MMAN2600 Formula Sheet

August 24, 2016

Mach Number

Mach number (dimensionless)

Ma =

V
Speed of flow
=
c
Speed of Sound

For an ideal gas

c=

kRT

m
s

"

"

kJ
Where k is the specific heat ratio (often , dimensionless), R is the gas constant
kg K
and T is temperature [K].

Ideal Gas Equation of State

P V = mRT = nRu T

kJ
Where m is the mass of gas [kg], n is number of moles of gas [mol] and Ru = 8.314
kg K
is the Universal Gas Constant.

Density, Specific Volume and Specific Gravity

Density
"

m
=
V

kg
m3

Specific volume
"

1
V
=
v=
m

Specific gravity(dimensionless)
SG =

m3
kg

H2 O

Viscosity

Shear stress (force tangential to surface)

du
=
dy
"

Dynamic (absolute) viscosity:

Kinematic viscosity: =

"

m2
s

N
m2

kg
N s
=
= Pa s
ms
m2

Pressure
"

Pabs = Pgauge + Patm

N
kg
=
2
m
m s2

Variation of pressure with depth

P = Patm + gh

Pascals law
P 1 = P2

F1
F2
F2
A2
=

=
A1
A2
F1
A1

Manometer (addition/subtraction of pressures)

P1 + water gh1 + oil gh2 mercury gh3 = P2 = Patm

Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces

FR = (P0 + gyc sin )A = (P0 + ghc )A = PC A = Pavg A

1
ydA is the y-coordinate of the centroid of the surface (found in tables
A A
provided). Note that P0 usually corresponds to Patm and is often ignored in force calculations
since it mostly acts on both sides of the plate.
Where yc =

The point of intersection of the line of the resultant force and the surface is the center of
pressure:
Ixx,C
yp = yc +
0
[yc + gPsin
A]

And if P0 = 0 (when atmospheric pressure is ignored);

yp = yc +

Ixx,C
yc A

Where Ixx,C is the second moment of area (found in tables provided). For a rectangular
3
plate, Ixx,C = ab
.
12

In the special case of a submerged rectangular plate, the following cases are considered;

Case (a) is general. Cases (b) and (c) follow, where = 900 in (b) and s +

b
= h in (c).
2

For case (a),

b
yp = s + +
2

ab3
12
[s +

b
P0
+
]ab
2 g sin

b
=s+ +
2

b2
12[s +

b
P0
+
]
2 g sin

Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces

FR =

FH2 + FV2 ,

tan =

F +V
,
FH

FH = FX ,

FV = Fy + W

Buyoancy

For a body completely immersed in fluid

FB = f gV
For floating bodies
f gVsubmerged = avg,body gVtotal

avg,body
Vsubmerged
=
Vtotal
f

Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion

In the case of rigid-body motion of a liquid in a linearly accelerating tank

ax
dzisobar
=
g + az
dx
b
zmax = tan
2

tan =

10

Conservation of Mass, Continuity, Flow Rates(control

volume)

Conservation of mass
min mout =
Mass flow rate

dmcv
dt
"

m
= vavg
~ Ac
Volume flow rate

"

V = vavg
~ Ac

kg
s

m3
s

And therefore
m
= V
When there is steady flow, the inlet and outlet mass flows are equal. In single-stream steadyflow systems (one inlet, one outlet);
m 1 = m 2 1 v~1 A1 = 2 v~2 A2
7

And for such systems with incompressible flow;

1 = 2 ~v1 A1 = ~v2 A2 V1 = V2

11

Mechanical Energy and Efficiency

Mechanical Energy of a flowing fluid per unit mass

emech

~v 2
P
+ gz
= +

"

J
kg

P
~v 2
is flow energy,
is kinetic energy and gz is potential energy.

Where, on a unit-mass basis,

Mechanical energy change (per unit mass) of a fluid during incompressible flow
emech

P2 P1 ~v22 ~v12
=
+
+ g(z2 z1 )

"

J
kg

emech = 0 mechanical energy of a fluid does not change during flow if pressure,
density, velocity and elevation remain constant.
emech > 0 mechanical energy supplied to the fluid e.g by a pump or compressor.
emech < 0 mechanical energy extracted from the fluid e.g. by a turbine and/or
generator.
Power
= me
W

mech

J
W =
s

Mechanical efficiency of a device or process

mech =

Emech,out
Mechanical energy output
=
Mechanical energy input
Emech,in

For a turbine/generator system (and using the rate form for mechanical energy i.e. power)
tot = tur gen

W
elect,out
=

|Emech,fluid |

12

Bernoulli Equation

An approximate relation between pressure, velocity an elevation, valid in regions of steady,

irrotational, incompressible flow, where net frictional forces are negliglble (inviscid regions
of flow)
" #
~v 2
J
P
+
+ gz = constant (along a streamline)

2
kg
Or, more practically, between two points on the same streamline and in head form
P1 ~v12
P2 ~v22
+
+ z1 =
+
+ z2
g 2g
g 2g

13

[m]

General Energy Equation

For steady flow, with no heat transfer or internal energy changes and neglecting irreversible
losses in piping
P2 ~v22
P1 ~v12
pump = m(

+
+ z1 ) + W

+
+ z2 ) + W
m(

turbine
g 2g
g 2g

J
s

Or in head form
P2 ~v22
P1 ~v12
+
+ z1 + hpump,u =
+
+ z2 + hturbine,e + hL
g 2g
g 2g

[m]

Where hpump,u is the useful head delivered to the fluid by the pump and hturbine,e is the
extracted head removed from the fluid by the turbine. Efficiencies should be taken into account
here. hL is irreversible head loss in piping and is typically ignored in this course.
pump,u = mgh

W
pump,u = pump W
elec

W
turbine

W
=
mgh

=
turbine,e
turbine,e
turbine
The special case of incompressible flow with no mechanical work devices and negligible
friction is therefore the Bernoulli equation.