos por medio
de adjetivos en sus diversos grados.

El grado positivo de los adjetivos, que hemos visto anteriormente, es la


cualidad en el grado ms simple.
e.g.: Juan is fast. (Juan corre rpido.)
e.g.: Angela's room is clean. (La habitacin de Angela est limpia.)
e.g.: I am tall. (Soy alto.)
e.g.: New York is big. (Nueva York es grande.)

El grado comparativo: Al hacer comparaciones, podemos destacar la


superioridad, inferioridad o igualdad de calidad de uno u otro. La estructura de
cada uno de estos grados de comparacin es diferente.
- Comparativos de superioridad. En las comparaciones de
superioridad, el adjetivo, que est en la forma comparativa (vase ms
adelante), es seguido por "than".
e.g.: Juan is faster than Mark. (Juan corre ms rpido que Mark.)
e.g.: Angela's room is cleaner than Sue's. (La habitacin de Angela est
ms limpia que la de Sue.)
e.g.: I am taller than Beth. (Soy ms alto que Beth.)
e.g.: New York is bigger than Los
grandeque Los Angeles.)

Angeles. (Nueva

York

es

ms

- Comparativos de inferioridad. Para formar este tipo de comparacin


podemos usar las conjunciones "not as...as" or "less...than". En ambos
casos, el adjetivo est en el grado positivo.
e.g.: Mark is not as fast as Juan. (Mark no corre tan rpido como Juan.)
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e.g.: Sue's room is less clean than Angela's. (La habitacin de Sue no es
tan limpia como la de Angela.)
e.g.: Beth is not as tall as me. (Beth no es tan alta como yo.)
e.g.: Los Angeles is not as big as New York. (Los Angeles no es tan
grande como Nueva York.)

- Comparativos de igualdad. Con el adjetivo en el grado positivo,


utilizamos la conjuncin "as...as" para formar las comparaciones de igualdad.
e.g.: Mark is as fast as Juan. (Mark corre tan rpido como Juan.)
e.g.: Sue's room is as clean as Angela's. (La habitacin de Sue es tan
limpia como la de Angela.)
e.g.: Los Angeles is as big as New York. (Los Angeles es tan grande como
Nueva York.)

NOTA: Podemos modificar un comparativo con un cuantificador (much, a lot, a


little...).
e.g.: Juan is a lot faster than Mark. (Juan corre mucho ms rpido que
Mark.)
e.g.: I am a little taller than Beth. (Soy un poco ms alta que Beth.)

El grado superlativo denota la calidad en el grado ms alto y como en


espaol, se usa "the" delante del adjetivo en la forma superlativa (vase ms
adelante).
e.g.: Juan is the fastest. (Juan es el ms rpido.)
e.g.: Angela'a room is the cleanest. (La habitacin de Angela es la ms
limpia.)
e.g.: I am the tallest. (Soy el ms alto.)
e.g.: New York is the biggest city in the United States. (Nueva York es la
ciudad ms grande de los Estados Unidos.)
NOTA: Si el adjetivo es posesivo, no se usa "the". Adems no se usa "the" si
comparamos algo con s mismo.
e.g.: His smartest student is Lisa. (Su estudiante ms lista es Lisa.)
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e.g.: New York is coldest in January. (Nueva York es ms fro en enero.)

Form (Forma)
Hay unas reglas para formar el comparativo y superlativo.
1. Para adjetivos de una slaba:
Comparativo

Superlativo

aade: "-er" (faster)

aade: "-est" (fastest)

2. Para adjetivos de una slaba que terminan en "e":


Comparativo

Superlativo

aade: "-r" (nicer)

aade: "-st" (nicest)

3. Para adjetivos de una slaba que terminan en consonante + vocal +


consonante:
Comparativo

Superlativo

aade: consonante
(hotter)

"er" aade: consonante + "-est"


(hottest)

4. Para adjetivos de dos silabas que terminan en "y":


Comparativo
sustituye
(funnier)

"y"

Superlativo
por:

"-ier" sustituye "y"


(funniest)

5. Para adjetivos de dos o ms silabas:


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por:

"-iest"

Comparativo
aade:
(morebeautiful)

Superlativo
"more"/"less" aade "the most"/"the least":
(the mostbeautiful)

6. Adjetivos irregulares:
Adjetivo

Comparativo

Superlativo

good

better

best

bad

worse

worst

far

further

furthest

NOTA: Algunas cualidades no pueden variar en intensidad o grado porque son


extermos, absolutos o adjetivos de clasificacin. Estas cualidades no tienen
forma comparativa o superlativa.

Extremos
e.g.: freezing (helado)
e.g.: excellent (excelente)

Absolutos
e.g.: dead (muerto)
e.g.: unique (nico)
Clasificacin
e.g.: married (casado)
e.g.: domestic (domstico)

Complete the sentences:


My mother is _________________________ than my father.
What is _________________________ movie you have ever seen?
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That movie was bad, but it wasn't _________________________ I have ever seen.
Rachel's hair is not as _________________________ as Sarah's.
Yesterday's exam was _________________________ than the one last month.
Peter is as ________________________ as Alex.
I think Mary is _________________________ woman I have ever seen.
Her room is only a little bit ________________________ than mine.
He is _________________________ when he is playing football
Michael's house is _________________________ from the train than Betty's.

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MODAL VERBS
INGLS

ESPAOL

PODER/PODA-PUDO/SER CAPAZ DE

CAN/COULD/BE ABLE TO

DEBERA/NO DEBERA

SHOULD/SHOULDT
OUGHT TO/ OUGHT NOT TO

DEBER/NO DEBER

MUST/MUSTNT

TENER QUE

HAVE TO

PUEDE

MAY

PODRA

MIGHT

- No conjugan la tercera persona, es decir, no se pone S.


- Van seguidos de INFINITIVO SIN TO, excepto OUGHT TO.
- No tienen otro tiempo que no sea presente excepto CAN COULD.
- NUNCA utilizan auxiliares.
NOTA: el must es obligacin si es afirmativo / el must es prohibicin si es
negativo.

Poder / poda - pudo / podra / ser Deber / tener que:


capaz de:
Debera:

Puede:

Debera (II):

Podra:

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19

20

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USED TO (SOLER)

El verbo "use" significa "usar" o "utilizar". Sin embargo, cuando utilizamos este
verbo en el pasado simple, ms la preposicin "to", como verbo modal, el
significado cambia. Adems, se puede utilizar "used to" como adjetivo.

El verbo modal "used to" se emplea para indicar algo que ocurra o sucedera
en el pasado de manera habitual. Tambin, se utiliza para algo que antes era
verdad pero ya no lo es. Como con los otros verbos modales, "used to" est
seguido por la forma base del verbo (el infinitivo sin "to").

(+)

Sujeto + "used to" + verbo...

e.g.: We used to go to the beach every summer when I was


young. (Cuando era joven solamos ir a la playa cada verano.)
e.g.: He used to smoke a pack of cigarettes a day, but he quit last
year. (Sola fumar un paquete de cigarrillos al da, pero lo dej el ao pasado.)
e.g.: I used to like mushrooms, but not anymore. (Me solan gustar las
setas, pero ya no.)
e.g.: There used to be a great restaurant here, but it closed a few years
ago. (Haba un gran restaurante aqu, pero cerr hace unos aos.)

(-)

Sujeto + "didn't" + "use to" + verbo...

e.g.: I didn't use to like mushrooms, but now I do. (No me solan gustar
las setas, pero ahora si.)
e.g.: Food didn't use to be so expensive. (La comida no sola ser tan
cara.)
e.g.: We didn't use to go away on holiday very often when I was
young. (No solamos ir de vacaciones a menudo cuando era joven.)

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(?)"Did" + sujeto + "use to" + verbo...?


e.g.: Didn't he use to smoke a lot? (l sola fumar mucho, no?)
e.g.: Did you use to live here? (Vivas aqu antes?)
e.g.: Did they use to go to the beach in the summers? (Solan ir a la
playa durante los veranos?)
NOTA: No utilizamos "used to" para acciones habituales en el presente. En vez
de este verbo modal, se usa un adverbio como "usually" o"normally" por
ejemplo.
e.g.: We usually go to the beach every summer. (Solemos ir a la playa
cada verano.)
e.g.: He normally smokes a pack of cigarettes every day. (Normalmente
l fuma un paquete de cigarrillos cada da.)
e.g.: They usually play football on the weekends. (Suelen jugar a ftbol
los fines de semana.)

NOTA: Tambin se puede utilizar el verbo modal "would" para eventos o


acciones repetidas en el pasado. Pero ten en cuenta que slo se puede usar
con acciones, no con estados o hbitos. Tampoco se puede utilizar "would" en
el negativo.
e.g.: When I was young, we would go to the beach
summer. (Cuando era joven Solamos ir a la playa cada verano.)

every

e.g.: At the university, they would play football every weekend. (En la
universidad, ellos solan jugar a ftbol cada fin de semana.)
He would smoke a lot.
When I was young we wouldn't go to the beach every summer.

TO BE USED TO (ESTAR ACOSTUMBRADO A)


Cuando se utiliza "used to" como adjetivo significa "estar acostumbrado a". Se
usa para cosas que son familiares, normales o comunes y se puede usar en
cualquier tiempo verbal. Cuando "to be used to" est seguido por un verbo, el
verbo tiene que estar en gerundio ("-ing").
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e.g.: She's used to living alone. (Ella est acostumbrada a vivir sola.)
e.g.: We weren't used to traveling a lot. (No estbamos acostumbrados
a viajar mucho.)
e.g.: I'm not used to this cold weather. (No estoy acostumbrado a este
fro.)
NOTA: Cuando utilizamos el verbo "get" en vez de "be" indica el proceso de
familiarizarse con algo.
e.g.: They divorced over 2 years ago. She has gotten used
to living alone. (Se divorciaron hace ms de 2 aos. Ella se ha acostumbrado a
vivir sola.)
e.g.: With this new job I am getting used to traveling a lot. (Con este
nuevo trabajo me estoy acostumbrando a viajar mucho.)
e.g.: You need to get used to this cold weather if you are going to live
here. (Necesitas acostumbrarte a este fro si vas a vivir aqu.)
Complete the sentences:
I ____________________ smoke when I was in my 20s.
I ____________________ smoke when I drink.
I ____________________ the smell of smoke because my husband smokes.
There was a time when she ____________________ always work late.
He ____________________ be a vegetarian when he was a kid.
They ____________________ the silence when they built a restaurant next door.
Sally ____________________ drink a lot of wine.
It's a noisy apartment but I ____________________ it.
Bill ___________________work long days.
By the time John moves in, I____________________ living alone.

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SO/SUCH
Utilizamos "so" (tan, as, entonces) y "such" (semejante, tal, tan, tanto) para
aadir nfasis, mostrar sentimientos extremos o para dar la opinin sobre
algo. La diferencia entre los dos est en cmo los utilizamos en la estructura
de las frases.
SO
so + adjective/adverb (tan +adjetivo/adverbio)
Utilizamos "so" con adjetivos o adverbios para mostrar sentimientos o efectos
extremos. En estos casos, el adjetivo o adverbio va directamente despues de
"so" en la frase.

e.g.: I have been working since 7am this morning. I'm so tired! (He
estado trabajando desde a las 7 por la maana. Estoy tan cansada!)
e.g.: Why are you driving so fast? (Por qu ests conduciendo tan
rpido?)
e.g.: Kate is so beautiful. I can't believe she's single! (Kate es tan guapa.
No puedo creer que est soltera!)
e.g.: My daughter studied so hard for her exam. (Mi hija estudi tan
duramente para su examen.)
so + quantifier [many/few, much/little] + noun (tan + cuantificador +
sustantivo)
Podemos utilizar los cuantificadores con "so" para indicar extremos en
cantidad, pero hace falta recordar las reglas de usos de los cuantificadores y
contables e incontables, singulares y plurales (para mas informacin, ver la
leccin de cuantificadores.) Estos son los nicos casos en los que "so" se usa
con un sustantivo. "So much" o "so many" pueden ser traducidos tambin
como "tantos" en espaol.
e.g.: Teresa has so many talents! (Teresa tiene tantos talentos!)
e.g.: With three kids and a full-time job, my sister has so little free time. (Con
tres hijos y un trabajo de jornada completa, mi hermana tiene tan poco tiempo
libre.)

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e.g.: I have so few memories of my childhood. (Tengo tan pocos recuerdos de


mi infancia.)
e.g.: The children watch so much television. (Los nios miran tanta televisin.)
so + that (tan + que)
Podemos utilizar "so" con "that" para mostrar resultados o consecuencias. En
general, el uso de "that" es opcional.
e.g.: The music was so loud [that] I couldn't hear my own voice. (La
msica era tan fuerte que no poda or mi propia voz.)
e.g.: He was driving so fast [that] he
conduciendo tan rpido que tuvo un accidente.)

had

an

accident. (Estaba

e.g.: My son studied so hard [that] he recieved the best grade in the
class. (Mi hijo estudi tan duramente que recibi la mejor nota de la clase.)
SUCH
such + adjective + noun (tan + adjetivo + sustantivo)
Como con "so", utilizamos "such" con adjetivos para mostrar extremos. A
diferencia de "so", "such" est seguido por un adjetivo ms un sustantivo. Las
frases que utilizan "such" para dar nfasis se pueden traducir como "Que!" en
espaol (ver el tercer ejemplo).
e.g.: I am so lucky. I have such wonderful friends! (Tengo tanta suerte.
Tengo amigos tan maravillosos!)
e.g.: That is such a pretty dress! You should wear it more often. (Este
vestido es tan bonito! Debera llevarlo ms a menudo.)
e.g.: It is such a beautiful day! (Que da tan bonito!)
NOTA: No se puede utilizar "such" con los cuantificadores como "much",
"many", "few", o "little". Slo con "so" se pueden utilizar estos
cuantificadores.
such + that (tan + que)
Como con "so", podemos utilizar "such" con "that" para mostrar extremos que
terminan en un resultado. En general, el uso de "that" es opcional.

26

e.g.: It was such a beautiful day [that] we decided to go to the


beach. (Fue un da tan bonito que decidimos ir a la playa.)
e.g.: Dave has such a small car [that] he doesn't have to spend much
money on gas. (Dave tiene un coche tan pequeo que no tiene que gastar
mucho dinero en gasolina.)
e.g.: It was such a good meal [that] we made it again the next
night. (Era una comida tan buena que la hicimos otra vez la siguiente noche.)
such + judgemental noun (tan + sustantivo crtico)
Con sustantivos crticos, el uso de "such" da nfasis.
e.g.: I never liked Andy. He is such a jerk! (Nunca me ha gustado Andy.
Es una idiota!)
e.g.: You are such a clown! Are you ever serious? (Eres un payaso.
Jams ests serio?)
such + noun (tan + sustantivo)
Cuando "such" est seguido directamente por un sustantivo, "such" significa
"un tipo de".
e.g.: I have never seen such architecture before. (Nunca he visto tal
arquitectura antes.)
e.g.: We very rarely listen to such music. (Muy raramente escuchamos
tal msica.)

Complete the sentences with such or so:


Your sister has __________ beautiful hair.
They had never eaten __________ exotic food before.
Hal was speaking __________ quickly that no one could understand him.
Ned has __________ much money, he doesn't know what to do with it.
It was __________ a hot day that I spent most of it in the pool.
It was __________ hot, I spent most of the day in the pool.
You are __________ a genious! How did you solve that problem?
I am __________ mad right now. My boyfriend lied to me. He is __________ a jerk!
27

How can there be __________ problems in the world?


There are __________ many problems in this world. Will there ever be peace?

28

THE PASSIVE
Hasta ahora hemos hablado de la voz activa donde enfocamos la accin del
verbo en el sujeto. Pero cuando queremos dar ms importancia a la accin y no
a quien la ha realizado, utilizamos la voz pasiva.

La voz activa
e.g.: He ate all of the cookies. (Comi todas las galletas.)
La voz pasiva
e.g.: All of the cookies were eaten. (Todas las galletas fueron comidas.)
Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
Se forma la voz pasiva con el verbo auxiliar "to be" y el participio pasado del
verbo.

Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + participio pasado.


e.g.: The speech is written for the president. (El discurso est escrito
para el presidente.)
e.g.: The house was built in 1975. (La casa fue construida en 1975.)
e.g.: My wallet has been stolen. (Ha sido robada mi cartera.)
e.g.: The room will be cleaned while we are out. (Se limpiar la
habitacin mientras estemos fuera.)
Para transformar una oracin activa a pasiva tenemos en cuenta los siguientes
puntos:
1. El objeto de la oracin activa pasa a ser el sujeto de la pasiva.
2. El verbo principal se sustituye por el auxiliar "to be", en su mismo
tiempo, junto al verbo principal en participio.
3. El sujeto de la oracin principal pasa a ser complemento agente de la
pasiva.
4. Si hacemos mencin en la oracin del sujeto que realiza la accin (sujeto
agente), este ir normalmente precedido por la preposicin "by".
e.g.: Mark Twain wrote the book. The book was written by Mark
Twain. (Mark Twain escribi el libro. El libro fue escrito por Mark Twain.)

29

e.g.: The housekeeper will clean the room. The room will be
cleaned by the housekeeper. (La ama de casa limpiar la habitacin. La
habitacin ser limpiada por la ama de casa.)
Uses (Usos)
1. Usamos la voz pasiva cuando no sabemos quien ha realizado la accin.
e.g.: A civilian has been killed. (Un civil ha sido asesinado.)
e.g.: The car was stolen. (El coche fue robado.)
2. Usamos la voz pasiva cuando queremos dar ms importancia a lo que
pas, que a quin realiz la accin o cuando no queremos decir quien la
realiz.
e.g.: The letter was delivered yesterday. (La carta fue entregada
ayer.)
e.g.: A mistake was made. (Un error fue cometido.)
NOTA: No podemos usar la voz pasiva con verbos intransitivos como "die",
"arrive" o "go". Verbos intransitivos son verbos que no llevan un objeto
directo.

Change the sentences from active to passive voice:


Mark Twain wrote "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" in 1876.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
They make many movies in Hollywood.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
The students will give a presentation tomorrow.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
Someone has stolen my bike!
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
The Beatles recorded "The White Album" over 40 years ago.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
We receive the newspaper everyday.
30

________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
The children have eaten the cookies.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
We will complete the renovations next week.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
They pay us every Friday.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
Did they deliver your new sofa?
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________

31

INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS


El gerundio y el infinitivo son formas de los verbos que actuan como
nombres. El gerundio se forma con "-ing" (walking, eating, etc.). El infinitivo
se forma con la preposicin "to" (to walk, to eat, etc.).
Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
1.

Cuando un verbo sigue a otro verbo, siempre necesitamos usar el


infinitivo o el gerundio. Normalmente usamos el infinitivo despus de
algunos verbos y el gerundio despus de otros. Tambin hay verbos con los
que podemos usar el gerundio o el infinitivo.
Verbo

Gerund Infinitiv
io
o

Afford

Agree

Attempt

Begin

Choose
Continue

X
X

Decide

Detest

Enjoy

Expect

Fail

Finish

Hate

Hope
Imagine

X
X

Intend
Keep

X
X
32

Learn

Like

Love

Manage

Need

Offer

Plan

Prefer

Promise
Quit

X
X

Recomme
X
nd
Refuse
Regret

X
X

Seem

Start

Suggest

Tend

Threaten

Tolerate

Try

Understan
X
d
Want
Wish

X
X

33

o
e.g.: I can't afford to buy a new car. (No puedo permitirme
comprar un coche nuevo.)
o
e.g.: He began to
doubt himself./He began doubting himself. (Comenz a dudar de s mismo.)
o
e.g.: They decided to
mudarse a Australia en Mayo.)

move to

Australia

in

May. (Decidieron

e.g.: I enjoy listening to music. (Disfruto escuchar msica.)

e.g.: She hates studying./She hates to study. (Odia estudiar.)

e.g.: You love dancing./You love to dance. (Te encanta bailar.)

o
e.g.: He needed to leave class early because he had
appointment. (Tena que salir de la clase pronto porque tena una cita.)

an

e.g.: She can't tolerate complaining. (No puede tolerar quejas.)

o
e.g.: I tried learning English./I tried to
intentado aprender ingls.)

learn English. (He

o
e.g.: My mother could retire, but she keeps working. (Mi madre
podra jubilarse, pero sigue trabajando.)
o

2.

Podemos usar el gerundio o el infinitivo como objeto, sujeto o


complemento de una frase, pero en general, es mucho ms comn usar el
gerundio como sujeto.
o

o Objeto:
o e.g.: I like cooking./I like to cook. (Me gusta cocinar.)
o e.g.: She continued working./She continued to work. (Continu
trabajando.)
o

o Sujeto:
e.g.: Swimming is good exercise. (Nadar es un buen ejercicio.)

o
e.g.: Drinking and driving is dangerous. (Beber y conducir es
peligroso.)
o

o Complemento:
o
e.g.: The best thing to do when you are sick is to drink a lot of
water. (Lo mejor que puedes hacer cuando ests enfermo es beber mucha
agua.)

o
e.g.: My favorite exercise is swimming. (Mi ejercicio favorito es la
natacin.)
o

3.

Con algunos verbos, cuando usamos el gerundio o el infinitivo, el


significado cambia.
o forget, mean, remember, stop...
o Gerundio:
o
e.g.: I forgot writing that email. (Me olvid escribiendo ese correo
electrnico.)
o Infinitivo:
o
e.g.: I forgot to write that email. (Me olvid de escribir el correo
electrnico.)
o

o Gerundio:
e.g.: Stop watching the television. (Dejar de ver las noticias.)

o Infinitivo:
e.g.: Stop to watch the news. (Parar para ver las noticias.)

o
o

4.

Se usa el infinitivo despus de adjetivos.


o

o disappointed, glad, happy, pleased, relieved, sad,


surprised...
e.g.: I'm glad to see you. (Me alegro de verte.)

o
e.g.: She was surprised to find the door unlocked. (Se sorprendi
al encontrar la puerta abierta.)
o

5.

Despus de preposiciones solo podemos usar el gerundio.


o

o about, against, at, after, before, by, on, without...


e.g.: He's good at listening. (Escucha bien.)

o
e.g.: I always read before going to bed. (Siempre leo antes de
acostarme.)
o
e.g.: You can't leave without saying goodbye. (No puedes salir sin
despedirte.)
o

6.

Se usa el gerundio despus de unos nombres.


o

o advantage/disadvantage of, danger of, experience in,


interested in, opportunity of, reason for, problem, use...
e.g.: What is the advantage of waiting? (Cul es la ventaja de

o
esperar?)

o
e.g.: I am interested in taking an English class. (Estoy interesado
en tomar una clase de ingls.)
o
e.g.: His problem finding a new job was his lack of experience. (Su
problema para encontrar un nuevo empleo era su falta de experiencia.)
7.

Se usa
frasales.

el

gerundio

despus

de

unas expresiones o verbos

o to look forward to, to be worth, can't help, don't mind, feel


like...
o
e.g.: We're really looking forward to seeing you. (Tenemos muchas
ganas de verte.)
o
pelcula.)

e.g.: That movie was not worth seeing. (No vale la pena ver esa
e.g.: I can't help falling in love. (No puedo evitar enamorarme.)

o
o

o Complete the sentences with an infinitive or a gerund:


o I hope _______________ (go) to England next year.
o They enjoy _______________ (work) together.
o David quit _______________ (smoke) a year ago.
o Do you want _______________ (study) with me tonight?
o We were nervous _______________ (take) the exam.
o He always takes a nap after ______________ (eat) a big meal.
o I have no experience in _______________ (work) with children.
o We're looking forward to _______________ (meet) you!
o Carla doesn't feel like ______________ (cook) tonight, so we are going
to a restaurant.
o Sue was relieved _______________ (learn) that she didn't have
cancer.
o

o REPORTED SPEECH
o DIRE
CT
SPEE
CH

o INDI
RECT
SPEE
CH

o DIRE
CT
SPEE
CH

o INDI
RECT
SPEE
CH

o Prese
nt
Simpl
e

o Here

o Prese
nt
Conti
nuou
s

o This

o Prese
nt
Perfe
ct

o These

o Prese
nt
Perfe
ct
Conti
nuou
s

o This
(pron
oun)

o Past
Simpl
e

o That
(pron
oun)

o Past
Conti
nuou
s

o Now

o Simpl
e
future

o Yester
day

o Futur
e
Conti
nuou
s

o Tomo
rrow

o Futur
e

o Last

Perfe
ct
Conti
nuou
s

week

o Be
going
to
form

o Next
week

o Can

o Ago

o May

o The
day
befor
e
/
after

o Must

o Tonig
ht

o Questions (Reported Speech)


o D.S.: Verb + Subject
Subject + Verb

I.S.:

o a) Questions introduced by a question word like: How, what,


when. the question word remains in reported speech.
o b) Questions that are answered by yes/no. We have to use IF or
WHETHER in the report question.
o

o Commands and request (Reported Speech)


o SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE WITH TO in reported
commands, warning, requests and advice.
o Commands and requests use the imperative in I.S. and are
introduced by TELL and ASK respectively in reported speech.
o

o Change the sentences from direct to reported speech:


o I am happy:
o I am sleeping:
o I was happy:

o I have been happy:


o I have been sleeping:
o I will have been happy:
o "I'm hungry," Tom said:
o Sarah asked, "Are you busy tonight?:
o "I am working in a hospital," she said:
o "We made a great dinner last night," he said:
o "They were living in Chicago when their son was born," she said:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o "I have been to India three times," Melissa said:
o "We have been waiting for the tickets for three hours," they said:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o He asked, "Had you ever been to New York before?"
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o "I am from Australia," Pam said:
o "You must drive slowly here," the police officer said:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o

o
o

QUESTION TAGS

En ingls es frecuente terminar las frases con otra frase corta, de


signo contrario, la cual tiene la intencin de pedir la opinin o
buscar la aprobacin del interlocutor: son las llamadas question
tags (preguntas coletillas). Estas frases equivalen a: verdad?,
no es verdad?, no?, no es as? en serio?

no?)

e.g.: You eat meat, don't you? (Comes carne, verdad?)

e.g.: She doesn't like to dance, does she? (No le gusta bailar,

o
e.g.: Alex and Sergio are friends, aren't they? (Alex y Sergio son
amigos, no?)
o Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
o

Para formar esta pregunta corta utilizaremos el auxiliar de la frase


principal y su sujeto pero de signo contrario. Si no tuviera auxiliar
entonces utilizaramos el auxiliar "to do".

Si la oracin es afirmativa, la pregunta coletilla es negativa y


viceversa.

o Oraciones afirmativas
o
e.g.: Your brother is older than you, isn't he? (Tu hermano es
mayor que t, no es as?)
o

e.g.: You can help me, can't you? (Puedes ayudarme, verdad?)

e.g.: John is getting married, isn't he? (John se casar, verdad?)

e.g.: You worked yesterday, didn't you? (Trabajaste ayer, no?)

o
e.g.: Sarah likes ice cream, doesn't she? (A Sarah le gusta el
helado, no?)
o Oraciones negativas
o
o
verdad?)

e.g.: You're not from here, are you? (No eres de aqu, no?)
e.g.:

Kate's

not

American, is

she? (Kate

no

es

americana,

o
e.g.: Peter never liked Susan, did he? (A Peter nunca le gust
Susan, verdad?)

o
e.g.: They didn't go to class yesterday, did they? (No fueron a la
clase ayer, verdad?)
e.g.: You can't dance, can you? (No puedes bailar, no?)

o
o
o

NOTA: Cuidado con los verbos "to have" y "to have got":

o To have got:
e.g.: They've got a dog, haven't they? (Tienen un perro, no?)

o
o

o To have:
e.g.: They have a dog, don't they? (Tienen un perro, no?)

o
o
o

Excepcin: con el verbo "to be" en la primera persona de


oraciones afirmativas, se usa la tercera persona ("aren't") en la
pregunta coletilla.

e.g.: I am not wrong, am I?

e.g.: I am wrong, aren't I?


o

o Complete the sentences:


o David plays tennis, _____________________?
o She has got 2 brothers, _____________________?
o You can't swim, _____________________?
o Megan is married, _____________________?
o Kate doesn't teach Spanish,_____________________?
o They aren't here, _____________________?
o
o

o LINKERS

o
o a) Circle the right connector in each sentence
o 0. Even though/Despite shes working really hard, I dont think
shell be able to catch up with the rest of the class.
o 1. We cant afford to have a holiday this year as/ so weve got an
overdraft at the bank.
o 2. Could we re-arrange my timetable so that/ in case I dont have
so many classes on a Friday afternoon?

o 3. At the meeting Carla stuck to her guns due to/in spite of the fact
that everybody was against her.
o 4. The restaurant chain has had a very difficult year.
Nevertheless/As a result, they havent had to close any of their
restaurants.
o 5. He gets a good salary though/since the job itself is quite
monotonous.
o

o b) Circle the correct option according to register.


o 0. Sales have decreased over the last three months. So/Therefore
we will not be taking on any new staff.
o 1. Ive been off work for the last three days because of/owing to
this nasty cough Ive got.
o 2. Jane texted me to say shes going to
so/consequently lets start without her.

be a

bit

late

o 3. The company has reported declining sales this year.


Nevertheless/But they have so far managed to avoid any staff cuts.
o 4. I stopped at a service station to/in order to fill up with petrol.
o 5. I thought it was an amazing film. It was quite depressing,
though/however.
o 6. We sincerely apologize for the delay, which was due to/because
of the late arrival of the incoming aircraft.
o

o c) Combine the two sentences using the BOLD word(s),


marking any necessary changes.
o 0. We always switch off the TV at night. We dont want to waste
electricity (so as)
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 1. Our seats were a long way from the stage. We enjoyed the play
(In spite)
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________

o 2. We took ages to get there. The traffic was heavy (because of)
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 3. I took the price off the bag. I didnt want her to know how much
it had cost (so that)
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 4. Keep the receipt for the sweater. Your dad might not like it (in
case)
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 5. Susanna is an only child. She isnt at all spoilt (Even though)
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 6. Prices have increased because production costs have risen (due
to)
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o
o
o

o CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
o IF
(SENTE
NCE)

o MAIN (SENTENCE)

o 1.
Presente

o Presente
modales

futuro/

o 2.
Pasado

o Condicional simple

o 3.
Pasado
perfecto

o Condicional perfecto

Imperativo

Verbos

o (sujeto + would/wouldnt + verbo


infinitivo SIN TO + complementos)

en

o (sujeto + would/wouldnt + have + verbo en


participio [3 columna ]+ complementos)

o e.g.1.: If I study, I (will)


apruebo/aprobar el examen).

pass

the

exam.

(Si

estudio,

o e.g.2.: If I studied, I would pass the exam. (Si estudiara, aprobara


el examen).
o e.g.3.: If I had studied, I would have past my exam. (Si hubiera
estudiado, habra aprobado el examen).
o

o - Si lees mucho, aprenders nuevas palabras:


o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si leyeses mucho, aprenderas nuevas palabras:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si hubieras ledo mucho, habras aprendido nuevas palabras:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si estoy en Nueva York, hablo / hablar en ingls:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si estuviera en Nueva York, hablara en ingls:

o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si hubiese estado en Nueva York, habra hablado en ingls:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si estuviera de vacaciones, ira a la playa:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si hubiera sabido la respuesta, te la habra dicho:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si me pidieran ayuda, te ayudara:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si furamos pjaros, podramos volar:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o

o Complete the Conditional Sentences (Type I, II or III) by


putting the verbs into the correct form:
1. If they (have)

time at the weekend, they will come to see us.

2. If we sneak out quietly, nobody (notice)


3. If we (know)
4. If I (be)
5. We (arrive)

about your problem, we would have helped you.


you, I would not buy that dress.
earlier if we had not missed the bus.

6. If I didn't have a mobile phone, my life (not / be)


7. Okay, I (get)
8. If I (tell)
9. She (go)

complete.

the popcorn if you buy the drinks.


you a secret, you would be sure to leak it.
out with you if you had only asked her.

10.

I would not have read your diary if you (not hide)

obvious place.
11.
If I had time, I
12.

it in such an

shopping with you.

If you

English, you will get along with them

perfectly.
13.
If they had gone for a walk, they

the lights off.

14.

If she

to see us, we will go to the zoo.

15.

I would have told you, if I

16.

Would you mind if I

17.

If they

me, I wouldn't have said no.

18.

My friend

me at the station if he gets the afternoon off

19.

If I

20.

If my father

him.
the window?

it, nobody would do it.


me up, I'll take the bus home.

o
o

1.

o Choose the correct type of Conditional:


If he had dropped the vase, it would have broken.
Type I
Type II
Type III
o

2.

If you have to do the washing up, I will help you.


Type I
Type II
Type III
o

3.

If I had a hammer, I'd hammer in the morning ... (song)


Type I
Type II
Type III
o

4.

I wouldn't run away if I saw a spider.


Type I
Type II
Type III

5.

We'd have given you a lift if you hadn't had your bike with you.
Type I
Type II
Type III
o

6.

If you had listened to me, the accident wouldn't have happened.


Type I
Type II
Type III
o

7.

If we don't get tickets for the concert, we'll stay at home.


Type I
Type II
Type III
o

8.

They'd go by bus if they didn't have a car.


Type I
Type II
Type III
o

9.

She'll hear us if you don't stop laughing.


Type I
Type II
Type III
o

10.

He wouldn't have taken the bread if he hadn't been hungry.


Type I
Type II
Type III
o
o

o WISH
o 1. We use wish + past simple to talk about things we would like to
be different in the present/future (but which are impossible or
unlikely).
o We use wish + past perfect to talk about things which
happened/didnt happen in the past and which we now regret.
o
o

e.g.: Its a difficult problem. I wish I knew the answer to it!


e.g.: I wish I hadnt spoken to Jane like that you know
how sensitive she is.

o We sometimes use that after wish. E.g.: I wish that I knew the
answer.
o 2. You can also use If only...instead of wish with the past simple and
past perfect. This can be used by itself (If only I knew!) or with
another clause.
o
o

e.g.: If only I knew the answer!


e.g.: If only you hadnt forgotten the map, wed be there
by now.

o If only is more emphatic than wish.


o NOTA: When we want to talk about things we want to happen or
stop happening because they annoy us, we use wish or If only +
person/thing + would + infinitive; e.g.: I wish the bus would come!
If only he wouldnt keep whistling when Im working!
o 3. We use would rather + subject + past tense to express a
preference.
o

e.g.: Id rather you left your dog outside Im allergic to


animals.

e.g.: Are you sure this is a good time to talk? Would you
rather I called back later?

o We can also use would rather + infinitive without to when there is


no change of subject, e.g. Id rather not talk about it. However, we
cannot use this structure when the subject changes after would
rather, e.g.: Id rather you didnt talk about it, NOT Id rather you
not talk about it.
o 4. We use the past simple after Its time + subject to say that
something has to be done now or in the near future.

e.g.: Dont you think its time you found a job? Its six
month since you finished university!

e.g.: Its (high) time the government did something about


unemployment.

o We can also use Its time + to + infinitive when we dont want to


specify the subject; e.g.: Its time to go now.
o We sometimes use high before time for emphasis.
o
o

o a) Put the verbs in the brackets in the right form.


o 0. I wish I____________________Gary that money now. Who knows
when hell pay it back? (not lend)
o 1. Its time the government____________________that interest rates
are far too high (realize)
o 2. My wife would rather we____________________nearer the city
centre (live)
o 3. I wish you____________________to stay a bit longer were having
such a good time! (be able)
o 4. Would you rather we____________________the subject now? (not
discuss)
o 5. I think its time the company____________________expecting us to
do so much overtime for no extra pay (stop)
o 6. If only I____________________a bit more when I was earning a
regular salary, I wouldnt be so hard up now (safe)
o 7. Id rather you____________________me in cash, if you dont mind
(pay)
o 8. If only we____________________the name of the stop, we could
Google it and see where it is (know)
o 9. Do you wish you____________________to university or do you think
you made the right decision to leave school and start work? (go)
o

o b) Rewrite the sentences using the BOLD word(s).

o 0. The children ought to go to bed. Its nearly nine oclock. TIME.


o Its_________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
o 1. Id prefer you not to smoke in here, if you dont mind. RATHER.
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 2. I would like to be able to afford to travel more. WISH.
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 3. We shouldnt have painted the room blue - it looks awful. IF
ONLY.
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 4. Dont you think you should start to look for a job? TIME.
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 5. He should be less tight-fisted! Then hed enjoy life more. IF
ONLY.
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 6. Would you prefer us to come another day? RATHER.
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 7. I should have bought the maroon sweater and not the beige one.
WISH.
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o

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