Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
PRONOUNS
a) Circle the right pronoun. Tick if you think both are possible.
0. They hurt one another/themselves quite badly when they fell off their
motorbike.
1. One/You can often tell where people are from by the way they dress.
2. Can you put my case on the rack above yourself/you?
3. Marga and her sister look incredibly like each other/one another. Are they
twins?
4. Anna is very unselfish she never puts her/herself first.
5. Either Suzie or Mark has left her/their bag behind, because theres only one
in the back of the car.
6. When a person goes to live abroad, it may take them/him a while to pick up
the language.
7. They/One say that eating tomatoes can help protect the body against certain
diseases.
1.
If
anyone
has
not
yet
paid____________________course
____________________should go to registration immediately.
2. Isabel is very quick-tempered.
control____________________
She
finds
it
very
fees,
hard
to
3. I wouldnt stay in that hotel. ____________________say the rooms are tiny and
the service is awful.
4.
There
is
a
total
lack
understand____________________at all.
of
communication.
5.
Mila
gets
distracted
too
concentrate____________________very well.
easily.
They
She
dont
doesnt
6. Are you going to have the flat repainted or will you do it____________________?
7. There are loads of bookshelves in
as____________________can never have to many?
the
flat,
which
is
great
spelling
mistake
in
this
word.
paper
today.
FREQUENCY ADVERBS
Frequency
Adverb
Frequency
of
100%
always
90%
usually
80%
normally / generally
70%
often / frequently
50%
sometimes
30%
occasionally
10%
seldom
5%
0%
never
Example Sentence
We use hardly ever and never with positive, not negative verbs:
I haven't ever been to Switzerland. (The same as 'I have never been
Switzerland').
We can also use the following expressions when we want to be more specific
about the frequency:
- every day - once a month - twice a year - four times a day - every
other week -
VERBAL TENSES
PRESENT SIMPLE
(+)
NOTAS:
- Recuerda que la tercera persona del singular aade -s al final del verbo.
(?)
Do/Does/Dont/Doesnt
subject
+verb
in
present
complements.
e.g.: Do you play football? / Dont you play football?
e.g.: Does he play football? / Doesnt he play football?
NOTAS:
- Recuerda que si quieres hacer una pregunta con el verbo TO BE como verbo
PRINCIPAL de la frase, la construccin sera as:
Verb TO BE + subject + complements (como puedes ver, no hay otro verbo
despus del sujeto, ya que el verbo TO BE es el nico verbo de la frase).
e.g.: Are you ugly? / Arent you ugly?
e.g.: Is he handsome? / Isnt he handsome?
e.g.: Am I pretty? / Am I not pretty?
6
PAST SIMPLE
(+)
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
(+)
nd
complements.
e.g.: I am not playing football.
e.g.: He isnt playing football
nd
verb
PAST CONTINUOUS
(+)
nd
verb ending in -
ing + complements.
e.g.: I was not playing football.
e.g.: You werent playing football.
estn
ocurriendo,
aunque
no
PRESENT PERFECT
(+)
Sujeto +
complementos.
HAVE/HAS
verbo
en
participio
(3
columna)
(-)
(?)
PAST PERFECT
(+)
(-)
(?)
- We
- We
- The days
- She often
(talk) to herself.
- She
- Oak trees
- My dog
- My brother
- Most people
(stand).
10
- I never
- He usually
- At work, he usually
(speak) Italian?
- Why
you
- The water
- The duck
- Sometimes, Tom
(not look).
(want) to be a pilot.
11
- What
- She
-I
- When
- How much
- Mr. Brown
(listen) to it.
12
Angeles. (Nueva
York
es
ms
e.g.: Sue's room is less clean than Angela's. (La habitacin de Sue no es
tan limpia como la de Angela.)
e.g.: Beth is not as tall as me. (Beth no es tan alta como yo.)
e.g.: Los Angeles is not as big as New York. (Los Angeles no es tan
grande como Nueva York.)
Form (Forma)
Hay unas reglas para formar el comparativo y superlativo.
1. Para adjetivos de una slaba:
Comparativo
Superlativo
Superlativo
Superlativo
aade: consonante
(hotter)
"y"
Superlativo
por:
por:
"-iest"
Comparativo
aade:
(morebeautiful)
Superlativo
"more"/"less" aade "the most"/"the least":
(the mostbeautiful)
6. Adjetivos irregulares:
Adjetivo
Comparativo
Superlativo
good
better
best
bad
worse
worst
far
further
furthest
Extremos
e.g.: freezing (helado)
e.g.: excellent (excelente)
Absolutos
e.g.: dead (muerto)
e.g.: unique (nico)
Clasificacin
e.g.: married (casado)
e.g.: domestic (domstico)
That movie was bad, but it wasn't _________________________ I have ever seen.
Rachel's hair is not as _________________________ as Sarah's.
Yesterday's exam was _________________________ than the one last month.
Peter is as ________________________ as Alex.
I think Mary is _________________________ woman I have ever seen.
Her room is only a little bit ________________________ than mine.
He is _________________________ when he is playing football
Michael's house is _________________________ from the train than Betty's.
17
MODAL VERBS
INGLS
ESPAOL
PODER/PODA-PUDO/SER CAPAZ DE
CAN/COULD/BE ABLE TO
DEBERA/NO DEBERA
SHOULD/SHOULDT
OUGHT TO/ OUGHT NOT TO
DEBER/NO DEBER
MUST/MUSTNT
TENER QUE
HAVE TO
PUEDE
MAY
PODRA
MIGHT
Puede:
Debera (II):
Podra:
18
19
20
21
USED TO (SOLER)
El verbo "use" significa "usar" o "utilizar". Sin embargo, cuando utilizamos este
verbo en el pasado simple, ms la preposicin "to", como verbo modal, el
significado cambia. Adems, se puede utilizar "used to" como adjetivo.
El verbo modal "used to" se emplea para indicar algo que ocurra o sucedera
en el pasado de manera habitual. Tambin, se utiliza para algo que antes era
verdad pero ya no lo es. Como con los otros verbos modales, "used to" est
seguido por la forma base del verbo (el infinitivo sin "to").
(+)
(-)
e.g.: I didn't use to like mushrooms, but now I do. (No me solan gustar
las setas, pero ahora si.)
e.g.: Food didn't use to be so expensive. (La comida no sola ser tan
cara.)
e.g.: We didn't use to go away on holiday very often when I was
young. (No solamos ir de vacaciones a menudo cuando era joven.)
22
every
e.g.: At the university, they would play football every weekend. (En la
universidad, ellos solan jugar a ftbol cada fin de semana.)
He would smoke a lot.
When I was young we wouldn't go to the beach every summer.
e.g.: She's used to living alone. (Ella est acostumbrada a vivir sola.)
e.g.: We weren't used to traveling a lot. (No estbamos acostumbrados
a viajar mucho.)
e.g.: I'm not used to this cold weather. (No estoy acostumbrado a este
fro.)
NOTA: Cuando utilizamos el verbo "get" en vez de "be" indica el proceso de
familiarizarse con algo.
e.g.: They divorced over 2 years ago. She has gotten used
to living alone. (Se divorciaron hace ms de 2 aos. Ella se ha acostumbrado a
vivir sola.)
e.g.: With this new job I am getting used to traveling a lot. (Con este
nuevo trabajo me estoy acostumbrando a viajar mucho.)
e.g.: You need to get used to this cold weather if you are going to live
here. (Necesitas acostumbrarte a este fro si vas a vivir aqu.)
Complete the sentences:
I ____________________ smoke when I was in my 20s.
I ____________________ smoke when I drink.
I ____________________ the smell of smoke because my husband smokes.
There was a time when she ____________________ always work late.
He ____________________ be a vegetarian when he was a kid.
They ____________________ the silence when they built a restaurant next door.
Sally ____________________ drink a lot of wine.
It's a noisy apartment but I ____________________ it.
Bill ___________________work long days.
By the time John moves in, I____________________ living alone.
24
SO/SUCH
Utilizamos "so" (tan, as, entonces) y "such" (semejante, tal, tan, tanto) para
aadir nfasis, mostrar sentimientos extremos o para dar la opinin sobre
algo. La diferencia entre los dos est en cmo los utilizamos en la estructura
de las frases.
SO
so + adjective/adverb (tan +adjetivo/adverbio)
Utilizamos "so" con adjetivos o adverbios para mostrar sentimientos o efectos
extremos. En estos casos, el adjetivo o adverbio va directamente despues de
"so" en la frase.
e.g.: I have been working since 7am this morning. I'm so tired! (He
estado trabajando desde a las 7 por la maana. Estoy tan cansada!)
e.g.: Why are you driving so fast? (Por qu ests conduciendo tan
rpido?)
e.g.: Kate is so beautiful. I can't believe she's single! (Kate es tan guapa.
No puedo creer que est soltera!)
e.g.: My daughter studied so hard for her exam. (Mi hija estudi tan
duramente para su examen.)
so + quantifier [many/few, much/little] + noun (tan + cuantificador +
sustantivo)
Podemos utilizar los cuantificadores con "so" para indicar extremos en
cantidad, pero hace falta recordar las reglas de usos de los cuantificadores y
contables e incontables, singulares y plurales (para mas informacin, ver la
leccin de cuantificadores.) Estos son los nicos casos en los que "so" se usa
con un sustantivo. "So much" o "so many" pueden ser traducidos tambin
como "tantos" en espaol.
e.g.: Teresa has so many talents! (Teresa tiene tantos talentos!)
e.g.: With three kids and a full-time job, my sister has so little free time. (Con
tres hijos y un trabajo de jornada completa, mi hermana tiene tan poco tiempo
libre.)
25
had
an
accident. (Estaba
e.g.: My son studied so hard [that] he recieved the best grade in the
class. (Mi hijo estudi tan duramente que recibi la mejor nota de la clase.)
SUCH
such + adjective + noun (tan + adjetivo + sustantivo)
Como con "so", utilizamos "such" con adjetivos para mostrar extremos. A
diferencia de "so", "such" est seguido por un adjetivo ms un sustantivo. Las
frases que utilizan "such" para dar nfasis se pueden traducir como "Que!" en
espaol (ver el tercer ejemplo).
e.g.: I am so lucky. I have such wonderful friends! (Tengo tanta suerte.
Tengo amigos tan maravillosos!)
e.g.: That is such a pretty dress! You should wear it more often. (Este
vestido es tan bonito! Debera llevarlo ms a menudo.)
e.g.: It is such a beautiful day! (Que da tan bonito!)
NOTA: No se puede utilizar "such" con los cuantificadores como "much",
"many", "few", o "little". Slo con "so" se pueden utilizar estos
cuantificadores.
such + that (tan + que)
Como con "so", podemos utilizar "such" con "that" para mostrar extremos que
terminan en un resultado. En general, el uso de "that" es opcional.
26
28
THE PASSIVE
Hasta ahora hemos hablado de la voz activa donde enfocamos la accin del
verbo en el sujeto. Pero cuando queremos dar ms importancia a la accin y no
a quien la ha realizado, utilizamos la voz pasiva.
La voz activa
e.g.: He ate all of the cookies. (Comi todas las galletas.)
La voz pasiva
e.g.: All of the cookies were eaten. (Todas las galletas fueron comidas.)
Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
Se forma la voz pasiva con el verbo auxiliar "to be" y el participio pasado del
verbo.
29
e.g.: The housekeeper will clean the room. The room will be
cleaned by the housekeeper. (La ama de casa limpiar la habitacin. La
habitacin ser limpiada por la ama de casa.)
Uses (Usos)
1. Usamos la voz pasiva cuando no sabemos quien ha realizado la accin.
e.g.: A civilian has been killed. (Un civil ha sido asesinado.)
e.g.: The car was stolen. (El coche fue robado.)
2. Usamos la voz pasiva cuando queremos dar ms importancia a lo que
pas, que a quin realiz la accin o cuando no queremos decir quien la
realiz.
e.g.: The letter was delivered yesterday. (La carta fue entregada
ayer.)
e.g.: A mistake was made. (Un error fue cometido.)
NOTA: No podemos usar la voz pasiva con verbos intransitivos como "die",
"arrive" o "go". Verbos intransitivos son verbos que no llevan un objeto
directo.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
The children have eaten the cookies.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
We will complete the renovations next week.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
They pay us every Friday.
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
Did they deliver your new sofa?
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________
31
Gerund Infinitiv
io
o
Afford
Agree
Attempt
Begin
Choose
Continue
X
X
Decide
Detest
Enjoy
Expect
Fail
Finish
Hate
Hope
Imagine
X
X
Intend
Keep
X
X
32
Learn
Like
Love
Manage
Need
Offer
Plan
Prefer
Promise
Quit
X
X
Recomme
X
nd
Refuse
Regret
X
X
Seem
Start
Suggest
Tend
Threaten
Tolerate
Try
Understan
X
d
Want
Wish
X
X
33
o
e.g.: I can't afford to buy a new car. (No puedo permitirme
comprar un coche nuevo.)
o
e.g.: He began to
doubt himself./He began doubting himself. (Comenz a dudar de s mismo.)
o
e.g.: They decided to
mudarse a Australia en Mayo.)
move to
Australia
in
May. (Decidieron
o
e.g.: He needed to leave class early because he had
appointment. (Tena que salir de la clase pronto porque tena una cita.)
an
o
e.g.: I tried learning English./I tried to
intentado aprender ingls.)
o
e.g.: My mother could retire, but she keeps working. (Mi madre
podra jubilarse, pero sigue trabajando.)
o
2.
o Objeto:
o e.g.: I like cooking./I like to cook. (Me gusta cocinar.)
o e.g.: She continued working./She continued to work. (Continu
trabajando.)
o
o Sujeto:
e.g.: Swimming is good exercise. (Nadar es un buen ejercicio.)
o
e.g.: Drinking and driving is dangerous. (Beber y conducir es
peligroso.)
o
o Complemento:
o
e.g.: The best thing to do when you are sick is to drink a lot of
water. (Lo mejor que puedes hacer cuando ests enfermo es beber mucha
agua.)
o
e.g.: My favorite exercise is swimming. (Mi ejercicio favorito es la
natacin.)
o
3.
o Gerundio:
e.g.: Stop watching the television. (Dejar de ver las noticias.)
o Infinitivo:
e.g.: Stop to watch the news. (Parar para ver las noticias.)
o
o
4.
o
e.g.: She was surprised to find the door unlocked. (Se sorprendi
al encontrar la puerta abierta.)
o
5.
o
e.g.: I always read before going to bed. (Siempre leo antes de
acostarme.)
o
e.g.: You can't leave without saying goodbye. (No puedes salir sin
despedirte.)
o
6.
o
esperar?)
o
e.g.: I am interested in taking an English class. (Estoy interesado
en tomar una clase de ingls.)
o
e.g.: His problem finding a new job was his lack of experience. (Su
problema para encontrar un nuevo empleo era su falta de experiencia.)
7.
Se usa
frasales.
el
gerundio
despus
de
e.g.: That movie was not worth seeing. (No vale la pena ver esa
e.g.: I can't help falling in love. (No puedo evitar enamorarme.)
o
o
o REPORTED SPEECH
o DIRE
CT
SPEE
CH
o INDI
RECT
SPEE
CH
o DIRE
CT
SPEE
CH
o INDI
RECT
SPEE
CH
o Prese
nt
Simpl
e
o Here
o Prese
nt
Conti
nuou
s
o This
o Prese
nt
Perfe
ct
o These
o Prese
nt
Perfe
ct
Conti
nuou
s
o This
(pron
oun)
o Past
Simpl
e
o That
(pron
oun)
o Past
Conti
nuou
s
o Now
o Simpl
e
future
o Yester
day
o Futur
e
Conti
nuou
s
o Tomo
rrow
o Futur
e
o Last
Perfe
ct
Conti
nuou
s
week
o Be
going
to
form
o Next
week
o Can
o Ago
o May
o The
day
befor
e
/
after
o Must
o Tonig
ht
I.S.:
o
o
QUESTION TAGS
no?)
e.g.: She doesn't like to dance, does she? (No le gusta bailar,
o
e.g.: Alex and Sergio are friends, aren't they? (Alex y Sergio son
amigos, no?)
o Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
o
o Oraciones afirmativas
o
e.g.: Your brother is older than you, isn't he? (Tu hermano es
mayor que t, no es as?)
o
e.g.: You can help me, can't you? (Puedes ayudarme, verdad?)
o
e.g.: Sarah likes ice cream, doesn't she? (A Sarah le gusta el
helado, no?)
o Oraciones negativas
o
o
verdad?)
e.g.: You're not from here, are you? (No eres de aqu, no?)
e.g.:
Kate's
not
American, is
she? (Kate
no
es
americana,
o
e.g.: Peter never liked Susan, did he? (A Peter nunca le gust
Susan, verdad?)
o
e.g.: They didn't go to class yesterday, did they? (No fueron a la
clase ayer, verdad?)
e.g.: You can't dance, can you? (No puedes bailar, no?)
o
o
o
NOTA: Cuidado con los verbos "to have" y "to have got":
o To have got:
e.g.: They've got a dog, haven't they? (Tienen un perro, no?)
o
o
o To have:
e.g.: They have a dog, don't they? (Tienen un perro, no?)
o
o
o
o LINKERS
o
o a) Circle the right connector in each sentence
o 0. Even though/Despite shes working really hard, I dont think
shell be able to catch up with the rest of the class.
o 1. We cant afford to have a holiday this year as/ so weve got an
overdraft at the bank.
o 2. Could we re-arrange my timetable so that/ in case I dont have
so many classes on a Friday afternoon?
o 3. At the meeting Carla stuck to her guns due to/in spite of the fact
that everybody was against her.
o 4. The restaurant chain has had a very difficult year.
Nevertheless/As a result, they havent had to close any of their
restaurants.
o 5. He gets a good salary though/since the job itself is quite
monotonous.
o
be a
bit
late
o 2. We took ages to get there. The traffic was heavy (because of)
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 3. I took the price off the bag. I didnt want her to know how much
it had cost (so that)
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 4. Keep the receipt for the sweater. Your dad might not like it (in
case)
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 5. Susanna is an only child. She isnt at all spoilt (Even though)
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o 6. Prices have increased because production costs have risen (due
to)
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o
o
o
o CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
o IF
(SENTE
NCE)
o MAIN (SENTENCE)
o 1.
Presente
o Presente
modales
futuro/
o 2.
Pasado
o Condicional simple
o 3.
Pasado
perfecto
o Condicional perfecto
Imperativo
Verbos
en
pass
the
exam.
(Si
estudio,
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si hubiese estado en Nueva York, habra hablado en ingls:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si estuviera de vacaciones, ira a la playa:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si hubiera sabido la respuesta, te la habra dicho:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si me pidieran ayuda, te ayudara:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o - Si furamos pjaros, podramos volar:
o ____________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
o
complete.
10.
obvious place.
11.
If I had time, I
12.
it in such an
If you
perfectly.
13.
If they had gone for a walk, they
14.
If she
15.
16.
17.
If they
18.
My friend
19.
If I
20.
If my father
him.
the window?
o
o
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
We'd have given you a lift if you hadn't had your bike with you.
Type I
Type II
Type III
o
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
o WISH
o 1. We use wish + past simple to talk about things we would like to
be different in the present/future (but which are impossible or
unlikely).
o We use wish + past perfect to talk about things which
happened/didnt happen in the past and which we now regret.
o
o
o We sometimes use that after wish. E.g.: I wish that I knew the
answer.
o 2. You can also use If only...instead of wish with the past simple and
past perfect. This can be used by itself (If only I knew!) or with
another clause.
o
o
e.g.: Are you sure this is a good time to talk? Would you
rather I called back later?
e.g.: Dont you think its time you found a job? Its six
month since you finished university!