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Available online 27 December 2014
Keywords:
Compensation
Decision-maker
Expert system
Harmonic distortion
Load unbalance
Power factor correction
Power quality
a b s t r a c t
In order to ensure good power quality for modern power systems and/or industrial installations, power
conditioning devices have been extensively applied. However, the data analysis for the installation of a
determined compensator mainly considers a particular power quality index or disturbance and it is
usually based on human expertise. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel expert system that automatically suggests the most appropriate and cost-effective solution for compensating reactive, harmonic and
unbalanced current through a careful analysis of several power quality indices and some grid characteristics. Such an expert system is an important tool in real-world applications, where there is a complex
scenario in choosing, designing and applying power quality compensators in modern power grids. Since
there are no strict boundaries for voltage and current non idealities at distribution level or clear
correlation between them and possible solutions, a fuzzy decision-maker was developed to deal with
such uncertainties and to embed human expertise in the system. The approach is based on analyzing data
from a given time window and providing off-line recommendations for the design and installation of
proper compensators. Therefore, the application of the proposed expert system may result in enhanced
and faster projects when compared to the traditional design methods for power conditioning. A
computational study consisting on applying the suggested compensators for a 5-node network and
different load congurations shows the effectiveness of the proposed expert system.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
In terms of industrial applications, power conditioning devices
may ensure good power quality (PQ) at a certain point of common
coupling (PCC). This consists in avoiding that particular load characteristic, such as unbalanced connection, reactive power and non
linearities (which cause harmonic distortion) affect the grid. Consequently, the installation of a compensator may increase the network efciency, reduce costs and avoid consumers penalizations
by low power factor (Akagi, Watanabe, & Aredes, 2007; Bollen,
2003; Singh, Al-Haddad, & Chandra, 1999).
Even though many traditional compensators (such as capacitor
banks for power factor correction) are still used and might be costeffective, there are an increasing number of restrictions for their
application, mainly due to high levels of voltage distortion in the
Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 15 98118 3886.
E-mail addresses: evldoc@dsce.fee.unicamp.br (E.V. Liberado), fmarafao@
sorocaba.unesp.br (F.P. Marafo), msimoes@mines.edu (M.G. Simes), wesley@fc.
unesp.br (W.A.d. Souza), antenor@fee.unicamp.br (J.A. Pomilio).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2014.12.032
0957-4174/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
3563
KX
X 1
X0
KX 0 1 :100
100
X1
X1
Table 1
Adopted limits for total demand distortion of currents.
SC1
TDDi (%)
<20
2050
50100
1001000
>1000
5.0
8.0
12.0
15.0
20.0
3564
PCC
A
V
Grid
Load
Voltage, current,
power components
and PQ indices
limits for
PQ indices
and Q1+
% of measurement
time exceeding the
limit
SCl at PCC
FRBS
Expert system
Compensation
solution
Measurement
during a
determined
time interval
Data
processing
Analysis
Fig. 1. Functional diagram of the expert system for power quality improvement
performance.
(a) MF for PF
(d) MF for KV
(e) MF for KI
(f) MF for dQ
3565
The use of two distinct output variables allows the DM to suggest cooperative compensation strategies (Cheng, Chen, Lee, & Kuo,
2009; Paredes, Costabeber, & Tenti, 2011a; Rahmani, Hamadi,
Al-Haddad, & Dessaint, 2014), on which a combination of
compensators solves both reactive and harmonic disturbances.
This approach improves the compensation results, avoids detrimental interaction among compensators and offers cost-effective
solutions, instead of just suggesting active lters to solve all PQ
problems at a given PCC.
Moreover, it is important to mention that compensation solutions proposed by the expert system are aimed to minimize PQ disturbances correlated to the currents. Therefore, the input variables
associated to the voltages indices are used to restrict the use of
some compensators when the voltages are unbalanced and/or
distorted.
The rules dened in the FRBS for the DM are listed in Table 2, on
which dashed elds indicate that the input variable is a do not
care input for that compensation solution (e.g., SVC is suggested
regardless Q1+ variation due to their built-in exibility to adjust
their parameters to follow or not, if there is not Q1+ variation).
Each line of this table might be read as the following example
(rule 7):
If FP is ELT and DHTi is ELT and KV is EST and KI is EST and dQ
is EST and SCl is L then reactives is xed-capacitor-bank, harmonics
is passive-lter.
Such rules relate human expertise, PQ limits in terms of standard recommendations, as well as the percentage of time on which
the limits are violated to possible solutions. Capacitor banks are
suggested to compensate reactive power and increase power factor
but only if THDv is under the accepted limits (at least for most part
of time) or in presence of harmonic distortion compensators.
Moreover, if there is Q1+ variation, a thyristor-switched capacitor
(TSC) is chosen instead of xed capacitors. In the presence of
unbalanced load, the expert system suggests SVC, which also compensates reactive power, but produces harmonic distortion due to
reactors switching (Gyugy, Otto, & Putman, 1978). So, whenever
the expert system suggests SVC, its intrinsic passive lters should
be applied in order to compensate its inherent current distortion.
3566
Table 2
Rule based of the proposed expert system.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
PF
THDv
TDDi
KV
KI
dQ
SCl
reactives
harmonics
EST
ELT
ELT
ELT
ELT
EST
ELT
ELT
ELT
EST
ELT
ELT
ELT
EST
EST
EST
ELT
EST
EST
EST
EST
EST
EST
ELT
ELT
ELT
ELT
ELT
ELT
ELT
ELT
EST
EST
EST
EST
EST
EST
EST
EST
EST
EST
EST
EST
EST
EST
ELT
EST
EST
EST
ELT
EST
EST
EST
ELT
EST
ELT
EST
EST
ELT
EST
ELT
L
L
L
L
H
H
H
H
do-not-compensate
xed-capacitor-bank
TSC
active lter
SVC
do-not-compensate
xed-capacitor-bank
TSC
SVC
do-not-compensate
xed-capacitor-bank
TSC
SVC
do-not-compensate
do-not-compensate
do-not-compensate
do-not-compensate
do-not-compensate
passive-lter
passive-lter
passive-lter
passive-lter
active-lter
active-lter
active-lter
active-lter
activated rules and which one was selected by the DM, as the most
proper solution for each case.
Case 1 was a typical application of PF correction, where the load
is balanced, constant and free of harmonic distortion. Thus, the corresponding rule from FRBS for this case was number 2, resulting
xed-capacitor-bank for reactives and do-not-compensate for
harmonics.
Nevertheless, in case 6 (same load of case 1, but assuming distorted PCC voltages) the harmonic distortion identied at PCC voltages was higher than the adopted limit and, although it did not
affect too much the currents (TDDi was 1.859%), it could affect signicantly the compensation if a capacitor bank would be applied.
Thus, the suggestion of the expert system is active-lter for reactives and do-not-compensate for harmonics (rule 4).
In the next section the result of using just a capacitive bank for
case 6 will be discussed to conrm that it would not be a good
choice.
In case 2, the existence of reactive power and distorted currents
contribute for a low PF during all the measurement interval. Consequently, the PCC voltages became distorted, but THDv is still
under the recommended limit. In this case, the short circuit level
has non-zero membership degrees for both MFs of SCl. Consequently, rules 7 and 11 from FRBS are activated (xed-capacitorbank for reactives, and passive-lter or active-lter for harmonics).
However, one can observe in Table 6 that as the degree of membership of passive-lter is bigger than the degree of membership of
active-lter, DM suggested rule 7.
In case 3, the load varies during the measurement time, resulting in four different load proles, as shown in Table 4. The average
Q1+ is 344.2 kVAr and considering the values of Q1+ from Table 4,
this power component is out of the adopted boundaries (30%
deviation) for 74% of total measurement time, as indicated in
Table 5. Moreover, the current distortion exceeds the pre-dened
limit during 42% of measurement time, which corresponds to the
time when the rectier is turned on. Thus, by considering the reactive power variation and the harmonic distortion during a signicant time interval, at the intermediary value of short circuit level,
the activated rules in the FRBS were 8 and 12. In accordance to
the membership degrees illustrated in Table 6, the decision-maker
suggests rule 8 as the outcome of the decision making process.
3567
Load
1, 6
08.0
08.0
02.0; 6.08.0
2.07.34
2.666.0
08.0
08.0
Table 4
Data samples stored at each load conguration.
Case
t [s]
PF
THDvA (%)
THDvB (%)
THDvC (%)
TDDiA (%)
TDDiB (%)
TDDiC (%)
KI (%)
KI0 (%)
KV (%)
KV0 (%)
S [kVA]
P [kW]
Q1+ [kVAr]
1
2
3
8.0
8.0
2.5
5.0
7.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
0.7735
0.7923
0.7973
0.8041
0.7941
0.7844
0.7706
0.7911
0.7722
0.006
3.176
0.08
3.101
0.004
0.011
0.006
3.212
5.986
0.012
3.176
0.02
3.101
0.008
0.005
0.012
3.287
5.986
0.006
3.176
0.01
3.101
0.005
0.005
0.006
3.217
5.986
0.016
11.574
0.015
11.507
0.015
0.022
0.015
12.797
1.859
0.011
11.574
0.009
11.507
0.022
0.096
0.015
17.872
1.853
0.016
11.574
0.016
11.507
0.031
0.083
0.015
13.814
1.859
0.005
0.003
0.007
0.004
0.003
0.013
17.002
17.511
0.005
0.005
0.003
0.007
0.004
0.004
0.014
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.004
0.002
0.007
0.003
0.003
0.005
0.386
0.399
0.004
0.004
0.002
0.007
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
730.3
878.7
509.6
843.6
677.8
189.1
722.6
729.3
731.7
564.8
696.2
406.3
678.4
538.2
148.3
556.9
577.0
565.0
462.9
524.8
307.7
490.4
412.0
117.2
444.1
413.7
462.9
4
5
6
Table 5
FRBS input and output variables and maximum RMS current in each case.
Case
PF
(%)
THDv
(%)
TDDi
(%)
KV
(%)
KI
(%)
100
100
100
dQ
(%)
SCl
Activated rules
(Table 2)
reactives
harmonics
36.0
44.02
do-notcompensate
passive-lter
8
12
5
xed-capacitorbank
xed-capacitorbank
xed-capacitorbank
TSC
TSC
SVC
43.4
36.52
9
13
4
SVC
SVC
active lter
11
3
100
42
74
41.6
38.10
100
100
39.7
39.92
100
100
100
39.9
39.75
100
100
36.0
44.02
active-lter
passive-lter
active-lter
do-notcompensate
passive-lter
active lter
do-notcompensate
illustrates some samples of power components and PQ indices calculated at the same instant than the ones presented on Table 4;
however, assuming now the operation of the suggested compensators for each case.
In cases 15, the passive compensators were designed according to the methodologies proposed in Liberado, Souza, Pomilio,
Paredes, and Marafo (2013). PQ indices were maintained under
their recommended limits, Q1+ was considerably reduced and the
association of reactive/unbalance compensators with harmonic
compensators resulted in almost unitary PF.
In case 6, the suggested active lter was connected to node E
(low voltage level, Fig. 3) to operate as a current source injecting
the corresponding reactive component of load current (Paredes,
Silva, Brando, & Marafo, 2011b). According to Table 7, the compensation of reactive power at PCC was very effective, power factor
was closed to unity and harmonic distortion levels were not
altered and did not affect the compensation.
3568
Table 6
Graphical representation of the fuzzy rules for each case.
Case
Rules
PF (%)
THDv (%)
TDDi (%)
KV (%)
KI (%)
dQ (%)
SCl
reactives
harmonics
Solution
rule 2
rule 7
11
8
rule 8
12
rule 5
rule 9
13
rule 4
Table 7
Data samples stored for each case considering the compensators turned on.
Case
t [s]
PF
THDvA (%)
THDvB (%)
THDvC (%)
TDDiA (%)
TDDiB (%)
TDDiC (%)
KI (%)
KI0 (%)
KV (%)
KV0 (%)
S [kVA]
P [kW]
Q1+ [kVAr]
1
2
3
8.0
8.0
2.5
5.0
7.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
0.9999
0.9991
0.9999
0.9989
0.9999
0.9999
0.9976
0.9968
0.9974
0.9475
0.011
1.013
0.066
1.154
0.017
0.059
0.219
0.813
5.988
8.833
0.015
1.013
0.022
1.154
0.020
0.048
0.218
0.738
6.003
8.839
0.011
1.013
0.029
1.154
0.017
0.050
0.181
0.776
6.014
8.829
0.027
3.893
0.029
4.129
0.011
0.075
1.881
5.058
1.600
32.719
0.067
3.897
0.010
4.157
0.057
0.020
3.246
5.581
1.587
32.689
0.089
3.975
0.012
4.178
0.073
0.026
2.793
5.871
1.599
32.735
0.003
0.002
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.007
0.386
1.277
0.011
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.004
0.002
0.002
0.007
0.007
0.007
0.005
0.003
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.007
0.006
0.024
0.007
0.009
0.004
0.004
0.001
0.003
0.004
0.008
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.004
580.3
728.8
413.7
708.0
551.4
149.4
576.7
606.5
634.8
612.9
580.3
728.1
413.7
707.2
551.4
149.4
575.3
604.6
633.1
580.7
2.6
11.0
9.0
11.2
2.2
6.1
36.6
33.0
30.8
1.0
4
5
6
6
Just to illustrate the problems of applying traditional power factor correction on a PCC with distorted voltages, case 6 was simulated with the capacitor bank in the same way to case 1, instead
of using the suggested active power lter. The results are shown
in Table 7 and indicated as case 6. In such case, even though the
compensation of Q1+ was effective, the presence of capacitors produces a resonant effect that increases THDv and TDDi. Consequently, the compensation give rise to more PQ problems than
solutions (neither PF reached their minimum limit, which was
0.95). In fact, this case should be compensated for shunt active
lters or even some more complex and costly solutions, such as a
combination of series compensator for the voltage harmonic
distortion and passive shunt compensators (Corasaniti, Barbieri,
Arnera, & Valla, 2009; Jintakosonwit et al., 2007).
6. Conclusions
Currently, the development and use of power quality compensators is essential for the operation of most modern power grids.
If correctly chosen, designed and controlled, such power conditioning devices are able to minimize power losses, as well as several
voltage and current disturbances over the grid, maximizing the
grids efciency or simply keeping it under stable and standardized
operation. Depending on their physical topology, they may be
applied to ensure good voltage quality for sensible loads or to minimize the impact of disturbing load behavior over the grid.
In such context, this paper shows a novel expert system able to
decide the best compensation solutions for power quality disturbances caused by load. No parallel of the proposed system was
found in related literature.
The theoretical contributions are found on the fact that, instead
of focusing on PQ indices related to one particular PQ disturbance
and/or compensator, such off-line system is based on the
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