Fluid Mechanics

Properties of Fluids

Fluid at Rest

Pascals Principle

Archimedes Principle

Fluid in Motion

The Equation of Continuity

Bernoullis Equation

*Property of STI

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Density ()
The amount of mass m per unit volume V

m
V

Units of density: kg/m3, g/cm3, g/ml

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Pressure (P)

What is the mass of an

80.0 ml acetone
(acetone = 0.792 g/ml)?

Measure of how much force is applied over a given area

It is the magnitude of the force on a surface per unit area
Force is perpendicular to the surface area

m
V

m = V

m = V = (0.792 g/ml)( 80.0 ml)

F
A

units of pressure are Pa or N/m2 (1 Pa = 1 N/m2 or 1kg /m

s2), dyne/cm2

m = 63.4 g
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1 Pa
1 bar
1 atm
1 torr

Pascal
(Pa)
1 N/m2
100,000
101,325
133.322

bar
atmosphere
Torr
(bar)
(atm)
(torr)
105
9.8692106 7.5006103
6
2
10 dyne/cm
0.98692
750.06
1.01325
1 atm
760
1.3332103 1.3158103 1 mmHg

1.50 kg water is inside a cylindrical jar

4.00 cm in diameter. What is the
pressure at the interior bottom of the
jar?

F = mg = (1.50 kg)(9.8 m/s2) = 14.7 N

A = r2 = (0.0200 m)2 = 0.00126 m2

14.7 N
F

A 0.00126 m 2

P = 11.7 103 Pa
*Property of STI

*Property of STI

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Fluid at Rest

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A glass container was filled with oil ( = 0.80
g/cm3) up to 9.0 cm in height. What is the
pressure (a) at the base of the container?
(b) At a depth of 3.0 cm from the surface of
the oil? (c) At 4.0 cm above the base?

Ideal Fluid at Rest

Maintains constant density
The pressure P under the surface of a fluid at rest

depends on two quantities, the density of the fluid and

the depth under the surface h

a. P = gh

P = (0.80 g/cm3)(980 cm/s2)(9.0 cm)

P = 7,056 dyne/cm 2

Pressure:

P = 7.1

P = gh

(where g is 9.8 m/s2)

*Property of STI

103 dyne/cm2

h
A

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b. P = gh

P = (0.80 g/cm3)(980 cm/s2)(3.0 cm)

P = 2,352 dyne/cm 2
P = 2.4

c.

Pascals Principle

103 dyne/cm2

Pressure applied to a fluid in a closed container is

transmitted equally to every point of the fluid and to the
walls of the container

PL PR

P = gh
P = (0.80 g/cm3)(980 cm/s2)(5.0 cm)

FL
F
R
AL AR

P = 3,920 dyne/cm 2
P = 3.9

*Property of STI

103 dyne/cm2

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A certain hydraulic lift has a left piston with
diameter of 40.00 cm and a right piston with
diameter of 5.00 cm. If a force of 20.0 N is exerted
on the right piston, what is the force exerted by
the left piston?

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diameters:
force:

dL = 40.00 cm = 0.4000 m
dR = 5.00 cm = 0.0500 m
FR = 20.0 N

AL = (dL/2)2 = (0.4000 m/2)2 = 0.1260 m2

AR = (dR/2)2 = (0.0500 m/2)2 = 0.00200 m2

FL
F
R
AL
AR
FL
FL

FL

FR A L
AR

FR A L
AR
(20 .0 N)( 0.1260 m 2 )
(0.00200 m 2 )

FL =1,260 N
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Archimedes Principle
Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid

experiences an upward buoyant force equal in magnitude to

the weight of the fluid displaced by the object

An ice cube (r = 0.917 g/cm3) was placed in a

pitcher of drinking water (r = 1.00 g/cm3). What
percent of the ice cubes volume is below the
waters surface?
ice = 0.917 g/cm3
water = 1.00 g/cm3

FB = FWice = FWwaterdisplaced

FWice = FWwaterdisplaced
ice V ice g = water Vg
A

FB

V'
ice
Vice water

FW

0.917 g/ cm3
V'

0.917
Vice
1.00 g/ cm3
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o
r

91.7%

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Characteristics of an Ideal Fluid in Motion

Fluid in Motion

1. Incompressible flow

Ideal Fluid in Motion

Use as approximation to real fluids such as water

flowing through a hose

The density of fluid is constant and uniform

2. Steady flow / laminar flow

The velocity of a moving fluid at fixed point does not

change

*Property of STI

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Characteristics of an Ideal Fluid in Motion

3. Nonviscous flow
The viscosity of a fluid is the measure of how it resists

flowing

Equation of Continuity
The volume of ideal fluid entering

the region from the left :

V A1 x1 A1v1 t

Viscosity

The measure of how fluid resists motion, analogous to friction in

solids

4. Irrotational flow

Volume of ideal fluid that leaves the

region:

Particles floating on the fluid may or may not move in

V A2 x 2 A2 v 2 t

circular path, but it cannot rotate about an axis through its

center of mass

RV Av constant

Equation of continuity:

Rm RV Av constant

A1v1 A2 v 2
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d1 = 21.0 cm
d2 = 1.5 cm

A main water pipe with an inner diameter of 21.0

cm furnishes water, through intermediate pipes, to
a faucet pipe with an inner diameter of 1.5 cm. The
velocity of water in the faucet is 3.0 cm/s and the
density of water is 1.0 g/cm3.

v2 = 3.0 cm/s
= 1.0 g/cm3
2

21.0 cm
2
2
A1 r1
346 cm
2

1.5 cm
2
2
A2 r2
1.8 cm
2

a. What is the volume flow rate?

b. What is the mass flow rate?

a. RV = Av = A2V2 = (346 cm2)(3.0 cm/s) = 1,038 cm3/s

c.

b. Rm = RV = (1.0 g/cm3)(5.3 cm3/s) = 5.3 g/s

What is the velocity of water in the main pipe?

c.

RV Av A1v1 A2v 2 constant

v1
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*Property of STI

RV 5.3 cm3 /s

A1
346 cm3

0.0153 cm/s

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Bernoullis Principle

*Property of STI

P1

1
1
2
2
v1 gy1 P2 v2 gy 2
2
2

1 2
v gy constant
2

P1, P2, P

fluid pressure

v1, v2, v

speed of fluid

y1, y2, y

altitude of fluid

acceleration due to gravity

density of fluid

Ethanol ( = 791 kg/m3) flows steadily through a horizontal pipe with

a narrowing cross section. The widest segment has a cross-sectional
area of 1.20 103 m2 and the narrowest segment has half the crosssectional area of the widest segment. The pressure difference
between the widest and the narrowest segment is 4,120 Pa. Find the
volume flow rate of ethanol.

*Property of STI

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v1 =

= 791 kg/m3
A1 = 1.20 103 m2
A2 = A1
|P2 P1| = 4,120 Pa

P1

1
1
2
2
v 1 gy 1 P2 v 2 gy 2
2
2
1
1
2
2
P1 v 1 P2 v 2
2
2

1
2
2
P1 - P2 = v 2 v 1
2
v2 > v1
*Property of STI

P1 - P2 =

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3 RV
2A1

R V = A1

v2 =

RV

A1

RV
2RV
=
A2
A1

2(P1 P2 )
2(4,120 Pa)
= 1.20 10 -3 m2
3
3(791 kg/m3 )

RV = 2.24 103 m3/s

implies that P1 > P2

P1 P2 = 4,120 Pa
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1 2RV

2 A1

P1 - P2 =

RV
A1

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