LABORATORY MANUAL

COURSE CODE ECE223

ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS AND
INSTRUMENTATION LABORATORY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No.

Title of the Experiment

Page No.

To measure the frequency and phase angle using CRO.

3-7

To measure power factor in any R,L,C circuit.

8-9

To measure resistance using Wheatstone Bridge.

10-11

To measure unknown voltage using potentiometer.

12-13

To measure self inductance using Anderson's Bridge.

14-15

To measure capacitance using Schering Bridge.

16-17

To measure frequency using Wein's Bridge.

18-19

To design the characteristics of a Thermistor and thermocouple.

20-22

To calculate the value of Q of an inductance coil.

23-24

10

To draw the characteristics of LVDT and measure the displacement using

LVDT.

25-26

EXPERIMENT NO:01
EXPERIMENT: To measure the frequency and phase angle using CRO
APPARATUS/COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

LEARNING OBJECTIVE: To learn how to use CRO, Function generator and

multimeter.
a) DIGITAL MULTIMETER

b) CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE

CONNECTIONS FOR THE OSCILLOSCOPE

Vertical Input: A pair of jacks for connecting the signal under study to the Y (or
vertical) amplifier. The lower jack is grounded to the case.
Horizontal Input: A pair of jacks for connecting an external signal to the horizontal
amplifier. The lower terminal is grounded to the case of the oscilloscope.
External Tigger Input: Input connector for external trigger signal.
Cal. Out: Provides amplitude calibrated square waves of 25 and 500 millivolts for use in
calibrating the gain of the amplifiers.
Accuracy of the vertical deflection is + 3%. Sensitivity is variable.
Horizontal sweep should be accurate to within 3%. Range of sweep is variable.

c) FUNCTION GENERATOR:
Features and controls
Most function generators allow the user to choose the shape of the output from a
small number of options.
Square wave :-The signal goes directly from high to low voltage.
Sine Wave :-The signal curves like a sinusoid from high to low voltage.
Triangle Wave:- The signal goes from high to low voltage at a fixed rate.
The amplitude control on a function generator varies the voltage difference
between the high and low voltage of the output signal.
The direct current (DC) offset control on a function generator varies the average
voltage of a signal relative to the ground. The frequency control of a function
generator controls the rate at which output signal oscillates.

OUTLINE OF PROCEDURE:
I. Set the signal generator to a frequency of 1000 cycles per second. Connect the
output from the generator to the vertical input of the oscilloscope. Establish a
steady trace of this input signal on the scope. Adjust (play with) all of the scope
and signal generator controls until you become familiar with the function of each.

II. Measurements of Voltage: By adjusting the Horizontal Sweep time/cm and

trigger, a steady trace of the sine wave may be displayed on the screen. The trace
represents a plot of voltage vs. time, where the vertical deflection of the trace about
the line of symmetry CD is proportional to the magnitude of the voltage at any
instant of time.

The relationship between the magnitude of the peak voltage displayed on the scope and
the effective or RMS voltage (VRMS) read on the AC voltmeter is
VRMS = 0.707 Vm (for a sine or cosine wave).
Thus

III. Frequency Measurements: When the horizontal sweep voltage is applied,

voltage measurements can still be taken from the vertical deflection. Moreover, the
signal is displayed as a function of time. If the time base (i.e. sweep) is calibrated,
6

such measurements as pulse duration or signal period can be made. Frequencies can
then be determined as reciprocal of the periods.
IV. Lissajous Figures: When sine-wave signals of different frequencies are input to
the horizontal and vertical amplifiers a stationary pattern is formed on the CRT
when the ratio of the two frequencies is an intergral fraction such as 1/2, 2/3, 4/3,
1/5, etc. These stationary patterns are known as Lissajous figures and can be used
for comparison measurement of frequencies.Use two oscillators to generate some
simple Lissajous figures like those shown in Fig. You will find it difficult to
maintain the Lissajous figures in a fixed configuration because the two oscillators
are not phase and frequency locked. Their frequencies and phase drift slowly
causing the two different signals to change slightly with respect to each other.

Learning outcomes: (to be written by the students in 50-70 words.)

(This would include the precautions that students needs to take for the safe conduct of a
practical as well as the other important points which may influence the accuracy
of results of the experiment)

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
EXPERIMENT :- To measure power factor in any R,L,C circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:Voltmeter 0 -300V, Ammeter 0- 15A,
Wattmeter, single -phase inductive variable load,
Rheostat 100,5A; Variac 230V, 10A.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE: To learn the measurement of power factor and
calculation of errors.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

OUTLINE OF THE PROCEDURE:The stepwise procedure for conducting this experiment is given below:
1. Make the connections as per the fig.
2. Keep the rheostat at its maximum value.
3. keep the variac at its mini9mum position
4. Switch on the supply.
5. Increase the voltage applied using variac slowly, so that the reading of
voltmeter and ammeter, A1 are appreciable.
6. Decrease the resistance R (rheostat) so that ammeter A2 gives suitable
reading.
7. Take down the readings of voltmeter and three ammeters.
8

8. Change the position of rheostat and repeat step 7 a number of times.

RESULT:The power factor of the circuit and the power consumed in circuit should be
recorded here. Compare the calculated results with the experimental results and find
the error percentage, absolute error, etc.
PRECAUTIONS:Following precautions should be taken care of while performing this
experiment.
1. All connections should be tight.
2. The zero setting of all the meters should be checked before connecting
them in the circuit.
3. The current through ammeter should never be allowed to exceed the
current rating of rheostat and load used.
Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.
(This would include the precautions that students needs to take for the safe conduct of a
practical as well as the other important points which may influence the accuracy
of results of the experiment)

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
EXPERIMENT: Measurement of resistance using wheatstone bridge.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Wheat stone Bridge kit - 1 No
2. Unknown resistance - 1 No
3. Multimeter - 1 No
4. Connecting Wires.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:
1. To study the working of bridge under balanced and unbalanced condition.
2. To study the sensitivity of bridge.

OUTLINE OF THE PROCEDURE:

1. The resistance to be measured is connected between XX points in the bridge kit.
2. The P/Q ratio (multiplier) is initially kept at position 1 and the deflection of the
galvanometer is observed by
pressing both the battery and the galvanometer keys.
The S arm (X1000) is adjusted and two postion are identified or which the deflection of the
galvanometer is on either side of the null point and kept at the lowest value of S. Then the
x100 ,x10,x1knots of S are adjusted to get null deflection. If necessary the sensitivity
knob may be controlled to get

appreciable deflection. [If not possible P/Q ratio is kept at suitable value ie, any one of ratios
provided.]
4. The value of unknown resistance is read. (S value)
5. Steps 3 and 4 are repeated for some other P/Q ratio. The mean value is taken.
6. The experiment is repeated with other samples provided.

Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

(This would include the precautions that students needs to take for the safe conduct of a
practical as well as the other important points which may influence the accuracy
of results of the experiment)

11

EXPERIMENT NO. 4
EXPERIMENT:. To measure unknown voltage using potentiometer.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Slide wire potentiometer, battery or power supply, rheostat, double pole-double throw
(DPDT) switch, standard cell, unknown cell, galvanometer, key switch and a multimeter.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE: To get the better understanding of bridges and
potentiometer.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure I. Voltage supply is set at its appropriate
value, so the current is fairly small. This is to protect the galvanometer.
2. Close the DPDT switch to the standard cell side and calibrate the potentiometer by
finding what length of wire corresponds to the voltage of the standard cell. This is
done by finding the location of the sliding contact where the galvanometer does not
deflect when the key switch is closed.
12

3. Calculate the constant, k, using the emf of the standard cell and the length, L
S

measured to the sliding contact - use Eq. 1.

4. Throw the DPDT switch to connect the unknown battery in the circuit and move the
sliding contact until the galvanometer indicates zero current as in Step 2. (Do not
adjust R since this will change the voltage across the potentiometer wire and upset
t

your calibration). Read the length L , measured to the sliding contact.

u
5. Calculate the emf of the unknown battery. emf = k L
U

6. Now measure the voltage of the unknown battery with the voltmeter. Explain the
difference.
Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.
(This would include the precautions that students needs to take for the safe conduct of a
practical as well as the other important points which may influence the accuracy
of results of the experiment)

13

EXPERIMENT NO.: 5
EXPERIMENT : - To measure the self - inductance of a given coil by Andersons
bridge method.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :- Inductor, standard capacitor, resistors ( fixed
resistances and variable pots
as given in the circuit ) signal generator, head phones and connecting terminals.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:- To get the better understanding of bridges and
potentiometer.
Formula :- Inductance of given coil L = C [ ( R1+ R2 ) R5 + R2R4 ] mH Where
C = Capacity of the standard capacitor ( F )
R2,R3,R4 = Known, fixed and non - inductive resistances R1,
R5 = Variable resistances
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

14

Procedure :1. The circuit diagram of the bridge is as shown in the figure. The coil whose selfinductance is to be determined, is connected in the arm AB, in series with a
variable non-inductive resistor R1. Arms BC, CD and DA contain fixed and non inductive resistors R2, R3 and R4 respectively. Another non - inductive resistor R5
is connected in series with a standard capacitor C and this combination is put in
parallel with the arm CD.
2. The head - phones are connected between B and E. The signal generator is
connected between A and C junctions.
3. Select one capacitor and one inductor and connect them in appropriate places using
patch chords. The signal generator frequency is adjusted to audible range.
4. A perfect balance is obtained by adjusting R1 and R5 alternatively till the head phones indicate a minimum sound. The values of R1 and R5 are measured with a
multi-meter( While measuring the R1 and R5 values, they should be in open circuit
).In the balance condition the self - inductance value of the coil is calculated by
using the above formula. The experiment is repeated with different values of C.
RESULT:

Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

15

(This would include the precautions that students needs to take for the safe conduct of a
practical as well as the other important points which may influence the accuracy
of results of the experiment)
EXPERIMENT NO.: 6
EXPERIMENT: To measure the unknown capacitance using Schering bridge.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. Schering Bridge kit - 1 No
2. Multimeter - 1 No
3. Unknown capacitance - 1 No
4. Connecting wires
LEARNING OBJECTIVE : To measure the unknown capacitance.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. The value of R2 is selected arbitrarily (say1K) and R1 is varied.

16

3. If the selection of R2 is correct the balance point (NULL POINT) can be

observed on the oscilloscope by varying R1.If not another value of R2 is Chosen. [At
balance the vertical line in the oscilloscope comes to a point for an particular value of
R1 in the same direction.]
4. The capacitor C1 can be varied for fine balance adjustment.
5. When the balance condition is reached, the trainer kit is switched OFF and the value
R1 is measured using a multimeter.
6. The value of unknown capacitance is calculated.
7. The experiment is repeated for various samples provided.

Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

(This would include the precautions that students needs to take for the safe conduct of a
practical as well as the other important points which may influence the accuracy
of results of the experiment)
17

EXPERIMENT NO.: 7
EXPERIMENT :- To measure frequency using Wein's Bridge.
APPARATUS REQUIRED :- Operational amplifier 741, CRO, two variable
capacitors (C1,C2 ), three variable non-inductive resistors (R1, R2 and R3)and one fixed
resistor, two power supplies and connecting terminals.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE:- To measure frequency using Wein's Bridge.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

18

OUTLINE OF THE PROCEDURE :1. Connect the circuit is as shown in the Fig. Keep the resistance and capacitor
values R1 = R2 = R and C1 = C2 = C and switch on the power. Adjust the
voltage sensitivity band switch and time - base band switch such that at least
two or more complete sine waves are observed on the screen of CRO.
2. Also adjust the resistance R3 value till the wave formed on the CRO screen
is stationary. Note R and C values in the table and measure the peak to peak
horizontal length (l) of one sine wave.
3. Multiply this value with the corresponding time-base (t) value. This product
( l x t ) gives the time period (T) of the generated sine wave. The reciprocal
of time period gives the experimental frequency of the sine wave. On
substitution of Rand C values in the above equation, it gives theoretical
frequency.
4. The theoretical and experimental frequencies are equal. The experiment is
repeated by changing the value of R or C.
RESULTS:

Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

(This would include the precautions that students needs to take for the safe conduct of a
practical as well as the other important points which may influence the accuracy
of results of the experiment)
19

EXPERIMENT NO.: 8

Aim:- To design the characteristics of a Thermistor and thermocouple.

APPARATUS REQUIRED :-Thermocouple ,galvanometer and soldering iron
LEARNING OBJECTIVE: In this experiment students explore fundamentals of thermocouple
performance. Specifically this experiment will give students experience constructing and testing
thermocouples and also give them practical experience assessing how the gauge (diameter) of the wire
affects the response characteristics when measuring fluid temperatures.
OUTLINE OF THE PROCEDURE :
Thermocouples are the physical implementation of a phenomenon known as the Seebeck Effect.
Specifically, when two dissimilar metals form a junction, a voltage will be created at that
junction.This voltage is a function of the junction temperature and the two metals involved. If the
two metals are copper and constantan the thermocouple is a T-Type. As needed, thermocouple
charts can be used to relate voltage to temperature. In systems where the sensed temperature may be
changing rapidly, it becomes crucial to understand the transient response characteristics of the
thermocouple.
It is important to note that when a thermocouple is directly connected to a voltage measuring device
(multimeter or Data Acquisition board--DAQ) it will register a voltage that is the addition of the
value resulting from the sensing end and any unintentional thermocouples that are created by virtue
of the connections at the voltage recording device (e.g., the constantan wire connected at the copper
terminal of the multimeter). This effect is relatively small if one is sensing very large temperatures
and the multimeter is at room temperature. In most cases, however, it is desirable to avoid the
unintentional thermocouple at the multimeter junction. This can be accomplished by using Cold
Junction Compensation - CJC or by introducing a reference temperature bath (at 0 oC, producing 0
mV) and ensuring that both wires being connected to the multimeter are of the same metal (e.g.,
copper).
A thermocouple can be constructed by twisting the two dissimilar metals (e.g., Copper and
Constantan in the case of a T-type thermocouple) and then welding or soldering the tip. Any excess
wire beyond the bead junction can be trimmed to make the thermocouple more spherical. A
thermocouple can be directly connected to a high precision multimeter and any applied temperature
condition will result in a change in the measured voltage. Typical thermocouple voltage signals are
on the order of millivolts, however, making it difficult to measure accurately small changes in
temperature, or to record temperature data in a data acquisition system. Many data acquisition
systems will consist of internal amplification, signal conditioning circuitry, and high resolution (e.g.,
20

> 18 bit representation of voltage input). In this experiment students need to acquire temperature with
16-bit data acquisition system. The bit resolution implies that the range of possible continuous voltage
input (+/-10 volts) is represented by only 2n (4096 for n=12) discrete levels. A cold junction
compensation is accomplished by measuring the room temperature using a thermometer and placing the
measured value in the DAQ assistant VI.

Determine transient response

With the hot bath at ~80oC and the thermocouples submerged in this bath (for15+ seconds), initiate the
sampling VI. Gently remove the thermocouples from the bath as the VI samples the
temperatures. Expose the thermocouples to ambient air until the sampling is complete. Be sure to hold the
thermocouples away from where they could be influenced by the heat rising from the bath, and be careful
not to shake the thermocouples.
Save the resulting data file with a unique name and take notes regarding the experiment conditions that
correspond to this name. Replace the thermocouples in the bath. Wait at least 15 seconds and then
repeat the sampling procedure just describedseveral more times so that you have a total of 4 test
caseseach with a unique name.
Now remove the beaker from the hot plate. Set the hot plate temperature to 100 oC.Being careful not to
touch the hot plate with your hand place both thermocouple beads on the plate so that they heat up.
Leave them in contact with the plate for at least 30 seconds.
21

RESULT:Start the VI again and sample as you remove the thermocouples from the hot plate and hold them still in
air. Be sure that you sample for at least a few seconds before removing the thermocouples from the
plate. Give the resulting file a unique name and repeat this measurement several times so that you have 4
sets of data for this condition.

Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

(This would include the precautions that students needs to take for the safe conduct of a
practical as well as the other important points which may influence the accuracy
of results of the experiment)

22

EXPERIMENT :- 09
Experiment :- To calculate the value of Q of an inductance coil.
Learning Objective:- To get the better understanding of Qmeter

23

Result:-

24

25

EXPERIMENT 10
EXPERIMENT :- To draw the characteristics of LVDT and measure the displacement using

LVDT.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:1. LVDT kit - 1 No
2. Multimeter - 1 No
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:1. To study the basic principle of LVDT.
2. Study of LVDT as transducer.
OUTLINE OF THE PROCEDURE:
1. Adjust the micrometer to read 200m of micrometer figure. This position is
called as end of transducer position.
2. Adjust the span adjustment pot to read 10mm.
3. Now adjust the micrometer jig. This position is called negative end of transducer
position.
4. No need to adjust any further for this as the displacement automatically reads 10.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 repeatedly till we get the absolute value.
RESULT:-

26

Learning outcomes: to be written by the students in 50-70 words.

(This would include the precautions that students needs to take for the safe conduct of a
practical as well as the other important points which may influence the accuracy
of results of the experiment)

27