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Chapter 1
Analytic Geometry
and
Conic Sections

Cartesian Coordinate System

Cross Product

Cartesian Coordinate System

Let A and B be nonempty sets.

The cross product of A and B is
AB

x , y x A and y B

Consider

x , y x

and y

Each ordered pair of real numbers is

associated with a point in a plane.

Ordered Pairs
Consider an ordered pair x , y which is
x

associated with point P.

x,y
y

x gives the directed distance of P from

the y axis.
y gives the directed distance of P from

x axis

y axis

the x axis.

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Example
Plot the following points.

If a point P x , y then x and y are

the coordinates of P.

1. P 2,7
P 2,7

2. Q 0, 1

S 3,5
Q 0, 1

3. R 4, 6

x : abscissa
y : ordinate

R 4, 6

4. S : with abscissa 3
and ordinate 5

Distance Formula

Quadrants

The distance between two points

2nd Quadrant

1st quadrant

P x1 , y1 and Q x2 , y2 is given by

3rd Quadrant

4th Quadrant

PQ

Midpoint

The midpoint of a line segment

between two points P x1 , y1 and
Q x2 , y2 is
x1 x2 y1 y2
,

2
2

x2 x1 y2 y1
2

Slope

The slope of the line containing

P x1 , y1 and Q x2 , y2 is
m

y2 y1
x2 x1

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Example
Given P 2,7 and Q 2, 3 ,
1. find the distance between P and Q.
PQ

2 2 7 3
2

16 100
116

4 29

Given P 2,7 and Q 2, 3 ,

2. find the midpoint of the segment
joining P and Q.
2 2 7 3
,

0,2
2
2

2 29

Time To Think!!
Given P 2,7 and Q 2, 3 ,

4, 3. If one endpoint of the segment is at 2,5 , then

3. determine the slope of the lines

what is the coordinate of the other endpoint?

A line segment in the cartesian plane has a midpoint at

joining P and Q.
m

3 7 10 5

2 2 4 2

Time To Think!!

Parallel Lines

Given the line x y 5 and a point P 2,1 . Find the

points on the line such that their distance from P is 10.

Two lines are parallel if and only if they have

the same slope.

Two lines are perpendicular if and only if the

product of their slopes is equal to 1.

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Example
Determine whether the following pair of lines
are parallel, perpendicular or neither.
1. 3x 2y 5;
6x 4 y 6
2y 3x 5; 6x 6 4 y
3 5
3 3
y x ;
x y
2 2
2 2

parallel

2. x 5y 1; y 5x 7
5y x 1
1 1
y x
5 5

perpendicular

3. 3x y 8;

neither // nor

6x 3y 1

Relations and Functions

Relation
Let A and B be nonempty sets.
A relation S from A to B is any

Relation in
A relation in
subset of

is any non-empty

nonempty subset of A B.
S AB

A relation can also be described by

equations and inequalities.

Graph of a Relation

The graph of a relation r is the set

of all points x , y in a coordinate plane
such that x is related to y through the
relation r .

Functions

A function f from A to B is a relation

from A to B where to each a A, there
corresponds exactly one b B such that

a, b f .

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Example 2.2.1
Identify if the following sets are functions
or not.

A function is a set of ordered pairs in

which no two ordered pairs have the

1.

same first component.

2.
3.
4.

1,3 , 2,5 , 3,8 , 4,10

1,1 , 1, 1 , 2,2 , 2, 2

x , y y 2x 5
x , y y x
2

function
not a function
function
not a function